Manual of AES

ADVANCE ENGINEERING SURVEY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
JOB#1 TO STUDY DIGITAL THEODOLITE AND ITS PARTS .......................................... 1
1. OBJECTIVE: ....................................................................................................................... 1
2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 1
2.1. Theodolite: .................................................................................................................... 1
2.2. Levelling And Centering Of Theodolite:...................................................................... 1
3. parts and funtions of theodolite: ................................................................................... 1
3.1. Telescope: ..................................................................................................................... 1
3.2. Tribrach: ....................................................................................................................... 1
3.3. Plate bubble: ................................................................................................................. 1
3.4. Circular Bubble: ........................................................................................................... 1
3.5. Handle with Screw: ...................................................................................................... 2
3.6. Focusing knob: ............................................................................................................. 2
3.7. Horizontal clamp .......................................................................................................... 2
3.8. Vertical Clamp:............................................................................................................. 2
3.9. LCD: ............................................................................................................................. 2
3.10. Keyboard: .................................................................................................................. 2
4. procedure: ............................................................................................................................ 2
5. comments: ............................................................................................................................ 2
JOB #2TO DETERMINE THE HEIGHT OF INACCESSIBLE POINT ............................... 3
1. objective: .............................................................................................................................. 3
2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Inaccessible point: ........................................................................................................ 3
3. methods: ............................................................................................................................... 3
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4. apparatus: ............................................................................................................................. 3
5. procedure: ............................................................................................................................ 3
6. procedure: ............................................................................................................................ 4
6.1. calculations and observations: .......................................................................................... 5
7. comments: ............................................................................................................................ 6
JOB #3STUDY OF HAND GPS ................................................................................................... 7
1. objective: .............................................................................................................................. 7
2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Hand GPS: .................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Advantages Of Hand GPS: ........................................................................................... 7
2.3. Disadvantages of GPS: ................................................................................................. 8
2.4. How Does GPS Work? ................................................................................................. 8
2.5. Working Of GPS For Finding Our Location: ............................................................... 8
3. comments: ............................................................................................................................ 9
JOB #4BASELINE MEASUREMENT USING JADERIN’S METHOD .............................. 10
1. OBJECTIVE: ..................................................................................................................... 10
2. REATED THEORY: ......................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Baseline Survey: ......................................................................................................... 10
2.2. Jaderin’s Method: ....................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Corrections: ................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.1. Temperature Correction: ......................................................................................... 11
2.3.2. Sag Correction: ....................................................................................................... 11
2.3.3. Pull / Tension Correction : ...................................................................................... 11
2.3.4. Slope Correction ..................................................................................................... 12
2.3.5. Mean sea Level Correction: .................................................................................... 12
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3. apparatus: ........................................................................................................................... 13
4. PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 13
5. observation and calculations: ............................................................................................. 15
6. comments: .......................................................................................................................... 15
JOB #5 TO FIND THE AREA OF TRAVERSE BY TRIANGULATION METHOD ........ 16
1. objective: ............................................................................................................................ 16
2. related theory: .................................................................................................................... 16
2.1. Triangulation Method: ................................................................................................ 16
2.2. Traversing: .................................................................................................................. 16
2.3. Types Of Traversing: .................................................................................................. 16
 Close Traversing: ........................................................................................................... 16
 Open Traversing: ............................................................................................................ 16
2.4. Latitude And Departure: ............................................................................................. 17
2.5. Correction for Latitude And Departure: ..................................................................... 18
2.5.1. Bowditch’s rule: ...................................................................................................... 18
2.6. Consecutive co-ordinates:........................................................................................... 18
2.7. Forebearing And Backbearing: ................................................................................... 18
2.8. Conversion Of WCD to RB: ....................................................................................... 19
2.9. Computing Latitude And Departure: .......................................................................... 19
2.10. Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates: ................................................................... 19
2.11. Check For Closed Traverse:.................................................................................... 19
2.12. Check For Angular Measurement: .......................................................................... 20
3. apparatus: ........................................................................................................................... 20
4. procedure: .......................................................................................................................... 21
5. observations and calculations: ........................................................................................... 22
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6. comments: .......................................................................................................................... 25
JOB #6 TO STUDY THE TOTAL STATION BY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ..... 26
1. objective: ............................................................................................................................ 26
2. Related theory: ................................................................................................................... 26
2.1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................... 26
2.2. Total station ................................................................................................................ 27
2.3. Temporary Adjustments of Total station: ................................................................... 27
2.3.1. Centering the Total station over the station ............................................................ 27
2.3.2. Levelling the Total station ...................................................................................... 27
2.3.3. Elimination of parallax ........................................................................................... 27
2.4. Applications of Total Station:..................................................................................... 28
2.5. Advantages of Total Station Surveying: ..................................................................... 28
2.6. Disadvantages of Total Station Surveying: ................................................................ 28
3. Comments: ......................................................................................................................... 29
JOB#8 TO LAYOUT THE SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY DEFLECTION ANGLE

METHOD OR RANKINE’S METHOD................................................................................... 30
1. objective ............................................................................................................................. 30
2. APPARATUS: ................................................................................................................... 30
3. RELATED THEORY: ....................................................................................................... 30
3.1. Circular Curve: ........................................................................................................... 30
3.2. Components of Circular curve:................................................................................... 30
Intersection Point: ................................................................................................................. 31
Apex angle (ϕ) / Angle of Intersection: ................................................................................ 31
Tangent Points: ..................................................................................................................... 31
Tangent Length: .................................................................................................................... 31
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Length of chord / Long Chord: ............................................................................................. 31
Radius of Curve: ................................................................................................................... 31
Length of Curve: ................................................................................................................... 31
Apex Distance ....................................................................................................................... 31
Rise: ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Formulae Related to Simple Circular Curve:........................................................................ 32
3.3. DESIGNATION OF CURVE .................................................................................... 32
3.4. Degree of Curve: ........................................................................................................ 32
3.5. Through Chainage: ..................................................................................................... 32
3.6. Setting out of curves: .................................................................................................. 33
3.7. METHODS OF LAYOUT OF CURVES: ................................................................. 33
3.7.1. Method by using only linear measurement: ............................................................ 33
3.7.2. By using both linear and angular measurement: ......................................................... 33
3.8. Rankine’s Method: ..................................................................................................... 33
4. PROCEDURE:................................................................................................................... 34
5. CURVE DESIGN DATA FOR SIMPLE CURVE:........................................................... 34
6. Comment ............................................................................................................................ 35
JOB #9 TO LAYOUT THE COMPOUND CURVE BY DEFLECTION ANGLE METHOD

