An Introduction to the Human

Body

• Principles
• Levels of Organization
• Life Processes
• Homeostasis
• Anatomical Terminology
• Medical Imaging Techniques
 Science
scientias (L) – knowledge
episteme (G) – knowledge

Science is a process of acquiring knowledge.

But how?
 Increasing knowledge
• Concept of the TEST

• Falsification versus Verification

• Objective truth
 Scientific Method
1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. experiment
4. conclusion
 Science of Biology
• EVOLUTION as the central theory
• descent, with modification
• common ancestry
• COMPARATIVE METHOD
 Subdisciplines of Anatomy
• Embryology: fertilization  8th week
• Developmental Biology: fert.  adult
• Histology: tissues
• Surface Anatomy: surface landmarks
• Gross Anatomy: naked eye anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy: specific systems
(circulation/respiration)
• Regional Anatomy: specific regions (head/chest)
• Radiographic Anatomy: x-rays
• Pathological Anatomy: disease
• “-ology” the study of…
 Subdisciplines of Physiology
• Neurophysiology: nervous system
• Endocrinology: hormones
• Cardiovascular physiology: heart & blood
vessels
• Immunology: immune system
• Respiratory physiology: lungs & breathing
• Renal physiology: kidneys
• Exercise physiology: muscular activity
• Pathophysiology: disease & aging
Fig. 01.01

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
11 Systems of the Human Body
• Integumentary • Lymphatic & Immune
• Muscular • Respiratory
• Skeletal • Digestive
• Nervous • Urinary
• Endocrine • Reproductive
• Cardiovascular
Fig. 01.T02a
Fig. 01.T02b
Fig. 01.T02c
Fig. 01.T02d
Fig. 01.T02e
Fig. 01.T02f
Fig. 01.T02g
Fig. 01.T02h
Fig. 01.T02i
Fig. 01.T02j
Fig. 01.T02k1
Fig. 01.T02k2
 Basic Life Processes
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation
• Reproduction
Metabolism:
sum of ALL chemical reactions.
Catabolism: breaking down
Anabolism: building

Responsiveness:
external or internal

Movement:
any piece or the whole
Growth:
number or size
Differentiation:
unspecialized  specialized
stem cells (totipotent)
Reproduction:
new cells, repair, or new individuals
Homeostasis:
dynamic equilibrium
 Homeostasis
• Dynamic consistency
• Equilibrium
• Multifaceted process
• Nerve impulses or hormones
• Feedback mechanisms
• e.g. blood glucose levels 70-110 mg/liter
 Bodily Fluids
• Extracellular (ECF): interstitial fluid, blood
plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial
fluid, aqueous humor.
• Intracellular (ICF)
• Oxygen, nutrients, proteins, ions
• Capillaries key for exchange
 Feedback Mechanisms
• Deviation from Homeostasis
• Receptors  Control Center  Effectors
• Feedback loops
• Negative Feedback: reverses a change
• Positive Feedback: reinforces a change
Fig. 01.02
Fig. 01.03
Fig. 01.04
 Homeostatic imbalance
• Stress
• Disease
• Aging
• Symptoms (subjective) & signs (objective)
• Epidemiology
• Pharmacology
• Diagnosis (through knowledge)
 Anatomical Terminology
• The basis for the rest of this course
• Positions
• Regions
• Directions
• Planes & Sections
• Cavities
Fig. 01.05
Fig. 01.06
Fig. 01.07
Fig. 01.08
 Fig. 01.09

Coelomic
cavity
Fig. 01.10
Fig. 01.11
Fig. 01.12
Fig. 01.13a
Fig. 01.13b