CHAPTER

11
Electricity
Oneoffthe most essential part of life in today's world is electricity. It is a
controllable and Chapter Checklist
convenientform of energy. It is being used in almost every sector of modern society
heuseholds, commercial, transport and industry, etc., to make life faster and easier. like Electric Charge and Currernt
Electric Potential and Potential
Difference
ElectricCharge and Current Electric Circuit
Ohm's Law
Resistance
Electric Charge Resistance of a System of
Acharge is a physicalentity which is defined by exces ordeficiency of clectrons on abody. Resistors
Abody is said to be negatively charged, if it gains electrons. e.g. An cbonite rod rubbed S Heating Effect of Electric
with fur acquires negative charge. A body is said to be positively charged, if it loses Current
Electric Power
dkctrons. e.g. A glass rod rubbed with asilk cloth acquires positive charge.
The SI unit of electriccharge is coulomb (C), which is equivalent to the charged contained
in nearly 6x 10 electrons.
charge on a
Ihe total charge acquired by a body is an integral multiple of magnitude of
Sngle electron. This principle is called quantisation of charge.
Magnitude of charge on one electron, e = - 1.6 × 10 C.
10-C.
= ne = nX1.6X
"Charge on n electrons,
Magnitude of proton,e=+ 16 x
10-19 .
charge On one

lectric Current through any cross-section of a

conductor
Itis defined as the rate of flow of electric charge
in unit time.
conductor in t time, then
amount of charges flows through a
Charge (q) ne (:"q=ne]
Electric current ()= Time ()
conductor.
where, n = number of electrons flowing through the
 Allinone Science
394
Cos IOh
get
and (ii), we
From Eqs. (i) 6x10° x16 x10-19
named in
The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A), Ampere
:e=l6x\0
=

20
honour of French scientist Andre-Marie t
=0.48 x10A
(1775-1836). It is a scalar quantity. = 48x10A
When Icoulamb of charge flows through any cross-_ection Thus, the current through the conductor iss48x10 A.
of a conductor in l second, then the electric current flowing
through it is said to be l ampere.
i.e. ampere =
l coulomb
ls
Electric Potential and
l second
Smaller units of current are milliampere
Potential Difference
(l mA = 10 A) and microampere (1 uA = 10 "A). Electric Potential
It is defined as the amount of work done when a nit
Direction of Electric Current from infinity to a point
Thedirection of clectric current is taken as opposite to the positive charge is moved
direction of the flow of electrons (negative charges). In an If work done in moving a positive charge qfromiinfinity to a
pointis W, then electric potential Vof that point is
electric circuit the current flows from positive terminal of the
cell to the negative terminal. W
V=
Ammeter
Electric current is measured by adevice called ammeter. It is The SI unit of electric potential is volt (V) and is named ah.
a low resistance device which is always connected in series
with the device through which the current is to be measured. Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827). It is ascalat
quantity.
Example 1. A Current of 150 mA flows through a
circuit for 2min. Find the amount of charge that flows Electric Potential Difference (A
through the circuit.
CThe electric potential difference berween two points is
Sol. Given, Current,I = 150 mA =150 x 10 A defined as the work done in moving a unit positive charge
Time, t =2 min= 2x60=120 s from one point to other point.
Amount of charge, q=? The electric potential difference between two points in a
We know that, g=IXt
q=150 X10 x120
current carrying conductor is said to be 1 volt, ifl joule of
work is done in moving 1coulomb of electric charge from
9=18 C
one point to other point.
So, 18 Cof chargeflows around the circuit.
Example 2. A total of 6 x 10*° electrons flow through Thus, Ivolt = l joule
acurrent carrying conductor when connected through lcoulomb
an external power supply for 20 s. Find the value of 1]
current in the conductor.
1V=
1C
Sol. Given, Total number of electrons, n =6x10*° electrons
Time, t = 20 s, Current, I =? 1V =1J/C= 1]|C-!
We know that, q = ne ...) Smallerunits of electric potential,
[from the principle of quantisation of electric charge] I mV =10V, luV = 10 V
and
...(ii) Larger units of electric potential,
1 kV=10 V, IMV = 10°V
 lhinone Electricity
395

