Network Theory Electronics GATE IES PSU Study Materials PDF

Network Theory-EC Postal Correspondence 1
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Electronics Engineering
EC/E&T
Postal Correspondence Course

GATE , IES & PSUs
Network Theory
CONTENT
1. BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND THEORY ………………………….……………. 3-9
2. NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS ……………………………………………… 10-21
3. MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………. 22-23
4. GRAPH THEORY …………………………………………………………………………. 24-29
5. TWO PORT NETWORK ………………………………………………………..………... 30-43
6. RLC CIRCUIT TRANSIENT AND STEADY ANALYSIS …………………………….. 44-51
7. RESONANCE ……………………………………………………………………..………. 52-56
8. NETWORK FUNCTION ………………………………………………………….……... 57-58
9. NETWORK SYNTHESIS ………………………………………………………….…… 59-68
10. COUPLED CIRCUIT AND 3-PHASE CIRCUITS ……………………………………… 69-74
11. PRACTICE SET-I IES ………………………………………………………………. 75-104
12. PRACTICE SET-II (GATE) ……………………………………………………….…… 105-121
13. CIVIL SERVICES EXAM QUESTIONS ………………………………….………. 122-157
14. GATE PREVIOUS PAPERS [2005 TO 2013] ……………………………...….... 158-191
15. IES CONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS SOLUTION) ………………..……..……… 192-254

CHAPTER-1
BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & THEORY
1. INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT ELEMENT: Unit of conductivity: mho/m or siemens/cm

The circuit elements can be divided into two parts:  If length of wire is doubled and Radius is
1. Active Elements: When the element is halved, then resistance of wire becomes 8
capable of delivering the energy, it is called times larger.
active element.  Resistivity of wire is materialistic property
Example: Voltage source, Current source, i.e. It does not vary with circuit geometry.
Transistor, Diode, Op-amp etc  Extension of wire result in increase in length
2. Passive Elements: When the element is not & decrease in cross-sectional area therefore
capable of delivering the energy, it is called resistance of wire increases.
passive element.  When circuit is short circuit means, R  0.
Example: Resistance, capacitor, inductor etc. When circuit is open, R  .
Resistance: The ohm’s law can be given as:
Example: A 4 resistor has a current
The voltage across a two terminal of a network is
i  2.5sin( t ) A. Find the voltage, Power and
directly proportional to the current flowing through it
energy over one cycle.   500 rad/sec
as:
V I Solution: Given that i  2.5sin( t ) A
V  iR
or, V  IR
V  2.5sin( t )  4  10sin( t ) volt
This constant of proportionality is called ‘resistance’.
P  i 2 R  [2.5 sin( t )] 2  4
Key Points:
 Power in resistor is given by P  25sin2 (t ) W
v2
P  vi  i 2 R 
t2 t2
Energy E   Pdt   25sin 2 t dt
R t1 t1
 Energy is then determined as the integral of 1

1  cos 2 t  dt
t2
E  25 
instantaneous power as : t1 2
t2 t2 1 t2 2  t sin 2t 
E   Pdt  R i 2dt 
R t1
v dt E  25   J
4 
t1 t1
2
 Resistance consumes energy and converts
electrical energy into heat energy. The plot of i, P and E is as shown:
 Resistance depends on the geometry of
material and also on nature of material as:
l
R
A
Where  = Resistivity (.m)

 = 1/ ( = conductivity)
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
© 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA® . All Rights Reserved
8.854 r A
C pF
d
(b.) The charge q on capacitor results in an
electric field in the dielectric which is the
mechanism of energy storage.
(c.) Power and energy relation for capacitance
are as:
This illustrate that P is always positive and
dv d  1 2   cdv 
that the energy is always increasing. This is P  vi  vc  cv i  
the energy dissipated by resistor. dt dt  2   dt 
d 1 2 
P cv 
2. CAPACITANCE: dt  2 
The circuit element that stores energy in an electric t2 t2
field is called capacitor. When variable voltage is Energy wc   P dt   v c dv dt
dt
applied to a terminal of capacitor, the energy is stored t1 t1
during one part of cycle and discharge during next 1

