ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Transposition – an operation of matrix in which the row

LECTURE MODULE 1 elements are inverted as column elements and the column
elements as row elements, that is, the first row is
This module covers the following topic(s): transposed as first column and the first column as first row,
the second row and column as second column or row,
1. Matrix respectively, and so on. The transpose of matrix A is then
written as AT.

e.g.
MATRIX
Transpose the matrix:
Matrix (pl. Matrices) – a set of numbers arranged in
1 2 3
arrays of rows and columns. The values or variables in a
matrix are the elements or entities. Matrices are defined
B= 0 -8 5
by the number of m rows and n columns and denoted as m
x n matrix.
4 7 -2
An element of matrix is defined to be:
Answer(s):
aij where: i – element of mth row
j – element of nth column 1 0 4
a11 a12 a13 BT = 2 -8 7
A= a21 a22 a23 3 5 2 .
a31 a32 a33
SPECIAL MATRICES
The example above is a 3 x 3 matrix in which there are 3
rows and 3 columns. a11 is an element of first row and first Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices
column of the matrix A as denoted by 11.
Upper triangular matrix is a matrix in which has non-zero
e.g. entities above the main diagonal. Lower triangular
Given the 3 x 2 matrix, what is the value of the element: matrix has non-zero entities below the main diagonal.
1. a12
2. a23 e.g.
Upper triangular matrix:
3. a32
2 1 4 1 2 3
M=
-1 -4 3 0 5 6 3 x 3 matrix

Answer(s): 0 0 8
Main diagonal
1. a12 = 1
Lower triangular matrix:
2. a23 = 3
3. a22 = -4 . 1 0 0 0

2 5 0 0
Vector matrix – matrix which comprises of only a row or a 4 x 4 matrix
column. 3 4 8 0
Row vector: A=[ 2 1 4] 6 7 9 1
Main diagonal
-1

Column vector: B = -4
1
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ENGR 410 – Advanced Engineering Mathematics ®© 2010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
ADDITION OF MATRICES And

Matrices can be added provided that the number of m x n 7 8 9

elements of matrix A (mat A) is equal to the number of B=
m x n elements of matrix B (mat B). The entity of matrix A 10 11 12
can only be added to the same entity of matrix B, that is,
a11 of mat A can be added only to a11 of mat B. Matrices Answer(s):
of different sizes cannot be added.
8 14
e.g.
Given two matrices A and B, find the sum A+B. (A + B)T = AT + BT = 10 16

0 9 6 12 18 .

A= -7 4 -1
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
5 6 2
Scalar Multiplication
And
The product of a scalar entity c (a given number) and a
9 1 2 given matrix A of m x n elements is obtained by multiplying
the scalar entity to each of the elements of mat A.
B= 3 3 5
e.g.
-7 -2 -8
Determine the product of the matrix and the multiplier 6.
Answer:

(0+9) (9+1) (6+2) 0 9 6

A+B = (-7+3) (4+3) (-1+5) A= -7 4 -1

(5+ -7) (6+ -2) (2 + -8) 5 6 2

Answer(s):
9 10 8
0 9 6
A+B = -4 7 4
cA = 6 x -7 4 -1
-2 4 -6 .
5 6 2

Addition Properties of Matrix

6(0) 6(9) 6(6)
1. A + B = B + A
cA = 6(-7) 6(4) 6(-1)
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Written as ( A + B + C )
6(5) 6(6) 6(2)
3. A + 0 = A, 0 is a matrix of all zero elements.
4. A + (-A) = 0
0 54 36
5. (A + B)T = AT + BT
cA = -42 -24 -6
Prove property number 5 given the following matrices:
30 36 12 .
1 2 3
A=
2

4 5 6
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
Properties of scalar multiplication:

1. c (A + B) = cA + cB
2. (c + k) A = cA + kA
3. c (kA) = (ck) A
4. 1A = A
5. 0A = 0
6. (cA)T = c(AT)
Note: c, k are scalar.