OR RANKINE’S METHOD 36
1. objective ............................................................................................................................. 36
2. APPARATUS: ................................................................................................................... 36
3. RELATED THEORY: ....................................................................................................... 36
3.1. Compound Curve:....................................................................................................... 36
3.2. Components of Compound Curve: ............................................................................. 37
3.3. NOTATIONS: ............................................................................................................ 37
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4. PROCEDURE:................................................................................................................... 38
5. FORMULAS RELATED TO COMPOUND CURVE: ..................................................... 38
6. CURVE DESIGN DATA:( FOR SHORT CURVE) ......................................................... 39
6.1. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR SHORT COMPOUND CURVE ....... 40
7. FOR LONG CURVE ......................................................................................................... 40
7.1. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR long COMPOUND CURVE ............. 41
8. comments: .......................................................................................................................... 41
JOB #10 TO LAYOUT THE REVERSE CURVE BY DEFLECTION ANGLE METHOD

OR RANKINE’S METHOD ...................................................................................................... 42
1. objective ............................................................................................................................. 42
2. Apparatus: .......................................................................................................................... 42
3. Related Theory: .................................................................................................................. 42
3.1. Reverse Curve: ........................................................................................................... 42
3.2. Components of Reverse Curve: .................................................................................. 43
3.3. Notation: ..................................................................................................................... 43
3.4. Formulae Related to Reverse Curve: .......................................................................... 43
4. Procedure: .......................................................................................................................... 44
5. Curve Design Data ............................................................................................................. 44
5.1. Deflection angle for 1st Curve: ....................................................................................... 45
5.2. Deflection angle for 2nd Curve: ..................................................................................... 45
6. COMMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 46
JOB # 11 TO LAYOUT THE VERTICAL CURVE BY USING TANGENT

CORRECTION METHOD 47
1. objective ............................................................................................................................. 47
2. Apparatus: .......................................................................................................................... 47
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3. REALATED THEORY: .................................................................................................... 48
3.1. Gradient ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.2. Rate of change of Grade: ............................................................................................ 48
3.3. Length of vertical curve .............................................................................................. 48
3.4. Types of Vertical Curve ............................................................................................. 48
3.5. Setting of vertical curve .............................................................................................. 49
3.6. Tangent of correction method..................................................................................... 49
3.7. IMPORTANT POINTS: ............................................................................................. 49
4. OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS: ........................................................................ 49
Curve Design Data: ............................................................................................................... 49
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FIGURES:
Figure 1 Theodolite ......................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 Theodolite and its parts .................................................................................................... 1
Figure 3 Moving Along The Object................................................................................................ 4
Figure 4 Moving Towards The Object............................................................................................ 5
Figure 5 Hand GPS ......................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 Locating Ourself ............................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7 Baseline .......................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8 Spring Balance................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 9 Measuring Staff .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 10 Autolevel with Tripod stand ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 11 Closed Travese ............................................................................................................. 17
Figure 12 Open Traverse .............................................................................................................. 17
Figure 13 latitude And Departure ................................................................................................. 18
Figure 14 Forebearingg And Backbearing .................................................................................... 18
Figure 15 Converion Of WCB To RB .......................................................................................... 19
Figure 16 Computing Latitude And Departure ............................................................................. 19
Figure 17 Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates .......................................................................... 19
Figure 18 Magnetic Compass ....................................................................................................... 20
Figure 19 Magnetic Compass with Tripod stand .......................................................................... 21
Figure 20 Triangulation Scheme ................................................................................................... 22
Figure 21 Total Sttation And its Parts........................................................................................... 26
Figure 22 Components of Circular curve..................................................................................... 31
Figure 23 Degree of Curve ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 24 Rankine’s Method ................................................................................................... 33
Figure 25 Group Picture................................................................................................................ 34
Figure 27 Components of Compound Curve ................................................................................ 37
Figure 28 Group picture ................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 29 Components of Reverse Curv ....................................................................................... 43
Figure 30 Apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 47
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TABLES:
Table 1 Observations And Calculation For Baseline .................................................................... 15
Table 2 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing: ...................................................................................... 23
Table 3 Latitude And Departure ................................................................................................... 23
Table 4 Latitude and Departure: ................................................................................................... 23
Table 5 Corrected Latitude and Departure: .................................................................................. 24
Table 6 Coordinates: ..................................................................................................................... 24
Table 7 Calculation of Area: ......................................................................................................... 25
Table 8 obervations and calclations .............................................................................................. 35
Table 9 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR SHORT COMPOUND CURVE ......... 40
Table 10 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR LONG COMPOUND CURVE ........ 41
Table 11 DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 1ST CURVE: ......................................................... 45
Table 12 DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 2nd CURVE: .......................................................... 46
Table 13 Calculations for vertical curve ....................................................................................... 50
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TO STUDY DIGITAL THEODOLITE AND ITS PARTS
1. OBJECTIVE:
In this job we studed about theodolite and its parts.We also know about functions of theodolite.
2. RELATED THEORY:
2.1.Theodolite:
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Figure 1 Theodolite
2.2.Levelling And Centering Of Theodolite:

It is necessary to levellin and centering of theodolite to obtain precise reading. Without leveling
and centering we cannot get precie readings. For centering we use plumb bob and for leveling we
center the bubble at thedolite.
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ADVANCE ENGINEERING SURVEY JOB #1
3. PARTS AND FUNTIONS OF THEODOLITE:
Figure 2 Theodolite and its parts
3.1.Telescope:
The telescope is pivoted between the standards at right angles to the horizontal axis. It can be
rotated about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. The telescope is provided with a focusing
screw, clamping screw and tangent screw.
3.2.Tribrach:
It is a triangular plate carrying three foot screws at its ends.
3.3.Plate bubble:
A plate bubble is provided on the theodolite above the LCD to level the theodolite. The plate
bubble is mounted at right angles.
3.4.Circular Bubble:
A circular bubble is provided below the LCD that is also used for leveling the theodolite.
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3.5.Handle with Screw:

A handle is provided at the top to hold the theodolite and it also has two screws. We can attach
EDM by removing Handle.
3.6.Focusing knob:
Focusing knobs are provided on telescope to focus the object.
3.7.Horizontal clamp:
It is used to stop the horizontal movement of a theodolite.
3.8. Vertical Clamp:

It is used to stop the vertical movement of the telescope of the theodolite.
3.9.LCD:
There is two LCD’s provided on the theodolite to read the angles and other important data.
3.10. Keyboard:
It has keyboard which has buttons to operate the functions of theodolite.
4. PROCEDURE:
 First of all, set the theodolite on tripod stand correctly. Put it on the station point A to achieve
its leveling and centering.
 For centering we use plumb bob and for leveling we center the bubble shown at the
theodolite.
 Then set ranging rod at another station points B and C and point the theodolite at that ranging
rod and move toward other ranging rod. And this way we obtain internal angle.
 Repeat this procedure for remaining station points to obtain other internal angles.
5. COMMENTS:
 In this job we are able to use theodolite.
 We know about parts and function of theodolite.
 We know about centering and leveling of theodolite.
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TO DETERMINE THE HEIGHT OF INACCESSIBLE POINT
1. OBJECTIVE:
We use this job to find the height and distance of any inaccessible point.
2. RELATED THEORY:
2.1.Inaccessible point:
The point which is out of our reach. We cannot measure its height with measuring tape etc.
3. METHODS:
This job is done by two different methods.
 By moving towards the object
 By moving along the object
4. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Tripod Stand
 Ranging Rod
 Fiber Tape
5. PROCEDURE:
(By Moving Along The Object)
 Two points or stations are taken 1st is A and 2nd is B, distance between them should be
known.
 Set up the instrument over the station A and do all temporary adjustments. (Centering and
leveling of the theodolite).
 Now at the point A we have to sight the tower or any other height which we need to find.
 During the field work, make sure theodolite is horizontally locked.
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 Setup the zero of Vernier A by using leveling screw, turn the telescope towards the site point
D.
 Measure the vertical angle α.
 Then, shift the theodolite to station B and repeat the steps 2,3,4,5.
 Measure the vertical angle β.
 Using sine formula or Sine Law and cosine formula, the unknown height of tower can be
found out.
 At the end of reading height of an object (tower), add mean height of instrument into it.
Figure 3 Moving Along The Object
6. PROCEDURE:
(By Moving Towards The Object)
 First of all we take two station points A and B of known distance(15m).
 Then we do centering and leveling of theodolite accurately to obtain precise readings.
 At point A we sight the theodolite towards the point B where the ranging rod is placed and
zero the horizontal distance. Then we sight the theodolite toward the height of object and
note the vertical and horizontal angles.
 And then same procedure for point B.
 In this way we obtain two vertical and horizontal angles.
 By using law of sine we find the distance and height of that inaccessible object.
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6.1.CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

(By Moving Towards The Object)
Figure 4 Moving Towards The Object
Where,
θ1 & θ2 = Vertical Angles

α, β & γ = Horizontal Angles
α =96° 37′ 50’’
β =4° 59′ 30’’
γ = 180-(α+ β) =78° 22’ 40’’
By using sine Law:
𝑐 15
=
sin (78° 22’ 40’’) sin(4° 59′ 30’’)
15
c = x sin (78° 22’ 40’’)
sin(4° 59′ 30’’)
c = 168.67 m
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𝑃
tan θ =
B
ℎ
= 168.67
h = tan ( 9° 19’ 57’’) x 168.67

h = 27.71 m
Similarly:
ℎ
tan( 9° 19’ 57’’) =
171
h = tan ( 9° 19’ 57’’) x 168.67
h = 28.71 m
Taking average both heights (h):
27.71+28.71
h = 2
= 28.32 m
H = h + average H.I.
H = 28.32 + 1.443
H = 28.763 m
7. COMMENTS:
 In this job we know about how to find height of inaccessible object.
 In this job we also know about finding distance of that object.
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STUDY OF HAND GPS
1. OBJECTIVE:
In this job we use hand GPS for finding our location and also used for finding area and etc.
2. RELATED THEORY:
2.1.Hand GPS:
GPS(Global Positioning System) is a device that accurately calculate the geographical location
by receiving information by GPS satellite. It gives us co-ordinates.
Figure 5 Hand GPS
2.2.Advantages Of Hand GPS:

 The GPS is used to tell the location/ position of objects on the earth’s surface.
 Low Cost
 Crime and Security
 Easy to Use
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 Employer Monitoring
 Safety
 Neighborhood Search
 It uses the known position of orbiting GPS satellites as a reference to form a coordinate
system that can be used to localize all objects on the earth surface.
 It is used to find the area.
 GPS devices may be able to indicate the roads or paths available,
 traffic congestion and alternative routes,
 roads or paths that might be taken to get to the destination
2.3.Disadvantages of GPS:
 Inaccuracy
 Lack of Local Knowledge
 Driving Distraction
 Signal or Battery Failure
 Reliance on US Department of Defense
 Privacy Issues
2.4.How Does GPS Work?

The GPS system consists of three segments:
1) The space segment: the GPS satellites
2) The control system, operated by the U.S. military,
3) The user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and their GPS equipment.
2.5.Working Of GPS For Finding Our Location:

The working of Global positioning system is based on the ‘trilateration’ mathematical principle.
The position is determined from the distance measurements to satellites. From the figure, the
four satellites are used to determine the position of the receiver on the earth. The target location
is confirmed by the 4th satellite. And three satellites are used to trace the location place. A fourth
satellite is used to confirm the target location of each of those space vehicles. Global positioning
system consists of satellite, control station and monitor station and receiver. The GPS receiver
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takes the information from the satellite and uses the method of triangulation to determine a user’s
exact position.
Figure 6 Locating Ourself
3. COMMENTS:
 In this job we know about GPS and its function.
 We know how to find area by using Hand GPS. We know about our current location by using
GPS.
 We know about how to set our destination.
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BASELINE MEASUREMENT USING JADERIN’S METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE:
A baselie survey is a study that is done at the beginning of project to get knowledge of the
current status of an item of study before a project. In this job we done sag correction, pull
correction, temperature correction etc to minimize the errors.
2. REATED THEORY:
2.1.Baseline Survey:
A baseline survey is the kind of survey.A baseline study is an analysis of current situation to
identify the starting point for a project.It must be accurate to start a project.
Figure 7 Baseline
2.2.Jaderin’s Method:
This method was introduced by Jardin. Jaderin's method is said to be having more flexibility
when compared to other methods. This method involves usage of tripoad,steel tape,spring
balance which gives us more accurate values. It is less expensive and the speed of measurement
is high.
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2.3.Corrections:
2.3.1. Temperature Correction:

A difference in temperature will cause the tape to lengthen or shorten, so the measurement taken
will not be exactly correct.It is necessary to take correct temperature differnece in the field to
obtain accurate result.
CT=α(Tm-To)L
Where,
Ct = Correction for temperature
α = co-efficient of linear thermal expansion (1.11 x 10-5 oC-1)
Tm = average temperature during measurements in the field (oC)
To = Temperature at which the tape was standardized (25oC)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m) This correction can be positive or negative.
2.3.2. Sag Correction:

When taping between two points, the tape often ends up suspended above the ground due to the
height of the marker points. This results in the tape sagging.It should not be sagging, for this
purpose wo use spring balance for minimize the sagging.
Cs=L(wL)2 / 24n2Pm2
Where,
Cs = Sag correction (m)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)
w = Weight of the steel tape per unit length (0.01093Kg/m)
W = Total weight of tape (kg)
n = Number of spans
Pm = Pull applied during measurement on the tape (Kg) This correction is always negative
2.3.3. Pull / Tension Correction :

When a steel tape is pulled with a tension greater than its standard value, it elongates in an elastic
manner. The elongation length (CP) caused by a tensile force can be calculated using:
Cp=(Pm-Po) /A*E
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Where,
Cp = Pull/Tension correction (m)
Pm = Pull applied during measurement (kg)
P0 = Pull at which the tape was standardization (2 kg)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)
A = Cross sectional area of the tape (0.0193 cm2=1.93x10-6 m2)
E = Modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus of tape (21 x 105 kg/cm2=2.1x1010 kg/m2) This
correction can be positive or negative.
2.3.4. Slope Correction:

It is the angle between the slope line and the horizontal line, s is the slope distance measured
between two points on the slope line, h is the height of the slope.To determine the exact
horizontal length of base line, slope correction is required to be applied.
Ch=h2 / 2L
Where,
Ch = Slope correction
h = Difference of elevation between two points (m)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m) This correction is always negative
2.3.5. Mean sea Level Correction:

In the field we must know about its height from sea level.For this purpose SOP develops
benchmarks in different places of Pakistan.
Cmsl=HL / R
Where,
H = Mean height of base line above mean sea level. (211m of Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore)
R = Mean radius of earth (6,371 km = 6271x103 m)
L = Measured length obtained in the field (m) This correction is always negative
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3. APPARATUS:
 Autolevel
 Tripod Stand
 Spring balance
 Steel tape
 Measuring staff
Figure 8 Spring Balance
Figure 9 Measuring Staff
4. PROCEDURE
 Take two points A and D of some known distance
 First of all adjust the auto level coreectly. Then sight the auto level to ranging rod pointed at
point D.
 Now again sight the ranging rod in this way that the previous ranging rog should not visible.
 Now adjust the auto level again at that point from which pointed points are visible.
 Now set tripod stands at that points.
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 Now finding the distance between these points.We use steel tape and spring balance. We use
spring balance to avooid sagging in tape.
 We also measure the temperature at every tripod stand.
 Now we use levelling staff to find out the height of tripod stand at different points
 We sight the levelling staff from auto level and read the reading of heights of auto level from
that tripod stand.
 Repeat these steps for other points.
Figure 10 Autolevel with Tripod stand
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5. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
Table 1 Observations And Calculation For Baseline
Sr. L Ct Cp Cs Ch Cmsl Ctotal L

No (m) Corr.
(m)
A-B 6.361 0.00035 0.00039 -0.00006 -0.0047 -0.00021 -0.0042 6.356
B-C 6.44 0.00035 0.00047 -0.00005 -0.0003 -0.00021 0.00053 6.440
C-D 11.11 0.00061 0.0021 -0.0010 -0.00013 -0.00036 0.00029 11.110
TOTAL 23.91 0.00131 0.00206 -0.0011 -0.00489 -0.00078 -0.00341 23.908
6. COMMENTS:
 In this job we know about different types of correction (sag,temperature,slope and etc).
 we also know about baseline. And how to measure base line.
 In this job we also know about auto level usage.
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TO FIND THE AREA OF TRAVERSE BY TRIANGULATION METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE:
In this job we use triangulation method to find out area traverse.
2. RELATED THEORY:
2.1.Triangulation Method:
Triangulation surveying is the tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles to
determine distances and relative positions of points spread over an area, by measuring the length
of one side of each triangle and deducing its angles and length of other two sides by observation
from this baseline.
2.2.Traversing:
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connecting survey lines form the frame
work and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle
measuring instrument and a tape respectively.
2.3.Types Of Traversing:
 Close Traversing:
When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as a closed traverse.
 Open Traversing:
If the circuit ends elsewhere, it is said to be an open traverse.
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Figure 11 Closed Travese
Figure 12 Open Traverse
2.4.Latitude And Departure:

The latitude and departure lines can be expressed in following ways:
Northing = latitude towards north = +L
Southing = latitude towards south = -L
Easting = departure towards east = +D
Westing = departure towards west = -D
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Figure 13 latitude And Departure
2.5.Correction for Latitude And Departure:
2.5.1. Bowditch’s rule:

By this rule, the error is distributed in proportion to lenghts of traverse legs. The most common
method of traverse adjustments:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
 Correction to latitude of any side= perimeter of traverse 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
 Correction to departure of any side=𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
2.6.Consecutive co-ordinates:
The co-ordinates of any point with reference to previous point are called consecutive co-
ordinates.
2.7.Forebearing And Backbearing:

Backbearing = forebearing ±180°
Figure 14 Forebearingg And Backbearing
BSCE01183076 18
2.8.Conversion Of WCD to RB:
Figure 15 Converion Of WCB To RB
2.9.Computing Latitude And Departure:
Figure 16 Computing Latitude And Departure
2.10. Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates:
Figure 17 Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates
2.11. Check For Closed Traverse:

 The algebric sum of latitude must be zero.
 The algebric sum of departure must be zero.
BSCE01183076 19
2.12. Check For Angular Measurement:

The sum of measured of interior angles should be equal to (2N-4)×90. Where N is the number of
sides of traverse.
The sum of measured of extrior angles should be equal to (2N+4)× 90
3. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Tripod Stand
 Fiber Tape
 Magnetic Compass
Figure 18 Magnetic Compass
BSCE01183076 20
Figure 19 Magnetic Compass with Tripod stand
4. PROCEDURE:
 Five stations points are taken A, B, C, D and E (more or less according to the ground
situation).
 Set a base line whose length is already known or calculated.
 In this traverse, we start from point A and measure the bearing of point A using magnetic
compass.
 Place the theodolite on Point A and set the temporary adjustments like centering and
leveling.
 Rotate the telescope horizontally towards point B and set the horizontal angle zero. Then,
rotate the telescope towards point D and measure the horizontal angle.
 Now move the telescope at D and set the angle zero.
 Rotate the telescope towards the Point E and measure the horizontal angle.
 Same as above procedure, measure the horizontal angles by adjusting theodolite (centered &
level) at points B, C, D and E (Use Repetition Method for the calculations of angles of
Triangles to achieve accuracy).
 After calculating all the internal angles of the scheme, the unknown lengths of the
triangulation scheme can be determined by using base line and internal angles.
 Trigonometric relations like sine law can be used for this purpose.
BSCE01183076 21
 From all the data, make possible corrections in Angles, Bearings, Latitudes and Departures.
 Select suitable Independent Co-ordinates and plot a graph to calculate the required area of
traverse.
 Also plot a neat triangulation scheme showing all the internal angles and lengths.
Figure 20 Triangulation Scheme
5. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Baseline=AB
Length of Baseline=23.90m
Length of AB=23.90m
Length of BC=18.82m
Length of CD=11.65m
Length of DE=12.39m
Length of EA=18.32m
BSCE01183076 22
Table 2 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing:
Line Fore-Bearing Back-Bearing

AB 178°19’49.33’’ 358°19’49.33’’
BC 265°57’18.67’’ 85°57’18.67’’
CD 12°46’18.67’’ 192°46’18.67’’
DE 336° 156°
EA 91°59’16’’ 271°59'16’’
Table 3 Latitude And Departure

AB 178°19’49.33’’ 358°19’49.33’’
BC 265°57’18.67’’ 85°57’18.67’’
CD 12°46’18.67’’ 192°46’18.67’’
DE 336° 156°
EA 91°59’16’’ 271°59'16’’
Table 4 Latitude and Departure:

AB 178°19’49.33’’ 358°19’49.33’’
BC 265°57’18.67’’ 85°57’18.67’’
CD 12°46’18.67’’ 192°46’18.67’’
DE 336° 156°
EA 91°59’16’’ 271°59'16’’
BSCE01183076 23
Table 5 Corrected Latitude and Departure:
Line Length Correction for Correction for Corrected Corrected

(m) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
AB 23.90 0.889 0.627 -22.742 1.324
BC 18.82 0.669 0.493 -0.669 -18.107
CD 11.65 0.432 0.305 11.792 2.88
DE 12.39 0.460 0.324 11.77 -4.706
EA 18.32 0.680 0.479 -0.151 18.609
Total 85.08 3.16 2.229 0 0
Table 6 Coordinates:
Line Length Correction for Correction for Corrected Corrected

(m) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
AB 23.90 0.889 0.627 -22.742 1.324
BC 18.82 0.669 0.493 -0.669 -18.107
CD 11.65 0.432 0.305 11.792 2.88
DE 12.39 0.460 0.324 11.77 -4.706
EA 18.32 0.680 0.479 -0.151 18.609
Total 85.08 3.16 2.229 0 0
BSCE01183076 24
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y1
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X1
Table 7 Calculation of Area:
Station Y X ΣP (m2) ΣQ (m2) Total Area =

Σ𝑃−Σ𝑄
2
A 200 200 (200X201.324)+ (200X177.258)+
B 177.258 201.324 (177.258X183.217)+ (201.324X176.589)+ 179804.98 − 179043.50

2
C 176.589 183.217 (176.589X186.097)+ (183.217X188.381)+ = 380.73 m2
D 188.381 186.097 (188.381X181.391)+ (186.097X200.151)+
E 200.151 181.391 (200.151X200) (181.391X200)
A 200 200 = 179804.9801 = 179043.5062
∑P= [Y1X2+Y2X3+Y3X4+Y4X5+Y5X1]
∑Q= [X1Y2+X2Y3+X3Y4+X4Y5+X5Y1]
6. COMMENTS:
 In this job we know about finding fore bearing and back bearing by given formula.
 We also know about how to find internal and external angles.
 We know about correction in attitude and departure.
BSCE01183076 25
TO STUDY THE TOTAL STATION BY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1. OBJECTIVE:
To study about the parts and functions of total station.
2. RELATED THEORY:
2.1.Introduction:
Transits and theodolites were commonly used for surveying. Recently, total stations have
replaced all the instruments. Total station can accomplish all tasks much more efficiently. In
addition, they can also measure distances accurately and quickly. Furthermore, they can make
computations with angle and distance measurements. They can display the results in a real time.
They are used for all types of surveys.
Figure 21 Total Sttation And its Parts
BSCE01183076 26
2.2.Total station:
Total Station is the combination of theodolite, built in EDM, built in data collector and
microprocessor.
It Measures and records the Horizontal and Vertical Angles and Slope Distances.
It Calculates Horizontal Distance, Vertical Distance, and Azimuths of Lines and X, Y, Z
Coordinates etc.
2.3.Temporary Adjustments of Total station:

Adjustments which required to be made at every instrument station before making any
observation. It can be done through following three procedures:
2.3.1. Centering the Total station over the station

This includes the centering of the Total station over the ground mark and also approximate
levelling with the help of Tripod legs. While centering, it is necessary to ensure the approximate
levelness; otherwise the centering will be disturbed when subsequent Levelling of the instrument
is done. It can be done either using a plum-bob or laser plummet.
2.3.2. Levelling the Total station

Accurate Levelling is done with the help of plate levels using levelling screws. Here, the Vertical
axis (plumb line) of the Total station is made truly vertical.
 Align the bubble parallel to two foot screws and bring to the center by turning the both
screws same direction.
 Align the bubble with the remaining foot screw (turn 90o) and bring to the center by rotating
it.
 Repeat the processes till the bubble remain centered in any direction. (Principle of
reversibility)
2.3.3. Elimination of parallax

It is done by focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of cross hairs and focusing the object to
bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs. Accurate bisection and sighting is
difficult when there is Parallax.
BSCE01183076 27
Hold a white paper in front of the objective or sight the telescope towards the sky. Move the eye
piece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp and distinct. It can be checked by moving the
eye slowly to one side. If there is no parallax the image and the cross hairs will appears still.
2.4.Applications of Total Station:

 There are many other facilities available, the total station can be used for the following
purposes: Detail survey i.e., data collection.
 Control Survey (Traverse).
 Height measurement (Remove elevation measurement- REM).
 Fixing of missing pillars (or) Setting out (or) Stake out.
 Resection.
 Area calculations, etc.
 Remote distance measurement (RDM) or Missing line measurement (MLM).
2.5.Advantages of Total Station Surveying:

 Relatively quick collection of information.
 Multiple surveys can be performed at one set-up location.
 Easy to perform distance and horizontal measurements with simultaneous calculation of
project coordinates (Northings, Eastings and Elevations).
 Layout of construction site quickly and efficiently.
 Digital design data from Computer-aided design (CAD) programs can be uploaded to data
collector.
 Daily survey information can also be quickly downloaded into CAD which eliminates data
manipulation time required using conventional survey techniques.
2.6.Disadvantages of Total Station Surveying:

 Vertical elevation accuracy not as accurate as using conventional survey level and rod
technique.
 Horizontal coordinates are calculated on a rectangular grid system. However, the real world
should be based on a spheroid and rectangular coordinates must be transformed to
geographic coordinates if projects are large scale. Examples: highways, large buildings, etc.
BSCE01183076 28
 As with any computer-based application “Garbage in equals Garbage out”. However, in the
case of inaccurate construction surveys “Garbage in equals lawsuits and contractors claims
for extras.”
3. COMMENTS:
 In this job we studied about total stations and its parts.
 Total station gives us more accurate values than theodolite.
 By using this machine we can find vertical, horizntal angles and distance and we can store
our data
BSCE01183076 29
TO LAYOUT THE SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY DEFLECTION

ANGLE METHOD OR RANKINE’S METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE
In this job we give curves according to hurdle like mountain,buildings etc. The speed of cars and
traffic taken into account while giving curve.
2. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Ranging Road
 Wooden Pegs
 Fiber Glass tape
 Hammer
 Tripod Stand.
3. RELATED THEORY:
In geometric design of Motorway, Railways and Pipe lines etc. The design and setting out of
curve is important aspect of engineering work. Curves can be listed in following categories.
 Circular Curve of Constant Radius
 Transition Curve of Varying Radius
 Vertical Curve of Parabolic form
3.1.Circular Curve:
When a curve consist of a single arc with a constant radius connecting the two tangents it is said
to be a circular curve.
3.2.Components of Circular curve:

The figure below clearly shows the components of curve that are involved in the performance
during the job.
BSCE01183076 30
Figure 22 Components of Circular curve
Two Straight API and PIB are connected by circular curve of radius R as shown in figure.
Intersection Point:
“PI” / Vertex: The point at which both straights are going to meet is called intersection point.
Deflection Angle (Δ):
The angle (Δ) by which the second straight is deflected is known as deflection angle.
Apex angle (ϕ) / Angle of Intersection:
Internal angle between two straights at intersection point is called apex angle.
Tangent Points:
The point at which circular curve join the two straight is termed as tangent points.
Tangent Length:
The length between tangent point and intersection point is called tangent length.
Length of chord / Long Chord:
The distance between two tangent points is called chord length.
Radius of Curve:
Circular curve is a part of circle and radius of that circle is known as radius of curve.
Length of Curve:
The curved length along PC E PT is known as length of curve.
Apex Distance: The distance between intersection point and highest point on the curve is known
as apex distance.
Rise: The distance between highest point and main chord is called rise or versed sine of curve.
BSCE01183076 31
Formulae Related to Simple Circular Curve:

α = 𝜟/𝟐
β = 𝜟/𝟐
Tangent Length= PC PI = R tan (𝜟/𝟐 )
Length of Main Chord = 2R sin (𝜟/𝟐 )
Rise = XY = R [1 – cos (𝜟/𝟐 )]
Apex Distance = 𝑹𝜟𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎
3.3.DESIGNATION OF CURVE:
Radius of Curve: Radius of curve is used to designate the design curve. eg. Straight BI and IB
are connected by radius R.
3.4.Degree of Curve:
Angle subtended at the center by an arc of 100ft or 30 m length is known as degree of
curve.
Figure 23 Degree of Curve
l = Rθ
100 = R (D)
R = 𝟏𝟎𝟎/𝑫
R = 𝟏𝟎𝟎/𝑫∗ 𝝅𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟗.𝟓𝟕𝟖𝑫(𝒎)
R = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗𝑫(𝒇𝒕)
3.5.Through Chainage:
Distance of a point from starting point of project is called through chainage.
Chn. Of PC = chn. Of Intersecting point (I) – Tangent Length
Chn. Of PT = chn. Of PC + Curve Length
BSCE01183076 32
3.6.Setting out of curves:

Setting out is the process of setting the center of curve on the ground using pegs. For setting out
of curve, information regarding radius, deflection angle chainage of intersection point etc. are
obtained geometric design and then by using available method computations are made to set up
the curve.
3.7.METHODS OF LAYOUT OF CURVES:
1. Method by using only linear measurement
2. By using both linear and angular measurement
3.7.1. Method by using only linear measurement:

 Offsets from long chord
 Offsets from tangents
 Offsets from chord produced
 By bisection of arcs
3.7.2. By using both linear and angular measurement:
 Rankine deflection angle method
 By using two theodolite
 By using coordinate
 By using EDM
3.8.Rankine’s Method:
Figure 24 Rankine’s Method
BSCE01183076 33
Arc Length = T1P1 R (2δ1)

Arc Length = Chord Length
δ1 = 𝑻𝟏𝑷𝟏/𝟐𝑹
δ1 = 𝑻𝟏𝑷𝟏/𝟐𝑹 * 𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎
δ1 = 28.6479 * 𝑻𝟏𝑷𝟏/𝑹
δ = 28.6479 * 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉/𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
δ is in degree.
4. PROCEDURE:
 The theodolite is centered and leveled at point T1.
 Using theodolite locate point T2 (Main chord length is to be set by ranging)
 Set the half deflection angle at point T1 and mark the intersection point. (Using Tangent
Length).
 Now bisecting all the angles and chord curve can be set.
Figure 25 Group Picture
5. CURVE DESIGN DATA FOR SIMPLE CURVE:

Radius = R = 90 m
Deflection Angle = Δ = 25°
Chainage of Intersection Point (I) = 1150m
Peg Interval = 5m
BSCE01183076 34
1. Tangent Length = R tan (𝜟/𝟐 ) = 19.9m

