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RT-General Quiz PDF
RT-General Quiz PDF
(GENERAL)
A. Sensitivity.
B. Latitude.
C. Accuracy.
D. Intensity.
E. Density.
4. Isotopes of the same elements have different number of _______ in the nucleus.
A. Neutrons.
B. Protons
C. Electrons
D. Alpha particles
6. Which of the following will not affect the definition of the radiograph?
A. Scattering
B. Geometry
C. Focal spot size
D. Film graininess
E. All of the above will defect radiographic definition.
A. Whenever possible.
B. To improve the definition of the radiograph
C. To prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film.
D. Medical radiography.
8. Maximum film density to which the radiograph should be exposed is dependent upon
the:
A. X-rays
B. Gamma rays.
C. Neutrons
D. All of the above
10. What proportion of the light of the viewing screen is transmitted through a radiograph
of density 2?
A. 50%
B. 20%
C. 10%
D. 1%
E. 0.1%
A. Exposure to air.
B. Film grain size
C. Density of the film
D. Number of films processed.
A. Electrons
B. Light photons
C. Electronic charge
D. All of above
15. Transport index for package containing radio-active material is decided by dose rate
at:
16. Double wall double wall image technique is used for the radiography of:
18. Total natural and man made back ground radiation exposure is estimated to be:
A. 2 mrem/yr.
B. 20mrem/yr.
C. 200 mrem/yr.
D. 1000 mrem/yr.
E. More than 1000 mrem/yr.
19. Primary disadvantage of fountain pen type of ionization chamber to measure the
amount of radiation received by personnel is the:
20. A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may be
used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation, which undercuts the specimen.
Such a device is called:
A. Mask.
B. Filter.
C. Back scatter absorber.
D. Lead foil screen.
E. Collimator.
A. Ionization chamber.
B. G.M.tubes
C. Proportional counter chamber.
D. All of the above.
E. A and C only.
22. A hundred curie cobalt – 60 source is to be placed at the center of iron sphere having
2m outside diameter. What should be the minimum thickness of the sphere, if does
rate on the surface is not to exceed 10 mr/hr.?
A. 36 mm
B. 154 mm
C. 302 mm
D. 170 mm
A. Hydrogen embattlement.
B. Water entrapment
C. Nuclear fuel.
D. All of the above.
24. A 6 mm thick steel plate is exposed by double marker method. SFD = 250 mm and
distance of film from plate = 10mm. The difference in shift of source side and flaw =
5 mm and difference in shift of source side and film side marker = 20mm. The
location of flaw from film side surface:
A. 1.5 mm
B. 4.5 mm
C. 3.0 mm
D. 2.0 mm
A. Electromagnet.
B. Belt of insulating material, traveling at high speed.
C. Wave guide
D. Pulse generator
E. Villard circuit
29. For 2.56 curie Iridium-192 source, what is the minimum cordoned off distance for the
safe level of 0.2 mr/hr?
A. 8 meters.
B. 16 meters.
C. 80 meters.
D. 160 meters.
30. 30. In the question 29, what is the minimum cordoned off distance, if lead sheet of
10.0 mm thickness covering full beam, is placed at 2 meters distance?
A. 8 meters.
B. 20 meters.
C. 40 meters.
D. 180 meters.
31. In the same condition as Q 30 (i.e. 10mm of lead sheet at 2 meters distance), what
will be the effect on cordoned off distance, if the Iridium-192 source is replaced by
Cobalt source of the same strength?
A. It should be more.
B. It should be same.
C. It should be less
D. Cannot calculate unless source dimensions are also known.
32. At 2 ft distance from a radiation source, the radiation intensity density is 300 R/hr.
what is the intensity at 8 ft from the source?
A. 12 R/hr.
B. 120 R/hr
C. 18.75 R/hr.
D. 28.5 R/hr.
E. 75 R/hr.
33. The film density of radiograph taken with an exposure time of 1 min 30 sec at 10 mA
resulted in a density of 1.6. What exposure time at 5 mA is required to be given to
result in a radiographic density of 2.5 in identical development conditions?
(INDUSTREX AA Film is used)
A. 3 minutes.
B. 5 minutes 20 seconds.
C. 8 minutes 16 seconds.
D. 100 minutes.
E. 9 minutes.
34. It is desired to radiograph a 0.5” thick copper plate using 220 KV X-ray. The
exposure required for this will be equivalent to that required for …….. thick steel
specimen?