half cycle. wc  c v22  v12 
2
The charge across the capacitor is directly
proportional to the applied voltage: (d.) The energy stored in the electric field of
Q V 1
capacitance is wc  cv
2
Q  CV 2
Q (e.) Ideal capacitor:
C Unit of C  Farad
V
Key Points:
(a.) Capacitors retain the charge & thus
electric field after removal of the source Practical capacitor:
applied. (While inductors do not retain
energy). For parallel plate capacitor, the
capacitance can be given as:
Example: In the interval 0 > t > 5 ms, a 20 f

capacitor has a voltage V  50sin 2(t )V . Obtain
the charge, power and energy. Plot work wc
assuming w = 0 at t = 0.   100rad . / sec
Solution: q  cv  20  50sin 2t
or A
C q  1000 sin 2 t  C
d
dv
Where A = cross-sectional area of plate ic  0.2cos 2t A
r  Relative permittivity of dielectric
dt
P  vi  50sin 200t  0.2cos2t
o  Permittivity of free space
P  5sin 4t W
d = distance between plates
t2 t Voltage induced across the inductor is
wc   P dt   5 sin 400t dt di
t1 0
V L ………….. (A)
w c  12.5 1  cos 400 t  m J
dt
{Voltage is induced when flux is varying}
(c) For an inductor of N no of turns:

M0 N 2S
L
l
S = Cross sectional area
l = Length of coil
(d) Proof of equation A: According to
This indicates that in the internal 0 > t > 2.5 ms, the faraday’s law, the emf induced across a
energy is stored to value of 25 mJ and then it returns inductor is directly proportional to the rate
to zero, as the energy is returned to the source. of change of flux through it.
d
e  N {N = no of turns in the coil}
3. INDUCTANCE: dt
The circuit element that stores energy in a magnetic d  LI 
field is called an inductor. e  N  
dt  N 
dI
e  L
dt
-ve sign indicates the opposition caused by
emf to change of flux (Lenz’s Law)
(e) The power across the inductor is:
di d 1 
P  vi  L i   Li 2 
dt dt  2 
When voltage is applied across a inductor, the flux is
t2 t2
induced in the conductor which is proportional to
current flowing through it, i.e.
(f) Energy: w  P dt   Li dt
t1 t1
N  i
1
N   Li w  L i22  i12 
2
N
L Energy stored in magnetic field by inductor
i
1
L Inductance is w  Li 2
2
Unit Henry
Key Points:
(a) The flux linkage across inductor is N. Thus
N   LI
Example:
(b) Inductor do not store energy when the  
connected source is removed In the interval 0  t    s, a 30 mH inductance
 50 
has a current i=10sin50tA. Obtain the Voltage, Power
& Energy for the inductance.
di Voltage & Current Source:
Solution: vL  15 cos 50 t V
dt The sources are of two types, one is independent
p  vi  75sin(100t )W sources and other is dependent sources:
t t Independent sources:
w   P dt   75sin100t dt
0 0 The voltage or current source in which the value of
w  0.75(1  cos100t ) J voltage or current remains constant, and does not
vary with other circuit element.
Ideal voltage and current sources:
The Plot indicate that the energy is zero at t = 0 and


t sec. Thus while energy transfer occurred over
50
the interval, this energy was first stored and later
returned to the source. Non ideal voltage and current sources:
Relationship of parameters:
Element Units Voltage Current Power
Ohms v  Ri ( v P  vi
i
() ohms R  i2 R
Resistance law)
(a) In non ideal voltage source, the internal
Henry v  L di i  1  vdt P  vi resistance of voltage source is of finite value
dt L
(H) Ldi and is always in series with voltage source.
inductance
i
dt (b) In non ideal current source, the internal
resistance of current source is of finite value
Farad & is always in parallel with current source.
1 i  c dv P  vi
c
(F) v idt dt (c) V-source in series
Capacitance
 vc dv
dt
Distributed and Lumped Network:
In Lumped network, we can separate resistance,
inductance, and capacitance separately or single
element in one location is used to represent a
distributed resistance.
Example: A coil having large number of turns of
insulated wire has resistance throughout the length of
wire but only resistance at single plane represents the
distributed resistance.
In Distributed network, the circuit elements are not at
one location rather they are distributed.
Example: Transmission line, the resistance,
(d)
inductance and capacitance are distributed
throughout the length of Transmission line.
Note: In distributed network, the circuit elements
are represented as per unit length.
(e) Non Linearity of circuit elements:

1. Resistance Non Linearity: If the current
voltage relationship in an element is not
linear, then the element is modeled as non
linear resistor.
Example: Diode, filament lamp (This at
Dependent Voltage and Current Sources: higher voltage droves proportional less
These are voltage and current sources whose value do current) etc.
not remain constant, rather varies with circuit (a) The non linear resistance can be given as:
elements or independent sources: V
R
I
Note: Ohm’s law is valid for linear circuit

elements. Also it is not valid for open circuit
element because for open circuit:
I = 0, R = 
So V = 
V  IR
2. Inductors non linearity: When the
inductance of inductor depends on the
current magnitude, then the inductor is
called non linear inductor:
Example: Iron core inductor.
Only air core inductor linear
Key points:
N
(a) N   LI  L   Variable
I
 a  As the slope of the curve in both cases is C (inductance)
L    and C is variable. So, the curve is not linear.
 l 
MMF  l 
 S  Reluctance=  Average and rms (effective value):
S  a  Average value: The general periodic function y(t)
with period T has an average value Yav given as:
NIa N 2 a
  L Self T
l l 1
Yav   y (t )dt
inductance TO
(b) Also we know; Rms Value: The general periodic function y(t) with
di V period T has rms value Y rm s given as:
V L  L  Variable
dt di / dt T
1
T O
Yrms  y 2 (t ) dt
Example: Find the average and rms value of

following sine series
y (t )  a0  b1 sin  t  b2 sin  t  ......
Solution:
1  
T
Yav     a0  b1 sin t  b2 sin t  ...... dt 
As the slope of the curve in both cases is
T  0 
L (inductance) and L is variable. So, the 1
curve is not linear.
Yav  a0T  0  0......
T
The second curve shows that after certain Yav  a0
value of current, the flux does not
T
increase due to saturation of iron core. 1
  a0  b1 sin  t  b2 sin  t  .......
2
Yrms  dt
3. Nonlinearity in capacitance: When the T 0
capacitance of capacitor depends on voltage T
1  2 1 2 
magnitude, then capacitor is called non linear Yrms  
T 0 2
 

a0  b1  b22  .....  ..... dt
capacitor.
Q 1 2 1 2
Q  CV  C   Variable Yrms  a 02  b1  b2  .....
V 2 2
dv i Example: A single circuit element has the current

iC C  Variable and voltage functions graphed in figure below.
dt dv / dt
Determine the element.
V
Thus L   3mH .
di / dt
Thus the element is inductor. (Examine the interval 4
< t < 6 ms L must be same)
Example: Obtain the voltage V in the branch shown

in figure for
(a) i2  1 A (b) i2  2 A (c) i2  0 A.
Solution: v  10  v x for
Solution: The element cannot be a resistor since V

and I are not proportional. In a capacitor V is integral
of i, but in interval 2ms < t < 4msec, V is not integral
of i, hence element cannot be capacitor.
Ldi (a) i2  1 A
For inductor V 
dt V  10  15  25V
For interval 0 < t < 2ms: (b) V  10  15  2  20V .
di (c) V  10  15  0  10V .
V  15V and  10 / 2  5
dt
CHAPTER-2
NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS
Control System-EE Postal Correspondence Course 11
1. SOME BASIC TERMS:
1. Node: Any point in a circuit where the terminals of two or more elements are connected
together.
2. Branch: A branch is a part of circuit which extends from one node to other. A branch may
contain one element or several elements in series. It has two terminals.
3. Essential Node: If three or more elements are connected together at a node, then that node
sometimes called essential node.
4. Mesh: Any closed path which contains no other path within, called mesh.
5. Loop: A path which contain more than two meshes, called a loop. Thus a loop contains meshes
but a mesh does not contain loop.
Example 1: Consider the following circuit:
(a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes.

