MANGALPUR, BALURGHAT, SOUTH

DINAJPUR, WEST BENGAL

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY

SUBHORAJ SAHA
CLASS – XII
ROLL NO. –
YEAR – 2019 – 2020 {CLASS XII SESSION}
SUBJECT –BIOLOGY [SUB CODE –044]

Bona fide certificate

This is to certify that this project entitled“study of POLLINATION
IN SUNFLOWER AND LEGUME’’by Subhoraj Saha of class-xii,
Roll no. – _____________ ,
Registration no. – ____________ ,
Academic session – 2019-2020
Submitted in fulfillment to ‘ class – xii biology (044) project’ , is
bona fide record of work carried out under my guidance and
supervision.
_____________________
Signature of external _____________________
examiner Signature of internal
examiner

Name – suparna bhattacharjee

Designation – PGT
Department – Biology
School – Techno India Group Public school
Date – ______________
_______________________
Signature of principal

Acknowledgement

1) I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my biology teacher
“Mrs. –suparna bhattacharjee ” for their
able guidance and support in completing my
project.

2) I would also like to extend my gratitude to

my parents for providing support and helping
me in completing the project.
________________
Signature of candidate
Subject –Biology
 Subject code – 044
Roll no. – ___________

INTRODUCTION
Pollination is a process of transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to
the stigma either of the same flower or another flower. It is an important
event of sexual reproduction. When pollen grains are transferred from the
anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower of
the same plant, the process is called self pollination or autogamy, when the
pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower
belonging to another plant of the same species, the process is referred cross
pollination or allogamy.

Different types of flowers have different adaptations to ensure either self

pollination or cross pollination. Self pollination is possible only in monoecious
plants or in plants bearing bisexual(intersexual) flowers where male and
female sex organs attain maturity almost simultaneously.

Cross pollination becomes obligatory in case of unisexual flowers. However,

in bisexual flowers various devices prevent self pollination and favours cross
pollination. The various devices that favour cross pollination include (i)
dicliny (unisexuality), (ii)dichogamy (anthers and stigma mature at different
times),(iii) self sterility,(iv)heterostyly (difference in the heights of styles and
stamens),(v)herkogamy (mechanical devices preventing self pollination ) by
different types of external agencies. It is named after the agency that assists it,
viz, anemophily(wind pollination), hydrophily(water pollination),
entomophily(insect pollination), ornithophily(bird pollination),
chirapterophily(bat pollination) and malacophily(snail pollination).

The study of pollination in plant is an interesting subject, hence the topic has
been selected for the present project work.
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MATERIALS
REQUIRED
(i)Sunflower:-

(ii)Sweet pea flower:-

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(iii)Forceps:-

(iv)Needles:-

(v) Dissecting microscope:-

 Page no:-3

(vi)Slides:-
 Page no:-4

I. Sunflower
Experimental procedure
Take sunflower and cut it into two equal halves by a
longitudinal cut passing through the centre. Observe
its florets carefully with the help of hand lens and
under the microscope.
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Observation
Sunflower is an inflorescence called capitulum or head in which
small, sessile flowers called florets are borne on a flattened
receptacle in centripetal manner. The inflorescence is surrounded by
one or more whorls of bracts called involucre. In sunflower, the
central florets are bisexual and tubular called disc florets while the
peripheral florets are ligulate called ray florets.

(I) Ray florets:-These are present in the periphery and

have brightly coloured strap shaped petals. Stamens are
absent and ovaries are without ovules. Ray florets act as
organs of attraction for insects.
(II) Disc florets:- These are present in the central region of
the inflorescence. Their corolla consists of five fused
petals forming a tube. Stamens are five with fused anthers
and free filaments. This condition of stamens is called
syngenesious. The ovary consists of two fused carpels
 containing only one ovule. The style is long with two
stigmas. The nectary lies at the base of the style.

