KR10802

Fundamentals of Electrical

Engineering

Chapter1

Introduction to Electrical
WHAT ISELECTRIC

CIRCUIT???

An"electric circuit"is

aninterconnectionof electricalelements

Learnvariousanalytical techniquesfor

describingthebehaviorof acircuit

Analysisof thecircuit:Current,Voltage,Charge,Power,Energyetc
WHAT ISELECTRICCIRCUIT???

Definition 1:An interconnection of electricalelements linkedtogether inaclosed path

sothatanelectriccurrent flowcontinuously.

Battery

Resistor

Wire

ASimpleCircuit
WHAT ISELECTRICCIRCUIT???

Definition 2:A mathematical model thatapproximatesthe

behavior of an actual electricalsystem.

Definition 3:An interconnection betweencomponentsorelectricaldevicesfor thepurpose of

communicatingortransferring energyfromone pointtoanother.Thecomponentsofelectriccircuit are

alwaysreferred toascircuitelements.
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

 SIUnit
 Voltage,current, resistance,power &energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive &active)voltage

&currentsource
 Ohm’sLaw
 Componentcoding
 SIUNIT

SI*:International System of Unitis used by all themajor engineeringsocietiesand most

engineersthroughouttheworld.

Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation

Length l Meter m

Mass m Kilogram kg

Time t Second s

Electriccurrent I,i Ampere A

Temperature T Kelvin K

*French:Système international d'unités,SI

Standardized prefixestosignify powersof10

Power Prefix Symbol

Tera T
1012
109 Giga G

106 Mega M

103 Kilo k

100 - -

centi c
10-2
milli m
10-3
micro µ
10-6
nano n
10-9
pico p
10-12
femto f
10-15
atto a
10-18
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

 SIUnit
 Voltage,current, resistance, power &energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive &active)voltage

&currentsource
 Ohm’sLaw
 Componentcoding
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• An atom is the smallest particle element that

retains the characteristics of that element
• It haselectrons(- charge) and nucleus which
containsproton(+ charge) andneutron.
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Categories of materials
 Conductors
Materials that readily allow currents.
 Semiconductors
Less current carrying ability due to less free electron availability.
 Insulators
Materials that are poor conductors of electric current.
 ELECTRICUNITS

Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation

Force F newton N

Energy W joule J

Power P watt W

Voltage V,v,E,e volt V

Charge Q,q coulomb C

Resistance R ohm Ω

Capacitance C farad F

Inductance L henry H

Frequency f hertz Hz

MagneticFlux Φ weber Wb

MagneticFlux B tesla T
Density
 ELECTRICAL CHARGE

• The charge of electron and proton is equal in magnitude.

• Electrical charge is an electrical property of a matter exist because of an excess or

deficiency of electrons.
ELECTRICAL CHARGE
 CHARGE,Q

 Charge(Q)is aproperty possessedby bothelectrons and protons,

measuredincoulombs(C).
 Thecoulombis alarge unit forcharges.
 In 1 C ofcharge, thereare:

-19 18
1/(1.602x10 C) or6.24x10 electrons

1e=-1.602x10-19C
 Example1

How manycharge representedby4600 electrons?

1 e = -1.602 x10-19C

4600e= (4600)(-1.602x 10-19C)

=-7.3692x10-16C
 CURRENT,I

 The movement of charge is calledelectric

current
 The moreelectronspersecond thatpassthroughacircuit,the greater

thecurrent.
 Measured inAmpere(A)
 Current =Charge/time

Charge(C)Time
Q
I t
(s)
 CURRENT,I

 Ifwe assumecurrent flows from the positive terminal

ofabattery,wesayithasconventional currentflow.

 In metals,currentactuallyflowsinthe

negativedirection.

 Conventionalcourse. currentflow isusedin this

 Alternating

cyclically. current changes direction

 CURRENT,I

 Directcurrent(DC) isacurrent

thatremains constant withtime

Direct current(DC)

 Alternatingcurrent(AC) is acurrent that

variessinusoidally withtime t

Alternating current(AC)
 Example2

If 840coulomb of charge pass throughthe imaginaryplaneduringa timeinterval

of2minutes,what is thecurrent?

Q
I t

840 C
I 7A
(2x60s)
 Exercise1

Betweent= 1 ms andt= 14 ms,8µofchargepass

througha wire. How much acurrent?

ANS:0.615mA
 VOLTAGE,V

 Voltageis the energy required to moveajouleofchargefromone

point to theother
 Measured inVolt(V)
 1volt =1joule/coulomb

Energy(J)
W
V Charge(C)

Q
 VOLTAGE,V

 The voltage is proportionaltothe

vab
work requiredtomoveapositivechargefromterminala toterminalb.