(b) a, b, c, d, e, f and g are branches.
(c) Meshes are: 1 2 5, 2 3 5, 3 4 5
(d) Loop are: 1 2 3 5 1, 2 3 4 5 2, 123451
(e) Essential node: 2, 3, 5
2. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
For any closed path in a network, Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) state that the algebraic sum of the
voltage is zero.
Key points:
(a)  v ( t )  0; for Closed Path
(b) While going in direction of current, voltage drop is taken as –ve.
V  iR  0
(c) While going opposite to direction of current, voltage drop across resistor is taken as positive
(+ve).
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) © 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA® . All Rights Reserved
iR  V  0
(d) This law applies equally to DC, time variable sources.

Example: Write KVL equation for the circuit shown:
Va  V1  Vb  V2  V3  0
Or Va  iR1  Vb  iR2  iR3  0
Va  Vb  i ( R1  R2  R3 )
3. KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Alternatively the sum of currents entering
a node is equal to sum of currents leaving that node.
Key Points:
(a) It is based on the conservation of electric charge.
(b)  i (t )  0
(c) Sign convention is arbitrary.
(d) Current entering node  are assigned +ve sign and current leaving node  are assigned –ve sign.
Example: Write the KCL equation for the principal node shown in fig below:
Solution: Principal node: Same as essential node.

i1  i2  i3  i4  i5  0
i1  i3  i2  i4  i5.
4. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES:
The 3 passive circuit elements in series connection have same current i. The voltages across elements
are v1 , v2 , v3 .
Total voltage v  v1  v2  v3 .
(a) Equivalent Resistance: When element is resistance :
v  i ( R1  R2  R3 )
v  i R eq .
R eq.  R1  R 2  R 3
(b) Equivalent Inductance: When element in above circuit is inductor then :

di di di
v  L1  L2  L3
dt dt dt
di
v  ( L1  L2  L3 )
dt
Leq  L1  L2  L3
For any number of inductance: Leq  L1  L2  L3  L4  ........
(c) Equivalent Capacitance :When the circuit element is capacitor in above circuit then,
1 1 1
v
c1  i dt   i dt   idt
c2 c3
1 1 1
v       idt
 c1 c2 c3 
1
Ceq 
v i dt
1 1 1 1
Then   
Ceq c1 c2 c3
5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL:
The 3 element are connected as shown in figure
(a) Equivalent Resistance: i  i1  i2  i3
v v v
i  
R1 R2 R3
1 1 1
i  v   
 R1 R2 R3 
1 1 1 1
Then   
R eq R1 R2 R3
(b) Equivalent Inductance :
1 1 1
   .....
Leq L1 L2
L1 L2
For two inductance L eq 
L1  L2
(c) Equivalent Capacitance :
C eq  c1  c 2  ......
This is of the same form as resistor in series.
6. VOLTAGE DIVISION:
A set of series-connected resistor is referred as a voltage divider.
This concept is applicable to n number of resistance.
R1
v1  v
R2  R3  R1
R2
v2  v
R1  R2  R3
In voltage divider, voltage across one branch
Resistance of that branch

=Total voltage × .
total resistance
7. CURRENT DIVISION:
A Parallel arrangement of resistors results in a current divider.
v v v v
i   and i1 
R1 R2 R3 R1
1
i1 R1

i 1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
R 2 R3 i
Thus i1 
( R1 R 2  R 2 R3  R3 R1 )
For two branch current divider:
R2 i
i1 
R1  R2
 For 2 branch circuit, the current in one branch is equal to the :
Resistance of Other Branch

Totalcurrent 
Total Resistance
Example: 1: Find all branch currents in the network shown below:
Solution: Circuit can be simplified as
12  8
Req. (Left)  5   9.8
20
63
Req. (Right)   2
9
Using current divider theorem:
2
I3   13.7  2.32 A
9.8  2
9.8  13.7
I4   11.38 A.
9.8  2
I 3  I1  I 2
8  2.32
I1   0.93 A, I 2  2.32  0.93  1.39 A.
12  8
I 4  I5  I6
3  11.38
I5   3.79 A. I 6  11.38  3.79  7.59 A
36
Example: 2: In the circuit shown, what is the power absorbed by each element.
Solution: Writing KVL for the loop:

120  30 I  2V A  15 I  0; V A   15 I
120
Thus I  8 A.
15
P120V  8120  960W (Power delivered)
P30  i 2 R  82  30  1920W (Power absorbed)
P15  82  15  960W (Power absorbed)
Pvoltage source  2VA I  2(15  8)  8  1920W ( Power delievered )
Total power absorbed

 960  1920  960  1920  0 W .
Note: Power absorbed by source = – (Power delivered by source)
77 Final Selections in Engineering Services 2014.

