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Jresv60n5p423 A1b PDF
Jresv60n5p423 A1b PDF
423
A third approach was proposed by Iver sen aJJd 2 . Fluid Forces on an Immersed Body a t
Balen t, who considered th e force on an accelerated Rest in a Moving Liquid
disk movin g in one direction [8] . Briefly,
It would b e instr uctive to consider the momentum
(5) equations discussed by Murnaghan for the evalua tion
where of force on obj ects immersed in a p erfect liquid [1:3].
The m ethod, howev er , is now generalized to apply
0= 0 (DU,D dU). to imperfect liquids.
jJ U2 elt Con ider the case of two-dimension al fl ow with x
K eim has consider ed the case of acceler ated cylinders horizontal and z vertical. Tbe equation of motion
[9] and Bugliarello that of accelerated sph eres [10], in the x-direction is
all mo tions b eing in one direction. H er e the resort
i~ to a single coeffi cien t C and attempts to separate
(6)
th e effects of acceleration and viscosity hav e not
been shown to b e successfu1. Accordingly, the
adoption of this m ethod can have a meaning only wher e u and war e th e velocity components along
for monotonic mo tions subj ect to definite limitations th e axes x and z, p the density of the liquid, Pxx the
as to initial and final conditions. normal stress on an elem entary surface perpendicular
For oscillator y mo tions, although th e for ces m'e to x, and P.x the tangential stress on an elem e ntar~r
more accurately described either using eq (2) or surface normal to z, the stress b eing in th e direction
eq (4) , th e latter migh t be preferred provided the of x. B ecause of th e incompressibili t.\' of the liquid,
coeffi cien ts 0", and Od could be predicted with some
precision. The application of th e expression to
vertical piling and large submerged obj ects by R eid (7)
and Bretschn eider str esses th e necessi ty of having
1
these coefficients b etter determin ed [ll] . and eq (2) b ecomes
\ On the basis of irrota tional fiow around th e cyl-
..J
inder, 0", should equal 2, and one may suppose that
t he v alue of Od should b e identical with that appli- (8)
cable to a constan t velocity. :Nforison and coinvesti-
gators have obtained th e values of Od and O,n in
p articular cases by considering the observed forces Talw t he immersed cylindrical b ody of surface 8,
in the phases of th e wave eycle where U or dU/elt as in figure 1, and draw a surface 8' of arbitrary shap e
vanishes. Such determination s show considerable which encloses th e cylinder. Let w be t he region
variations of Om from th e theoretical value and of bounded by 8 and 8' and land n the direction cosines
Cd from the steady sta te value at the corresponding of the normal drawn inward into the region. Inte-
Reynolds number. D ealin g with fiel d studies at grating eq (8) throughout w, and in this making use of
Caplen, Texas, R. O. R eid found similar variations Green's Theor em , one finds
in 0", and Od [12] . The variations in th e coeffi ciellts,
however, have not yet b ee n correlated wi th any
appropriate parameter.
pJ~~clw-p J u(lu+ nw)d8- pJ u(lu+ nw)clS'=
The present inves tigation was undertak en with th e
following two obj ectives in mind. The first was in
regard to a supplemen tary fun ction flR that could
-J (lPxx+ n p.x)d8- J (lPxx+npzx) dS'. (9)
be introduced in eq (4) for a tru er r epresenta tion of
for ce when considering the coeffi cients Cm and 0<1 as
being cons tan t throughout a given wave cycle. The ' ,n ' ,n
necessity for the term tJ.R is associated with th e
eventuality that th e point values of 0", and Cd 5'
deviate from their average values. The second w
objective was to examine the possibility of correlating "n
th e average values of Om and Od with a parameter
[T", T /D, where Um is the amplitu de of the harmoni-
cally varying velocity, T is the per iod of the oscilla-
tions, and D is t h e diameter of a cylinder or tlw - x, I----If-----'*--+---I .x,
breadth of a r ectangular plate. Th e mid-cross
section of a large rectangular vessel with standing p,U,w
waves surging in it was ehosen as the fi eld of harmoni-
cally varying current. The cylinders and plates were w
h eld fixed horizontally, totally submerged in water s;
and extending from one side of the vessel to the other
to approximate as closely as possible the condition
of infinite length. FIGURE 1. Notation diagraln fer f orce analysis.