 The voltage is proportionaltothe

vba
work requiredtomoveapositivechargefromterminalb toterminala.
 VOLTAGE,V

 vabisreadas “thevoltageatterminala withrespecttoterminal

b”;or,“thevoltagedropfrom terminala to terminal b”.

 Example3

Ifittakes35 J ofenergy tomove a charge of 5 Cfromonepointtoanother,what

isthevoltagebetween the two points?

W
V Q

35J
V 7V
5C
 Exercise2

Thepotentialdifference betweentwo pointsis 140mV.If280µJof energy are requiredto move a

charge Qfrom one pointto theother,find the valueofQ?

ANS:2mC
 RESISTANCE,R

 Resistanceis theoppositiontochargemovement
 Resistanceofmaterialisdependon:

1) Typeofmaterial

2) Temperature

3) Cross-sectionalarea

4) Length ofmaterial
 RESISTANCE,R


R
A
Where;

R =resistance,[Ω]Ρ=resistivity,

[Ω/m]l= length,[m]

A =cross-sectionalarea[m2]
 RESISTIVITY,ρ

Tablelists theresistivityofvariousmaterialsat

atemperatureof20°C.

Material Resistivity[Ω/m]

Silver 1.645x10-8

Copper 1.723x10-8

Gold 2.445x10-8

Aluminum 2.825x10-8

Tungsten 5.485x10-8

Mercury 95.8x10-8

Carbon 3500 x10-8

Wood 108–1014
 Example4

Thesolid copper wire havinga diameter of1.5mm

connected fromdistribution boardto the lamp. Determine theresistanceof 10 meters of

thatwire.

8
1.723x10 (copper)

R 10m

A d1.5mm

2 2
 d   1.5mm   1.767x10
6 2
m
A   
2 
 2 
8 6
(1.723x10 )x101.767x10
R 97.5m
 Exercise3

Find theresistance ofa 100 mlong tungstenwire

whichhasacircular cross-sectionwith a diameterof

0.1mm.

ANS:698.4Ω
MEASURING CURRENT,VOLTAGE& RESISTANCE

 Current,Voltage&resistancearemeasuredinpracticeusing

instrumentscalledammeters, voltmeterandohmmeters.

 While ammeters, voltmeterand ohmmetersareavailableasindividual instruments,they

are more commonlycombined intoamultipurpose instrument calledamultimeter.

MEASURING CURRENT,VOLTAGE& RESISTANCE

Analog Digital

Multimeter Multimeter
 MEASURINGVOLTAGE

 Measurevoltagebyplacingthe voltmeterleadsacross

the component
 Thered lead isthepositivelead; the black lead

isthenegativelead.
 Ifleads arereversed,you will read theoppositepolarity.
 MEASURINGCURRENT

 The current thatyouwishto measuremust pass

throughthemeter.
 Tomeasurethis current,open the circuit and insert

theammeter.
 Thesign ofthereadingwillbepositiveifcurrententerthe

Aterminal ornegativeif it enters theCOMterminal

Measurevoltag Measurecurre

e nt
 MEASURINGRESISTANCE

 Connectthetwoprobes oftheohmmeteracross the

componenttobemeasured
 POWER,P

 Poweris the rateofdoingwork, orthe rateof

transferenergy
 MeasuredinWatts(W)
 1 hp =746watts

1 W = 1J/s

Energy(J)
W
P t
Time(s)
 POWER,P

Voltage W WVQ
V

Q
W
P
Current
Q
I t
t
PVI
VQ
Power
W  Q
P PV t  VI
 t
t
 Example5
The DC motordraws6 A from a120Vsource;

1) Calculate the powerinput in watts.

2) Assuming the motor is 100% efficient, calculate the poweroutput inhorsepower.

1)PVI 2)1hp746Wso,

(120)(6)
720
0.965hp
720W
746
 POWER,P

E f f i c i e n c y , P e f f  Pout/Pin

Pou t Pin–Ploss
 POWER, P

Question:
A certain electronic power supply requires 25 W of input power. It can produce output of 20W.

What is its efficiency?

What is the power loss?

Answer box
 POWER, P

Question:
A certain electronic power supply requires 25 W of input power. It can produce output of 20W.

What is its efficiency?

What is the power loss?

Efficiency = 80% and Ploss= 5W

 ENERGY,W
 Workconsistsof aforce moving throughadistance
 Energyis thecapacityto dowork.
 Energy= Power ×time
 Units arejoules = watt-seconds,watt-hours,or

morecommonly,kilowatt-hours.
 Theelectricpowerutility companiesmeasure energy in watt-hours(Wh).

Energy(J)
W WPt
P t
Time(s)

fromequation

of‘Power’
 Example6
Determine the totalenergy usedby a100Wlamp for 12hoursand a 1.5 kW

heaterfor 45minutes.