A. 17.8 mm.
B. 0.35 inch.
C. 1.4 inch.
D. 22 mm
35. The effective focal spot of an X-ray unit is 0.1 inch in diameter. The thickness of the
object is 1.0 inch. If the geometric unsharpness is 0.15 mm. What is the object to
focus distance?
A. 38 cms.
B. 37.5 inches.
C. 16.9 inches.
D. 55 cms.
36. For a given exposure, a 2-4T sensitivity was achieved. What is the equivalent
penetrameter sensitivity in % ?
A. 1.5%
B. 2%
C. 2.8%
D. 3.2%
37. ASME penetrameters for materials other than steel are identified by the notches on
their sides. For material group magnesium, the penetrameter may be made of all
magnesium or magnesium will be predominant constitute. It will have:
38. The tenth value thickness for steel for source B is:
A. 2 inches.
B. 1 inch.
C. 4 inches.
D. 3 inches.
39. The half value layer for lead with source B is:
A. 1.4 inches.
B. 0.4 inches.
C. 1.8 inches.
D. 0.6 inches.
40. The half value layer for lead with source A is:
A. 0.075 inches.
B. 0.75 inches.
C. 1.36 inches.
D. Cannot be determined from the data given in the data-sheet.
41. The source having highest effect on the holographic film (i.e. requiring minimum
exposure time) is:
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. D.
E. E.
42. The source having maximum change in exposure for small change in section
thickness is:
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. D.
E. E.
43. The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden declaration of high
velocity electrons in a solid body called a:
A. Focusing cup.
B. Filament.
C. Target
D. Cathode.
E. Anode.
44. The minimum wavelength in angstrom unit of an X-ray unit of a particular KV rating
is given by:
A. 12.375 / KV.
B. Frequency x velocity
C. KV/D.
D. None of the above.
A. 3.7 X 1010
B. 2000000
C. 7.4 X 1011
D. 300000
46. The temperature of the developing bath is normally limited to a maximum of
……..…and minimum of 20 deg.C.
A. 22 deg. C.
B. 30 deg. C.
C. 25 deg. C.
D. 25 deg. C.
E. 50 deg. C.
47. X-ray machines A, B, C and D have focal spot size 1x1 mm, 0.51X1 mm 1X2mm.,
respectively. Which of these will give a radiograph with best definition?
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. D.
48. Fluorescent screens have an advantage over ordinary lead foil screens in that:
A. Milli REM.
B. Curies.
C. Roentgen per hour.
D. Becquerels.
50. The activity of radioactive isotopes in S.I. units is given in the units of :
A. Becquerels
B. Coulombs.
C. Grays.
D. Sieverts.
51. During manual development, if the film is not agitated which in the developer, it will
lead to the film having:
A. Streaks.
B. Discoloration.
C. Scratches.
D. Fog.
52. 2-2T sensitivity achieved on a penetrameter means that:
A. The thickness of the penetrameter T = 2% of the job thickness and the diameter of
the smallest hole visible on the radiograph = 2XT.
B. The thickness of the penetrant T = 2% of the job thickness and the diameter of
smallest hole visible on the radiograph is 2% of T.
C. The sensitivity is same as 2% obtained by the wire type penetrameter.
D. The thickness of the penetrameter T – 20% of the job thickness and the diameter
of the smallest hole visible on the radiograph is 2% of T.
A. Thermal neutrons.
B. Electrons
C. Positrons
D. Electrical discharges
54. A tenth value thickness for a specific radiation source of gamma rays is one inch of
lead and the radiation intensity of 500 R/hr at 24 inches from the source. How many
inches of lead are required to reduce the intensity to .25 mr/hr at 4 feet distance from
the source?
A. About 4 inches.
B. About 10 inches
C. About 2 inches
D. About 5 inches
55. Which one of following is not a specific condition which applies to a given exposure
chart?
58. Fluoroscopic screens of zinc cadmium sulfide find occasional use in industrial
applications. These screens normally are not subject to wear or deterioration from
exposure to long term X-ray. Which one of the following will severely degrade this
type of screen?
A. Whole body
B. Feet and ankles
C. Skin of whole body
D. Cannot say unless type of source is also known
60. Which of the following radiation doses will have no detectable clinical effects?
A. 100 rems.
B. 200 rems.
C. 400 rems
D. All of the above will have detectable clinical effect.
E. None of the above will have detectable clinical effect.
Maximum Allowable Radiation Exposure
per Calendar Quarter (in REM)
TABLE
PROCEDURE WRITING
Based on the attached R.T. Procedure-RS2, write a detailed instruction sheet for
radiography of circumferential butt welds in process piping for following sizes:
(a) Circumferential butt joints in piles, process piping, jacket legs and other
tubular.