Multiplication of Matrices

The product C = AB (in order of AB) of an m x n mat A and an p x q mat B is defined if and only if m = q, that is, the number
of m rows of mat A is equal to the number of q columns of mat B, is defined as m x q mat C.

cjk = ∑ ajlblk = aj1b1k + aj2b2k + … + ajnbnk

where i = 1, …, m
k = 1, …, q

a11 a12 … a1n

A= a21 a22 ... a2n

⁞ ⁞ ⁞
am1 am2 … amn

b11 b12 … b1q

B= b21 b22 ... b2q

⁞ ⁞ ⁞
bp1 bp2 … bpq

then C = AB is

a11b11+a12b21+…+a1nbp1 a11b12+a12b22+…+a1nbp2 …a11b1q+a12b2q+a1nbpq

C= a21b11+a22b21+…+a2nbp1 a21b12+a22b22+…+a2nbp2 …a21b1q+a22b2q+a2nbpq

⁞ ⁞ ⁞
Am1b11+am2b21+…+amnbp1 am1b12+am2b22+…+amnbp2 …am1b1q+am2b2q+amnbpq

e.g.
Find the product of two matrices given:

2 3 5 6 7 1

A= 8 5 1 B= 0 -1 -7

1 -2 -9 -1 4 2

2(6)+3(0)+5(-1) 2(7)+3(-1)+5(4) 2(1)+3(-7)+5(2) 7 31 -9

C= 8(6)+5(0)+1(-1) 8(7)+5(-1)+1(4) 8(1)+5(-7)+1(2) = 47 55 -25

3
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1(6)+(-2)(0)+(-9)(-1) 1(7)+(-2)(-1)+(-9)(4) 1(1)+(-2)(-7)+(-9)(2) 15 -27 -3 .

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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
Properties of Matrix Multiplication 61 51 28

1. k(AB) = kA(B) = A(kB), k = scalar BA = -15 9 62

2. A(BC) = (AB)C
32 13 -19 .
3. (A+B)C = AC + BC
4. (AB)T = BTAT
EXERCISES
5. AB ≠ BA
Given the matrices:
For property number 4, given the matrices A and B. Find
the product.
1 2 6 5 0
3 4 5 -1 3
A= 9 0 7 B= 1 4
A=
7 8 9 B= 4 -7
-9 -5 -2 9 -3
7 8
2 9 8 6
3(-1)+4(4)+5(7) 3(3)+4(-7)+5(8)
C= 9 5 2 1
AB =
7(-1)+8(4)+9(7) 7(3)+8(-7)+9(8)
0 6 9 1
48 21 48 88
AB = then (AB)T =
-1 -9 -1 5
88 37 21 37
9 7 2 2
Considering transpose of each of the matrices:
D= E=
0 3 -4 5
-1 4 7 3 7
T
B =
3 8 5 4
3 -7 8 AT = 4 8

5 9
F= -7 9 6 2

-1(3)+4(4)+7(5) (-1)(7)+4(8)+7(9)
BTAT =
1-1. Determine the elements:
3(3)+(-7)(4)+8(5) 3(7)+(-7)(8)+8(9)
a. Mat A: a23, a33, a32
48 88
T T b. Mat B: a23, a22
BA =
c. (Mat D)T: a42, a21, a32
21 37 .
d. (Mat H)T: a22

1-2. Perform the indicated operations:

For property number 5 using the given matrices:
a. A+A
2 3 5
b. 2 x [A + CT]
c. BA
A= 8 5 1
d. CTDT
e. EF
1 -2 -9
References:
6 7 1 - Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 9th edition.
- Riley, K. F., et.al. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering.
B= 0 -1 -7 2nd edition.
4

-1 4 2
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS e.g.
LECTURE MODULE 2 Find the determinant of the 3 x 3 matrix below.