yoltmeter
electric potentialI
difference between two
The
circuitis
resistance
measured using a device
device which is
component(s) through always
called points in a
voltmeter. It is a high
which connected in parallel with
ElectricCircuit
Aclosed and continuous path through which
the
measured. potential difference is to be electric current
flows is known as electric circuit. It has various
components
including a sourc of current (say a cell or battery), a
Example3. How much work is
of3 CacroSs two done in moving a (say a bulb orany other appliance),a switch/key (to openload or
harge
itference15 V?
points having a potential close a circuit), afuse, all
connected through connecting
wires. These wires are generally made of copper.
Given, Charge, g =3C and 1Potential difference, AV When the key is closed, then the circuit is called closed
The amount of work done in moving the =15V circuit. This means that current would flow through the
. W=Vg=15 x3 =45J charge Circuitto operate the device. When the key is open, then the
Circuit is called open circuit. This means that current would
Example4. Calculate the potential
if difference
between two.terminals of a not flow hrough the circuit.
battery,
requiredto transfer the charge of 20 C
100 J of work is
from one
erminal of the battery to the other.
Sol. Given, Work done, W= 100 ); Charge, q = 20 C
Circuit Diagram
It is a schematic diagram which represents the relative
Potential difference, AV=? positions and connections of various circuit components
We know that, AV =.W 100 represented by their symbols.
-= 5V
20 Bulb
The notential difference between two points is 5V.
Example 5. How much work is done in moving a
charge of 2 C from a point of 118 V to a pointat 128 V?
Sol. Given, Charge, q = 2C; Ammeter

Potential at point A, V =118 V; K

Potential at point B, Va =128 V; Cell Key
Work done, W =?
We know that, A schematic diagram of an electric circuit having cell,
electric bulb, ammeter and plug key
Potential difference, AV= V- V= 128 - 118= 10 V
: Work done, W=AVx g= 10x2 = 20J Symbols used in Electric Circuits
So, the work done in moving the charge is 20 J. Circuit Descriptions Symbols
Components
Check Point 01 An electric cell Provides
constant potential
1Fill in the blanks: difference between two
V) Ine electric potential difference between two points in a points
CIfCuit is measured using a device called Battery Combination of tWo or
Direction of flow of electric current in conductor taken in more cells connected
in series
opposite direction of movement of
Ue and False for the followingstatements: Switch or Plug key Open the circuit
) Ammeter is a high resistance device which is always (open) or

Connected in parallel.
0) The SI unit of electric potential difference is J/C. Close the circuit
Switch or Plug key 4or
3t abody' has positive charge, then what does it mean? (closed)
4Ih which direction does current flowin an electric circuit?
SThe charge on an electron is 1.6 x10-19C. Find the number of Wires joint
current of 2A. Wires crossing
electronsdone in moving
that will flow per secondto constitute a
from infinity to a point
charge of 20 mC electricpotential at
without joining
(or touching)
Oin an electric field is. 15a J, then what is the
this point?
 Allinone Science
396 Coss 0th
Circuit
Components
Descriptions Symbols Graph
the potential difference Vand the
Electric bulb Circuit components The graph between
corresponding current Iis found to be astraight line
ohmic (metalle
Resistor or Controls current passing through the origin for
resistance flowing through the conductors.
circuit
Rheostat or variable Provides variable
resistance resistance or potential
1
difference,
V
Potential
divider
Slope

