Pepper PDF

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BLACK PEPPER
AESA BASED IPM Package
Important Natural Enemies of Black Pepper Insect Pests Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering in
Parasitoids Black Pepper vineyard
Apanteles cypris Goniozus sp Clinotrombium

Sunflower Ocimum spp. Spearmint
Chilocorus circumdatus Encarsia sp Aphytis sp

Mustard Marigold Eupatorium sp
Predators
Carrot French bean Cowpea

Lacewing Ladybird beetle Spider
Buckwheat Maize Alfalfa
Hover fly Praying mantis Weaver ant

The AESA based IPM – Black Pepper, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of Dr.
Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS, JS (PP). The package was
developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization.
NIPHM Working Group:

Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General
Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor
: Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM)
Core Members:
1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.
2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.
3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.
4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
5. Shri D. Chattopadhyay, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.
Other Member:
1. Dr. B.S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise.
Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:

1. Shri Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM)
2. Shri R. Murali, Deputy Director (Entomology)
3. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology)
4. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology)
5. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science)
6. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology)
Contributions by External Experts:

1. Dr. H. Narayanaswamy, Professor of Pathology, COA, Shimoga
2. Dr. C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, Assistant Professor, COA, Shimoga.
3. Dr. Poonam Srivastava, Dept of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
4. Dr. K. P. Singh, Dept of Plant Pathology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
5. Dr. B. R. Patel, Professor & Head (Ento) C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agriculture University,
Sardarkrushinagar-385506
6. Dr. Surajit Khalko, Assistant professor ( Plant pathology), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Cooch Behar,
West Bengal
7. Dr. Nripendra Laskar, Asst. Professor (Ento), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Cooch Behar, West Bengal
8. Dr. Ayon Roy, Associate Professor (Plant Pathology), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Cooch Behar,
West Bengal
9. Prof. Tapan Kumar Hath, Professor (Ento), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Cooch Behar, West Bengal
Citation Satyagopal, K., S.N. Sushil, P. Jeyakumar, G. Shankar, O.P. Sharma,
S.K. Sain, D.R. Boina, D. Chattopadhyay, B.S. Sunanda, Ram Asre,
R. Murali, K.S. Kapoor, Sanjay Arya, Subhash Kumar, C.S. Patni, H.
Narayanaswamy, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, Poonam Srivastava,
K. P. Singh, B. R. Patel, Surajit Khalko, Nripendra Laskar, Ayon Roy,
and T.K. Hath. 2014. AESA based IPM package for Black Pepper.
pp 38.
Front cover picture Model AESA chart for Black Pepper
Back cover picture Black Pepper vineyard
Published by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad – 500 030
Copies: 1,000; November, 2014

For internal circulation only. Not for sale.
Contact APPA - IPM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage,

CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad, Haryana - 121 001.
Tel : 0129 2413020, e-mail: ppa@nic.in
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अपर सचिव Avinash K Srivastava
Additional Secretary
भारत सरकार Government of India
कृ षि मं त्रालय Ministry of Agriculture
(कृ षि एवं सहकािरता विभाग) (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
कृ षि भवन, नई िदल्ली - 110001 Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 001
FOREWORD
Intensive agricultural practices relying heavily on chemical pesticides are a major cause of wide spread ecological
imbalances resulting in serious problems of insecticide resistance, pest resurgence and pesticide residues. There
is a growing awareness world over on the need for promoting environmentally sustainable agriculture practices.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a globally accepted strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture. During
last century, IPM relied substantially on economic threshold level and chemical pesticides driven approaches.
However, since the late 1990s there is conscious shift to more ecologically sustainable Agro-Eco System Analysis
(AESA) based IPM strategies. The AESA based IPM focuses on the relationship among various components of
an agro-ecosystem with special focus on pest-defender dynamics, innate abilities of plant to compensate for
the damages caused by the pests and the influence of abiotic factors on pest buildup. In addition, Ecological
Engineering for pest management - a new paradigm to enhance the natural enemies of pests in an agro-
ecosystem is being considered as an important strategy. The ecological approach stresses the need for relying on
bio intensive strategies prior to use of chemical pesticides.
Sincere efforts have been made by resource personnel to incorporate ecologically based principles and field
proven technologies for guidance of the extension officers to educate, motivate and guide the farmers to adopt
AESA based IPM strategies, which are environmentally sustainable. I hope that the AESA based IPM packages
will be relied upon by various stakeholders relating to Central and State government functionaries involved in
extension and Scientists of SAUs and ICAR institutions in their endeavour to promote environmentally sustainable
agriculture practices.
Date : 6.3.2014 (Avinash K. Srivastava)

सं युक्त सचिव
Joint Secretary
भारत सरकार Government of India
कृ षि मं त्रालय Ministry of Agriculture
(कृ षि एवं सहकािरता विभाग) (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
कृ षि भवन, नई िदल्ली - 110001 Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110001
FOREWORD
IPM as a holistic approach of crop protection based on the integration of multiple strategies viz., cultural, physical,
mechanical, biological, botanical and chemical. Over the years IPM underwent several changes, shifting its focus
from damage boundary, economic injury to economic threshold. Currently most stake holders rely upon economic
threshold levels (ETL) and tend to apply chemical pesticides at the first instance in the event of a pest attack,
through Government of India has advocated need based and judicious application of chemicals. This approach
is likely to cause adverse effects on agro-ecosystems and increase the cost of agricultural production due to
problems of pest resurgence, insecticide resistance and sustainability.
During the late 90s FAO started advocating Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) based IPM. Experience in
different countries have sine show that AESA, which takes into account ecological principles and relies on the
balance that is maintained by biotic factors in an ecosystem has also resulted in reduction in cost of production
and increase in yields. AESA based IPM also takes into account the need for active participation of farmers and
promotes experiential learning and discovery based decision making by farmers. AESA based IPM in conjunction
with ecological engineering for pest management promotes bio-intensive strategies as against current chemical
intensive approaches, while retaining the option to apply chemical pesticides judiciously as a measure of last
resort.
The resource persons of NIPHM and DPPQ&S have made sincere efforts in revising IPM packages
for different crops by incorporating agro-ecosystem analysis, ecological engineering, pesticide application
techniques and other IPM options with the active cooperation of crop based plant protection scientists working
in state Agricultural Universities and ICAR institutions. I hope this IPM package will serve as a ready reference for
extension functionaries of Central / State Governments, NGOs and progressive farmers in adopting sustainable
plant protection strategies by minimizing the dependence on chemical pesticides.
(Utpal Kumar Singh)

National Institute of Plant Health Management
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India
Dr. K. SATYAGOPAL, IAS

Director General Rajendranagar
Telephone : +91-40-24015346, Hyderabad-500030
E-mail : dgniphm@nic.in http://niphm.gov.in
Tele-Fax : +91-40-24015346
PREFACE
Need for environmentally sustainable agricultural practices is recognised worldwide in view of the wide spread
ecological imbalances caused by highly intensive agricultural systems. In order to address the adverse impacts
of chemical pesticides on agro-ecosystems, Integrated Pest Management has evolved further from ETL based
approach to Agro-ecosystem Analysis based Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
In AESA based IPM the whole agro-ecosystem, plant health at different stages, built-in-compensation
abilities of the plant, pest and defender population dynamics, soil conditions, climatic factors and farmers’
past experience are considered. In AESA, informed decisions are taken by farmers after field observation , AESA
chart preparation followed by group discussion and decision making. Insect zoo is created to enable the farmer
understand predation of pests by Natural Enemies. AESA based PHM also results in reduction of chemical pesticide
usage and conserves the agro-ecosystems.
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management, a new paradigm, is gaining acceptance as a strategy for
promoting Biointensive Integrated Pest Management. Ecological Engineering for Pest Management relies on
cultural practices to effect habitat manipulation and enhance biological control. The strategies focus on pest
management both below ground and above ground. There is growing need to integrate AESA based IPM and
principles of ecological engineering for pest management.
There is a rising public concern about the potential adverse effects of chemical pesticides on the human
health, environment and biodiversity. The intensity of these negative externalities, through cannot be eliminated
altogether, can be minimized through development, dissemination and promotion of sustainable biointensive
approaches.
Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS), has developed IPM package of practices
during 2001 and 2002. These packages are currently providing guidance to the Extension Officers in transferring
IPM strategies to farmers. These IPM package of practices, have been revised incorporating the principles of AESA
based IPM in detail and also the concept of Ecological Engineering for Pest Management. It is hoped that the
suggested practices, which aim at enhancing biodiversity, biointensive strategies for pest management and
promotion of plant health, will enable the farmers to take informed decisions based on experiential learning and
it will also result in use of chemical pesticides only as a last resort & in a safe and judicious manner.
(K. SATYAGOPAL)
Contents
Black Pepper - Plant description................................................................................................................ 1
I. Pests .............................................................................................................................................. 2
A. Pests of National/Major Significance........................................................................................ 2
1. Insect pests........................................................................................................................ 2
2. Diseases.............................................................................................................................. 2
3. Weeds................................................................................................................................. 2
4. Nematodes......................................................................................................................... 2
B. Pests of Regional/Minor Significance....................................................................................... 2
1. Insect pests.......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Diseases............................................................................................................................... 2
II. Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) based Integrated Pest Management (IPM).............................. 3
A. AESA............................................................................................................................................ 3
B. Field scouting............................................................................................................................. 8
C. Blue sticky traps......................................................................................................................... 8
D. Light traps................................................................................................................................... 8
E. Nematode extraction................................................................................................................. 8
III. Ecological engineering for pest management............................................................................... 9
IV. Resistant/tolerant varieties.............................................................................................................. 13
V. Crop stage-wise IPM......................................................................................................................... 13
VI. Insecticide resistance and its management.................................................................................... 17
VII. Nutritional deficiencies.................................................................................................................... 18
VIII. Common weeds................................................................................................................................. 18
IX. Description of insect and nematode pests..................................................................................... 20
X. Description of diseases..................................................................................................................... 26
XI. Safety measures................................................................................................................................ 31
A. At the time of harvest................................................................................................................ 31
B. During post-harvest storage..................................................................................................... 31
XII. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM...................................................................................................................... 32
XIII. Safety parameters in pesticide usage ............................................................................................. 33
XIV. Basic precautions in pesticide usage............................................................................................... 34
XV. Pesticide application techniques..................................................................................................... 35
XVI. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief..................................................... 36
XVII. References......................................................................................................................................... 37
AESA based IPM – Black Pepper
AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR BLACK PEPPER