This module covers the following topic(s): 4 -6 1

1. Determinants D= 2 1 3
2. Inverse of a matrix
7 -2 1

Answer(s):
DETERMINANT
4 -6 1 4 -6
Determinant – a number that denotes the value of a
matrix. It is a special number that is particularly associated
D= 2 1 3 2 1
with a square matrix, that is, an m x n matrix with m = n.
7 -2 1 7 -2
Determinant of the second order (2nd Order
Determinant) – a determinant associated with two rows and
Det D = [4(1)(1) + (-6)(3)(7) + 1(2)(-2)]
two columns.
- [7(1)(1) + (-2)(3)(4) + 1(2)(-6)]
a11 a12
Det D = [4 + (-126) + (-4)] – [7 + (-24) + (-12)]
D= = a11a22 – a21a12
= [-126] – [-29]
a21 a22
= -97 .
In determinants, two vertical bars are used while in matrices
are brackets, braces, or parentheses.
Minors and cofactors
e.g.
Each of the terms of the mth row or nth column, known as
Given the matrix, find the determinant.
minor, is multiplied to the elements obtained by deleting the
row and column associated with the element, known as
2 4
cofactors.
A=
3 5
a11 a12 a13
Answer(s):
A= a21 a22 a23
det A = 2(5) – 3(4) = -2. .
a31 a32 a33
rd
Determinant of the third order (3 order determinant) –
Finding the determinant using the minor of first row.
determinant associated with three rows and three columns.
a22 a23 a21 a23
In finding the determinants of 3rd order, two common
det A = a11 - a12
operations are performed, standard and by minors and
a32 a33 a31 a33
cofactors.
a21 a22
Standard operations
+ a13
a31 a32
In this operation, the first and second columns are repeated
after the third column then evaluated as follows:
det A = a11 (a22a33 – a32a23) – a12 (a21a33 – a31a23)
+ a13 (a21a32 – a31a22)
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
+ - +
A= a21 a22 a23 a21 a22
The signs associated with each element are: - + -
+ - +
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
Thus, the operations are shown as + - +.
det A = (a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32)
- (a31a22a13 + a32a23a11 + a33a21a12)
5

e.g.
Page

Using the previous example, solve the determinant by

minors and cofactors of (a) first row, (b) second column.

ENGR 410 – Advanced Engineering Mathematics ®© 2010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
Answer(s) Given the elements below:

(a) Minors of first row. a11 a12 a13 ...a1j

1 3 2 3 A= a21 a22 a23 …a2j

det D = 4 - (-6)
-2 1 7 1 a31 a32 a33 …a3j
⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
2 1 ai1 ai2 ai3 …aij
+1
7 -2 The determinant using the minor of first row is determined
by:
det D = 4 [1(1) – (-2)(3)] – (-6)[2(1) – 7(3)]
+ 1 [2(-2) – 7(1)] a22 a23 ...a2j
= 4(7) – (-6)(-19) + 1(11)
= 28 – 114 – 3 = -97. . det D = (-1)1+1 (a11) a32 a33 ...a3j
⁞ ⁞ ⁞
(b) Minors of second column. ai2 ai3 ...aij

a21 a23 ...a2j

2 3 4 1
det D = -6 +1 + (-1)1+2 (a12) a31 a33 ...a3j
7 1 7 1 ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
ai1 ai3 ...aij
4 1
- (-2) a21 a22 ...a2j
2 3
+ (-1)1+3 (a13) a31 a32 ...a3j
det D = - (-6) [2(1) – 7(3)] + 1 [4(1) – 7(1)] ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
- (-2) [4(3) – 2(1)] ai1 ai2 ...aij
= - (-6)(-19) + 1(-3) – (-2)(10)
= -114 + (-3) – (-20) = -97. .
⁞
Determinants of the nth order – determinants a21 a22 ...a2(j-1)
associated with more than 3 x 3 elements.
+ (-1)1+j (a1j) a31 a32 ...a3(j-1)
Note: Standard operation is not applicable in this type of ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
determinant as it is only applicable for 3 x 3 determinant. ai1 ai2 ...ai(j-1)

Finding the determinant of nth order using minors of rows
and columns.
USING MINORS OF A ROW OR A COLUMN
In finding the determinant using the minor of a row or a
column, the following equations will govern:
For determinants using the minors of first column, same
principle as the first row. For other rows and columns, same
principle is also applied. Provided that the resulting
determinants of all minors of different rows and
columns are the same.
e.g.

