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132211008-INDUSTRIALSAFETY-ppt UNIT 1 RELATED PDF
132211008-INDUSTRIALSAFETY-ppt UNIT 1 RELATED PDF
Department of Pharmaceutics
KLE University College of Pharmacy
BELGAUM-590010, Karnataka, India
Cell No: 00919742431000
E-mail : nanjwadebk@gmail.com
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 1
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Types of hazards
• Recommendations and Suggestions
• Industrial effluent testing and treatment
• Discussion on industrial accident case
studies
• Questions
• References
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 2
INTRODUCTION
Industrial hazards:
Pollution Chemical
HAZARDS
Electrical Biological
Mechanical
Preventive Measures
Physical
Hazards
Noise
Auditory
Non auditory effects
Preventive measures
a. At source:
• Source of noise can be enclosed with an insulation
material or concrete wall.
• Proper maintenance of machinery
b. By distance
c. Personal protection against noise.
Physical
hazards
Radiation Noise
Radiation
Preventive measures
• Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing areas.
• Oxygen present in the inflammable atmosphere may
be ↓by dilution with gases such as nitrogen, co2,steam
or combination of these.
• Hazardous operation should be isolated
• Eliminating the ignition sources
• Using fire resistant material in construction
• Suitable emergency exits
• Adequate venting
Ingestion
Preventive Building
measures planning
Preventive
measures
Safe
material
handling
Preventive measures
Proper maintenance of wiring & equipment
High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed
Good house keeping
Water should not be used for dousing electric fire
Worker should avoid working in electric circuits or
equipment in wet clothing or shoes.
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 30
Pollution hazards
• Types
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Thermal pollution
d. Sound pollution
Air pollution
• Sources
Automobiles
Industries
Domestic
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 31
Preventive measures
i. Those suitable for removing particulate matter
a. Ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
Plenum ventilation
b. Air purifying equipment
ii. Those associated with removing gaseous pollutants
Water pollution
1. Types of water pollutants
Physical
Chemical
Physiological
Biological
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 32
Preventive measures
2. Problems of water pollution
3. Preventive measure
a. Control of water pollution
i. Physical treatment
Storage
Filtration
ii. Chemical treatment
iii. Biological treatment
b. Treatment of industrial waste
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 33
Preventive measures
c. Thermal pollution
• Effects
Damage to aquatic environment
Reduction in assimilative capacity of organic waste
An awareness program
Mercury
-treated with nitric acid and potassium -Coagulation
dichromate soln- treared with tin chloride
-chelation with
Vapour determined by spectrophotometry trimercaptotriazine
• 10 mg/litre or less
• Excess makes water toxic
MEASUREMENT
(V1-V2) x N x 8 x100
• COD(mg/l) =
Where, X
V1 = Volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
consumed in blank
V2 = Volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
consumed for test solution
X= Volume of sample taken
N= Normality of ferrous
24 August 2012 KLE College ofammonium
Pharmacy, Nipani sulphate solution 58
Limit for Discharge into Systems
• It is used
To prevent any damage to equipment
To avoid settling in pipe bends
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 62
Primary Treatment of Waste Water
Chemical Reaction
• Involves agglomeration of tiny particles into large
particles
Flocculation
-by mechanical stirring and by chemical flocculants
Precipitation
-Large amount of suspended solid formed
Coagulation
-Formation of large and quick settling flocs by
a) Reduction of charges and repulsive force
b) Adsorption on long chain molecular structure
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 63
Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
• It is a biological process
• C, H, and O sources are available
• Nitrogen should be 5% of the BOD
• Phosphorus should be 20% of mass of nitrogen
• Environmental conditions are provided
Advantages
• Continuous waste treatment is favored
• Low cost system
Disadvantages
• Prior prediction of biological degradability is not possible
• Solubility limits biodegradability
24 August 2012 KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani 64
Secondary Treatment of Waste Water
Activated Sludge Process
• Microbial Floc is suspended in tank
• Air is continuously supplied
• Biological degradation of waste into CO2 and H2O
• Bacterial flora grows and remains suspended in the form
of floc called as “activated sludge”
• 20% of sludge is recycled
• 6 to 24 hours aeration is required
• Disadvantage
-Maintenance cost is high
-Growth of anaerobic bacteria fungi etc
Disadvantage
• Cost for ventilation duct for air supply is high
• Efficiency decreases in the winter
• www.geocities.com
• www.britannica.com
• http://nptel:iipm.ac.in
• www.waste_management_world.com
• www.osha.gov