INTRODUCTION

TO ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY
By:
Dr. Mohd Fauze bin
Mahad Jais

Graduate School of Medicine

LEARNING OUTCOME

• Define anatomy and physiology.

• Explain how anatomy and physiology are related
• List the six levels of structural organization that make up the
human body, and explain how they are related
• List the organ systems of the body, and briefly discus the
major functions of each system.
• Identify and classify by organ system all organs discussed.
• List eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
2

• List the five survival needs of the human body.

LEARNING OUTCOME

• Define homeostasis, and explain its importance.

• Define negative feedback, and describe its role in
maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.
• Identify the major body cavities, and list the chief organs
in each cavity.
• Describe organic from inorganic compounds. 3
DEFINITIONS

• Anatomy: science that studies structure

• Physiology: science that studies body functions
• Anatomy (structure) determines physiology
(functions)
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Chemical: atoms molecules

• Cellular: cells containing organelles
• Basic unit of life
• Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
• 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
nervous
• Organ: group of tissues performing a common function
• System: group of organs with a common function
• Organism: contains all systems of an individual
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATIO
N
LIFE PROCESSES

• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation
• Reproduction
AUTOPSY

• Examination and dissection of a body to

determine the cause of death when life processes
have not been maintained adequately.
HOMEOSTASIS

• Maintaining a stable internal environment

• Dynamic process because of many changes
• Examples of variable factors
• Body temperature
• Blood pressure
• Water and nutrient levels
• Maintained by feedback systems
COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTATIC
MECHANISMS

• Stimulus disrupts a controlled variable

• Receptor recognizes the change and sends
message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to:
• Control Center that evaluates input and sends
output to:
• Effector that attempts to change the altered
variable
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems
• “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
• These systems reverse a change in the controlled
variable, bringing it back to “normal”
• Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then
lowered to normal BP
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

• Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this

type
• These systems strengthen a change and must be
shut down by an outside force.
• Examples:
• Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions
(and more…) at child birth
• Hormonal control of ovulation
• Systems that control blood clotting
AGING AND HOMEOSTASIS

• Normal process that:

• Includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain
homeostasis
• Affects all body systems
• Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
CLINICAL TERMS

• Disorder: abnormality of structure/function

• Disease: specific illness characterized by signs and
symptoms
• Symptoms: subjective changes not observable from
outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea
• Signs: observable or measurable changes. Examples:
high BP, ankle swelling, fever
ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Precise use of language to define position,

direction, and location in the body.
• Anatomical position
• Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and
eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward
• Common and anatomical terms
• Directional terms
• Planes and sections
• Body cavities
ANATOMICA
L POSITION
DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
PLANES
THROUGH
THE HUMAN
BODY
PLANES AND
SECTIONS: BRAIN
PLANES AND SECTIONS:
BRAIN
PLANES AND SECTIONS:
BRAIN
ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Body cavities
• Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)
• Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal
(region between lungs)
• Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm):
• Abdominal
• Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
• Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
• Pelvic
• More inferior and smaller
• Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and
internal reproductive organs
ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Body cavities
• Serous membranes are located in thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
• Functions: protect organs, reduce friction
• Layers
• Visceral layer covers organs
• Parietal layer lines cavity
• Names:
• Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax)
• Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax)
• Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)
BODY CAVITIES
BODY CAVITIES
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY: 9
REGIONS
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY: 9
REGIONS
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY: 4
QUADRANTS
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
ANY QUESTION?

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