D=∑ (−1)i+j aij Mij for row Find the determinant using the (a) minors of first row, (b)
minors of fourth column.
D=∑ (−1)i+j aij Mij for column
-1 9 4 2 for (a)
Where:
7 6 4 1
aij – elements of row or column used as minor
L=
Mij – the sub-determinants formed after deleting
-8 0 3 5
the row and the column associated with aij.
6 -2 9 8
6
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For (b)

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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
Answer(s) Det L = [(-1)5 (2)(646)] + [(-1)6 (1)(868)]
+ [(-1)7 (5)(-613)] + [(-1)8 (8)(-303)]
(a) Minors of first row
Det L = 217 .
6 4 1

Det L = (-1)1+1 (-1) 0 3 5 USING MINORS OF TWO ROWS OR TWO COLUMNS

-2 9 8 The determinant is solved by using minors of two rows or

two columns by the following example:
7 4 1
e.g.
+ (-1)1+2 (9) -8 3 5 Considering the previous set of elements of a determinant,
find det L using (a) minors of first two rows, (b) minors of
6 9 8 first and third column.

7 6 1 Answer(s):

+ (-1)1+3 (4) -8 0 5 (a) Minors of first two rows

6 -2 8 -1 9 4 2

7 6 4 7 6 4 1
L=
+ (-1)1+4 (2) -8 0 3 -8 0 3 5

6 -2 9 6 -2 9 8

Det L = [(-1)2 (-1)(-160)] + [(-1)3 (9)(139)]

+ [(-1)4 (4)(650)] + [(-1)5 (2)(646)]
-1 9 3 5
Det L = 217 . Det L = (-1)1+1+1+2+2+1+2+2
7 6 9 8
(b) Using minors of fourth column.
-1 4 0 5
7 6 4 - (-1)1+1+1+3+2+1+2+3
7 4 -2 8
Det L = (-1)4+1 (2) -8 0 3
-1 2 0 3
6 -2 9 + (-1)1+1+1+4+2+1+2+4
7 4 -2 8
-1 9 4
9 4 -8 5
+ (-1)4+2 (1) -8 0 3 + (-1)1+2+1+3+2+2+2+3
6 4 6 8
6 -2 9
9 2 -8 3
-1 9 4 - (-1)1+2+1+4+2+2+2+4
6 1 6 9
+ (-1)4+3 (5) 7 6 4
4 2 -8 0
6 -2 9 + (-1)1+3+1+4+2+3+2+4
4 1 6 -2
-1 9 4
Det L = [-69(-21)] – [-32(10)] + [-15(6)] + [12(-94)]
+ (-1)4+4 (8) 7 6 4 - [-3(-90)] + [-4(16)]
7

-8 0 3 Det L = 217 .
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
(b) Minors of second column and fourth column. Answer(s)

-1 9 4 2 4 -6 1

7 6 4 1 D= 2 1 3
L=
-8 0 3 5 7 -2 1

6 -2 9 8 As previously solved, the determinant of D is -97.

Then, get the transpose of matrix D, we have

9 2 -8 3 4 2 7
Det L = - (-1)1+2+1+4+2+2+2+4
6 1 6 9 DT = -6 1 -2

9 2 7 4 1 3 1
+ (-1)1+2+1+4+3+2+3+4
0 5 6 9 Next, form an adjoint matrix. Adjoint matrix is a matrix
formed by the minors of elements of rows and columns.
9 2 7 4
- (-1)1+2+1+4+4+2+4+4 +[1(1) - 3(-2)] -[-6(1) - 1(-2)] +[-6(3) – 1(1)]
-2 8 -8 3
Adj DT = -[2(1) – 3(7)] +[4(1) – 1(7)] -[4(3) – 1(2)]
6 1 -1 4
- (-1)2+2+2+4+3+2+3+4 +[2(-2) – 1(7)] -[4(-2) – (-6)(7)] +[4(1)– (-6)(2)]
0 5 6 9
+7 -(-4) +(-19)
6 1 -1 4
+ (-1)2+2+2+4+4+2+4+4 Adj DT = -(-19) +(-3) -10
-2 8 -8 3
+(-11) -34 +16
0 5 -1 4
- (-1)3+2+3+4+4+2+4+4 Then, the inverse of mat D is
-2 8 7 4
D-1 = (1/det D) (Adj DT)
Det L = -[-3(-90)] + [45(90)] - [76(53)] - [30(-33)]
+ [50(29)] - [10(-32)] -7/97 -4/97 19/97

Det L = 217 . D-1 = -19/97 3/97 10/97

11/97 34/97 16/97 .

