CELL DIVISION CYCLE

• Cell division is the process in which a

parent cell divides
• giving rise to two or more daughter cells
• It is the means used by multicellular
organisms in order to grow, replenish
(repair), and reproduce
• Mitosis & Meiosis

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

• Human have 23 pairs of homologous

chromosomes (46 total)
• 22 pairs of autosomes
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
• Cell Types:
– Somatic cell  mitosis
– Germ cell  meiosis
MITOSIS
• process of cell division that results in two
(2) IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS which
contains the same number of
chromosomes
• organism grows & replaces worn-out
cells & tissues
• In humans, each cell contains 23 pairs
• DNA exists in the condensed, chromatin of chromosomes
form to fit into the nucleus
• DNA loops twice around a histone
octamer to form a nucleosome (“beads
on a string”)
• Two sister chromatids held at a
centromere
• In mitosis, DNA condenses to form
chromosomes
• DNA & histone synthesis occurs during
the S phase
• DNA exists in the condensed, chromatin
form to fit into the nucleus
• DNA loops twice around a histone
octamer to form a nucleosome (“beads
on a string”)
• In mitosis, DNA condenses to form
chromosomes G1
• DNA & histone synthesis occurs during Cell is metabolically active, duplicates its
the S phase organelles and cytosolic components
• Mitochondria have their own DNA, Two sister chromatids held at a centromere
which is circular and does not utilize
histones
INTERPHASE
• Nucleus is visible
• Centrosome replicates itself, each
centrosome takes a position on
opposite sides of the nucleus
• centrosomes then produce spindle
fibers
• Cells that lack a centrosome
(ex: mature muscle cells & neurons)
cannot divide
• prepares the cell to divide
• cellular organelles double in number,
the DNA replicates, and protein • Chromosomes condense and thicken
synthesis occurs • Each duplicated chromosome appear
• DNA has been replicated but as two identical sister chromatids joined
• chromosomes are still in an by a centromere
extended form and seen as • Centrioles moves apart toward opposite
chromatin poles
refers to all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis.
During interphase, cellular organelles double in number,
• The mitotic spindle begins to form
the DNA replicates, and protein synthesis occurs. The • Nuclear membrane starts to disappear
chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as • Nucleolus is no longer visible
uncoiled chromatin
Centrosome replicates itself, each centrosome takes a
position on opposite sides of the nucleus. The
centrosomes then produce spindle fibers, which are
the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle)
composed of microtubules. The spindle fibers will refers to the cytoskeletal structure of
eventually pull the duplicated chromosomes to opposite eukaryotic cells that forms during cell
poles of the cell during cell division. Cells that lack a
centrosome, such as mature muscle cells and nerve cells division to separate sister chromatids
( neurons), cannot divide between daughter cells.

Chromosomes condense and thicken •Each • Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

duplicated chromosome appear as two • Nucleolus is no longer visible
identical sister chromatids •The mitotic spindle
begins to form

PROPHASE
- muscle spindle formation
 METAPHASE
 The nuclear envelope fragments
 The spindle fibers become attached to
the center of each chromosome =
kinetochore
 The chromosomes assemble at the
equator = metaphase plate
 The main difference between
centromere and kinetochore is
that centromere is the region where the
two sister chromatids are held together
after the replication of chromosome
where kinetochore is the protein complex
on the chromosome where spindle fibers Meiosis I - reductional
are attached during cell division Meiosis II – just like mitosis I but no DNA synthesis
- equal number of chromosomes
ANAPHASE
• The spindle fibers begin to contract MEIOSIS
• Centromeres split & sister chromatids are
pulled apart to an opposite pole INTERPHASE 1
• At the end of anaphase a complete set • Each chromosome replicates
of daughter chromosomes is found • The result is two genetically identical
each pole sister chromatids

The kinetochore assembles on

the centromere and links the chromosome to
microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle
during mitosis and meiosis. Its proteins also help
to hold the sister chromatids together and play
a role in chromosome editing. a complex of
proteins associated with the centromere of a
chromosome during cell division, to which the
microtubules of the spindle attach

TELOPHASE
• Nuclear envelopes begin to form PROPHASE 1
around each set of daughter
chromosomes
• Nucleolus reappears
• Mitotic spindle disassembles
• Chromosomes become longer, thinner
& less distance
• A cleavage furrow divides the
cytoplasm in two = cytokinesis

(crossing-over recombination)
• Homologous chromosomes (each consisting the chromosomes decondense, although in others, this
step is skipped—since cells will soon go through another
of two sister chromatids) come together as
round of division, meiosis II. Cytokinesis usually occurs at
pairs = sysnapsis the same time as telophase I, forming two haploid
• The structure formed is called a tetrad daughter cells.
• Chromosome segments are swapped
between non-sister chromatids at cross-over
points called (chiasma)

Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two

homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It
allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their
segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover
between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of
meiosis

METAPHASE 1
• Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
• Chromosomes still arranged as:
pairs of homologues

ANAPHASE 1
• Sister chromatids remain attached
• But homologous chromosomes move apart
to opposite poles

TELOPHASE 1

• chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

• nuclear membrane re-forms and the
chromosomes decondense
• Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same
time as telophase I, forming two haploid
daughter cells
•
the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell. In
some organisms, the nuclear membrane re-forms and