|Amineter Measures current

flowing through circuit
’X
Current, I ’
Voltmeter Measures potential
difference between V- graph for metallic conductor
two points
Fuse Safety device Resistance
It is that property of a conductor by yirtue of which t
Ohm's Law opposes/resists the flow of charges/flow of current through
it. Its SIunit is,ohm and is represernted by the Greek letter o
This law was given by a German Physicist Georg Simon
Ohm (1787-1854) in the year 1827. It gives a relationship Resistance of aconductor is given by R=.
between current 1, flowing in a metallic wire and potential
difference V, across its terminals. It is said to be 1ohm, ifa potential difference of 1volt actos
According tothis law, the electric current flowing through a the ends of the conductor makes a current of l ampere to
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference Alow through it.
applied across its ends, providing the physical conditions
(such as temperature) remain unchanged. i.e. ohm = lvolt
If V isthe potential difference applied across the ends of a 1ampere
conductor through which current I flows, then according to 1V
Ohm's law, =| VA -1
1A
V oI at constant temperature]
Example 6. The potential difference between the
orV= IR er P terminals ofan electric heater is 75V when it draws
R a currentof 5 A from the source. What current will the
where, R is the constant of proportionality called resistance heater draw, if the potential difference is
150 V? increased to
of the conductor at a given
temperature. Sol. Given, Potential
From the above formula, it is clear that current is
inversely difference, V=75 V
proportional to resistance. If resistance is doubled, then Current, I=5A
current gets halved and if resistance is halved, then current We knowthat, R =V R=
75
=15 2
gets doubled. 5
Note The conductors which obey Ohm's law are When potential difference is increased to 150 V, then current
called ohmic
Conductors while the conductors which do not obey Ohm's I'150
law are called non-ohmic conductors. R 15
=10 A
So, the current
through the heater becomes 10 A.
 AlinoneEleciricity
397

ome,
Important Terms
felatedto Resistance
importantterms related
Some
Resistor Acomponent in an
NoTe When a conductor is stretched (increased its length),
then its area of cross-section decreases accordingly but
the volune (i.e. area x length) of the conductor
to
resistance are as follows: remains the Same.

fii) Nature of the material ofthe conductor The

resistancetothe flow of
electric circuit which offers
electrons
as resistor. These are usedconstituting clectric current
resistance of a conductor depends on the nature of
the material of which it is made. Some materials have
isknown to make those
It reduces electrical
low resistance, whereas others have high resistance.
devices, where high resistance is
alloys like required. current in Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (i), we can write
cicuit,
1 e.g. nichrome, manganin and constantan.
Rheostat/Ivariable resistance It is a
variable resistor, which is Roc
sed to control the flow of electric
inCreasing or decreasingthe resistance. current by manually
A
R=PA
where, p is the constant of proportionality and is
Goodlconductor A material which called electric resistivity or specific resistance of
offers low resistance to
the flow offelectrons or electric current in an the material of the conductor.
known as a good conductor, e.g. silver, copper, electric circuit is
aluminium.
Amongst these, silver is the best conductor of
econductor A nmaterial clectricity.
which offers higher resistance
Resistivity'
It is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit
Ann conductors to the flow of electrons or length and unit area of cross-section. Its SI unit is
electric
nelectric circuit is known as poor conductor, e.g. current
in
ohm-metre (S2-m).
les. stainless steel, alloys of iron and chromium. mercury, The resistivity of amaterial does not depend on its length
Inslator Amaterial which offers very high resistance to the or thickness but depends on the nature of the substance
Aow of electrons or electric current in :.
an electric circuit is and temperature. It is a characteristic property of the
known as insulator, e.g. rubber, dry wood and plastic. material of the conductor and varies only, if its
Electric current does not flow through them. temperature changes.
Insulators such as glass, rubber, ebonite, etc., have a very
ctors on which the Resistance of high resistivity (102 to 10 2-m), while conductors
oConductor Depends have avery low resistivity (10 to l10-2-m).
The electrical resistance of a conductor depends on the Alloys have higher resistivity than that of their
bllowing factors: constituent metals. They do not oxidise easily at high
temperatures, this is why they are used to make heating
Length of the conductor The resistance of a elements of devices such as electric iron, heaters, etc.
conductor Ris directly proportional to its length /. Tungsten is almost used exclusively for filaments of
electric bulbs, whereas copper and aluminium are
ie Rol ...() generally used for electrical transmission lines.
Since, the resistance of a wire is directly proportional Example 7.A wire of given material having
to its length, i.e. when the length of a ire is length l and area of cross-section A has a
doubled/ halved, then 1ts resistance also gets resistance of 10 S2. What would be the resistance of
doubled/halved.
kü), Area of cross-section of the conduçtor The
another wire of the same material having length l/4
and area of cross-section 2.5A?
Sol. For first wire, Length = 1, Area of crosS-section =A
resistance of a Conductor Ris inversely proportional to its
area of cross-section A. and Resistance, R, =10 2,
104
1.e. ...(i) 1.e R. =P=10 2 >p= ..(1)
Roc A
For second wire, length = /l4, area of cross-section = 2.5 A
Since,the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to
its area of t cross-section, i.e. when the area of cross-section ..Resistance, R, =p
l|4 10A
2.5 A 4x 2.5A
[from Eq. (0)
of wire is doubled, then its resistance gets halvedand if
= 12
area of cross-section of wire is halved, then its resistance
So, the resistance of that wire is 1S.
will ger doubled.
 Alinone Science
398