(b) Longitudinal butt welds in case of piles and legs and wherever required.
(c) Plate to plate butt welds
(d) Web to web butts in case of splices in beams.
1.6 TECHNIQUE
1.6.1 a) Panoramic
In a full panoramic exposure atleast 3 penetrameters shall be used. Spaced at roughly 1/3
of the circumference apart.
In case the panoramic exposure does not cover the entire weld then atleast one
penetrameter shall be used for each quadrant of the weld being radiographed.
Penetrameter shall be placed on the side nearest to the source (wherever possible).
The length of film exposed in any single exposure thus depends upon source to
film distance (SFD) and the standard film length/cassettes available.
The basic idea is that the distance traversed by the penetrating radiation through
the medium being subjected to radiography at the edge of the segment should
not be greater than 1.1 times that at the centre of the segment.
Two penetrameters shall be used one at each end of the exposed length of the
film placed on the side nearest to the source of the radiation. Normal SFD for 25
mm. Thick plate and 300 mm length is 350 mm.
1.6.2.1 b) DOUBLE WALL EXPOSURE- SINGLE IMAGE VIEWING
This technique may be followed for tubulars with outside diameter greater than
2-1/2” (65mm). The radiographic examination shall be done by viewing single
image only. The source shall be located touching the outer side of weld on the
side opposite to the location of the film. By this method only one image is
obtained on the film. The number of exposures required may be as per the chart
A:
CHART-A
NO OF EXPOUSURES FOR DIFFERENT SIZES
All piping with wall thickness less than or equal to schedule 80 may be
radiographed in 3 segments.
In any case there shall be atleast one penetrameter kept at each end of any
individual exposure.
In case of 2” I.D. lines, only one penetrameter may be allowed (if DIN type is
used) because of the fact that the area covered by film is very small.
For structural joints radiographs may be taken by dividing the joint into three
equal segments, each to be radiographed with separate exposure.
Piping with nominal inside dia. <3” may be radiographed by this technique.
Inthis technique, the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both
walls in viewed for acceptance in a single exposure.
The radiation beam shall be offset from the plance of weld at an angle sufficient
to separate the images of the source side and film side portion of the weld, so
that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. This is shown in fig.no.1
X = offset. D = source to film distance.
The penetrameter, ‘X’ and ‘d’ should be adjusted so that there is no image
overlap and the full image comes well within the area of the film kept for
exposure.
For such radiography the full radiographic inspection may be done by two
exposure taken 90 deg. apart.
This technique may be used as an alternative to 1.6.2.2. In this case the beam is
in the same plane as the weld. (i.e. X = 0).
The shadow of the source side weld overlaps that of the film side. When such a
technique is used atleast three exposures shall be made at 60 deg. to each other
to cover the full weld joint.
2) GENERAL
2.1 PENETRAMETER
DIN penetrameter should be placed with wires covering the welds and
ASME/ASTM penetrameter should be kept on the parent plate parallel to the
weld edge.
In case the weld width is more than the length of the wire and if while placing
the penetrameter numbers cover a portion of weld the upper portion of the
penetrameter viz. DIN 62 FE’ may be removed from the penetrameter to avoid
interference. However they may not be done for the lower identification number
which indicate the size range (e.g. 6 ISO 12, 10 ISO 16, etc.).
For single wall exposures, the penetrameter shall be placed on the source side
wherever accessible.
For double wall double image technique a source side penetrameter is to beused.
When the film density of the two adjacent regions varies more than –15% or
+30% from the side on which the penetrameter is kept and additional
penetrameter shall be used in the other region. Thus, sensitivity in both the
region will be obtained.
Wherever ASME penetrameter will be used table T-262.2 and T-272 in ASME
Sec. – V will be used as a guideline for the selection.
Whenever DIN penetrameters are to be used the following shall be applied for
the thickness range being inspected.
For the lowest range a default in terms of the sensitivity (for gama radiography)
may be waived at the discretion of inspector, in case the weld image appears
clear enough. This waiver clause is added after considering the fact that due to
the limited radiation spectrum of the radioactive isotope the sensitivity obtained
is inherently lower than that obtainable by wide range X-ray spectrum.
These may appear as radiographic images on the screen in which case lead
numbers and/or letters may be placed between the film cassettes and the work
piece. If for some reason this is not done then the number may be inscribed on
to the film by using sharp edge/point.