424
Over the surfa ce S of the immersed body lu + nw van- F - 0, pnD2 dU
1- m 4 elt' (J4)
ishes because the body is at rest. Also I (lp xx +
where Cm = 2.
np zx )dS= F, that is, tll e x-compon ent of the force ex- Next, suppose that the undisturb ed velocity i COll-
erted on t he solid by the moving liquid. It may b e stant and that the body experiences a drag. With the
assumed that if S' is removed ufficiently from the liq uid extending to infinity and ignoring the va riatioll
body the tangential stress p zx on S' vanish es and the of pressures from the shedding eddies, or, more prop-
normal stress Pxx reduces to the hydrostatic pressure erly, assuming that the surfaces S; and S; arc far
- p o Solving for F , r emoved from the cylinder , ])1 = ])2 , and eq (11) re-
duces to
F= - pI~~dw+p I u(lu + nw)dS' + I lpdS'. (10) (15)
The later r elation may be given in another form , The velocity Ul = U, and u2= mU, where m is de-
uitable for the present purpose. Select the bound- pendent on zdD and on R eynolds number UD/".
ing surface S' as the rectanO"ular
I . b
trip show11 in Thus,
figure 1. The plane S I to t he left of t he cylinder
passes through t h e point x= -x, and the plane S ; to (16)
the right passes through x= x,. Denoting the hori-
zontal velocity compon ents at the points F\ and P2 where
with the common elevation z, by u, and U 2, and thc
pressures b.\Tp, a nd ])2, eq (10) now reduce to
1
to Lamb [14], m ent is onl. acad em ic, since in the nolVs involving
separ aLioll a ndi n LermiLLenL eddy formation t h e
press ures and velocities a rc n oL kno \\' n and the
U~U[l:~: C0e28J inLegraLion s in eq (1 1), at present, cannoL be carried
ou t . Neve rtheless, experience s uggests that eq
(4) remains useful at least for si nusoidal moL ions, if
W= - U 2 sin 28 (12) allolVanee can be made for the variaLiol1 s in Cm
a nd Cd.
H ad one carried out the intcgraLion s ill eq (11 )
p.=dUC: + a' ) sin
p elt r
8-!2 (U2+ W2 ) J for a n extended plate using the kno \~r n veloeiLy ex-
pressions derived from the Kirchoff solu t ion for Lhe
impact on a lamina, definite values for Cm and Cd
wher e a is the radiu s of the cylinder , r is radial dis- would have resulted. This would have shown in
tance, and 8 is the angle b etween a radius vector and prin ciple the existence of a relation beLweoll Om
the vertical line x= O pa sing through the center of and Cd in the absence of eddy formaLion . In Lhe
the cylinder. Clearly, Ul = U 2 and the momentum Kirchoff solution the wake is of inflniLe length and
equation, eq (11) , reduces to t his is cause for concern. .M eN own overcomes this
difficulty by considering the ea e of a closed wake
as b etwee n two plates and fll1ds a relation b eLween
(13) k and Cd or b etween Orn and Od [1 5] . This result is
very significant as it points to the path to be fol-
Introducing the values of u and p from eq (12), and lowed in analytical approaches taking into account
omitting the straightforward but so mewhat lengthy also the effect of the edd y processes. With c.dinders
evaluations, the result i the changin g separation seats arc a cause of added
difficulty.
M eanwhile, the tasks of the experimental investi-
gations become more necessary. N ot only are the
needs of t he applied arts to be fulfilled , but also
there must b e clarification as regards the flow pro-
or in term of the diameter D of the cylinder cesses during un steady flows .
425
3 . Cylinder in a Field of Sinusoidal Motion By the rule of Fourier
~-------
in th e wave cycle and where
cosh 2kH
c =~ Urn TAI =~.urnTj· 2'" F sin OdO
D D pUf" D
(30) NI sinh 2kH
m 11"2 11"3 0 an d
and N = cosh 2 kH (cosh 2kH + 2).
2 sinh2 kH sinh kH
Od=-2B~= -~ r 21fFco~ OdO. (3 1)
4Jo pUmD Here k = 1I"jL , L b eing the length of the basin ; CT=
In the even t that th ese coefficients vary with the 211"/ T , T b eing the period of oscillation ; H the depth
phase 0 of th e wave cycle, th e values given by eq of water; and a the semiwave h eigh t, tha t is, the
(30) and (31) are in a sense the weighted averages mean value of th e extr eme end deflections in a cycle.
The expression for the p eriod is th e same as in th e
first-approximation th eory, th at is,
(32)
(37)
and
Focusing attention on t be basin end x= O, the surface
(33) displacement is
t:,.R = A 3 sin 31J+ As sin 51J+ B~ cos 30+ B~ cos 50. (35) Th e ratio of t he elevation to th e depressio n is
The fun ction t:,. R will be reierred to as th e remainder
function , and thcn this remainder function is ob- hI
11,2
= _ (l + Hk[N
4 1
+ N]~)/
2 11,
( l - Hk[N
4 I
+ N]!£)
2H ' (40)
tained by subtracting the compu ted values of AI
sinlJ and B; Icos IJ I cos IJ from th e observed F/p U,~,D . and accord ingly iLs valu e increases with wave heigh t.
The remainder thus obtained may be examined in Th e surface config uration fo r t = O is
regard to its Fouri er stru cture and also as to its
magnitude.
t = O. (4 1)
4 . Characteristics of the Experimental
Waves
T he region under th e nodal area of a standing wave
that m ay be realized in a r ectangular vessel furnish es
a vel ocity field of simple harmonic motion in th e
velocity component U. Tbis circumstance is not
seriously modified even when the surges are moder- ~~~~~~~~~11
ately high .