Resistance of a
Example 8. Resistance of a metal wire of length 2 m 1s
30 S2at temperature 25°C. Ifthe diameter of the wire
is System of Resistors
0.6 mm, then what will be the resistivity of the metal at resistors can be
connected
with cach
acircuichothti.eveerThebytxhe.,
that temperature? Two or more methods in
different combinational order to
Sol. Given, Length of wire, l = 2 m resistance in a particular
desired equivalent
Resistance, R= 30 2, joiningthe resistors together
Temperature, T = 25°C are two methods of which are
as given below:
Diameter of wire, d=0.6 mm =6X10 m
Resistivity of the wire, p=? Resistors in Series
RA Rrd'
We know that, p = resistors are connected end to
41 When two or more end to
each other, then they are said to be connected in
30 x TX(6x104) The following figure shows the connection of resistor, in series.
4x2
series.
= 4.24 x 10° Q-m
The resistivity of themetal at 25°C is 4.24 x 10-m. R1 R R

Check Point 02
1 Fill in the blanks:
) When the length of aconductor is increased to double, then its
resistivity Series Combination of Resistors
() The resistance of conducting wire is proportional to its
length.
2True and False for the following statements: An applied potential Vproduces current / in the resistog
() If the length of wire is halved and its cross-sectional area is and R,, R, and R, causing apotential drop V,, V, and V,
doubled, then its resistance would be decreased to one respectively, through each resistor.
fourth.
Total potential, V=V+, +V,
() The ratio of electric current flowing through the conductor to By Ohm's law,
potential difference applied across the conductor at constant V, = IR,,
temperature is called resistance of conductor. V,= IR, and V, =IR
3 What does it mean a circuit is closed or open? Thus, V=V,+V,+V;= IR+ IR,+ IR,
4 A
student made an electric circuit as shown below V= I(R, + R, + R,)
IfR is the equivalent resistance and V= IR
Hence, IR = I(R, t R, + Rs)
R, R2
-w R=R, + R, +R,
Some important points regarding series combinacion of
resistors are as follows:
Is there any mistake in this circuit? If any then correct it.
5 Define the electric resistance of a wire and also write its Sl unit. " The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the ail
6 Keeping the potential difference constant, the resistance of a individual resistances.
circuít is halved. Then, how much does the current changes? " The equivalent resistance is thus greater than
7 What is the difference between a good
conductor and a poor res1stances of either resistor. This is also known 2
conductor? Give tWo examples of each.
8 The potential difference across a wire is 75 V maximum effective resistance.
and its
electric resistance is 30 2. Find out the electric current through the " The current through each resistor is same.
wire.
(Ans. 2.5A) The potential difference across each resistor is diftere
limoneElectricity
399

pAample 9. Three resistors of 5 2, 10 2

connectedin series with a
12 Vpower
and 15 2
Colculatetheir combined resistance, the supply.
ae Disadvantages of Series Combination
Sowsin the circuit and in current that
each resistor and the () In this combination, if any of the component fails to
palential difference acrOss each work, then the circuit will break and none of the
resistor. Components will work.
Given, R =52, R, =102, Ry =152, V=12V,
R=3, I=? and V,, V,,, =? (2) It is not possible to connect a bulb and a heater in
52 10 2 15 2 series simultaneously because they need different
values of current to operate properly.