Rank Roll Name Branch
1 171298 SAHIL GARG EE
3 131400 FIRDAUS KHAN ECE
6 088542 SUNEET KUMAR TOMAR ECE
8 024248 DEEPANSHU SINGH EE
10 207735 VASU HANDA ECE
22 005386 RAN SINGH GODARA ECE
22 032483 PAWAN KUMAR EE
29 070313 SAURABH GOYAL EE
31 214577 PRAMOD RAWANI EE
33 075338 DIPTI RANJAN TRIPATHY ECE
35 003853 SHANKAR GANESH K ECE
35 091781 KOUSHIK PAN EE
36 052187 ANOOP A ECE
37 008233 ARPIT SHUKLA ECE
38 106114 MANISH GUPTA EE
41 018349 VINAY GUPTA ECE
44 098058 LEENA P MARKOSE EE
45 029174 NAVNEET KUMAR KANWAT EE
9 Rank under AIR 100 in GATE 2015 ( Rank

6,8,19,28,41,56,76,91,98)
and many more.............................
To Buy Postal Correspondence Package call at

0-9990657855

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Network Theory-EC Postal Correspondence 1

SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Postal Correspondence Course

2. NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS ……………………………………………… 10-21

3. MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………. 22-23

4. GRAPH THEORY …………………………………………………………………………. 24-29

5. TWO PORT NETWORK ………………………………………………………..………... 30-43

6. RLC CIRCUIT TRANSIENT AND STEADY ANALYSIS …………………………….. 44-51

7. RESONANCE ……………………………………………………………………..………. 52-56

8. NETWORK FUNCTION ………………………………………………………….……... 57-58

9. NETWORK SYNTHESIS ………………………………………………………….…… 59-68

10. COUPLED CIRCUIT AND 3-PHASE CIRCUITS ……………………………………… 69-74

11. PRACTICE SET-I IES ………………………………………………………………. 75-104

12. PRACTICE SET-II (GATE) ……………………………………………………….…… 105-121

13. CIVIL SERVICES EXAM QUESTIONS ………………………………….………. 122-157

14. GATE PREVIOUS PAPERS [2005 TO 2013] ……………………………...….... 158-191

15. IES CONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS SOLUTION) ………………..……..……… 192-254

BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & THEORY

1. INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT ELEMENT: Unit of conductivity: mho/m or siemens/cm

 Energy is then determined as the integral of 1

Where  = Resistivity (.m)

during one part of cycle and discharge during next 1

Example: In the interval 0 > t > 5 ms, a 20 f

(c) For an inductor of N no of turns:

The Plot indicate that the energy is zero at t = 0 and

(e) Non Linearity of circuit elements:

Note: Ohm’s law is valid for linear circuit

Example: Find the average and rms value of

dv i Example: A single circuit element has the current

Example: Obtain the voltage V in the branch shown

Solution: The element cannot be a resistor since V

NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

(a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes.

2. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

(a)  v ( t )  0; for Closed Path

(b) While going in direction of current, voltage drop is taken as –ve.

(d) This law applies equally to DC, time variable sources.

Solution: Principal node: Same as essential node.

4. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES:

(b) Equivalent Inductance: When element in above circuit is inductor then :

For any number of inductance: Leq  L1  L2  L3  L4  ........

5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL:

(b) Equivalent Inductance :

(c) Equivalent Capacitance :

This is of the same form as resistor in series.

This concept is applicable to n number of resistance.

Resistance of that branch

For two branch current divider:

 For 2 branch circuit, the current in one branch is equal to the :

Resistance of Other Branch

Solution: Circuit can be simplified as

Solution: Writing KVL for the loop:

P30  i 2 R  82  30  1920W (Power absorbed)

P15  82  15  960W (Power absorbed)

Pvoltage source  2VA I  2(15  8)  8  1920W ( Power delievered )

Total power absorbed

77 Final Selections in Engineering Services 2014.

9 Rank under AIR 100 in GATE 2015 ( Rank

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