The European Union: 513 million people – 28 countries

Pioneers – some of the architects of the European project

Their contribution to lasting peace and prosperity…

Konrad Adenauer Alcide De Gasperi

Winston Churchill

Robert Schuman Jean Monnet

The EU symbols

The motto:
United in diversity The European anthem

The euro The European flag Europe Day, 9 May

24 official languages

Български English latviešu valoda português

Čeština español lietuvių kalba Română
dansk français magyar slovenčina
Deutsch Gaeilge Malti slovenščina
eesti keel hrvatski Nederlands suomi
Ελληνικά Italiano polski svenska
Enlargement: from six to 28 countries

*Česká republika = Česko (2019)

The big enlargement: uniting east and west

1989 Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism

EU economic help begins: Phare
programme

1992 Criteria set for a country to join the EU:

• democracy and rule of law
• functioning market economy
• ability to implement EU laws

1998 Formal negotiations on enlargement begin

2002 Copenhagen summit agrees to a big

enlargement of 10 new countries

2004 Ten new EU members: Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,
Slovenia

2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU

2013 Croatia joins on 1 July

Candidate countries and potential candidates

Population
Country
(millions) in 2018

Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5

Montenegro 0.6

Kosovo under UN Security Resolution 1244 1.8

North Macedonia 2.1

Albania 2.9

Serbia 7.0

Turkey 79.8
The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law

1952 The European Coal and Steel Community

1958 The treaties of Rome:

• The European Economic Community
• The European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM)

1987 The European Single Act: the Single

Market

1993 Treaty on European Union - Maastricht

1999 Treaty of Amsterdam

2003 Treaty of Nice

2009 Treaty of Lisbon

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Binding for all the EU's activities

54 articles under 6 titles:

Dignity Freedoms Equality

Solidarity Citizens’ rights Justice

EU population compared to the rest of the world

Population in millions

1433
1366

513

329

127 146

EU (2019) China India (2019) Japan Russia United

(2019) (2019) (2019) States
(2019)
How many people live in the EU?

Population in millions (2019)

513 million in total
Germany

France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Poland

Romania

Netherlands

Belgium

Greece

Czechia

Portugal

Sweden

Hungary

Austria

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

Slovakia

Ireland

Croatia

Lithuania

Slovenia

Latvia

Estonia

Cyprus

Luxembourg

Malta
The European economy: stronger together

2008: Worldwide financial crisis starts in the United States.

Coordinated response from European leaders:

• Commitment to the euro and to financial stability

• New crisis management tools and reforms of rules:
European Stability Mechanism: fund to help countries in extraordinary
economic difficulties
New laws for stability of banks
Banking Union: EU-wide supervision of banks and a mechanism to close
down failing banks
• Better economic governance:
European Semester: annual procedure to coordinate public budgets
Euro+ pact, ‘Fiscal compact treaty’: mutual commitments to sound public
finances
An investment plan for Europe

The European Fund for Strategic Investments

• Investors have money, but little confidence.

• European Fund for Strategic Investments launched mid-2015, with €21 billion
from the EU and the European Investment Bank, which attracts funding from
other sources, in particular private funding.

• The Fund invests in viable business projects, for example in digital and energy
infrastructure, transport, small businesses, green projects and innovation.

• Around €370 billion in total investments by the end of 2018.

• European Fund for Strategic Investments 2.0: the Fund was improved and
extended to the end of 2020, and investment target increased to at least €500
billion.

• By end 2018, the Fund had supported 750,000 jobs and increased the EU’s GDP
(Gross Domestic Product), up 0.6%.

• Forecasts indicate 1.4 million new jobs created and 1.3% additional GDP by 2020.
Banking union: safe and reliable banks

The EU’s response to the financial crisis:

• Rulebook:
New laws to ensure that banks have adequate capital and
better risk control

• Supervision:
The European Central Bank supervises the +/- 130 of the
most important banks
National bank supervisors work closely together

• Resolution:
A Europe-wide Single Resolution Board can decide to wind
down a failing bank
This is backed by a fund that banks themselves pay into,
thus ensuring that taxpayers do not have to pick up the
bill.
How does the EU spend its money?

The annual EU budget in 2018 was around €160 billion – a large sum in
absolute terms, but only about 1% of the wealth generated by the
economies of the Member States every year.
How does the EU spend its money?
Climate change – a global challenge

The 2030 climate and energy framework includes EU-wide

targets and policy objectives for the period from 2021 to 2030.

Key targets for 2030:

• At least 40% cuts in greenhouse gas

emissions (from 1990 levels)
• At least 32% share for renewable energy
• At least 32.5% improvement in energy
efficiency
In the longer term, the EU is committed to
reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by
80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.
According to latest projections based on
existing measures, the EU remains on track
to meet its targets.
Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy

2014-2020: € 352 billion invested in infrastructure, business,

environment and training of workers for the benefit of poorer regions
and citizens

• Regional fund
• Social fund
• Cohesion fund

Less-developed regions: GDP per

capita under 75 % of the EU average

Transition regions: GDP per capita

between 75 % and 90 % of the EU
average

More-developed regions: GDP per

capita over 90 % of the EU average
The euro – a single currency for Europeans

Why the euro?