Resistors in Parallel
When two or more resistors are connected simultaneously
12 V between two points to each other, then they are said to be
According to question, the three resistors are connected in Connected in parallel combination. The following figure
series combination, then equivalent resistance. shows the connection of resistors in parallel
R=R+ R, +R=5+10 +15 = 30 2 R.
.The current flowing through the circuit (D
Potential of power supply (V) R3
Total resistance of the circuit (R)
12 2
= 0.4A
30 5
In series combination, the current flowing through each
K
resistor is equal to total current flowing through the circuit.
Therefore, current flowing through each resistor is 0.4A. An applied potential difference V produces Current 1 in
.Potential difference across first resistor, R,, 1, in R, and 1, in Rg.
V=IR = 0.4x5=2 V
Potential difference across second resistor,
Total current, I=l, + I,tl, ...1)
V,=lR, = 0.4 x10=4V By Ohm's law, I, = and I,
and potential difference across third resistor, R, R, R
V,=IR = 0.4x15 =6V
Example 10. Study the following electric circuit. Find If Ris the equivalent resistance, then =
R
lhle readings of (i) the ammeter and (ii) the voltmeter. V V V
Thus, [from Eq. ()]
4Q R R R Rg
AwM
22 V 1
-=V
R R, R)
K
|1 1,1,
+ 1
3V
Sol. In the given circuit, the resistance of 4Q and bulb resistance of R R, R, Rg
292 are connected in series, so equivalent resistance of the circuit,
Some important points regarding parallel combination of
R= R, +R, = 4Q+2 Q=62 resistors are as follows:
(0 Total lcurrent flowing in the circuit, (/)
A The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to the sum
Potential difference (V)-0.5A of the reciprocal of individual resistances.
Total resistance (R) The equivalent resistance is less than the resistance of
ach
In series
combination, current flowing through
the total either resistor. This is also known as minimum efective
to
Component of the circuit is same and is equal will flow resistance.
current flowing the circuit. So, will 0.5 A current
through the ammeter,r=Potential
so its reading be 0.5 A. The current from the source is greater than the current
) Reading of voltmeter difference across 2S2 bulb through either resistor.
V= IR=0.5 X 2= 1V A The potential difference across each resistor is same.
0.5 AJ
[" current flowing through the bulb is
 Allinone Science
400
Cass \oh
on Combingtion of
Problem Basedand Parallel Both)
Applications of ParallelCombination Resistors (Series
in Daily Life combination, circuit has some resistances

combiConnaetcioten,d
Inthis combination and some in parallel
Parallel combination of resistances is highly useful in circuts Thisseries
in type of combinationis also called lcomplex circuit. The
used in daily life, as the circuits used have components of will
different resistances requiring different amounts of current. some examples which
following are combination help you to solve
of resistances in series
This type of combination in a circuit divides the current questions on and paral el
among the components (electrical gadgets), so that they can both.
have necessary amount of current to operate properly. This Example 12. In the given figure, R, =55 S2, R, =10 92,
is the reason of connecting electrical appliances in parallel Ra =15 2, R, =20 2, Rs =25 2 and a15V battery is
combination in household circuit. Calculate
connected to the arrangement.
Example 11. wo 40 2resistors and a 20 Qresistor the circuit, and
(i) the total resistance in
in the circuit.
are all connected inparallel with a12Vpower supply. (i)the total current flowing R1
Calculate their effective resistance and the current
through each resistor. What is the current flowing
through the supply?
Sol. Given, R = 40S2, R, = 40S2, R, = 20SQ,
+
V=12V, R=?, 1, l, 1,, l, =? 15 V
12 V R3
R
R=40 2