Taking the x-axis in th e plane surface of th e un-
disturbed water, the z-axis vertical and upwards and
th e origin at one end of the basin, (see fig. 2) , th e
surface elevation as reckoned from th e undisturbed
level, according to th e second-approximation th eory,
wt- T:2~/u H
~u ~J
from :Mich e [16], is
ak l7\Tv2cos 2k XCOS2CTt, L ~
aT (36)
FIGURE 2. Notation diagram for wave profile .
427
This represents a positive hump at the center of the If the instant 'w hen the upsmging wave at the end,
basin and depressions at the ends. As a r esult , t h e x= O, reaches the level of the undisturbed water is
duration of time that the s urface of tbe water at one observed, this then determines the instant t = TO;
end of the basin is found to be above the undistmbed Since 4To= To- T i , the value of TO may b e obtaincd
level is shorter than the duration that it is below. from the time dmations that the water surfac c is
This matter bas a bearing on the manner of fixing the below or above the still level. If on the oth er hand
reference time of the force cycles studied, and requires these observations have not been made, th en TO must
further discussion. be obtained from eq (42 ), introdueing in it the wave
At a small positive time (= TO , the elevation h is height a of the observed surge deflections.
nil , and this is the time when the wave in its upward The expressions for the particle velo eities within
surge reach es the undisturbed level. the order of the approximations considered are from
Since rrTo is a small angle, sin rrTo = rrTo, and from Miehe [16],
eq (38)
flak cosh k (z+ H ) .
rrTo= (N 2- Nl)a; -~(N2- Nl)2a;~ N 2. (42) U= --rr cos h kH sm kx cos rrt
At a later time, t = T j2+ TJ , once more h = O. This is 3 ga2k 2 cosh 2k(z+ H ) . .' (4b-)
the time when the wave in its downward surge reaches
- 4- rr - sinh 2 kH sinh 2kH sm 2kx sm 20"t
39 2 2 sinh 2k(z+ H ) .
and , thus,
+4 -;; a k sinh 2 kH sinh 2kH cos 2kx sm 2rrt. (46)
L__
depth H = 70 cm. The objects, cylinders or plates, surface of waLeI' aL r esL. The Lime th aL Lh e electric
were p la ced 25 em below the water surface, t h at is current was traversillg t il e electrodes gave t he time
zl=- 25 em in th e midsection plane xI= 121 cm . th at th e water s urface ,vas above the ulldi sL urb ccl
For this condition , JIlc = 0.908, N 1 = 1.054 , and level, as in figure 5.
N 2 = 3.322 . From eq (40), the r atio of end deflections
reduces to
2.50, -- - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - ,
1+ 0.993 a/I-!
(52)
1- 0.993 a/Fl
The graph of this equation is shown in figure 3, and
values from observation are given by circles. The 2.001---- - -- 1--- - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - -/''--7'''-----i
agreement between theory and observation is satis-
factory for a/I-! less than 0. 3. \iVith th i~ restriction
in mind , the valu e of the semiwave h eigh t a may be
inferred from (39), th at is,
1.501-----+--------,,~----1_-----1
hl = 1+ 0.993 a/I-!. (53)
a
T o- T i a
- T- = 0.328 II- 0.254 I-! .
(a)3 (55)
429
5 . Dynamometer and Calibration guard against accidental changes in th e strain-gage
b ehavior.
The sketch of the d ynamometer assembly is shown
in figure 6. The rigid and massive base A for sup-
porting purposes is firmly attached to the steel frame -r
of the rocking basin directly above the water. The A r 1-25.4 - ~6.5
dynamometer itself consists of a pendular frame to
which is attached the obj ect to b e immersed in water,
142.4
C\ _L
a cylinder or a r ectangular plate. The fram e is
constructed of brass angles and is strong enough to
_L 8 0.7
tr
frame, consist of small bores of 1 mm in diameter in 25.0
a bronze bedding. The bores are centered about
polished steel conical points emerging from the
supporting base. At a lower level two dm'aluminum
J -
7 0 .0
annular rings of r ectangular cross section are clamped 70.0
to the frame and to the base.