In any case the information desired shall not obscure the area of interest
which may include the entire weld and atleast 1 cms. On either edge of the weld.
Location markers shall be used on the specimen for demonstrating that the
whole area requiring inspection has been covered. The image of these location
markers for the co-ordination of the part with the film shall appear on the film
without interfering with the interpretation with such an arrangement that it is
evident that complete coverage is obtained. These marker positions shall be
marked on the parts and the position of the markers shall be maintained on the
part during the radiography.
Atleast two location marker shall be visible on each radiograph to identify the
area or part being examined. For consecutive radiograph, one marker must be
common to adjacent radiograph so that it is evident that the requisite coverage
has been given.
The transmitted film density at the area of interest shall be 1.8min. for
single film viewing for radiograph taken by X-ray source and 2.0 min for radiographs
taken with gama ray source. The max. density should be 3.0 (This is subjected to the
capacity of the illuminator which is being used. However the maximum density to be
viewed shall not exceed 4.0).
In (1) the density of the area of interest is matched t0 compared with that of
a density strip (provided by established film manufacturers) which
shows the films of different densities.
In (2) the densitometer is first set to zero at the illuminator intensity at the
viewing point. The density reading is read off by keeping its photo
cell linked sensor behind the film which is kept on the illuminator.
Once the densitometer’s original reading is set the intensity of light in the
illuminator must not be changed.
The geometrical unsharpness shall not exceed 0.5 mm for material thickness
upto 2”.
Weld surface irregularities shall be removed to such an extent that the resulting
radiographic image due to such irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
the image of any discontinuity.
All radiographs shall be free from fogging (in the area of interest).
2.8 Processing defects, water marks, scratches, finger prints etc. shall be
controlled to a minimum and only such film defects which are readily
visible on the surface of film may be condoned.
2.9 SCREENS
The screens shall be free from wrinkles, dirt, grease and scratches.
The film is observed under a safe light, which will not photographically affect
the film while developing is in progress. After visually verifying that the film is
adequate developed (which essentially requires some experience in the field)
which should take normally between 3-1/2 and 5-1/2 minutes at a temperature
between 23 and 25 deg. C. The film is transferred to stop bath to halt the
developing action and later to the fixer so that the image is fixed.
After holding for about 5 minutes it may be kept in a running water bath for
about 5-10 minutes then kept in a wetting agent pan to ensure that the water will
not stick to it while drying. Film drying cabinet may be used in urgent cases.
Use of the film drying cabinet may be done in urgent cases. This may be
resorted to only if parameters do not change in large volume of work.
(TESTING OF WELDS)
1. A butt weld has thickness=25mm. DIN IQI’s are used for the radiograph. The
diameter of the thinnest wire seen as an image on the radiograph is 1.0 mm. The
radiograph is:
A. Acceptable
B. Not acceptable.
C. To be taken up with Agfa D4 film only
D. Meant to be radiographed only by gama rays.
2. A butt weld has thickness = 6 mm. It is radiographed with a DIN IQI. The
radiograph shows the wire of 0.15mm diameter clearly visible. Your interpretation of
this case is:
3. This film density as measured through the penetrameter on a radiograph is 2.5. There
are two different thicknesses of test plate involved. On the thicker side density is 2.0
and on thinner side it is 2.20. Which of the following statements is applicable?
5. For a pipe of 2” O.D., radiographs are taken by the Double wall technique with non-
overlapping images. The minimum number of exposures required as per the
procedure to cover the entire weld is:
7. A pipe having O.D. = 20 inches and one inch thickness has girth weld which is
required to be 100% radiographed. The panoramic technique is employed. The weld
is covered by three panoramic technique is employed. The weld is covered by three
films of size = 4” X 19”. 2% sensitivity is achieved and there is one penetrameter on
each radiograph. The radiographs do not have any rejectable indication and density
between 2.0 & 2.8. Which of the following statement is applicable:
A. 14”
B. 12”
C. 20”
D. 24”
9. A Radiograph is taken of a 1” thick pipe weld. Pipe O.D. is 12” and technique is
panoramic. Sensitivity and density requirements are achieved with DIN IQI. The
gama ray source was 2X2 mm. There was no rejectable indication evident on
radiograph. The surveyor did not accept the radiograph and asked for re-shot. What
is your opinion?