WPt

(100W12h)(1500W0.75h)2325Wh

Hint:Convert all quantitiesto thesamesetofunits.

e.g., convert 1.5 kW to1500W and 45 minutesto0.75h
 Exercise4
Supposeyou usethe followingelectricalappliances:

 A 1.5 hpair-conditioningfor 7hours;

 A 1.8 kWironfor 17minutes;
 Three100Wlampsfor4hoursanda900W

toasterfor 6minutes.

AtRM0.28perkilowatt-hour,howmuch the costof

energy?

ANS: RM2.70
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

 SIUnit
 Voltage,current, resistance,power &energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive &active)

voltage & currentsource

 Ohm’sLaw
 Componentcoding
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

Circuit

Elements

Activeelements Passiveelements
 Capableof  Incapableof

generatingelectricenergy(supplye generatingelectricenergy(absorbse

nergy) nergy)
 Example: independentand  Example: resistor, inductor,

dependentsources capacitor,diode andetc

 INDEPENDENTSOURCES

Activeelementthatprovides a specified voltage/currentthatiscompletely independentofother

circuitelements

voltage current
IDEAL INDEPENDENTSOURCES

Ideal voltagesourceconnected

inseries
IDEAL INDEPENDENTSOURCES

Ideal currentsourceconnected

inparallel
 DEPENDENTSOURCES

Activeelement in whichthesource quantityis

controlledby another voltage or current

isVx
Vi
s x

voltage current
 IDEAL DEPENDENTSOURCES

v=f(vx) v=f(ix) v=f(vx) v=f(ix)

+ +

- -

VoltageControlled CurrentControlled
VoltageControlledCurrentControlled
VoltageSource VoltageSource CurrentSource CurrentSource
(VCVS) (CCVS) (VCCS) (CCCS)
IDEAL DEPENDENTSOURCES

Current Controlled Current VoltageControlled Current

Source(CCCS) Source(VCCS)
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

 SIUnit
 Voltage,current, resistance,power &energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive &active)voltage

&currentsource
 Ohm’sLaw
 Componentcoding
 OHM’S

LAW
George SimonOhm(1787-

1854)formulatedtherelationshipsamongvoltage,
“Thecurrentina circuitisdirectly proportional to the applied voltageandinversely
current,andresistanceasfollows:
proportionaltothe resistanceof thecircuit.”

VIR
 OHM’S LAW

From W and W weget PVI

V V

Q Q

FromOhm’sLaw,we canget:

2
PI R and V 2

P

R
 Example7

Determine thecurrent in figure below:

100

8V

VIR

8V
V 0.08A
I  R100
Exercise5
Determine the valueof the voltage source andthe power absorbed by theresistorin

figurebelowif the valueofcurrent is2mA.

3k

V?

ANS:6V,12mW
 SHORTCIRCUIT

Shortcircuitis acircuitelement withresistance

approachingzero

VV
I    A R0

VIRI(0)0V
 OPENCIRCUIT

Opencircuitis acircuitelement withresistance

approachinginfinity

V V
I  R
0A
 VOLTAGESYMBOLS

 For voltagesources electromotive forceemf, useuppercaseE.

 For loadvoltages,useuppercaseV.

 SinceV=IR, thesevoltagesaresometimes

referred to asIRorvoltagedrops.
 VOLTAGEPOLARITIES

 Thepolarityof voltagesacross

resistorsis

ofextremeimportanceincircuitanaly

sis.

 Place the plus sign at thetailof

thecurrentarrow.
 CURRENTDIRECTION

 Wenormally show current out of theplus(+)

terminalofa source.

 If the actualcurrentisin the direction of itsreferencearrow, it

willhaveapositivevalue.

 If theactualcurrent isoppositetoitsreferencearrow, it

willhaveanegativevalue.
 CURRENTDIRECTION

 Thefollowingare

tworepresentationsofthe

samecurrent:
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS&VARIABLES

 SIUnit
 Voltage,current,power &energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive &active)voltage

&currentsource
 Ohm’sLaw
 Componentcoding
SYMBOLSOFCIRCUIT

ELEMENT
Resistor
Resistor
RESISTORCOLOURCODE
RESISTORCOLOURCODE

Yellow

Violet

Red
Silver

4 7 0010%
 RESISTORCOLOURCODE

Green=5 Blue =6 Orange =3 Gold =5%

3
56x 10 5 % =560005 % = 56k5%

Maximum resistancevalue

560005%58800
Minimumresistancevalue

560005%53200
 Exercise6

(a) Red,Yellow,Blue,Gold
(b) Brown, Orange,Red,Silver
(c) Blue,Grey,Brown,Silver

Ans

(a)24MΩ±5%(b) 1.3kΩ

±10%(c)680Ω±10%