These rings constitute elastic elements for measur-
ing the forces. To indicate the ring deformations
two pairs of strain gages, SR- 4, 120 ohms, are glued
to each of the rings, inside and outside, and at dia-
metrically opposite points. The four strain gage
elem ents form th e bridge which is led to a universal
FIGU RE
~ 5 2.0~
430
6 . Record of Forces and the Reduction 7 . Inertia and the Drag Coefficients of
Cylinders and Plates
An example of two oscillograph r ecords of tho
forces, one from each ring , a nd of the timing is shown Considering the force data in dimensionless form ,
In figur e . The n early si nu soidal traces r elate to su eh as sho\vn in figure 9, t he coeffLcien ts AI and B I'
1l.lB forces act ing on the rings; the others, in steps, of eq (34) wer e determined by t he method implied in
gIVe t1~e time seq uence. r~he incidence of the larger eq (3 0) and (3 1) . Th e desired integrations were
deflectlOlls lIldwates the Lnne that the parallel wire carried out in the form of summations by giving to
electrode at th e bas in end x = O was immersed' and the differ ential multiplier d8 the i.ncr em ental value
th e incidence of no deflection indicates the tim~ that Ll8 = 0.057r. The values of Al and B/ thus found an)
the electrode was out of th e water. The point P enter ed in table 5 for the cylinders and in table 6 for
wher e the greater deflections appeal' to commence the plates. Tables 1 and 2 contain the d iameters of
glves tho Il1stant th at the upsurging water r each ed the cylinders, or the width of the plates, the valu es
t~l e undl stmbed level. 'Thus the point P gives th e of the maximum currents and the water tempera-
tIme t= 7U, the value of which was computed from tmes. N ext the values of the inertia coeffi eien t,
eq. (55 ),470= To- T i , after in trodu cing the semiwave C"" wer e determined on the basis of eq (3 0 ), and the
h eigh t of t he wave . This value was transferred to values of the drag coefficient, Ca, on the basis of eq
the r.ecord t? ma~'k tl~e originof ~ime , t= O, shown by (31). These results arc entered 111 table 3 for t he
the Ime A~{ . 1 h e lIne BE' lIlcbcates th e end of th o eylinders and in table 4 for th e plates. T hese tables
wave cycle and correspo nds to t= T . To ostablish alsC! contain the R eynold numb er U", D/v and the
the correspondence of the record from the two rin gs, pOI'wd p arameter UmT/D.
the timing m arks appoari ng aL t he lower edges of Th e inertia coefficient C", varies from t he t heo
the record lI'ere used . r etical valu e 2 as the dia mete r of t he cylind er i
At the time Lh e record of the fo rces lI'as beino- cha nged, 01' wi.th a ~~v..e.ll cylinc\er ..as. t he rnaxlnmm
tak en th e wave elevation hi was read v i ually cllrrent IS vaned . t;lmdal' val'l atlO ns OCCUI:' 111 the
agall1st a pape r calc attached to th e end wall of the drag coefficient Ca, t he cha nges b eing in Lhe form
basin. The ll'ater surface' was readily d iscmnable of additions to the value ex perienced in s teady flow .
through the lucite walls of the bas in. The mag ni- A cor relation betwee n tile coefficients and R eynold s
tude of the scm iwav e h eigh t (t was ckclu ced from number U",D/v does noL appear to exist. On th e
eq (53 ), usin g t he observed value 71,1' Y[ax imum other hand, when these coeffi cients arc related to th e
current c'n II'as deduced from eq (54 ) . period parameter U", l'jD , definite a nd r egular do
p endencies a re found . This Is illustrat ed in fi g ures
. The sum of th ~ correspo l1~liI1g readings of the ~O a nclll for t he eylinde rs, a nd in fi g ure'S 12 and ] 3
smu soldal t ra c1l1gs 1U figure 8 gives the maanitude of for t he p late'
the forces actin g on the two rings ",b en the ebaJibration
is applied. T aking moments about the dynamom- T AB LE 1. Cylinders
eter PlYOt PO ll1 t, the total force' X on the cvlinder i
obtained. This is divid ed by the lencrth oi' the c\'l-
incler to gin Jt'. T he t ime "h istory ;r
the redu ced
force,F/pC,,/D, is shown in figure 9.
Rlln
-- . - - - - - -
f) l'm 8
I_H':..._ f)
~I--~-
in . em/sec 0
C in . em/sec 0
C
L .... 3 36.2 23.0 30 _. --. I 71. 7 30.0
2.. .... :: 3 30. 2 22.0 31 I 58. 7 30.0
3 _..... _. 3 2i.7 23.0 32 .- I 45.3 30.0
1.6 4._ ...... 3 24.5 22 . .5 33. I 36.0 30.0
5. .. .. - 3 21.1 22.5 34 ---- _. 0.75 70. 7 30.0
G........ 3 19.2 22.0 35 .... __ ... . 75 63.8 30.0
7 ________
0.8
[7
/\ 8 _..... __
9 ...... __
10 .. _. ___
3
3
3
2.5
J5.8
13. I
10 0
33.1
22.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
36._ ... __ ._
37_._ ......
3L .......
39,. .......
. 75
. 75
.75
.5
53.5
45.3
38. I
73.4
30. 0
30. 0
30.0
30.0
V-- ~
II ....... 2.5 27.4 24.0 40. _____ .. _ .5 5S.7 30.0
F 12 ....... 2.5 20. 7 24.0 4L __ ._._. .5 48.0 30.0
pu~o 13 ....... 2.5 13.0 24.0 78 ..... _... I. 75 27.6 22. G
o / 14 _._ ....