Black Pepper-Plant description:
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.; Family: Piperaceae) is a flowering vine cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried
and used as a spice and seasoning. The pepper plant is a perennial woody vine growing up to 4 metres in height
on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground.
The leaves are alternate, entire, 5 to 10 cm long and 3 to 6 cm across. The flowers are small, produced on pendulous
spikes 4 to 8 cm long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening up to 7 to 15 cm as the fruit matures. The fruit, known
as a peppercorn when dried, is approximately 5 millimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, dark red when fully mature, and,
like all drupes, contains a single seed. Peppercorns, and the ground pepper derived from them, may be described
simply as pepper, or more precisely as black pepper (cooked and dried unripe fruit), green pepper (dried unripe
fruit) and white pepper (unripe fruit seeds). Dried ground pepper has been used since antiquity for both its flavor
and as a medicine. Black pepper is the world's most traded spice. It is one of the most common spices added to
European cuisine and its descendants. The spiciness of black pepper is due to the chemical piperine, not to be
confused with the capsaicin that gives fleshy peppers theirs. It is ubiquitous in the modern world as a seasoning,
and is often paired with salt.
1
I. PESTS
A. Pests of National/Major Significance
1. Insect Pests
1.1 Pollu beetle: Lanka ramakrishnae (Longitarsus nigripennis)
Mots. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
1.2 Top shoot borer: Cydia hemidoxa Meyr. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
1.3 Leaf gall thrips: Liothrips karnyi Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Phaleothripidae)
1.4 Mussel scale insects: Lepidosaphes piperis Gr.; Aspidiotus destructor Sign.
(Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Foot rot /quick wilt disease: Phytophthora capsici Leonian
2.2 Pollu disease /anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and Sacc.
2.3 Slow decline /slow wilt: (Phytophthora capsici-fungi; Meloidogyne incognita &
Radopholus similis - nematode)
3. Weeds
Broadleaf
3.1 Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae)
3.2 Common purselane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulcaceae)
3.3 False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forsk. (Amaranthaceae)
3.4 Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
3.5 Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae)
3.6 Little mallow (cheese weed): Malva parviflora F. (Malvaceae)
Grasses
3.7 Barnyard grass: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae)
3.8 Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)
Sedges
3.9 Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae).
3.10 Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
Parasitic
3.11 Dodder: Cuscuta spp. (Convolvulaceae)
4. Nematodes
4.1 Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)
4.2 Burrowing nematode: Radopholus similis Cobb (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)
B. Pests of Regional/Minor Significance

1. Insect pests
1.1 Leaf feeding caterpillar: Synegia sp. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
1.2 Mealybug: Planococcus sp. / Pseudococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae )
1.3 Soft scale: Marsipococcus marsupiale Gr. (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Basal wilt in nurseries: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
2.2 Leaf rot and leaf blight: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
2.3 Stunt disease: Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Pepper Yellow Mottle Virus
2.4 Phyllody disease: Phytoplasma like organism
2
II. AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

A. AESA:
The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides
on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. The economic threshold level (ETL) was the basis
for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is given to AESA where farmers take decisions based
on larger range of field observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes
physical factors (i.e. soil, rain, sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. pests, diseases and weeds).
All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their natural enemies.
Understanding the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.
Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agro-ecosystem. Farmer has
to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the field situation of the vineyard and how to make proper
decisions for their crop management. This process is called the AESA. Participants of AESA will have to make a
drawing on a large piece of paper (60 x 80 cm), to include all their observations. The advantage of using a drawing
is that it requires the participants/farmers to observe closely and intensively. It is a focal point for the analysis and
for the discussions that follow, and the drawing can be kept as a record.
AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and farmers to analyze the
field situations of the vineyard with regards to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health and the influence of
climatic factors and their relationship for growing a healthy crop. The basic components of AESA are:
• Plant health at different stages

• Built-in compensation abilities of plants
• Pest and defender population dynamics
• Soil conditions
• Climatic factors
• Farmers past experience
Principles of AESA based IPM:

Grow a healthy crop:
• Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests
• Select healthy seeds/seedlings/ planting material
• Treat the seeds/seedling/planting material with recommended pesticides especially biopesticides
• Follow proper spacing
• Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring whenever applicable)
• Nutrient management especially organic manures and biofertilizers based on the soil test results. If the
dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible to
insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low, the crop growth is retarded. So, the farmers should apply an
adequate for best results. The phosphatic fertilizers should not be applied each and every season as the
residual phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season also.
• Proper irrigation
Observe the vineyard regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors):
Farmers should:
• Monitor the field situation of the vineyard at least once a week (soil, water, plants, pests, natural enemies,
weather factors etc.)
• Make decisions based on the field situation of the vineyard and Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio)
• Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested plants etc.)
3
Plant compensation ability:

Compensation is deﬁned as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and has been associated with
increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots
and remaining leaves to new leaves) during active vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory can
arise from the interaction of a variety of plant traits and external environmental factors. Several studies have
documented such compensation through increased growth and photosynthetic rate.
Understand and conserve defenders:

• Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through regular observations of the agro-
ecosystem
• Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum activity
Insect zoo:
In vineyard various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be harmful. Generally farmers
are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the farmers) which feed on pests are not easy to observe in crop
field. Insect zoo concept can be helpful to enhance farmers’ skill to identify beneficial and harmful insects. In this
method, unfamiliar/unknown predators are collected in plastic containers with brush from the field and brought
to a place for study. Each predator is placed inside a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and some
known insect pests. Insects in the bottle are observed for certain time and determined whether the test insect is a
pest (feeds on plant) or a predator (feeds on other insects).
Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):

Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate pest management
decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the numbers of pests and defenders. The P: D
ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy as well as the type of pest. The natural enemies
of black pepper insect pests can be divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2. predators; and 3. pathogens.
The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2: 1. However, some
of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests. Wherever specific P: D ratios are not
found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there is no
need for adoption of other management strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio is found to be unfavourable,
the farmers can be advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/predators depending upon the type
of pest. In addition to inundative release of parasitoids and predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides and
biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before resorting to
synthetic chemical pesticides.
4
Model Agro-Ecosystem Analysis Chart

Date:
Village:
Farmer:
Decision taken based on the analysis of

field situations of the vineyard
Soil conditions :
Weather conditions :
Diseases types and severity :
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any) :
No. of insect pests :
No. of natural enemies :
P: D ratio :
Decision making:
Farmers become experts in crop management:
Farmers have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops. AESA farmers have learned to make
these decisions based on observations and analysis viz. abiotic and biotic factors of the crop ecosystem. The past
experience of the farmers should also be considered for decision making. However, as field conditions of the
vineyard continue to change and new technologies become available, farmers need to continue improving their
skills and knowledge.
• Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation

• Farmers can share their knowledge with other farmers
5
AESA methodology:
• Go to the vineyard in groups (about 5 farmers per group). Walk across the field in the vineyard and choose
20 plants/ acre randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your observations:
• Plant: Observe the plant health, crop stage, deficiency symptoms etc.
• Insect pests: Observe and count insect pests at different places on the plant.
• Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids and predators.
• Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible disease symptoms and severity.
• Weeds: Observe weeds in the vineyard and their intensity.
• Water: Observe the water situation of the vineyard.
• Weather: Observe the weather condition.
• While walking in the vineyard, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to collect additional
insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.
• Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.
• If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.
• Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
• Each group will then analyze the field situation of the vineyard in detail and present their observations
and analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing).
• Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation of the vineyard. The weather condition,
water level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest insects will be drawn on one
side. Defenders (beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side. Write the number next to each insect.
Indicate the plant part where the pests and defenders were found. Try to show the interaction between
pests and defenders.
• Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.
• The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present their analysis in front
of all participants.
• The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure that all participants
(also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.
• Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what
field management in the vineyard is required in the AESA plot.
• Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.
• Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.
Data recording:
Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart:
• Keep records of what has happened help us making an analysis and draw conclusions
Data to be recorded:
• Plant growth (weekly): Plant length, number of leaves
• Crop situation (e.g. for AESA): Plant health; pests, diseases, weeds; natural enemies; soil condition;
irrigation; weather conditions
• Input costs: Seeds; fertilizer; pesticides; labour
• Harvest: Yield (Kg/acre); price of produce (Rs./Kg)
Some questions that can be used during the discussion:

• Summarize the present situation of the vineyard.
• What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?
• Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind of change?
• Is there any serious pest or disease outbreak?
• What is the situation of the beneficial insects?
• Is there a balance in the vineyard between pests and defenders?
• Were you able to identify all pests and diseases?
• Do you think the crop is healthy?
6
• What management practices are needed at this moment?

• When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for all activities are being discussed.
• Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week such as congenial weather conditions
for pest buildup?
• What are the problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?
• Summarize the actions to be taken.
Advantages of AESA over ETL:

One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that are changing all the time, and that are often
not known. The damage or losses caused by a certain density of insects cannot
be predicted at all. In ETL the due recognition of the role of natural enemies in
decreasing pest population is ignored. Farmers cannot base their decisions on
just a simple count of pests. They will have to consider many other aspects of
the crop (crop ecology, growth stage, natural enemies, weather condition, etc.)
and their own economic and social situation before they can make the right crop
management decisions. In ETL based IPM, natural enemies, plant compensation
ability and abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA based IPM emphasis is given
to natural enemies, plant compensation ability, abiotic factors and P: D ratio.
AESA and farmer field school (FFS):

AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is
season-long so that it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop
and their related management practices. The process is always learner-centered,
participatory and relying on an experiential learning approach and therefore it
has become an integral part of FFS.
Farmers can learn from AESA:

• Identification of pests and their nature of damage
• Identification of natural enemies
• Management of pests
• Water and nutrient management
• Influence of weather factors on pest buildup
• Role of natural enemies in pest management
FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills:
7
B. Field scouting:
AESA requires skill. So only the trained farmers can undertake this exercise. However, other farmers also can do
field scouting in their own vineyard at regular intervals to monitor the major pest situation.
Surveillance on pest occurrence at the main field of the vineyard should commence soon after crop
establishment and at weekly intervals thereafter. In each field, select five spots randomly. Select five random
plants at each spot for recording counts of insects as per procedure finalized for individual insects.
For insect pests:

For mealybug: Count and record the number of both nymphs and adults on five randomly selected leaves per
plant.
For borers: Count the number of young and grown up larvae on each plant and record.
For diseases:
Whenever scouting, be aware that symptoms of plant disease problems may be caused by any biotic factors such
as fungal, bacterial, viral pathogens or abiotic factors such as weather, fertilizers, nutrient deficiencies, pesticides
and abiotic soil problems. In many cases, the cause of the symptom is not obvious. Close examination, and
laboratory culture and analysis are required for proper diagnosis of the causal agent of disease. Generally fungal
diseases cause the obvious symptoms with irregular growth, pattern & colour (except viruses), however abiotic
problems cause regular, uniform symptoms. Pathogen presence (signs) on the symptoms can also be observed
like fungal growth, bacterial ooze etc. Specific and characteristic symptoms of the important plant diseases are
given in description of diseases section.
Root sampling: Always check plants that appear unhealthy. If there are no obvious symptoms on plants, examine
plants randomly and look for lesions or rots on roots. Observe the signs of the causal organism (fungal growth or
ooze). It is often necessary to wash the roots with water to examine them properly. If the roots are well developed,
cut them to examine the roots for internal infections (discolouration & signs). Count the total number of roots
damaged/infested/infected due to rot should be counted and incidence should be recorded.
Leaf sampling: Examine all leaves and/or sheaths of each plant for lesions. Leaf diseases cause most damage
during the seedling and flowering stages of plant growth. Observe for the symptoms and signs on the infected
plant parts. Determine the percent area of leaf infection by counting the number of leaves (leaf area diameter)/
plant infected due to disease and incidence should be recorded.
Stem and spikes (flowers/fruits sampling): Carefully examine the stem and spikes (flowers/fruits) of plants for
symptoms and signs of fungal or bacterial diseases. The stem and spikes (flower and fruits) should be split or
taken apart and examined for discoloration caused by fungi and bacteria. Count the number of stems and spikes
(flowers/fruits) infected due to disease and percent disease incidence should be recorded.
C. Blue sticky traps:

Set up blue pan traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring thrips @ 4-10 traps (15 X 7.5 cm)/acre. Locally
available empty tins can be painted blue/ coated with grease/ Vaseline/castor oil on outer surface may also be
used as blue pan trap. Count the number of thrips on the traps daily and take the appropriate decision regarding
management practices
D. Light traps:
Set up light traps @ 1 trap/acre 15 cm above the crop canopy for monitoring and mass trapping of insects. Light
traps with exit option for natural enemies of smaller size should be installed and operate around the dusk time (6
pm to 10 pm).
E. Nematode extraction:
Collect 100 to 300 cm3 (200-300 g) representative soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through a coarse sieve
to remove rocks, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack lightly into a beaker uniformly. Place soil in one
of the buckets or pans half filled with water. Mix soil and water by stirring with paddle; allow to stand until water
almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 20-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue
8
in first bucket; discard material caught on sieve. Stir material in second bucket; allow to stand until water almost
stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 60 mesh sieve to collect cysts into first bucket; discard residue
in second bucket. Stir material in first bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy
sediment through 325-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket. Backwash material caught
on 325-mesh sieve (which includes small to mid-sized nematodes and silty material) into 250-ml beaker. More
than 90% of the live nematodes are recovered in the first 5-8 mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the
sample is placed in a shallow dish for examination.
III. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PEST MANAGEMENT

Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management
approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological
control. Ecological engineering for pest management is based on informed ecological knowledge rather than high
technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004 a, b).
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Below Ground:

There is a growing realization that the soil borne, seed and seedling borne diseases can be managed with microbial
interventions, besides choosing appropriate plant varieties. The following activities increase the beneficial
microbial population and enhance soil fertility.
•• Keep soils covered year-round with living vegetation and/or crop residue.
•• Add organic matter in the form of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), vermicompost, crop residue which enhance
below ground biodiversity of beneficial microbes and insects.
•• Application of balanced dose of nutrients using biofertilizers based on soil test report.
•• Application of biofertilizers with special focus on mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR)
•• Application of Trichoderma harzianum/viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of seed/seedling/
planting materials in the nurseries and field application (if commercial products are used, check for label
claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not
required).
Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Above Ground:

Natural enemies play a very significant role in control of foliar insect pests. Natural enemy diversity contributes
significantly to management of insect pests both below and above ground.
Natural enemies may require:

1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar.
2. Shelter, overwintering sites and moderate microclimate etc.
3. Alternate hosts when primary hosts are not present.
In order to attract natural enemies following activities should be practiced:

•• Raise the flowering plants / compatible cash crops along the vineyard border by arranging shorter plants
towards main crop and taller plants towards the border to attract natural enemies as well as to avoid
immigrating pest population
•• Grow flowering plants inside the vineyard
•• Not to uproot weed plants those are growing naturally such as Tridax procumbens, Ageratum sp,
Alternanthera sp etc. which act as nectar source for natural enemies
•• Not to apply broad spectrum chemical pesticides, when the P: D ratio is favourable. The plant compensation
ability should also be considered before applying chemical pesticides.
•• Reduce tillage intensity so that hibernating natural enemies can be saved.
•• Select and plant appropriate companion plants which could be trap crops and pest repellent crops. The
trap crops and pest repellent crops will also recruit natural enemies as their flowers provide nectar and
the plants provide suitable microclimate.
Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predators (natural enemies) number
also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen and insects etc. The major predators are a wide variety of
spiders, ladybird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, lacewing, earwigs, etc.
9
Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering for Pest Management