Ry=40 2
Sol. Resistors R, and R, are in parallel.
Rg=20S2
1 1 1 1 1 10
So,
R' R R R' 5 10
According to circuit, the three resistors are connected in
parallel combination, then effective tesistance, Similarly, R, Ry and R, are in parallel
1 1 1,1_ 1,1, 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1,1
R R R R 40 40 20 R" R RË Rs 15 + 20 25
1+1+2 4 1 1 20 +15 +12 300
40 40 10 ’R"=
R" 300 47
R=10Q
Thus, thetotal resistance,
So, the three resistors together have an effective resistance
of 10 S2. Each resistor has a potential difference of 12 v R= R'+R" =+ =333+ 6.38 = 9.712
across it. Because in parallel combination, the potential 47
difference across each resistance is equal to the total potential The total current. / Y 15 = 154A
difference applied on the combination. 9.71
We know that,
Current (I) = Potential difference (V)
Example 13. Consider the circuit diagram s y
below
Resistance (R) Rs = 3 2
Weget the following results for the current:
12
Current through 40 2 resistor, I, = 40 = 0.3 A
A }Rg=3 S2
Also, 1, = 03 A R4 =3 2.
12 K
Current through 20 S2 resistor, , = 20
= 0.6 A
w w
Current, / =I, +l,+1, RË= 3 2 R2=3 2
= 0.3 A +03 A + 0.6 A
If R = R = Ra = R, = Rs
= 1.2A find the equivalent =32, thern
resistance of the circult.
 lhinoneElectricity
401

From combination, it can be

the
sal.seriesorder. observed that R, and R are in
R5 =32 Sol. In the given circuit. R.. R. and R are in parallel combination.
wWWt As, currents through R, R and R are different. So, their
equivalent resistance Ris
1Q
R4 R=32
Ro
22

W 22 32 22
R= 32 Rg = 32 AW B
R1 R4 R5
As current
through R, and Ra is same. So, their
resistanceis R'= R, +Rz= 32+3S=62 equivalent 9V K
Now, the given circuit can be redrawn as shown below 1 1 1 6+3+2 11
R' R Ra RË 1 2 3 6
Rs= 32

11
A Ra
Now, the given circuit can be redrawn as shown below
22 6/11 2 22
K AwW
'= 62 R5
Lww
R=32
9v

Now, it can be seen that Ry andR'are in parallel combination.

As, currents through RË and R' are different. So, their
equivalent resistance can be calculated as below
1 1 I!.l_1+2
Now, R, R' and Re are in series combination. As, current
through R,R' and R5 is same.
3 1 So, equivalent resistance of the whole circuit is
R=R +R+ R,= 2++2 = 22+ 6+ 22 50
=

R' R' R 6 3 6 6 2
11 11 11
R"= 22 Now, total current flowing through the circuit,
Now, the given circuit can be redrawn as shown below 9 99
Rs=32 R 50 50
H 1
Current through R and Rs will be same as these are in series
"=22 combination and will be equal to the total current flowing
through the circuit.
I=,=l= 2A
Potential drop at R, V=IR= 2 x 2 = 4V
R=32
Now, it is dear from the above circuit that all
the resistances Potential drop at R5, V, = I;Rs = 2x 2 = 4V
Ks, R" andR are in series combination. Now, potential drop at R', V'can be calculated as
As, current through R,,R" and R, is same. V=V+V, +V
* Equivalent resistance of the circuit is 9=4+4+V'
32+22+32=82
R= R, +R"+R = V'=1V
of the
14. Find the equivalent resistance
iExampl
ol owinge
potential Rg
circuit. find the current and
at each resistor. Also,
12
R3
22