10. A pipe of 48” O.D. & thick was radiographed for girth weld by panoramic exposure
covered in 16 equal segments identified as 0-1, 0-2,…15-0. Segments 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,
7-8,9-10 & 10-11 had repair marked, attended and reshot taken with panoramic
exposure and IQI in 4-5&9-10 only. Resulting radiograph has acceptable density,
sensitivity and weld quality. Inspector did not accept radiograph. In your opinion:
12. On a radiograph, white circular indications were observed on the area adjacent to the
weld. This could be due to:
A. Dirty developer.
B. Weld spatter.
C. Pitted plate.
D. Porosity in the weld.
13. In radiography of long pipe line radiographed using double wall single image
technique, penetrameters are placed on:
A. Source side.
B. Film side.
C. Either side.
D. On source side unless geometric unsharpness exceeds the permitted value,
then it can be placed on the film side.
17. While radiographing a butt weld in a rolled plate, which defect is not likely to be
detected?
18. A radiograph of a six mm. Thick stainless steel plate welded using high input GTAW
welding shows a few faint white and dark lines adjacent to each other. Re-
radiographs with increased KV did not show these lines. The indications were
probably due to:
A. Non-relevant indications
B. Valleys between weld passes.
C. Mottling.
D. Non-metallic inclusions
19. A weld radiograph shows globules. The joint preparation for this weld is most
probably:
20. Which of the figure given below is an illustration of the double wall single image.
(DWSI) technique?
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. None of the above figures drawn below illustrates DWSI technique.
Source
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL – III
(TESTING OF CASTING/FORGINGS)
A. 0.005 inch.
B. 0.010 inch.
C. 0.020 inch.
D. 0.040 inch.
E. Not indicated.
2. A 1.0 inch thick aluminum casting is to be radiographed. How much KV will you
use?
A. 140 KV
B. 200 KV
C. 300 KV
D. Any of the above can be used.
3. Location markers shall be placed on film side when radiographing spherical castings:
4. A 4.25 inch thick casting, which is to be later finishing machined to 3.75 inch is to
radiographed. The penetrameter selection should be based on thickness of:
A. 4.25 inch.
B. 4.00 inch.
C. 3.75 inch.
D. 3.6 inch.
5. Which radiographs will you refer for acceptance of radiographic defects in valve
body castings having thickness of 50 mm?
A. ASTM-E-446
B. ASTM-E-186
C. ASTM-E-280
D. Any of the above depending on severity level.
7. A severity level 2 casting showed shrinkage of level Cb-3 and no other defects. This
casting:
A. Is acceptable.
B. Is to be rejectable.
C. Is to be accepted provided the defect is in the mid zone.
D. It is accepted provided ASTM-E-186 reference radiograph is used for
compression.
8. A 125mm thick severity level 1 casting showed non-metallic inclusions of level B–1.
This casating:
A. Is acceptable.
B. Is to be rejected.
C. Is to be accepted provided the defect is in the mid zone.
D. Is acceptable if agreed between the client and manufacturer.
9. A severity level 2 casting showed shrinkage of level Ca-3 and non metallic inclusion
of level B-2. This casting:
A. Is acceptable
B. Is to be rejected.
C. Is acceptable provided thickness is more than 115mm
D. Is acceptable provided defects are in the mid zone
E. Both C and D.
10. Which of the following defect is not acceptable under any circumstances for severity
level-3 casting?
A. Cracks.
B. Chaplets.
C. Iron chills.
D. Both B and C.
A. Cracks.
B. Hot tears.
C. Shrinkage.
D. Mottling.
13. Which of the following discontinuities normally occur where a thin section joins a
thick section?
A. Shrinkage.
B. Hot tears.
C. Gas porosity.
D. Rat tails.
14. Radiograph shows indications which are dark, round spots with smooth borders.
Interpretation is:
A. Slag inclusion.
B. Porosity.
C. Shrinkage cavities.
D. Rat tails.
15. Radiograph shows indications which are dark irregular shaped spots with undefined
boundaries. This indicates:
A. Surface irregularities.
B. Hot tears.
C. Shrinkage.
D. Sand inclusions.
16. Radiograph shows indications which are appearing as dark spots of irregular shape
with defined smooth boundaries. This indicates:
A. Slag inclusion.
B. Porosity.
C. Infused chaplets.
D. Cracks.
17. Radiograph shows indications which are clearly defined intermittent or continuous
smooth dark lines. This indicates:
A. Hot lines.
B. Shrinkage.
C. Cracks.
D. Any of the above.
20. A radiograph of steel casting shows an indication. It is not clear whether the
indication is hot tear or shrinkage. Hot tear is not permitted. What is your reaction?