Inverse of a Matrix
Check if DD-1 results in an identity matrix, that is
-1
The inverse of matrix A, denoted as A , is defined as the
reciprocal of the matrix A. This operation is applicable only 1 0 0
for square matrices.
I= 0 1 0
The product of a matrix and its inverse is an identity, that is
AA-1 = I, where I is the identity. 0 0 1

Inverse is only true if the matrix has non-zero determinant.

If the matrix has an inverse, it is called nonsingular RANK OF A MATRIX
matrix, otherwise, singular matrix.
The rank of matrix is determined by the number of linearly
e.g. independent vectors. It can also be determined by the size
of the largest square matrix, or submatrix (a matrix
8

Find the inverse of D (same set of elements used in formed from a larger or main matrix), whose determinant is
Page

previous problem in determinants). not equal to zero.

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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
e.g. 1 3 0
Determine the rank of the matrix
A= 2 6 4
1 1 0 -2
-1 0 2
N= 2 0 2 2
Answer(s): -12.
4 1 3 1
2-2. Given the matrix, evaluate using
Answer(s):
(a) Minor of second and third column
Form the possible large square submatrices from mat N and (b) Minor of first and fourth row
solve for the determinant of each submatrix:
1 0 3 7
1 1 0
4 2 0 1
(a) 2 0 2 = 0, B=
7 7 3 0
4 1 3
5 0 6 8
1 1 -2
Answer(s): -477
(b) 2 0 2 = 0,
2-3. Find the inverse of the following matrix. Validate your
4 1 1 result by proving the identity CC-1.

1 0 -2 -1 1 2

(c) 2 2 2 = 0, C= 3 -1 1

4 3 1 -1 3 4

1 0 -2 2-4. Find the ranks of the matrices considering problem 2-1

to 2-3.
(d) 0 2 2 = 0.
References:
1 3 1 - Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 9th edition.
- Riley, K. F., et.al. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering.
2nd edition.
Since the determinants are zero, the rank is 1, for rank r ≥ 1
and rank = 0 if and only if detA = 0. However, consider
smaller square matrices, 2 x 2 matrices, considering (a):

1 1
= -2.
2 0

Hence, the rank of the matrix is 2 as denoted by the

determinant of the 2 x 2 submatrix.

EXERCISES

2-1. Given the set of entities, determine the determinant

using

(a) Standard operation

(b) Minor of second row
(c) Minor of first column
9
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS a11 b1 … a1n
LECTURE MODULE 3
Dx2 = a21 b2 … a2n
This module covers the following topic(s):
⁞ ⁞ ⁞
1. Cramer’s Rule am1 bn amn
2. Gauss Elimination

a11 a12 … b1
CRAMER’S RULE
Dxn = a21 a22 … b2
Determinants are used in solving system of linear equations.
⁞ ⁞ ⁞
Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752), a Swiss mathematician, has
am1 am2 bn
introduced such method in solving engineering problems
such as eigenvalues, vector algebra, differential equations,
To find the values of x1, x2, …, xn:
and other variables.
x1 = Dx1 / D
Cramer’s rule can be applied only for square matrix and the
determinant of unknown variables is non-zero.
x2 = Dx2 / D
CRAMER’S RULE FOR LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
xn = Dxn / D
Given equations
e.g.
Given the equations below, determine the values of
(a) a11x1 + a12x2 +…+ a1nxn = b1
unknown variables.
(b) a21x1 + a22x2 +…+ a2nxn = b2
3x + 6y - z = 33
… … …
-7x – 4y + 6z = 6
(c) am1x1 + am2x2 +…+amnxn = bn 2x – 2y + 2z = 16