15 .......
2.5
2
10. 3
41. 5
24.0
24.0
79 _
80 .........
I. 75
I. 75
24.0
17.7
22.0
22. 0
~
/ 16 ....... 2 35. 4 24.0 8 L __ ..... 1. 75 14.4 22.0
17 _______ 2 27.5 24. G 82 ___ .. ____ 1. 5 28.7 20.5
IS...... _ 2 19. 1 24. 8 83 ___ .. _... 1. 5 25.2 20.5
-0.8
\ 19 .......
20 .......
2
1. 5
23.5
53.2
24.8
26.0
84 ..... ___ .
85 ....... _.
1.5
1. 5
20.2
14.0
20.5
20.5
LJ \ 21. ._ ....
22 ._ ....
23 .......
24 .......
1.5
1.5
1. 5
1.5
43.4
33.4
25.7
19.4
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
80 .... __ ...
81 _________
88 ____ .....
89 .... _...
0.5
.5
.5
5
66.4
54.8
44.6
32.0
21. 0
21. 0
21.0
21. 0
25 _______ I. 25 62.9 24.0 90 ... _._ ... . 75 54.0 12.0
-1.6 0
0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8 1.0 26. ______ 1. 25 54.5 28.0 91 . 75 49.6 12.0
tiT 2L ______ 1. 25 43. 8 24.0 92 ._. . 75 46.0 12.0
461HI- 3 - -2 431
TABLE 2. P lates For tIl e cylinders, as one passes from the sm all
[T = 2.075 secl valu es of th e period parameter to t he larger valu es,
the inertia coefficient commences to fall from the
R un D U rn Run D U", ini tial value 2 to a minimum value of 1.00 at
------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Um T/D= 15 and th en gradually increasE'S to a value
in. em/sec 0
C
60 ____ .... .
in. em/sec 0
C of 2.5 at UmT /D= 120. I n regard to the coefficient
42 •... •. . 3 14. 1 23.0 1.5 .1 3.7 24.8
43 ._ . .. .. 3 12.7 23.0 61. ...... . _ 1. 25 37.0 28. 5 of drag, t here is an increase from the initial valu e
44 •. _.. . _ 62 _. _..... _
45 _._ ... _
3
3
9.8
8.0
23.0
23.0 63 _._ ..•• __
1. 25
1. 25
29.5
22.0
28.5
28.5
0.9 to a maximum valu e 2.5 at UmT /D= 15 and t hen
46 •..... _ 3 6.4 23.0 64 _.. _.• • . _ 1. 25 16. 1 28. 5 there is a gradual decrease to th e value obtained in
47 •...... 2. 5 18.5 24. 0 65 _....... _ 1 41. 2 30.4 steady flow . It appears that for t h e cylinders th e
48 •. . .. . _
49 •.• . .. _
2.5
2.5
15. 8
13.0
24.0
24.0
66 .........
67 _..... .. _
1
1
34.5
27.4
30.4
30.4
narrow r egion around UmT /D= 15 is a critical one.
50 .......
51. . .. ..•
2.5
2.5
10. 3 24.0 68 .... -- - - I 18.9 30.4 As regards t h e plates, the course of the variations
6.5 24. 0 69 -------- 0.75 57. 1 30.8
of Cm and Cd with th e period paramctf'r is of a very
52 •......
53 •..... _
2
2
21. 6
18.9
27.0
27. 0
70 _...... _.
7.1. ._ ......
. 75
. 75
47.0
37. 7
30.8
30.8
differ ent kind. It will be noticed tha t Cm first in-
54 •.... ..
55 _•... ..
2
2
16. 1
13.0
27.0 72 _..... ...
73 _..... .. .
.75 27. 4
72.4
30.8 creases, th en decr eases and finally rises again to a
27.0 .5 30.0
56 •..... _ 2 9. 9 27.0 74 ....... .. .5 63.6 30.0 value of nearly 4.5. The most remarlmble beh avior,
57 • ...•.. 1. 5 30.0 24.8 75 .. .•...• . .5 54.0 30.0
however, is in regard to Cd. The coefficien t of
58 • ......
59 • ..... _
1. 5
1. 5
25. 0
18.9
24.8
24.8
76 _...... ..
77 _....... .