Attractant plants
Ageratum sp Carrot Sunflower
Buckwheat French bean Alfalfa
Mustard Cosmos Anise
Caraway Dill Chrysanthemum sp.
10
Eupatorium sp Theobroma sp Cowpea
Maize Terminalia sp Marigold
Repellent plants
Ocimum spp. Peppermint/Spearmint
The flowering plants suggested under Ecological Engineering for pest management strategy are known as
attractant plants to the natural enemies of the selected pests. The information is based on published research
literature, however, the actual selection of flowering plants could be based on availability, agro-climatic conditions
and soil types.
11
Biodiversity of natural enemies observed in Ecological Engineering field at NIPHM

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Parasitoids
Biodiversity of natural enemies: Predators
Biodiversity of natural enemies: Spiders
12
IV. RESISTANT/ TOLERANT VARIETIES

•• Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3, Panniyur-4, Panniyur-5, Panniyur-6, Panniyur-7, Subhakara, Sreekara,
Karimunda, Panchami, Pournami, Kottanadan, Kuthiravally, Arakulam Munda, Balankotta and Kalluvally
are the commonly cultivated varieties. Of these, Panniyur-1 is to be grown in comparatively open areas.
V. CROP STAGE-WISE IPM

Management Activity
Pre planting*
Common cultural practices:
•• Deep ploughing of vineyard during summer to control nematodes population, to expose pupae
and popagules of soil borne pathogens.
•• Soil solarization can be done for sterilizing the nursery mixture
•• Timely sowing should be done.
•• Field sanitation.
•• Destroy the alternate host plants
•• Crop rotation with non-cereals.
•• Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the
vineyard bunds.
Nutrients •• Prepare pits of the size 50 x 50 x 50 cm before the onset of the monsoon at a spacing of 2 to 3 m
in either direction. Slopes facing West and South should be avoided.
•• Fill it up after the onset of monsoon with FYM @10 Kg + neem cake1 Kg + bone meal and rock
phosphate 70 g + top soil. Wherever possible a large pit filled with alternate layers of coconut
husk and the above mixture is preferable. This will help in conserving soil moisture and help the
young plants to survive the hot summer. Plant rooted cuttings in June – July.
Weeds •• Destroy all the weeds from planting area by ploughing during summer.
•• Remove all the perennial weds and their rhizomes/suckers before onset of monsoon.
Soil and seed borne Cultural control:
pathogens, pests •• Planting material must be collected from disease free garden or nursery raised preferably in
and nematodes fumigated soil.
•• Well drained level land and hill slopes are suitable for growing pepper, slopes facing south and
south western side should be avoided and north and north eastern slopes should be preferred.
•• Cultivated varieties such as Naryankodi, Kalluvally, Uthirankotta and Balancotta which are
tolerant to quick wilt
•• Press the soil around the cutting to form a small mound slopping outward and away from
cuttings to prevent water stagnation around the plants
•• Adequate mulch with green leaf saw dust or coir dust or organic matter should be given towards
the end of the north-eastern monsoon.
•• Injury to root system to be avoided at any cost.
•• About 10 Kg of well rotten cattle manure or compost to be given in April may in order to support
antagonistic fungi.
•• Growing cover crops like Calapogonium muconoides, Mimosa invisa are also recommended
under west coast conditions to provide an effective soil cover to prevent soil erosion as well as
spread of soil borne pathogens in rainy seasons and for thick organic mulch during summer.
•• Planting materials must be collected from disease free garden and nurseries raised preferably in
fumigated soil.
Mechanical control:
•• The affected cutting along with defoliated leaves should be removed from nursery and destroyed.
13
Biological control:
•• Alternatively, Rhizobacteria like IISR 853 can be applied @ 1 g (formulations containing 108 - 1010
cfu/g) at monthly intervals.
•• Apply neem /mustard/castor cake
Sowing/planting*
Nutrients •• In addition, organic manure application before planting, apply 50 g Azospirillum + 50 g PSB +
200 g VAM per plant at the time of planting.
Weeds •• Hand weeding around the plants is to be done according to necessity
•• Adequate mulch with green leaf or organic matter should be given towards the end of north
east monsoon.
•• Recommended dose of fertilizers is to be applied. Care should be taken to avoid direct contact
of fertilizers with the roots of pepper.
•• Water logging is to be avoided.
Nematodes/ Cultural control:
Borers •• With the receipt of the first rain in May-June, primary stem cuttings of Erythrina sp.
(Murukku) or Garuga pinnata (kilinjil) or Grevillea robusta (silver oak) are planted in pits
of 50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm size filled with cow dung and top soil, at a spacing of 3 m x 3
m which would accommodate about 1110 standards per hectare (Seedlings of Alianthus
malabarica (Matti) can also be planted and the black pepper vines can be trailed on it after
3 years when they attain sufficient height).
•• Pits of 50 cm 3 at a distance of 30 cm away from the base, on the northern side of supporting
tree are taken with the onset of monsoon.
•• The pits are filled with a mixture of top soil, farmyard manure @ five Kg/pit and 150 g rock
phosphate. With the onset of monsoon, two-three rooted cuttings of black pepper are
planted individually in the pits on the northern side of each standard. At least one node of
the cutting should be kept below the soil for better anchorage.
•• Follow the spacing recommended 3 m X 3 m in plain lands and 2 m X 4 m in sloppy lands.
Botanical control:
•• Neem cake @ 1 Kg /vine may be mixed with the soil at the time of planting.
* Application of Trichoderma harzianum/viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of seed/
seedling/planting materials in the nurseries and field application (if commercial products are used,
check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields,
registration is not required).
Vegetative
Common cultural practices:
•• Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
•• Collect and destroy diseased and insect infected plant parts
•• Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions.
Common mechanical practices:
•• Collection and destruction of eggs, and larvae
•• Removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is essential as
this reduces the build up of inoculum (fungal population).
•• Use yellow sticky trap for aphid vector control and blue sticky traps for thrips @ 4-5 traps/acre.
•• Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
•• Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common
mynah etc.
•• Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
14
Common biological practices:

•• Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed
•• Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
•• Augmentative release of natural enemies.
Nutrients •• Fertilizers should be applied on the basis of soil test report and recommendation for the
particular area. In general, fertilizers may be applies as mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Fertilizers requirement of black pepper
Age of plants N P2O5 K2O
(year) (g/vine/year) (g/vine/year) (g/vine/year)
1st 17 17 50
2nd 34 34 100
3rd and above 50 50 150
•• Fertilizer should be applied 10-15 days after pruning of the living supports.
•• If soil is highly acidic 500g lime per vine also is to be applied in alternate years.
•• During the first year,1/3rd of the dosage recommended for the adult vines should be applied
during September.
•• During the second year, two thirds of the dosage recommended for the adult vines should be
applied in two equal instalments, one during May-June, and the other during September-October.
•• The manures and fertilizers are applied around the vine at a distance of 30 cm from the base and
incorporated into the soil.
Weeds •• Pull out weeds before flowering by 2-3 rounds of hand weeding.
•• Slash weeding is a cost-effective method and to keep a cover always over the soil.
•• Mulching with dry/green leaves or organic matter @ 10Kg should be given to control weed
growth and to prevent sun scorching of young vines during summer.
Phytophthora foot •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
rot (quick wilt), •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
basal wilt** Cultural control:
•• Planting material must be collected from disease free gardens and the nursery preferably raised
in fumigated or solarized soil.
•• Adequate drainage should be provided to reduce water stagnation.
•• Injury to the root system due to cultural practices such as digging should be avoided.
•• The freshly emerging runner shoots should not be allowed to trail on the ground. They must
either be tied back to the standard or pruned off.
•• The branches of support trees must be pruned at the onset of monsoon to avoid build up of
humidity and for better penetration of sunlight.
•• Reduced humidity and presence of sunlight reduces the intensity of leaf infection.
Chemical control:
For foot rot:
•• Metalaxyl M 4% + mancozeb 64% WP @ 0.25%, 2 or 3 l/vine
•• Metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% WP @ 0.125 %, 2 or 5 l/vine
Slow wilt •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
•• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Cultural control:
•• Nematode free root cutting raised in fumigated nursery mixture should be used for fresh
planting.
•• Remove the severely affected vines which are beyond recovery.
15
Pollu beetle, top •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
shoot borer, leaf Cultural control:
gall thrips •• Regulation of shade in the plantation reduces the population of the pest in the field.
Biological control:
•• Spraying neemgold (0.6 per cent) (neem-based insecticide) during August, September and
October is effective for the management of the pest. The underside of leaves (where adults are
generally seen) and spikes are to be sprayed thoroughly.
Mealybug** •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
Cultural control:
•• Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, bhindi, custard apple, guava etc in and
nearby vineyards throughout the year.
•• Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and
minimizing the incidence.
Biological control:
•• Release exotic predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10 beetles/vine.
Physical control:
•• Detrash the crop on 150 and 210 day after planting.
Scale insects, minor •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
pests Biological control:
•• In nurseries spraying neem oil 0.3 per cent or neem gold 0.3 per cent or fish oil rosin three per
cent is also effective in controlling the pest infestation.
Spike formation/flowering stage
Nutrients •• Apply deficient micronutrient if any.
Weeds •• Keep the vineyard weed free.
Pollu disease / •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
anthracnose, leaf •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
rot** Cultural control:
•• Eradication of affected vines from vineyard.
•• Apply phytosanitation process.
Chemical control:
•• Same as Phytophthora foot rot.
Stunt disease**, •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See Page No. 13, 14, 15).
phyllody disease** •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Cultural control:
•• Use virus free healthy planting material
•• Regular inspection and removal of infected plants; the removed plants may be burnt or buried
deep in soil.
•• Insects such as aphids and mealybugs on the plant or standards should be controlled with
insecticide spray.
Insects •• Same as in vegetative stage.
Berry formation stage
Insect pest & disease •• Same as in vegetative and flowering stage.
Note: The pesticides dosage and spray fluid volumes are based on high volume sprayer. The recommended
pesticides are as per CIBRC list updated on 31.10.2014.
**Pests of regional significance.
Source of Nutrient and weeds: http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_blkpepper.html,http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/plant_nutri/cashew_potassium.html
APHU (2010). Package of practices of important Horticultural Crops.Venkattrientaramannagudem, West Godavari District – 534 101 (A.P.).
16
VI. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest
population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used
according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to
one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter
product.
Causes of resistance development: The causes and rate at which insecticide resistance develops depend on
several factors, including the initial frequency of resistance alleles present in the population, how rapidly the
insects reproduce, the insects’ level of resistance, the migration and host range of the insects, the insecticide's
persistence and specificity, and the rate, timing and number of applications of insecticide made. For instance,
insect pests that survive in large populations and breed quickly are at greater advantage of evolving insecticide,
especially when insecticides are misused or over-used.
General strategy for insecticide resistance management: The best strategy to avoid insecticide resistance
is prevention and including insecticide resistance management tactics as part of a larger integrated pest
management (IPM) approach.
1) Monitor pests: Monitor insect population development in fields to determine if and when control measures
are warranted. Monitor and consider natural enemies when making control decisions. After treatment, continue
monitoring to assess pest populations and their control.
2) Focus on AESA. Insecticides should be used only as a last resort when all other non-chemical management
options are exhausted and P: D ratio is above 2: 1. Apply biopesticides/chemical insecticides judiciously after
observing unfavourable P: D ratio and when the pests are in most vulnerable life stage. Use application rates and
intervals as per label claim.
3) Ecological engineering for pest management: Flowering plants that attract natural enemies as well as plants
that repel pests can be grown as border/intercrop.
4) Take an integrated approach to managing pests. Use as many different control measures as possible viz.,
cultural, mechanical, physical, biological etc. Select insecticides with care and consider the impact on future pest
populations and the environment. Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides when a narrow-spectrum or more specific
insecticide will work. More preference should be given to green labeled insecticides.
5) Mix and apply carefully. While applying insecticides care should be taken for proper application of insecticides
in terms of dose, volume, timing, coverage, application techniques as per label claim.
6) Alternate different insecticide classes. Avoid the repeated use of the same insecticide, insecticides in the
same chemical class, or insecticides in different classes with same mode of action and rotate/alternate insecticide
classes and modes of action.
7) Preserve susceptible genes. Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population by providing
unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent "refuge" fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field that
facilitate immigration. These susceptible individuals may outcompete and interbreed with resistant individuals,
diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of resistance.
17
VII. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

Potassium: Reduced growth. Leaves develop characteristic bronzing followed by
necrotic lesions along the veins and leaf fall.
Correction measure: Foliar spray of K2SO4 @1% at weekly intervals.
Magnesium: Interveinal chlorosis of immature and recently matured leaves.

Necrotic lesions develop within the chlorotic areas.
Correction measure: Foliar spray of MgSO4 @ 1% at fortnightly intervals.
Boron: Young leaves become small and malformed.

Correction measure: Foliar application of borax@0.2%.
Iron: Inter-veinal chlorosis of young leaves veins remain green and leaf size reduced.
In severe cases, whole leaf become chlorotic, yellow and fall.
Correction measure: Foliar spray of FeSO4 @1.0% at fortnightly intervals.
Manganese: Yellowing of young leaves; veins remain green.

Correction Measure: Foliar application of MnSO4 @ 0.5% solution in water.
VIII. COMMON WEEDS
1. Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis 2. Common purselane: Portulaca

Hook. F. (Amaranthaceae) 3. False amaranth: Digera
oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)
arvensis Forsk. (Amaranthaceae)
18
4. Carrot grass: 5. Goat weed: 6. Little mallow (cheese weed):

Parthenium hysterophorus L. Ageratum conyzoides L. Malva parviflora F.
(Asteraceae) (Asteraceae) (Malvaceae)
7. Barnyard grass: 8. Bermuda grass: 9. Purple nutsedge:

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperus rotundus L.
(Poaceae) (Poaceae) (Cyperaceae)
10. Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. 11. Dodder: Cuscuta spp.

(Cyperaceae) (Convolvulaceae)
APHU (2010). Package of practices of important Horticultural Crops. Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District – 534 101 (A.P.).
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/plant_nutri/cashew_potassium.html
19
IX. DESCRIPTION OF INSECT AND NEMATODE PESTS

1) Pollu beetle:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are laid on the berries and 1-2 eggs are laid in each hole, egg period is 5-8 days.
Grub: Grub period is 30-32 days.
Pupa: Pupation occurs in soil in a depth of 5.0 - 7.5 cm. Pupal period is 6-7 days. Life cycle completed in 40 - 50 days. Four
overlapping generations in a year.
Adult: Adult is a bluish yellow shining flea beetle.
Damage symptoms:
•• The pollu beetle is a serious insect pest in black pepper plantations in the
plains and at lower altitudes.
•• The adults feed on tender shoots, spikes and berries.
•• The infested shoots and spikes turn black and drop.
•• The grub on emergence bore into the berries, feed on the internal contents
and make them hollow.
•• The infested berries turn yellow initially and then black and crumble when
pressed.
Adult •• The pest population is more severe in shaded areas.
http://www.kissankerala.net:8080/KISSAN-CHDSS/
English/pepper/pests/images/50.jpg •• During the period from January to April the adults do not breed but remain
in the field feeding on older leaves.
1. 2. 3.
Damage symptoms
1,2,3: http://www.kissankerala.net:8080/KISSAN CHDSS/English/pepper/pests/images/50.jpg
Natural enemies of pollu beetle:

Predators: Spiders, Oecophylla smaragdina (weaver ant) etc.
*For management refer to page number 16.
2) Top shoot borer:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are small and colourless.
Larva: Larva grayish green, 12-14 mm long, larval period 10 -15 days. Pupates inside shoots.
Pupa: Pupal period 8 – 10 days.
Adult: Adult moth is tiny, forewing black with distal half red, hind wing greyish. Life cycle completed in a month.
20
Damage symptoms:
•• The adult is a fine moth with basal half of the forewing
black and distal half orange red.
•• The top shoot borer is found more in younger
plantations.
•• The caterpillars of the moth bore into tender shoots
which turn black and dry up.
•• When successive new shoots are attacked, the growth
of the vine is affected.
•• The pest infestation is higher during July-November
1. Adult when numerous new shoots are available on the vines.
Natural enemies of top shoot borer:

Parasitoids: Apanteles cypris, Eudederus sp., Goniozus
sp. etc.
Parasitic mite: Clinotrombium sp. (on larvae) etc.
Entomopathogenic nematode: Hexamermis sp. etc.
*For management refer to page numbers 15-16.
2. Damage symptom
Source: 1, 2:http://www.kissankerala.net:8080/KISSAN-CHDSS/English/pepper/pests/images/50.jpg
3) Leaf gall thrips:

Biology:
Egg: Eggs are laid in single within the marginal leaf folds or on the leaf surface, egg period is 2-7 days.
Nymph: Nymphs whitish and sluggish, nymphal period is 8-10 days
Pupa: Pupal period, is 2 to 4 days
Adult: Adults with heavily fringed wings. Adult longevity is 13-15 days.
Life cycle: Damage symptoms:
•• Infestation by leaf gall thrips is more serious at higher
altitudes, especially in younger vines and also in the
nurseries.
•• The feeding of thrips on tender leaves causes the leaf
margins to curl down and inwards resulting in the
formation of marginal leaf galls.
•• The infested leaves become thick, malformed and
crinkled
•• Life stages of the insect can be seen within the gall.
•• In severe cases of infestation, the growth of young
vines is affected
http://www.nbair.res.in/insectpests/Liothrips-karnyi.php
Natural enemies of thrips:

Parasitoids: Aphytis sp., Pseudoscymcus sp., Chilocorus
circumdatus etc.
Predators: Androthrips flavipes, Geogarypus sp.,
Lestodiplosis sp., Montandoniola moraguesi, Rhodesiella
sp, predatory mites, hoverflies, thrips, mirids etc.
*For management refer to page number 16. Damage symptoms
http://www.kissankerala.net:8080/KISSAN-CHDSS/English/pepper/pests/2.htm
21
4) Scale insect:
Biology:
•• Scales have unusual life cycles.
•• The eggs are laid underneath the waxy covering and hatch over a period of one to three weeks.
•• The newly hatched scales (called crawlers) move about over the plant until they locate succulent new growth.
•• They insert their piercing-sucking mouthparts into the plant and begin feeding. Female scales lose their legs and
antennae during the first molt.
•• They moult a second time before reaching maturity and do not pupate.
•• The cast skins (exuviae) are incorporated in the scale cover.
•• Male scales go through two additional molts and pupate underneath the wax. Adult males are tiny two-winged, gnat-
like insects without mouthparts.
•• Pepper mussel scale: Lepidosaphes piperis: Scale is small, dark, boat shaped.
•• Coconut scale: Aspidiotus destructor: Circular (about 1 mm in diameter) and yellowish brown.
1. Aspidiotus destructor 2. Lepidosaphes piperis

1,2: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=scale+insect+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=RTgYU7mXB8SFrQePj4HwAg&ved=0CDoQ
sAQ&biw=1242&bih=585#facrc
Damage symptoms:
•• Scale insects appear as encrustations on stems, leaves and berries
•• They feed on plant sap resulting in yellowing and drying of infested portions of the vines.
1. 2. 3.
Damage symptoms
1,2,3: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=scale+insect+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=RTgYU7mXB8SFrQePj4HwAg&ved=0CDo
QsAQ&biw=1242&bih=585#facrc
Natural enemies of scale insects:

Parasitoids: Encarsia lounsburyi, Aphytis sp. etc.
Predators: Mite: Bdella sp., Predatory thrips: Karnyothrips melaleucus, Aleurodothrips fasciatus, Beetle: Ladybird
beetle, Chilocorus circumdatus, C. nigrita, lacewings, Pseudoscymnus dwikalpa, Pharoscymna shorni, Sticholotisex
anguis, Cybocephalus sp. etc.
22
5) Mealybug:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are yellowish to orange in colour
Nymph: The first instar nymphs are also called as crawlers, which are mobile. The total nymphal period is 19 days for male
and 21 days for female. The male nymph forms a cottony cocoon in which the pupal stage is found mainly in the winter
season
Adult: The adult female mealybugs are pinkish white and sparsely covered with white wax. The male and female mealybugs
are similar in early stages. The female passes through three nymphal instars while male passes through four nymphal instars
The adult male has a pair of wings and a pair of halters. Males are very rare and female mealybugs are commonly found
causing the damage in the field. Mealybug completes the life cycle in about 30 days. Without mating, they are known to
reproduce partheno-genetically throughout the year.
Life cycle:
Damage symptoms:
•• Large number of mealy bugs colonise the roots of the
vine
•• As a result of sap sucking, the plant turns yellow, leaves
and branches dry and drop
Mealy bug, •• Many of the vines infested by root mealybugs are also
Planococcus
sp
likely to be infected with Phytophthora and nematodes
Natural enemies of mealybugs:

Parasitoid: Parasitic wasps etc.
Predators: Hover flies, coccinellid (Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri), praying mantis etc.
Damage symptoms
http://www.kissankerala.net:8080/KISSAN-CHDSS/English/pepper/pests/2.htm
6) Root-knot nematode:
Biology:
•• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and
the adult male and female.
•• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from
eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
•• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to
8 weeks depending on temperature.
•• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°F.
23
Life cycle:
3. Adults
Male (longer): 16-22 days
Damage symptoms:
Female (bulged): 25-30 days
•• Infected plants in patches in the field
•• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary symptom
•• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a
s
‘beard root’ symptom
ay
6d
•• Infected roots become knobby and knotty

-1
Root-knot nematode,
12
Meloidogyne spp.
•• In severely infected plants the root system is reduced and the
2. Larvae
[Infective (J2) 1. Eggs
rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots are seriously
juveniles]
4-6 days hampered in their function of uptake and transport of water
1.http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20
and nutrients
Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/RootKnotNematode/ •• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry
Root-knot.htm
2. http://nematology.umd.edu/rootknot.html conditions and are often stunted
3. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/pgg/dan_webpage/Introduction/Images/
pyroform.htm
•• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and bacterial
root pathogens
Survival and spread:

Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or
collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and
Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculums.
Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may
also be water dispersed.
Favourable conditions: Loamy light soils.
Damage symptom
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=damage+symptoms+of+wheat+by+n
ematode&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=xs8B
*For management refer to page numbers 13, 14.
U9DHGoOJ
7) Burrowing nematode:
Biology:
•• Burrowing nematode is an endoparasitic migratory nematode, meaning it completes its life cycle within root tissue.
•• Adults and juveniles are vermiform in shape. Adults are sexually dimorphic. The male has a poorly developed stylet, a
knob-like head, and a sharp, curved spicule enclosed in a sac.
•• The male is 500 to 600 µm in length, while the female is about 550 to 880 µm long. The female has a well-developed
stylet. Females and juveniles feed inside roots, especially near the tips. Males with their weak stylets do not feed.
Females lay two to six eggs per day. Both male and female have long, tapered tails with rounded or indented ends.
•• The nematode completes its life cycle in about 21 days at 25°C.
•• The nematode causes a disease condition called toppling or blackhead disease in plants
1. Female (A) and male (B) 2. Damage symptom

1,2: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/NEMATODE/Radopholus_similis.htm
*For management refer to page numbers 13, 14.
24
Natural Enemies of Black Pepper Insect Pests

Parasitoids
Larval parasitoid
1. Apanteles cypris 2. Goniozus sp 3. Clinotrombium sp
Nymphal/Adult parasitoids
4. Chilocorus circumdatus 5. Encarsia sp 6. Aphytis sp 7. Parasitic wasp

1. https://www.google.co.in/search?q= Apanteles+cypris+aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.1065j0j9&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-
2. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Goniozus&oq=Goniozus&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.1065j0j9&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#q=Clinotro
3. https://www.google.co.in/search?q= Clinotrombium &oq Clinotrombium =&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.1065j0j9&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#q=Clinotro
4. https://www.google.co.in/search?q= chilocorus+ circudatus& espv =210& es_sm= 122 & source= lnms
5. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=encarsia+formosa&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=LjcYU6qQG8bnrAfI1oDAAQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1242&bih
=585#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=PHem7BhlBs6FMM%253A%3BHkcuogaJYUpWJM%3Bhttp
6. http://www.buglogical.com/aphytis-melinus/aphytis-melinus-red-scale-parasite/
7. http://www.insectimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5195078
Predators
1. Lacewing 2. Ladybird beetle 3. Spider 4. Weaver ant
5. Montandoniola sp 6. Androthrips sp 7. Geogarypus sp 8. Lestodiplosis sp
25
9. Mirid bug 10. Hover fly 11. Predatory mite 12. Bdella
13. Chilocorus sp 14. Cybocephalus 15. Cryptolaemus sp 16. Praying mantis
1. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Montandoniola+moraguesi&espv=210&es_sm=12; 2. https://www.google.co.in/search?q= androthrips+ flavipes; 3. https://www.google.co.in/

search?q=geogarypus&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnm; 4. https://www.google.co.in/search?q= Lestodiplosis + &espv =210 &es_sm =122&source; 5. http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/
heteroptera/Miridae/blepharidopterus_angulatus.html; 7. http://www.dragonfli.co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-enemies\; 8. http://www.dragonfli.co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-
enemies; 9. http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID; 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_2_(cropped).jpg;
11. http://spirit-animals.com/praying-mantis/
X. DESCRIPTION OF DISEASES
1) Foot rot /quick wilt disease:
Disease symptoms:
•• One or more black spots appear on the leaves which have a characteristic fine fibre like projections at the advancing
margins which rapidly enlarge and cause defoliation.
•• The tender leaves and succulent shoot tips of freshly emerging runner shoots trailing on the soil turn black when
infected. The disease spreads to the entire vine, from these infected runner shoots and leaves, during intermittent
showers due to rain splash.
•• If the main stem at the ground level or the collar is damaged, the entire vine wilts followed by shedding of leaves and
spikes with or without black spots. The branches break up at nodes and the entire vine collapses within a month.
•• If the damage is confined to the feeder roots, the expression of symptoms is delayed till the cessation of rain and the
vine starts showing declining symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, defoliation and drying up of a part of the vine.
•• Fungus survives in disease plant debris as well as soil. These vines may recover after the rains and survive for more than
two seasons till the root infection culminates in collar rot and death of the vine.
Favourable conditions:
•• Rainy season during October-November onwards favour the development of disease.
Disease symptoms
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Foot+rot+/quick+wilt+disease+of+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Sf8WU8WOCoWWrAeD4YCgAQ&ved=0CA
cQ_AUoAQ&biw=
26
2) Pollu disease /anthracnose:

Disease symptoms:
•• It can be distinguished from the pollu (hollow berry) caused by the beetle by the presence of characteristic cracks on
the infected berries.
•• The disease appears towards the end of the monsoon.
•• The affected berries show brown sunken patches during early stages and their further development is affected.
•• In later stages, the discolouration gradually increases and the berries show the characteristic cross splitting.
•• Finally, the berries turn black and dry. The fungus also causes angular to irregular brownish lesions with a chlorotic halo
on the leaves.
•• The primary infection by sowing infected seeds and secondary by wind.
•• Rain and high humidity are responsible for the development of disease.
1. 2. 3.
Disease symptoms
1,2: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=pollu+disease+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LQQXU7GYM4a_rgfkq4DYAg&ved=0CEoQ
sAQ&biw=1366

3) Slow decline /slow wilt:
Disease symptoms:
•• Foliar yellowing, defoliation and die-back are the aerial symptoms of this disease. The affected vines exhibit varying
degrees of root degeneration due to infestation by plant parasitic nematodes.
•• The diseased vines exhibit foliar yellowing from October onwards coinciding with depletion of soil moisture.
•• With the onset of south west monsoon during May/June, some of the affected vines recover and put forth fresh foliage.
•• The symptoms reappear in subsequent seasons after the cessation of the monsoon and the diseased vines gradually
lose their vigour and productivity.
•• The affected vines show varying degrees of feeder root loss and the expression of symptoms on the aerial parts occur
after a considerable portion of the feeder roots are lost.
•• The root system of diseased vines show varying degrees of necrosis and presence of root galls due to infestation by
plant parasitic nematodes such as Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita leading to rotting of feeder roots. The
damage to feeder roots is caused by these nematodes and P. capsici either independently or together in combination.
•• Fungus survives in disease plant debris.
•• Cysts and egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and
Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculum.
•• Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.
27
•• Rainy seasons and loamy light soils favours the development of disease.
1. 2. 3.
Disease symptoms
1,2,3:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=slow+wilt+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LQQXU7GYM4a_rgfkq4DYAg&ved=0CEoQsA
Q&biw=1366

4) Stunt disease:
Disease symptoms:
•• This disease which is caused by viruses is noticed in parts of Kannur, Kasargod, Kozhikode, Wayanad and Idukki Districts
of Kerala and Kodagu, Hassan and Uthara Kannada districts of Karnataka.
•• The vines exhibit shortening of internodes to varying degrees.
•• The leaves become small and narrow with varying degrees of deformation and appear leathery, puckered and crinkled.
•• Chlorotic spots and streaks also appear on the leaves occasionally. The yield of the affected vines decreases gradually.
•• Two viruses namely Cucumber mosaic virus and a Badna virus are associated with the disease.
Transmission and favorable conditions:
•• The major means of spread of the virus is through the use of infected stem cuttings. The disease can also be transmitted
through insects like aphids and mealybugs.
Disease symptom
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=stunt+disease+of+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Sf8WU8WOCoWWrAeD4YCgAQ&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=

5) Phyllody disease:
Disease symptoms:
•• This disease which is caused by Phytoplasma is noticed in parts of Wayanad and Kozhikode districts of Kerala.
•• The affected vines exhibit varying stages of malformation of spikes. Some of the floral buds are transformed into narrow
leaf like structures.
•• Such malformed spikes show leafy structures instead of floral buds, exhibiting Phyllody symptoms.
28
•• In advanced stages, the leaves become small and chlorotic, and the internodes are also shortened.
•• The affected fruiting laterals give a witches broom appearance. Severely affected vines become unproductive.
•• In severely affected vines the entire spike is converted into small branches which appear chlorotic and the vines decline
rapidly.
•• The infected vine becomes unproductive within two to three years.
Transmission and favourable conditions:
•• The infected vines are to be destroyed to prevent the further spread of the disease.
•• Phytoplasmadisease is spread by leaf hoppers and plant hoppers besides spread by vegetative propagation through
cuttings, storage tubers, rhizomes or bulbs.
1. 2.
Disease symptoms
1,2: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=phyllodi+disease+of+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Sf8WU8WOCoWWrAeD4YCgAQ&ved=0CAcQ_
AUoAQ&biw=

6) Basal wilt:
Disease symptoms:
•• Grayish lesions appear on stems and leaves.
•• On the leaves white mycelium are seen at the advancing edges of the lesions.
•• The mycelial threads later girdle the stem resulting in drooping of leaves beyond the point of infection and in advanced
stages the rooted cuttings dry up.
•• Small whitish to cream coloured grain like sclerotial bodies appear on the mature lesions.
•• Disease is soil borne and pathogen survives in soil which is the source of primary infection.
•• The disease is mainly noticed in nurseries during June- September and is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii.
Disease symptoms
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=basal+wilt+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LQQXU7GYM4a_rgfkq4DYAg&ved=0CEoQsAQ&b
iw=1366
29
7) Leaf rot and blight:

Disease symptoms:
•• Greyish sunken spots and mycelial threads appear on the leaves and the infected leaves are attached to one another
with the mycelial threads.
•• Leaf spots caused by Colletotrichum sp are characterized by yellow halo surrounding the necrotic spots.
•• On stems, the infection occurs as dark brown lesions which spread both upwards and downwards. The new flushes
subtending the points of infection gradually droop and dry up.
•• Disease is soil borne and pathogen survives in soil which is the source of primary infection.
•• The disease is caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and is often serious in nurseries during April- May when warm humid
conditions prevail. The fungus infects both leaves and stems.
Disease cycles:
1. Foot rot /quick wilt disease: 2. Pollu disease /Anthracnose:
3. Basal wilt by Sclerotium rolfsii:
30
XI. SAFETY MEASURES

A. At the time of harvest:
•• The crop takes about 6-8 months from flowering to harvest. The harvest season extends from November
to January in the plains and January to March in the hills. When one or two berries in the spike turn bright
orange or purple it is time for harvest. However, pepper berries are harvested at different maturity levels
depending on the intended use or product preparation.
•• Pepper powder is best made from berries with maximum starch content and therefore has to be fully
mature when harvested. The extraction industry prefers berries which contain the highest level of
oleoresin and essential oils.
•• High levels of both are usually found when the berries are picked couple of weeks before full maturity.
•• The following describes the intended use of pepper berries and the maturity level at which berries should
be harvested for ensuring best results.
Products Maturity at harvest

Pepper in brine/ Canned pepper Green and tender (4-5 months)
White pepper Fully matured (ripened)
Black pepper Fully mature and near ripe
Dehydrated Green pepper 10-15 days before full maturity
Oil and Oleoresin 15-20 days before maturity
Pepper powder Fully matured with maximum starch
•• Start harvesting when one or two berries in few spikes turn orange or red.
•• Follow selective harvesting method to harvest only fully matured spikes.
•• Care should be taken to avoid damage to vine during harvest.
•• If any spike falls on ground during harvesting, it should be mixed along with other lot only after thorough
washing.
•• If chemical measures are adopted to prevent ants while harvesting the lot should be thoroughly washed
before mixing with the main lot.
B. During post-harvest storage:

Points to be observed in the storage of pepper
1. Pepper should be stored in bags after the moisture content is reduced to 10-11% .The bags should be
preferably new, clean, dry and free from any contamination.
2. Other substances should not be stored in storerooms of godowns where pepper is kept.
3. Graded or garbled pepper should be kept separately.
4. While stacking pepper-filled bags in godowns, wooden planks should be used on the floor as dunnage.
This is to prevent moisture from the affecting pepper. The bags should be kept at least 30 cms. away from
the walls.
5. Doors, windows and ventilators of rooms in which pepper is kept should always be kept closed. The
entry of rats and other pests should be completely avoided. Rodent repellent devices can be used in the
godowns.
6. Pest control practices should be followed systematically. Use of pesticides and chemical fumigants should
be limited to the correct dosage and should be applied only under the supervision of experts.
31
XII. DO’S AND DON’TS IN IPM