Rewrite the equations into matrix form wherein the variables Answer(s):
of x1, x2, …, xn are elements and, b1, b2, …, bn are separate
column vectors. 3 6 -1 33

a11 a12 … a1n b1 -7 -4 6 6 D = 146

a21 a22 … a2n b2 2 -2 2 16

⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
for x:
am1 am2 amn bn
33 6 -1
Solve for the determinant D of all elements of unknown
variables. 6 -4 6 Dx = 584

To find the value of x1, replace the vector column of x1 by 16 -2 2

the vector of known values and solve for the determinant.
Same procedure for x2, …, xn. for y:

b1 a12 … a1n 3 33 -1

Dx1 = b2 a22 … a2n -7 6 6 Dy = 730

⁞ ⁞ ⁞ 2 16 2
bn am2 amn
10
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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
for z: Then solve for the unknowns. The last matrix denotes:

3 6 33 (73/15) z = 219/5
z = 9.
-7 -4 6 Dz = 1314
Substitute the value of z to any equation in matrix (a) to get
2 -2 16
y = 5.

then, And finally, substitute y and z to the equations to get

x = Dx / D = 584 / 146 = 4 x = 4. .

y = Dy / D = 730 / 146 = 5
EXERCISES
z = Dz / D = 1314 / 146 = 9. .
Determine the unknown values for the given sets of
equations. Use (a) Cramer’s Rule and (b) Gauss Elimination.
GAUSS ELIMINATION
3-1. Given the equations obtained from equilibrium of
Another method of solving linear equations is the Gauss forces:
Elimination in which the all but one variable are set to zero
by applying back-substitution. Σ FX = 0; FB – 0.50 FC – 0.333 FD = 0
Σ FY = 0; – 0.71 FC + 0.667 FD = 0
e.g. Σ FZ = 0; -981 + 0.50 FC + 0.6 FD = 0
Using the example for Cramer’s Rule, determine the values
of x, y, and z by Gauss Elimination. 3-2. Solve the following:

3x + 6y - z = 33 10B + 4C – 2D = -4
-7x – 4y + 6z = 6 -3A + 17B + C + 2D = 2
2x – 2y + 2z = 16 A+ B + C =6
8A – 34B + 16C – 10Z = 4
Answer(s):

3 6 1 33 (-7/3) (2/3)
References:
-7 -4 6 6 - Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 9th edition.
- Riley, K. F., et.al. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering.
2nd edition.
2 -2 2 16

Set all of the first column elements of second row and third
row to zero. Divide -7 to 3 to get the multiplier (-7/3), then
multiply the quotient to 3 and subtract -7 eliminate -7. Then,
multiply -7/3 to 6 and subtract -4. Do this procedure to
other elements including vector columns of known variables.
Same procedure is also applied for third row. The resulting
matrix will be:

Matrix (a)

0 -10 -11/3 -83 (-3/5)

0 6 -8/3 6

Next, set all elements of second column to zero. Ignore the

first row. The resulting matrix will be:
11

Matrix (b)
Page

0 73/15 219/5

ENGR 410 – Advanced Engineering Mathematics ®© 2010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept
 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
LECTURE MODULE 4

This module covers the following topic(s):

1. Power Series

POWER SERIES

The power series is the method used in finding solutions

to linear differential equations that contains variable
coefficients. Power series is in the form:

( − ) = + ( − ) + ( − ) +⋯

where a0, a1, a2, … are constants or the coefficients. x0 is the

center of the series and it is considered as constant. x is the
variable. However, power series does not include series of
negative powers such as a1x-1 + a2x-2 + … or with fractional
powers. For x0 = 0, the series will be a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …

The Maclaurin series

(a) 1/(1-x) =∑ = 1 + + +⋯

(b) ex =∑ ( / !) = 1 + + ( /2!) + ⋯

∑ [( )
(c) cos x = ( )!
= 1 − + + +⋯
! !

∑ [( )
(d) sin x =
( )!
= − + +⋯
! !

For a given differential equation:

y” + p(x)y’ + q(x)y = 0

represent the functions p(x) and q(y) in terms of power

series in powers of x (that is x0 = 0).

p(x)

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ENGR 410 – Advanced Engineering Mathematics ®© 2010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University erpj/esdept