.5
.5
45.3
35.8
30.0
30.0
drag, starting wi th an unusually large value, 10,
decr eases rapidly at first and then gradually for
TABLE 3. Cyli nders
T ABLE 4. P lates
432
TABLE 5. Cylinders T ABLE 6. P lates
Run AI B; .Ii.3 B~ A, B~ U ., 1 / D
- ---------- --- ---
L ______________ 0.50 - 0.62 - 0. 11 - 0. 04 - 0. 00 - 0. 08 9.9 42.. __ 2. 50 - 4.38 0.58 0.56 0. 01 -0. 05 3.8
2 _______________ .87 -.57 -. 06 -. 03 - .02 -.06 8.2 43 ____ __ 2.49 - 4.4 t . 5S .47 . 04 -. Il ;J ,5
3 ___ _______ . 97 -.60 -. 08 . 00 -. 02 -. 04 7.6 44.. . _________ 2.86 - 4.88 .47 . 40 -.02 -. IS 2. 7
- --
4 __ _____________ J. 26 -.56 -. 03 +. 05 - .01 -. 03 6. 7 45_____________ 3.42 -5. 1l . 53 . 45 -. 01 -. 17 2.2
5___________ J. 62 -.51 -. 02 . 05 .00 -. 03 5.7 46 __ __ ______ 3.83 -5. 77 .43 . 48 -. 02 -. 16 1. 7
-- -
6__________ -- - - I. S4 -.'16 +.02 . 06 . 00 -. 01 5.2 47 ______________ J. 86 -2. 75 .37 . 58 -.OS -. 03 6.1
7___ ______ 2. 35 -. 62 . 01 . 12 -. 01 -. 02 4. 3 48_______ 2. 03 -3.53 .45 .59 -. 04 -. 02 5.2
8 _________ --- . -- 2.91 -.51 .03 . 14 +. 01 . 00 3.6 49 ______________ 2.32 -4. 01 . 53 . 04 - .02 -.02 4.2
9______ -- _ 3.87 -.35 . 01 . 08 -. 02 +. 02 2.7 50 ______________ 2.8 t - 4. 32 . 68 .52 +. 07 -.06 3. ,1
10 ______________ 0.34 -.84 -. 19 -. 02 -. 04 -. 08 10.8 51.. ____________ 3. 63 -5. 72 . 6t .55 .01 -. 14 2.1
1 L ______ . ---- . 63 -.80 -. 14 -. 05 -. 04 -. 09 B.9 52 ______________ 1. 24 -2.61 .35 . 42 -. 05 +. 02 8.8
12 ______________ 1. 25 -.68 -. 07 -. 02 . 00 -.06 6.8 53____ 1. 56 -2. 74 . 31 . 49 -. 06 -. 03 7. 7
13 ______________ 2.34 -.58 +. 10 +. 13 +. 01 -. 01 4.3 54 ______________ 1. SI - 3.16 .38 . 56 -.05 -. 02 6.6
14 ______________ 55 ______________ 2. OJ - 3.63 .M -. 01 -. 03 5.3
15 ______________ 3.03 -.56 . 01 .H . 00 +.01 3. 4 .45
0.21 -. 96 -. 18 . 00 -. 04 -. 05 17. 0 56 __ ____________ 2. 63 -4.02 . 66 . 60 . 00 -. Ot 4. 1
10 ________ . 24 -.99 -.22 -. 01 -. 02 -.07 14. 5 57.. __________ __ 0.29 - 2. 05 . 29 . 33 +. 02 +. 07 J6.3
17 __ . 36 - 1. 09 -. 19 - . 05 -. 02 -. 12 11 .2 58______________ . 39 -2. 14 . 30 .31 . 00 . 03 13.6
lS _____ . 95 -0. 95 -. 14 -.04 -.02 -. 11 7.8 59 ______________ 1. 00 -2. 31 .29 . 43 -. as .00 10.3
19 _____ .57 -. 99 -. 15 - .06 -. 01 -. 11 9.6 60 _____ __ _______ 1. 66 -2.58 . 30 .M -. 07 -. 0·1 7.5
20 _______ .- . 17 -.6.1 -. 05 . 00 -. 01 -.03 29.0 61.. __________ 0. 44 - I. 62 . 11 . 18 -.05 -. 02 24. 2
2L ____ .2 1 -. 74 - .07 . 00 .00 -. 04 23.6 62 __ . 27 - 1.97 . IB . 19 +. 02 +.07 19.3
22 ______ .2;,1 -. S7 -. 15 -. 05 -.04 -. 07 l B.2 63__ . 49 -2. 04 . 31 .36 -. 02 . O~I 1<1. 3
23 _____ .26 - 1.08 - .22 -. 04 .00 -.08 14.0 64.. 1. 05 - 2.22 . 30 . 45 -. on -.0 1 10.5
24. _______ .'11 - 1.1 0 -. 20 -. 07 .00 -. 11 10.6 65__ 0.36 - 1. 56 . 08 . 13 -. O!) -. 0 1 33.6
25 _____ -- . 15 - 0.58 . 00 +. 0 1 .00 -.O t 4t. t 66__ . 37 - 1.77 . 09 . 16 -. 0·1 -.O t 28.2
26.. ______ . 18 -.(;2 -. 01 .0 1 .00 -.02 35.6 67 ___ _ . 44 - I. 84 . 16 . 19 -. 02 +.03 22.4
27 __ .24 -. 73 -. Ot .02 .00 -.02 28. 6 6S __ _ .50 - 2. 19 . 32 .38 -.Ot .06 15.4
28 ______ .27 -.76 -. 04 . 00 .00 -. 05 23.3 69 _____ _ .25 - 1. 21 . 05 . 05 -.02 - .04 (j2.2
29.. _____ 70 __________ _ .28 - I. 43 . 06 . 08 -.03 -.0,1 ii I. 2
30 ______ - .24
. 14
-. 87
-.55
-. 13
+.02
-. 04
+.0 1
-. 0'1
. 00
-. 07
-. Ot
17.7
5 .6 7L . 35 - I. 53 . 08 .1 1 -.O·t -. O't H.l
----
;-.-:. .. .. .