2. Curve Length = 39.26m
3. Main chord Length = Length of Main Chord = 2R sin (𝛥/2)=38.95m
4. Chn. Of T1 = chn. Of Intersection Point (I) – Tangent Length = 1130m
5. Chn. Of T2 = chn. Of T1 + Curve Length = 1169m
6. 1st Chord Length = 5m
7. No. of Intermediate chords=5m
8. Length of last chord = 4m
9. δ = 28.6479 * 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ/𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
10. δ1 = 1035’29.58”
11. δint = 1035’29.58”
12. δlast =1016’23.66”
Table 8 obervations and calclations
chord Chainage Chord Deflection Setting out Angle on Remarks

(m) length (m) angle of angle instrument
chord
1 1130
2 1135 5 1035’29.58” 1035’29.58” 1035’30” T
3 1140 5 1035’29.58” 3010’56.16” 3010’55” P
4 1145 5 1035’29.58” 4046’28.74” 4046’30” P
5 1150 5 1 35’29.58”
0
6 24’58.32”
0
6 24’60”
0
P
6 1155 5 1035’29.58” 7057’27.9” 7057’30” P
7 1160 5 1035’29.58” 9032’57.48” 9032’55” P
8 1165 5 1035’29.58” 1108’27.06” 1108’30” P
9 1169 4 1016’23.66” 12024’50.72” 12024’50.” Y
6. COMMENT
 The value of 𝛥/2 for check of this curve is not 12030’ due to not accurate calculations.
 In this jb we studied about simple curve and how to draw it.
BSCE01183076 35
TO LAYOUT THE COMPOUND CURVE BY DEFLECTION ANGLE

METHOD OR RANKINE’S METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE
In this job we give curves according to hurdle like mountains,buildings etc. The speed of cars
and traffic taken into account while giving curve.
2. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Ranging road
 Wooden pegs
 Fiber glass tape
 Hammer
 Tripod
 Stand
3. RELATED THEORY:
3.1.Compound Curve:
When it is not possible to connect the tow tangents by one circular curve, it becomes
necessary to take a suitable common tangent, and set the two curves of different radii to
connect rear and forward tangents. This is known as compound curve.
BSCE01183076 36
3.2.Components of Compound Curve:
Figure 26 Components of Compound Curve
3.3.NOTATIONS:
Al= rear tangent
IB= forward tangent
t1t2=common tangent
∆=deflection angle between rear and forward tangent
∆1= deflection angle between rear and common tangent
∆2= deflection angle between common and forward tangent
O1= center of short curve
O2=center of long curve
R1=radius of short curve
R2=radius of long curve
T1 and t= tangent point for short curve
T2 and t= tangent point for long curve
IT1=Ts=total tangent length for shortest side
IT2=total tangent length for longer side
ts=T1t1= tangent length for short side
t1=T2 t2= tangent length for long side
BSCE01183076 37
4. PROCEDURE:
 The theodolite is centered over T1 and leveled properly. Then the deflection angles for the
chords of short curve are set out serially and points P1, P are marked until tangent point t is
reached.
 The theodolite is shifted and centered over t. Then the deflection angles for the chords of
long curve are st out serially and all the points are marked until tangent point T2 is reached.
 All the points are joined to get shape of curve.
Figure 27 Group picture
5. FORMULAS RELATED TO COMPOUND CURVE:

∆=∆1+∆2
Ts= It1+ T1t1= [t1t2 sin (∆1/2)] / sin (180-∆) + [R1tan∆1/2]
TL= It2+ T2t2= [t1t2 sin (∆2/2)] / sin (180-∆) + [R2tan∆2/2]
Common tangent length= t1t2= ts+ tL= R1tan∆1/2 + R2tan∆2/2
Curve length (short curve) = R1∆1𝜋/180
BSCE01183076 38
Curve length (long curve) = R2∆2𝜋/180 Deflection angle (short curve) =δs = 28.6479 * [chord
length / radius]
Cs=chord of short curveDeflection angle (long curve) =δL = 28.6479 * [chord length / radius]
CL= chord of long curve
Chainage of T1= chainage of I - Ts
Chainage of t= chainage of T1 + short curve length
Chainage of T1= chainage of t + long curve length
6. CURVE DESIGN DATA:( FOR SHORT CURVE)

∆1=25
∆2=35
Radius of short curve = R1=60 m
Radius of long curve = R2=80 m
Chainage of intersection Point = 1050 m
Peg interval = 5 m
∆= ∆1+∆2= 60
ts = T1t1 = tangent length for short curve = R1tan∆1/2=13.30
t1 = T2t2 = tangent length for long curve = R2tan∆2/2= 25.22
Common tangent length= t1t2= ts+ tL =38.52m
Ts= It1+ T1t1=[ t1t2 sin (∆1/2)] / sin (180-∆) + [R1tan∆1/2]= 22.927m
TL= I21+ T2t2= [t1t2 sin (∆2/2)] / sin (180-∆) + [R2tan∆2/2] =38.595m
Chainage of T1= Chainage of I-Ts= 1127.07
Curve length (short curve) = R1∆1𝜋/180 = 26.179
Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + short length curve =1153.249
Curve length (long curve) = R2∆2𝜋/180 = 48.869
Chainage of T2= Chainage of t+ long length curve =1202.118
Peg interval =5 m
1st chord length = 2.93
Intermediate chord length =5
Last chord length = 3.249
Deflection angle (short curve) = δs = 28.6479 * [chord length / radius]
BSCE01183076 39
δ1st= 1023’56.3’’
δint=2023’14.37’’
δ1ast =1033’4.06’’
6.1.OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR SHORT COMPOUND CURVE

Table 96.1OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR SHORT COMPOUND CURVE
Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting out Angle on Remark

length angle of angle(∆) instrument
(m) (m) chord
1 1027.071 --- --- --- --- T1

2 1030 2.93 1 23’56.3’’
0
1 27’56.3”
0
1 23’55’’
0
P1
3 1035 5 2023’14.37’’ 3047’10.67’’ 3047’10’’ P2
4 1040 5 2 23’14.37’’
0
6 10’25.04’’
0
6 10’25’’
0
P3
5 1045 5 2023’14.37’’ 8033’39.41’’ 8033’40’’ P4
6 1050 5 2 23’14.37’’
0
11 56’53.78’’
0
11 56’55’’
0
P5
7 1053.249 3.249 1033’4.06’’ 12029’58.4” 12030’0’’ t
7. FOR LONG CURVE