S. No. Do’s Don’ts
1. Deep ploughing is to be done on bright sunny Do not plant or irrigate the vineyard after ploughing,
days during the months of May and June. The at least for 2-3 weeks, to allow desiccation of bulbs
field should be kept exposed to sun light at least and/or rhizomes of perennial weeds.
for 2-3 weeks.
2. Grow only recommended varieties. Do not grow varieties not suitable for the season or
the region.
3. Plant early in the season Avoid late planting as this may lead to reduced
yields and incidence of pests and diseases.
4. Apply only recommended herbicides with Pre-emergent as well as soil incorporated herbicides
recommended dose at proper time, with flat fan should not be applied in dry soils. Do not apply
or flat jet nozzle(s) on sprayer herbicides along with irrigation water or by mixing
with soil, sand or urea.
5. Maintain optimum and healthy crop stand Crops should not be exposed to moisture deficit
stress at their critical growth stages.
6. Use NPK fertilizers as per the soil test Avoid imbalanced use of fertilizers.
recommendation.
7. Use micronutrient mixture after soil based Do not apply any micronutrient mixture after sowing
test recommendations or nutrient deficiency without test recommendations.
symptoms on the crop.
8. Conduct weekly AESA in the morning preferably Do not take any management decision without
before 9 a.m. Take decision on management considering AESA and P: D ratio
practice based on AESA and P: D ratio only.
9. Spray pesticides thoroughly to treat the Do not spray pesticides only on the upper surface
undersurface of the leaves, particularly for of leaves.
sucking pests
10. Apply short persistent pesticides to avoid Do not apply pesticides during preceding 7 days
pesticide residue in the soil and produce. before harvest.
11. Follow the recommended procedure of trap crop Do not apply long persistent pesticides on trap crop,
technology. otherwise it may not attract the pests and natural
enemies.
32
XIII. SAFETY PARAMETERS IN PESTICIDE USAGE
S. Pesticide Classification WHO Symptoms poisoning First Aid measures Treatment of poisoning Waiting period
No. as per insecticide rules classification from last
Colour of toxicity of hazard application to
triangle harvest (days)
Fungicides
1 Metalaxyl MZ Class III Slightly Headache, palpitation, nausea, Treatment of poisoning: No specific antidote. –
Moderately toxic hazardous vomiting, flushed face, irritation Treatment is essentially symptomatic
of nose, throat, eyes and skin etc.
2 Mancozeb Unlikely Headache, palpitation, nausea, Treatment of poisoning: No specific antidote. –
33
Slightly toxic produce acute vomiting, flushed face, irritation Treatment is essentially symptomatic
hazard of nose,throat, eyes and skin etc.
XIV. BASIC PRECAUTIONS IN PESTICIDE USAGE

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only just required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500, 1000 g/ml for single application in specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags; Do not purchase pesticides without
proper/approved labels.
3. While purchasing insist for invoice/bill/cash memo
B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other containers; Do not store expose to sunlight or rain water; Do not
weedicides along with other pesticides
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from reach of children and livestock.
C. Handling
1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk pesticides (dust/granules) on head shoulders or on the back.
D. Precautions for preparing spray solution
1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polythene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a cap or towel to
cover the head (Do not use polythene bag contaminated with pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Prepare the spray solution as per requirement
7. Do not mix granules with water; Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution
8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc while opening sealed container. Do not smell
pesticides.
9. Avoid spilling of pesticides while filling the sprayer tank.
10. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polythene bags
E. Equipments
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky and defective equipments
3. Select right kind of nozzles
4. Don’t blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth brush tied with the sprayer and clean with
water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.
F. Precautions for applying pesticides
1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution
2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition; Do not apply just before the rains and after
the rains; Do not apply against the windy direction
3. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery operated ULV
sprayer
4. Wash the sprayer and buckets etc with soap water after spraying
5. Containers buckets etc used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose
6. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the field immediately after spraying
7. Avoid tank mixing of different pesticides
G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. throw it in barren isolated area
if possible
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone/stick and buried deep into soil away from
water source.
3. Never reuse empty pesticides container for any other purpose.
34
XV. Pesticide application techniques

Equipment
Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/disease
Vegetative stage Insecticides and • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of
i) For crawling and fungicides big size)
soil borne pests • Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
• Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min
or
• Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower
ii) For small sucking (droplets of small size)
leaf borne pests • Airblast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
Reproductive stage Insecticides and • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of

fungicides big size)
• Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
Category B: Field flying pest/airborne pest

Vegetative stage Insecticides and • Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower
Reproductive stage fungicides (droplets of small size)
(Field Pests) • Airblast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
Or
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (droplets
of small size)
• Spinning disc nozzle

Mosquito/ locust Insecticides and • Fogging machine and ENV (exhaust nozzle
and spatial fungicides vehicle) (droplets of very small size)
application • Hot tube nozzle
(migratory Pests)
Category C: Weeds
Post-emergence Weedicide • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of
application big size)
• Flat fan or floodjet nozzle @ 15 to 20 psi
Pre-emergence Weedicide • Trolley mounted low volume sprayer (droplets

application of small size)
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (droplets
of small size)
35
XVI. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

1. For application rate and dosage see the label and leaflet of the
particular pesticide.
2. It is advisable to check the output of the sprayer (calibration) before

commencement of spraying under guidance of trained person.

3. Clean and wash the machines and nozzles and store in dry place
after use.
4. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while

preparing and applying pesticides.
Do not apply pesticides without protective clothing and wash
clothes immediately after spray application.
5. Do not apply in hot or windy conditions.
6. Operator should maintain normal walking speed while undertaking

application.
7. Do not smoke, chew or eat while undertaking the spraying operation
8. Operator should take proper bath with soap after completing

spraying
9. Do not blow the nozzle with mouth for any blockages. Clean with
water and a soft brush.
36
XVII. REFERENCES
•• http://pixabay.com/en/pearl-millet-bajra-cultivation-204092/
•• http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/plant_nutri/Sorghum
•• http://icrisat.agropedia.in/content/phosphorus-deficiency-symptom-pearl-millet
•• http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-0-154C678C000005DC-854_235x425.jpg
•• http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/912.280x185.clip.jpeg
•• http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2007/070815.hopper-i.jpg
•• http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2642/4232935912_01f3a8b49b.jpg
•• http://www.icrisat.org/what-we-do/agro-ecosystems/research-briefs/aes-research-briefs-images/rb14-e.jpg
•• http://cabbsouat.org/web/Departments/Cropprotection/Entomology/Croppests.aspx
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AFBM Journal 1: 28-35.
38
Important Natural Enemies of Black Pepper Insect Pests Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering in
Parasitoids Black Pepper vineyard
Apanteles cypris Goniozus sp Clinotrombium

Sunflower Ocimum spp. Spearmint
Chilocorus circumdatus Encarsia sp Aphytis sp

Mustard Marigold Eupatorium sp
Predators
Carrot French bean Cowpea

Lacewing Ladybird beetle Spider
Buckwheat Maize Alfalfa
Hover fly Praying mantis Weaver ant

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BLACK PEPPER
AESA BASED IPM Package

Pepper PDF

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Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd., Tel : 040-2330 3424

Apanteles cypris Goniozus sp Clinotrombium

Chilocorus circumdatus Encarsia sp Aphytis sp

Carrot French bean Cowpea

Buckwheat Maize Alfalfa

Hover fly Praying mantis Weaver ant

NIPHM Working Group:

Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:

Contributions by External Experts:

Front cover picture Model AESA chart for Black Pepper

Back cover picture Black Pepper vineyard

Published by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Rajendranagar,

Copies: 1,000; November, 2014

Contact APPA - IPM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage,

Printed at Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd.,

Date : 6.3.2014 (Avinash K. Srivastava)

(Utpal Kumar Singh)

Dr. K. SATYAGOPAL, IAS

AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR BLACK PEPPER

B. Pests of Regional/Minor Significance

II. AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

• Plant health at different stages

Principles of AESA based IPM:

Plant compensation ability:

Understand and conserve defenders:

Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):

Model Agro-Ecosystem Analysis Chart

Decision taken based on the analysis of

• Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation

Some questions that can be used during the discussion:

• What management practices are needed at this moment?

Advantages of AESA over ETL:

AESA and farmer field school (FFS):

Farmers can learn from AESA:

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills:

For insect pests:

C. Blue sticky traps:

III. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PEST MANAGEMENT

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Below Ground:

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Above Ground:

Natural enemies may require:

In order to attract natural enemies following activities should be practiced:

Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering for Pest Management

Ageratum sp Carrot Sunflower

Buckwheat French bean Alfalfa

Mustard Cosmos Anise

Caraway Dill Chrysanthemum sp.

Eupatorium sp Theobroma sp Cowpea

Maize Terminalia sp Marigold

Ocimum spp. Peppermint/Spearmint

Biodiversity of natural enemies observed in Ecological Engineering field at NIPHM

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Predators

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Spiders

IV. RESISTANT/ TOLERANT VARIETIES

V. CROP STAGE-WISE IPM

Common biological practices:

VI. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

VII. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

Magnesium: Interveinal chlorosis of immature and recently matured leaves.

Boron: Young leaves become small and malformed.

Manganese: Yellowing of young leaves; veins remain green.

VIII. COMMON WEEDS