0.25 - 1. 02 -.22 -. 03 -. O~ -.06 15.6
83.. ____
84.. _ ---
.28
.39
-
-
1.1 4
1. 18
-. 24
-.23
- .O t
-. 05
- .0 1
-. 02
-. 10
-. 14
13. 7
II. 0
. p' ' \
.
85.. __ -
86 __ -- --
87.. --
.9 1
. 1J
-
-
1.09
0.59
-. 15
+. 03
-. 04
+.01
. 01
. 00
. 00
-. 01
-. 12
-. 01
-. 01
7.9
IOS.4
89..\
4' ft· 0
.. +
'-
88 ___ -- . 1'1
. IG
-.65
-. 71
. 02
. 01 . 02 -. 01 -.0 1 72.9
0
0. 8
d-1'0s - P
u~o -
m
A, si n 8
~. s;
0.4 !/ Icos 8 1 cos 8
0
/:V \
I~
- 0.4 f ~
OL-______
o
~
25
______- L_ _ _ _ _ _
50
UmT 10
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _
75 100
~
125
- 0.8
I \ ,\ 0.4
/
/ \ o
15 ./
/ \ / ~
'" ~ 0.2
0.4
o 0.1 0.2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
t/ T
FI GURE 14. Evalu ation of remainder force .6.R for a cylinder.
R un 82. U m T /D = 15.6.
4
~ s; lc os 8 1 co s 8
3
2 / vr--- ~ Ir--
P
u~ D
m
- A,s i n 8
'_-.- II ~
100 125
o
I
/ '/
-1(/
'" ~ '\~
FI GURE 13. V ariation of drag coefficient of plates.
-2
V \\
Diameter (inches): 3
Corresponding symbol: 0
2.5
/':,.
2
0
l. 5 l. 25
• ..... •
J 0. 75 0. 5
• + -3 ~
/"'.
",.
'"~ I .0
0.5
/
/ \s /
" \. f\ Ll R
8. Variations of the Remainder Function o
and em and Ca During the Wave Cycle / \ \ Ii 0.5
"1--/ V '-..../"
Tll e valu es of Cm and Cd given in tables 3 and 4 are o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0
average values for the en tire wave cycle, and in some t / T
cases local valu es may differ from the average. FIGU R E 15. Evaluation of j'emaindej' force 6.R for a plate,
Wh ere t he inertia and drag coefficien ts, Cm and Cd,
R un 54, UmTID ~ 6 . 6 .
each have the sam e constant value at all phases of th e
wave cycle, eq (24) should s uffice to describe ad e-
quately th e magnitude of the forces at every phase.
On t he otb er hand, should Cm and Cd vary with the
different phases, t he forces are b etter r epresented by
eq (34a). The variations in Cm and Cd should lead
to t he r em ainder force function iJ.R . The examples
of th e remainder function t:.R are given in figures
0 .1
14 and 15 wh er e iJ.R is t h e differ en ce b etween
F / p UJ. D - Ai sin e and B ; cos e 1cos 0 1 in conformity
o :too
.--. -!
with eq (3 4). Once a curve of iJ.R as a function of e
is ob tained , its structure in Fourier componen ts m ay
A,
- 0 .I \ /"
be considered and th e coeffi cients A 3 , A s .. " and
B~ , B~ m ay be obtained . These determinations - 0.2
~ oj
are given i n tables 5 and 6 and in figures 16, 17, 18, .':-
and 19. 10 20 30 40 80 90 100 110 120
N ow for th e determinations of t he local values of 50 um6'(( 0 70
L __
the coeffi cient 0", a nd Cd each have equ al valu es,
'~Jm ll..0.£.0.£.1
m atically equivalen t to th e assump tions m ade above.