• No fluctuation risk and foreign exchange
cost

• More choice and stable prices for

consumers

• Closer economic cooperation between EU

countries
EU countries using the euro
EU countries not using the euro

Can be used everywhere in

the euro area
• Coins: one side with national symbols,
one side common

• Notes: no national side

The single market: freedom of choice

Four freedoms of movement:

• goods
• services
• people
• capital

The single market has led to:

• significant reductions in the price of many
products and services, including airfares and
phone calls
• more choice for consumers
• millions of new jobs
• more opportunities for businesses
Connecting Europe: The Digital Single Market

Since May 2015, the European Commission has delivered most of the proposals
announced in its Digital Single Market strategy. These include:

• Roaming charges ended in June 2017, so people can use their mobile
device when travelling in the EU, paying the same prices as at home.

• Strong new EU rules on personal data protection came into force on 25

May 2018.

• The WiFi4EU initiative supports installing free public Wi-Fi hotspots in local
communities across the EU.

• New tools to help defend people and businesses against cyberattacks.

• From 2018, new rules let people use their online subscriptions to films and
TV, e-books, video games and music services when travelling within the
EU.

• In 2018, plans to invest €1 billion in building a world-class European

supercomputers infrastructure.
Social Europe

Europe has the best levels of social protection in the world and
ranks highly in terms of quality of life and wellbeing.

It maintains these through a number of initiatives:

• The European Social Charter guarantees fundamental social and economic rights. It
guarantees a broad range of everyday human rights related to employment, housing, health,
education, social protection and welfare
• The European Social Fund is Europe’s main instrument for supporting jobs, helping people get
better jobs and ensuring fairer job opportunities for all EU citizens. Investment of €10 billion a
year improves job prospects for millions of Europeans, in particular those who find it difficult to
get work
• The European Employment Strategy's main aim is the creation of more and better jobs
throughout the EU
• The Youth Guarantee is a commitment by all Member States to ensure that all young people
under the age of 25 years receive a good quality offer of:
• employment
• continued education
• apprenticeship
• traineeship
within a period of four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education.
 Free to move

Schengen

• No police or customs checks at borders

between most EU countries, and Norway,
Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Iceland.

• Controls strengthened at the EU’s external

borders

• More cooperation between police and

immigration authorities from different EU
countries

• Buy and bring back any goods for personal

use when you travel between EU countries
Going abroad to learn or volunteer

Erasmus+

Every year, more than 400 000 young

people study or pursue personal
development in other European
countries with the support of the EU’s
Erasmus+ programme for education,
training, youth and sport.

In addition, Erasmus+ supports the

European Solidarity Corps and the
European Voluntary Service.
An area of freedom, security and justice

• EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

• Joint fight against terrorism

• Cooperation between police and law-

enforcers in different EU countries

• Coordinated asylum and immigration

policies

• Civil law cooperation

The EU: an exporter of peace and prosperity

Common foreign and security policy.

The EU pursues an ambitious trade negotiation

agenda and a balanced and progressive trade policy
to harness globalisation.

New trade agreements with:

•Canada (2017)

•Japan (2018)

•And many more…

Development assistance and humanitarian aid.

•Civil Protection Mechanism: governmental aid

delivered in the immediate aftermath of a disaster
•rescEU, a new system intended to increase overall
disaster-response capacities.
The EU: strengthening security and defence cooperation

The EU’s foreign and security policy is centred on:

• Promoting international peace and security,

• Development cooperation,
• Human rights and the rule of law
• Responding to humanitarian and climate emergencies.

Internationally, the EU uses its diplomatic, political, economic, security and humanitarian tools for
peaceful solutions to conflicts, in particular in Libya, Syria and Ukraine.
In December 2017, 25 Member States agreed to establish a Permanent Structured Cooperation, a
legally binding framework to work together more closely on security and defence.
In 2017, a European Defence Fund was launched for cooperation in research and development for
joint industrial defence products and technologies. The Fund will invest €90 million in research and
€500 million in development by 2020.
In April 2019, the European Parliament endorsed plans for the Fund to receive an estimated €13
billion in the EU’s next long-term budget between 2021 and 2027, and finance collaborative
research projects mainly through grants.
 The EU is the biggest provider of development aid
in the world

Through aid and cooperation, the European Union supports developing

countries and their transition to economic and social stability.

The European Union and its Member

States continued to be the world's
leading provider of official development
assistance in 2018 and stepped up their
efforts directed at developing countries.