Ra l4 Ra R
32 22B
A22
R R5
 Allinone Science
402

Calculation of Heat
As R,, R; and R are in parallel combination, so potential drop at al
resistances will be same as l V. Generatedinna Conductor
V,=y=V, =V'=1V conductor a% a resistance
Current through R,, I, = 2 V=-=1A
1 Assuming wire vhih
R, R, 1 resists theflow offcurrentsource
through it. So,
for work. must
current
Similarly, 2
=0.5 Aand I
R
Va_Vl=0.33 A
RË 3
be done by the
of the current.
the work done by
onúnuous flow
Now, we calculate the source
Check Point 03 when the current /
lows through a wire of
clectric
1 Fill in the blanks:
resistance R. When an q charge noves
differencc V. Then,
) In series combination of resistors, potential difference across eacn against apotential
resistor is ....... while electric current through each resistor is Amount of work, W =qx
() If two resistors of equal resistance R are connected in parallel, then
equivalent resistance will be
From definition of current, we know that
2 True and False for the following statements: or q=xt
) In parallel combination of resistors, the equivalent resistance is less ...i)
than the resistance of either resistor.
From Ohm's law,
() The potential difference across each resistor in parallel combination is
same.

3 If different resistors have same value of electric potential across them, in

which way they are connected to each other?
4 Why, we do not use series combinaion of connecting electric appliances in
household circuit?
5 What do you understand by mixed combination of resistances?
6 In the circuit shown below, calculate the net resistance of the circuit.
[Ans. 12.5 2]
102 15 2
20 2 52
45 V
Heating Effect of Electric Current
A cell or a battery is the source of electrical energy. Due to the
chemical reactions inside them a potential difference is setup which is
responsible for the Alow of current through any electrical circuit. So,
to maintain this flow, the source continuously has to provide the
energy. But only apart of this energy helps in maintaining the current
consumed into useful work. Rest of it may be consumed in the form
of heat by raising the temperature of the appliances.
Therefore, when an electric_ current is passed through a high
resistance wire like nichrome wire, then the wire becomes very hot
and produces heat. In purely resistive circuits, the source of energy
continuously gets dissipated entirely in the form of heat. This is
called the heating effect of current.
This is obtained by the transformation of electrical energy into heat
energy. e.g. electric heater, electric iron,
etc.
V=R or V= IR
Substituring the values ofg and Vin Eq. 0), we get
W =(| xt) x IR= |'Rt
Assuming that all electrical work done or electrical
energy consumed is converted into heat energy.ie
heat produced. So, heat produced is given by
H=1'x Rxt
Thus, it is known as Joule's law of heating.
This law implies that heat produced in aresistor is
fdirectly proportional to the square of curent
for a given resistance.
directly proportional to the resistance for a
given current.
(in) directly proporrional to the cime for which
the current flows through the resistor.
Example 15. An electric iron of resistance
25 2 takes a current of 7 A. Calculate the heat
developed in 0.5 nmin.
Sol. Given, Resistance, R= 25 2: Current, I = 7A:
Time, t = 05 min = 0.5 x 60 = 30 s: Heat. H=!
We know that, Heat, H = R:
H= (7)x%30-36750}
So, the heat developed is 3o8 x 10* 1.
 linoneElectricity

403

ExOmple16. 200J of heat is

esistance.Find the potential produced 10 s ina59
esistor
difference across the
Electric Power
Given, Heat, H. =200J, Resistance, R=5 2
It is
defined amountas the of electric energy consumed in a
Time, t =10s, Potential difference, V:=? circuit per unit time.
Weknowthat, If be the
amounttofelectric energy consumed in a circuit
in t seconds, then the electric power is given by .
H = J'R:
Heat,
Current, I =
|H 200 P=
VRt =2A
V5x10
So, the potential difference across the resistor is But, W =electricenergy= Vq=VIt ["q=t]
V= IR VI
[by Ohm's law) P= P=VI
= 2x5=10 V
According to Ohm's law, V= IR
pOctical Applications of P= IRxl= I'R
Heating Effect of Electric Current =
puring I =
Alhough heating effect of electric current causes R
lesirable loss of electrical energy still there are some useful TheSI unit of electric power is watt (W).
applications of it. Some of them are given below
It is said to be 1watt, if 1 ampere current flows through a
lectric Bulb circuit having 1 volt potential dífference.
i.e. Iwatt = lvolt × 1ampere = 1VA
thas afilament made of tungsten, So, most of the power Note Bigger units of power are as given below:
OnsLumed by this, is dissipated in the form of heat and some 1kilowatt (kW) = 10 w
purt is converted into light because it has high resistivity and Imegawatt (MW) = 10° W
igh melting point. 1gigawatt (GW) = 1o° w
The fiament is thermally isolated and the bulb is filled with " Practical unit of power is horse power.
dhemically inactive nitrogen and argon gas toprolong the 1HP= 746 W
life of filament. " Commercial unit of electrical energy
1kWh = 1000 Wh
= 1000 X 3600 WNs
Electric Fuse = 36 x 10 Ws = 3.6 x 10°)
Iis used as a safety device in household circuits. It protects " Number of units consumed by electric appliances is
the circuits, by stopping the flow of any unduly high electric watt x hours