In the cylinder data the agr eem en t betwee n LIl('
observed and computed force is satisfactory when
UmT/D is sm alL The computa tion was based on eq
(24), in troducing th e values of Cm a nd Cd from th e
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 tables. Figure 20 illustrates this agr eement. The
Um T /0
lo cal values of Cm(O) a nd Cd(O) for this case are sho wn
FI GURE 17. Vw-iation of coeffi cients of the remainder f01"(;e cf in figure 21. The first determination dise ussed
lJiates. abo ve are shown by circles a nd squares, whereas Lhe
Diameter (inchcs) : 3 2.5 2 1. 5 1. 25 1 0.75 0.5 curves ar c determined by the second method . It is
Corresponding symbol: 0 Do 0 • '" • • + see n th at Cm(O) is independent of th e ph ase tiT an d
th at th e coefficient Ca(O) is const an t excep t in sh or t
ranges of the phases t/T = 0.25 and 0.75. This i
expected, for at these phases th e curren t u va nish es.
The valu es of Cm and Cd determined by eq nO) a nd
(3 1) are given in th e caption.
· 0.2
'---'--~
The ag reem ent betwee n th e obser ved a nd com-
pu ted for ces is also satisfac tory when the pe ri od
2~--~--~-------44r------+--------+--____~
" I:
'6_0-9 _g_0_0_6-0/
I ~ 8
~,,-,,~g-gj
I . I I I
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
li T
1.6,-- - - - - -_,_--------,----------,,---------,---------,
-40~------~OL.2------~0~A--------0~.6----~~~0.~
8 ------~1.0
I IT
0.81--------~------_7I~/----~'i_------_j_---------j
FIGURE 20. Comparison of m easured and computed forces on a
cylinder.
Run 9, U,,,'l'/D = 3.0.
o l------~+_------+-------+-~----t_----~
4 ~~~~~~~~1~--'-
g -B-B- fl-e- o - o- o - o --
o -g-9-Q-Q- o - o- o - o- o - o
0.81---hL---+------~--------+_------_j_----".;;~,,--
12
0 0
0 0
FIGU RE 24. Comparison of measured and computed f Ol'ces on a
8 0_ 8
y0 I ~
I 0 0- 0 _ 0 _0_ 8- 8
X0 1
~o-°_0 Run 82, U m T /D = 15.6.
cylindel'.
0.1 0 .2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
I/T
0 .8 r---------,--------,-~=_--_,_---------,---------,
8,---,---,----.---,---,---,---,----,---,----
AI sinB + B; leos el cosB
0.4 ~-------+-------I~+-------4--------+---------1
438
The eddy appearances discussed above suggest the instead of tbe eq (24 ), may be u tilized to evaluate
following interpretation as to the physical meaning the maximum f01'ce Fm a nd also its pha e. If Lh e
of U", T /D . If one define a length, l, as the distance maximum force Fm/ pUi"D occurs at 8= 8m, t he pba e
tha t a :fluid particle would move in one direction in may be defined as .
the absence of the cylinder, t= U", T /7r. Thus, if> = 7r - 8m •
U",T 7rl
----v-= D' Th e maximum value of the computed force is g iven
by
a,n d accordingly the period parameter is proportional
to ~he ratio of the distance traversed by a particle
durmg a half cycle to the diameter of the cylinder.
"When the p eriod parameter equals 15, liD is 4.8. where 8m satisfies th e relation
P erhaps when UmT /D is smaller than 15, the distance
traveled by a par ticle is ,not lar~e enough t? form
complete eddlOs. Whcn It equals 15, the dIstance A I+ 2B 'I SU18m=
. . Al
O,01'S1l18"'=- 2B~J
7r
for -<8
37r
suffices to form a single eddy, and when much larger 2 m < _2 .
th an 15 the greaLer distances allow th e formation of
numerous vor tices of Lh e Karman vortex street. As the coefficients Al and B~ are function of UmT /D
One can hardly rcfraiJl from pointing to the similarity only, then Fm/pUi" D and if> both are functions of
between the period parameter and th e Strouhal UmT /D . For groater accuracy, tb e remainder
number, and as su ggested by :M cN own and Keulegan function t::"R must be cons idered, but t hen the
[18], the prod uct of Stl'01Jhal and period paTameter evaluations become somewhat involved. If these
numbers furnishes an a.ltel'nate paramcter as service- evaluations ar e made, the maximum. force a nd phase
able as the period pa,rametel' number. If T s be th e are aga in functions of the period parameter.
duration for th e sh edding of a sin gle eddy, th en the An alternative procedure is the direct esLablish-
Strouhal number fD / U = S may be written as ment of t llO maximum force a nd phase bv merely
D/ (2Ts U) = S , since the number of alLel'11a.tive edd ies taki ng these quantities from t he reduc~ d force
sh ed during a second is 2f and 2fT. equ als 1 second. curves of this investigation. S uch readings for Lhe
One may suppose tha t the relation is satisfi ed cylinders are given in figure 31 and for Lbe plates in
approximately also for s inusoidal motions, provided figure 32.
U is r eplaced by U,,)2. Hence, the Strouhal number
for sinusoidal motion is D /( UmT s) = S. 100
:~1
80
number UmT /D,
T = SUmT. 60
Ts D
40 01-
For cylinders, ignoring th e dependence of S on thc
R eynolds number, 20 01-- 0
440