Collective assistance from the European

Union and its Member States amounted
to more than €74.4 billion in 2018.

In September 2018, the Africa–Europe

Alliance for Sustainable Investment and
Jobs was launched. Its aim is to take the
EU’s partnership with Africa to the next
level by helping to improve job creation
in Africa by supporting education and
skills, boosting trade and mobilising
investment in strategic economic
sectors.
Gender equality

Equality between women and men is a fundamental value of the EU

The EU aims to help women get the jobs they want and the same pay as men,
and help them strike a better balance between work and other areas of life:

• Employment: In 2017, the share of women in work in the EU went up to

66.6%, compared to nearly 80% of men

• Equal pay: On average, women earn 16% less than men in the EU. In
November 2017, the EU presented New Start, an Action Plan to close the
gap between what women and men are paid

• Funding: Investing in specific actions to help get women into work include
schemes to retrain and improve skills; helping women return to work after
a career break, by providing quality childcare, providing individual guidance
to women improving employers’ awareness of the challenges faced by
women

• The Economy: The gap in employment between men and women costs the
EU economy €370 billion per year. Improving gender equality could create
10.5 million jobs by 2050 and boost the EU economy by between €1.95 and
€3.15 trillion

Another major priority is to stop violence against women and girls. The EU-
funded NON.NO.NEIN campaign, encourages men and women to take a
stand on violence against women.
Improving health and the environment

Pollution knows no borders – joint action needed

EU action has helped bring about:

• cleaner bathing water

• much less acid rain
• lead-free petrol
• easy and safe disposal of old electronic
equipment
• strict rules on food safety from farm to
fork
• more organic and quality farming
• more effective health warnings on
cigarettes
• registration and control of all chemicals
(REACH)
Protecting consumers' rights

As a consumer you are protected by basic laws all

over the EU, even when you travel or shop online

• Clear labelling

• Health and safety standards

• Unfair practice in contracts prohibited

• Passengers’ rights, such as compensation for long delays

• Help to resolve problems

Three key players

The European Parliament

- voice of the people
David Sassoli, President of the European
Parliament

The European Council and the Council

- voice of the Member States
Charles Michel, President of the European
Council

The European Commission

- promoting the common interest
Ursula von der Leyen,
President of the European Commission
The EU institutions

European Council (summit)

Council of Ministers
European Parliament (The Council) European Commission

Court of Court of Economic and Social

Justice Auditors Committee Committee of the Regions

European Investment Bank Agencies European Central Bank

How EU laws are made

Citizens, interest groups, experts: discuss, consult

Commission: makes formal proposal

Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly

National or local authorities: implement

Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation

The European Parliament 2019 - 2024

Source: European Parliament in collaboration with Kantar

Council of Ministers – voice of the Member States

• One minister from each EU country

• Presidency: rotates every six months
• Decides EU laws and budget together with Parliament
• Manages the common foreign and security policy
Council of Ministers – how they vote

Most decisions in the Council are taken by ‘double majority’.

A decision must have the support of at least:

• 55% of Member States (16 countries)

• Member States that represent 65% of the EU’s population

Summit at the European Council

Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries

• Held at least 4 times a year

• Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies
• President: Donald Tusk
A high representative for foreign affairs and security

Josep Borrell

• Double role:
– chairs meetings of the Foreign Affairs
Council
– Vice-President of the European Commission
• Manages the common foreign affairs and security
policy
• Head of the European External Action Service
The European Commission – promoting the common interest

28 Commissioners, one from each EU country

• Proposes new legislation

• Executive organ
• Guardian of the treaties
• Represents the EU on the international stage
The Court of Justice – upholding the law

28 independent judges, one from each EU country

• Rules on how to interpret EU law

• Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way
The European Ombudsman

Emily O’Reilly
The European Ombudsman

• Investigates complaints about poor or

failed administration by the EU
institutions

• For example: unfairness, discrimination,

abuse of power, unnecessary delay,
failure to reply or incorrect procedures

• Anyone in the EU can make a complaint

The European Court of Auditors: getting value
for your money

28 independent members

• Checks that EU funds are used properly

• Can audit any person or organisation dealing with EU funds
The European Central Bank: managing the euro

Christine Lagarde
President of the Central Bank

• Ensures price stability

• Controls money supply and decides
interest rates
• Supervises that banks are safe
• Works independently from governments
The European Economic and Social Committee:
voice of civil society

353 members

• Represents trade unions, employers, farmers,

consumers and so on
• Advises on new EU laws and policies
• Promotes the involvement of civil society in EU matters
The Committee of the Regions: voice of local government

353 members

• Represents cities and regions

• Advises on new EU laws and policies
• Promotes the involvement of local government in EU
matters
Getting in touch with the EU

Questions about the EU? Europe Direct can help

• By phone, email or webchat

• Over 500 regional information
centres

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