rent. It is connected in series with the mains supply. It 1000

COnsists of an alloy of lead and tin which has appropriate

melting point. Are electrons already consumed
in an electric circuit?
When the current flowing through the circuit exceeds the We pay
gafe limit, the temperature of the fuse wire increases
and No, electrons are not consumed in an electric circuit.
the electricity board or electric company to provide energy to
This helps
hence, the fuse wire melts and brealks the circuit. caused by move electrons through all the electricgadgets like
fan,bulb,
to
protect the other circuit elements from hazards refrigerator, etc., installed in our homes. We pay for the
heavy current. electrical energy that we use.
values such as 1
Fuses are always rated for different current
A,2A, 5A, 10 A, 15 A, etc.
 Allinone
404
Science (
() When heating is at the maximum rate
Cos t
Example 17. An electric fan runs from the 220 V 880
mains. The current flowing through it is 0.6 A. At V
max
220
= 4A
what rate the
electrical
the fan? How much enerayenergy transformed by Resistance of the electric iron
is transformed in
2 min? 220
R= =552
Sol. Given, Potential 4
difference, V = 220 V
Current, I= 0.6 A, (i) When heating is at the minimum rate
340
Time, t=2min=120 s, I= P'min 220
=154A
Power, P=?
We know that, Resistance of the electric iron
220
Power, P=VI= 220 x 0.6= 132 W R= =142.85 2
and 154
E= Pt 132 x 120 = 15840J
So, the power of fan is 132 W and it
transforms 15840 J
of energy. Check Point 04
Example 18. An electric refrigerator rated 500W 1 Fill in the blanks:
operates 6 hours/day. What is the cost of the
to operate it for 30 days at energy () Heat produced in a resistor is ....
Sol. Energy consumed by
R4.5 per kWh? of current for a given resistor. proportional to the sQuas
refrigerator in 30 days (in The filament of electric bulb is made of.
=500 Wx6Ours 2 True and False:
x 30 days
day () 1kilowatt hour isequal to one unit.
=90000 Wh =90 kWh (i) Electric fuse is
:Cost of energyto operate the refrigerator for 30 days Connectec in series with the main Suppl.
3 What is the heatingeffect of
= 90 kWh x4.5 per kWh electric current?
4 State the factors on
=7 405 which the heat produced in a
current conductor
depends. Give one practical application of this effect.
Example 19. An electric iron 5 Afuse wire
a rate of 880W, when heating is consumes energy at
at the maximum
consists of an
6 Anelectric heater of
alloy of lead and tin. Why?
rate and 340W, when the resistance 500 2 is Connected to a mains supply
minimum. The voltage is heating
is at the for 30 min. If 15A current flows through the filament ofthe
Current and the
220V. What are the calculate the heat energy produced heater, then
in the heater. [Ans. 20.25
resistance is each case? 7 Why are electric x10
Sol. Given, P=880 W argon?
bulbs filled with chemically inactive nitogen ard
P'min =340W 8 What 0s the
maximum power in
V= 200 V Connected safely to a 13A, 230Vkilowatts
mains
of the appliance that calu
[Ans. 2.9kW
Power, P = VI, Current, I = PIV 9 Power of a socket?
lamp is 60W. Find the
in 1 s. energy in joules Consumedby [Ans.604

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