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Pollination mechanism
Sunflower is protandrous i.e. the stamens ripen before the stigmas.
In the young disc florets, the anthers split along their inner slides, so
that the pollen grains are shed into the tube formed by the joined
anthers.
You might have observed pollen grains with the help of the lens on
the non-receptive surface of the stigma. In young disc florets, the
short style below the pollen tube and the receptive surfaces of the
two stigmas are passed together so that pollen grains of the same
flower cannot reach them.
Later, in older disc florets, the style elongates, pushing the polen
grain out of the another tube. And the stigmas open out to expose
the stigmatic (receptive) surface. By the time, the central young ones
have reached the stage where only the pollen grain are released, the
older disc florets (outer ones) have already got their stigmas above
the stamens and their stigmatic surfaces are exposed.
The honey-bee, which generally causes pollination in sunflower first
settles in the centre of the head (capitulum). It receives pollens all
over its legs and under-surface as it walks ouwards. You may
observe pollen grains on the legs and the under-surface of the bee
with the help of hand lens. When the bee reaches the older flowers,
the pollen grains (obtained from other flower heads) from its body
are spread on the exposed stigmatic receptive surface and the cross-
pollination is affected.
If cross pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to pick up their own
pollen grains and thus secure self pollination.
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CONCLUSION
Sunflower has following adaptive features for pollination:

Adaptations for cross pollnation by insects:-

(i) Ray florets have coloured petals to attract insects such as
bee.
(ii) Nectaries are present at the base of the ovary to attract
the pollinators.
(iii) Protandrous condition of the flower prevent self
pollination.
(iv) The style elongates and the stigmatic surface is exposed
only in older flower to ensure cross pollination.

Adaptations for self pollination:-

If cross-pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to pick up their own
pollen grains to ensure pollination.

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II. Sweet pea flower

Experimental procedure
Take a flower of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus ) cut a vertical
section of the flower and study the structure and arrangement of the
floral parts.
Observe following sweet pea plant and find out what type of insect
visit it.

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Observation
Sweet pea flower has 5 fused sepals. Corolla consists of 5 petals. The
posterior petal is large called standard, two lateral ones are called
wings, two anterior one unit to form a boat shaped structure called
keel.
Within the keel are 10 stamens arranged in two groups 9+1.
Filaments of 9 stamen fused to form a filament tube in which nectar
is secreted from the nectary.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary and consists of a long style, bent

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Pollination
Like sunflower, sweet pea also shows protandry i.e. anthers mature
before stigma. The mature anthers burst when stigma is still
immature. The insects like honey bees crawl over them to suck
nectar from staminal tube and get pollen grains on their legs and
abdomen in the process. But it is not able to pollinate the immature
stigma. These pollen loaded bees when visit mature stigma of other
plant, bring about successful pollination i.e., cross-pollination.

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Conclusion
Coloured petals of flower attract the insect to collect nectar from
them and promote cross-pollination which becomes essential due to
protandry.
 Page no:-12

Bibliography
1. Comprehensive Laboratory manual in biology-class 12
2. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=754&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQo_XqrzoKdNm
Psv6zji9-JFnpJiQ%3A1574879846615&sa=1&ei=ZsLeXcn4JO6a4-
 EPkOCL0AI&q=+floral+parts+of+the+sweet+pea+%28lathyrus+adoratus%29&oq=+floral+parts+o
f+the+sweet+pea+%28lathyrus+adoratus%29&gs_l=img.3...62685.82209..83201...1.0..0.342.619
8.0j9j19j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39.wjET_MVdfL8&ved=0ahUKEwjJw8jOhIvmAhVuzTgGHRDwAioQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#
imgrc=_
3. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=754&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQPkZX0oMNkJg
M-
QriOTTMDBAReew%3A1574914768324&sa=1&ei=0ErfXYi9E5DYz7sP59Gx2Ag&q=pictures+of+a
+capitulum+of+sunflower.+a+entire+capitulim+and+vertical+section+of+capitulum&oq=pictures
+of+a+capitulum+of+sunflower.+a+entire+capitulim+and+vertical+section+of+capitulum&gs_l=i
mg.3...170472.231283..231586...2.0..4.485.22948.0j38j60j4j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.....10..35i39j35i362i39j0i67j0.F3NXBw8aQtA&ved=0ahUKEwiI5cTahozmAhUQ7HMBHedoDIs
Q4dUDCAc&uact=5#imgrc=ppAt1sTbm5_VAM:

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Contents
SR.NO TITLE PAGE
 NO
1) Introduction 1
2) Materials required 2-4
3) Sunflower’s 5
experimental
procedure
4) observation 6

5) pollination 7
mechanism
6) conclusion 8
7) Sweet pea flowers’s 9
experimental
procedure
8) Observation 10
9) Pollination 11
10) Conclusion 12
11) Bibliography 13