Peg interval =5 m
1st chord length =1.751
Intermediate chord length =5
Last chord length = 2.118
Deflection angle (short curve) = δs = 28.6479 * [chord length / radius]
δ1st= 0037’34.73’’
δ1st = 1047’25.78’’
δ1ast =0045’30.43”
BSCE01183076 40
7.1.OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR LONG COMPOUND CURVE

Table 10 7 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION FOR LONG COMPOUND CURVE
Chord# chainage Chord Deflection Setting out Angle on Remarks

chord
1 1053.251 --- --- ---- -- t
2 1055 1.749 0 37’34.73’’
0
0 37’34.73’’
0
0 37’35’’
0
P1
3 1060 5 1 47’25.78’’
0
2 25’0.51’’
0
2025’05’’ P2
4 1065 5 1047’25.78’’ 4012’26.29’’ 4012’30’’ P3
5 1070 5 1 47’25.78’’
0
5 59’52.07’’
0
5 59’55’’
0
P4
6 1075 5 1 47’25.78’’
0
7 47’17.83’’
0
7047’20’’ P5
7 1080 5 1047’25.78’’ 9034’43.63’’ 9034’35’’ P6
8 1085 5 1047’25.78’’ 11022’9.41’’ 11022’10’’ P7
9 1090 5 1047’25.78’’ 1309’35.19’’ 1309’35’’ P8
10 1095 5 1047’25.78’’ 14057’0.97’’ 14057’05’’ P9
11 1100 5 1047’25.78’’ 16044’26.75’’ 16044’30’’ P10
12 11202.118 2.18 0045’30.43” 17029’56.66’’ 17030’0’’ P11
8. COMMENTS:
 In this job we know about compound curve and how to give it on roads.
 The reading of other groups is different due to calculations
 The value of (∆1/2) is correct for this curve
 In field we face many difficulies there are many hurdles, viewing first peg etc
BSCE01183076 41
TO LAYOUT THE REVERSE CURVE BY DEFLECTION ANGLE

METHOD OR RANKINE’S METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE
2. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Ranging Rods
 Wooden Pegs
 Hammer
 Tripod Stand
3. RELATED THEORY:
3.1.Reverse Curve:
A reverse curve consists of two circular arcs of equal or different radii turning in opposite
directions with common tangent at the junction of arcs. The junction point is said to have reverse
curvature. The reverse curve is also known as a serpentine curve. Reverse curves generally
used to connect two parallel roads or railway lines, or when two lines intersect at a very small
angle.
These curves are suitable for railway sidings, city roads, etc. But they should be avoided as for as
possible for important tracks or highways for following reasons.
 Super elevation cannot be provided at the point of reverse curvature.
 A sudden change of direction would be dangerous for a vehicle.
BSCE01183076 42
3.2.Components of Reverse Curve:
Figure 28 Components of Reverse Curv
3.3.Notation:
II2 = common tangent
Δ1 and Δ2 = deflection angles of common tangent
O1 and O2 = centers of curves
R1 and R2 = radii of curves
T1 and T2 = tangent points
t = point of reverse curvature
3.4.Formulae Related to Reverse Curve:

Tangent length of 1st arc = T1I = R1 tan(Δ1/2)
Tangent length of 2nd arc = T1 I2 = R2 tan(Δ2/2)
Common tangent length, II = R1 tan(Δ1/2) + R2 tan(Δ2/2)
Curve Length (1st curve) = π R1 Δ1 /180
Curve Length (2nd curve) = π R2 Δ2 /180
Deflection angle (1st curve)
C1 = chord of 1st curve
Deflection angle (2nd curve) =
BSCE01183076 43
C2 = chord of 2nd curve

Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I - T1I
Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + 1st curve length
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of t + 2nd curve length
4. PROCEDURE: (Write the whole procedure from start to finish in your own words)
 The theodolite is centered over T1 and leveled properly. Then the deflection angles for the
chords of 1st curve are set out serially and points P1, P2 ………… are marked until tangent
point t is reached.
 The theodolite is shifted and centered over t and then the deflection angles for the chords of
2nd curve are set out serially and all the points are marked until tangent point T2 is reached.
 All the points are joined to get shape of reverse curve.
5. CURVE DESIGN DATA:

Radius of 1st curve = R1 = 50 m,
Δ1 = 30º
Radius of 2nd curve = R2 = 70 m,
Δ2 = 40º
Chainage of Intersection Point (I) = 1250 m
Peg Interval = 5 m
Tangent length of 1st arc = T1I = R1 tan(Δ1/2)
Tangent length of 2nd arc = T1 I2 = R2 tan(Δ2/2)
Common tangent length, II = R1 tan(Δ1/2) + R2 tan(Δ2/2)
Curve Length (1st curve) = π R1 Δ1 /180
Chainage of t = Chainage of T1 + 1st Curve length =
BSCE01183076 44
Curve Length (2nd curve) = π R2 Δ2 /180

Chainage of T2 = Chainage of t + 2nd Curve length =
5.1.DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 1ST CURVE:

Peg interval = 5 m
1st (Initial) chord length = 1.08
Intermediate (full) chord length = 5
Last (final) chord length = 0.73
δ1st = 0037’7.66”
δint = 2051’53.24’’
δl = 0025’5.73
Table 11 5 DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 1ST CURVE:
Chord # Chainage Chord Deflection Setting out Angle on Remark

(m) (m) chord
1 1138.92 --- --- --- --- T1

2 1140 1.08 0 37’7.66”
0
0 37’7.66”
0
0 37’10’’
0
P1
3 1145 5 2051’53.24’’ 3029’0.9” 3029’0’’ P2
4 1150 5 2 51’53.24’’
0
6 20’54.14”
0
6 20’55’’
0
P3
5 1155 5 2051’53.24’’ 9012’47.38” 9012’45’’ P4
6 1160 5 2 51’53.24’’
0
12 4’40.62”
0
12 4’40’’
0
P5
7 1160.73 0.73 0025’5.73 12029’46.35” 12029’45’’ t
5.2.DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 2ND CURVE:

Peg interval = 5 m
1st (Initial) chord length = 4.27
Intermediate (full) chord length = 5
Last chord (final) length = 4.59
δ1st = 1044’51.08”
δint = 202’46.06”
δL = 1052’42.54”
BSCE01183076 45
Table 12 5 DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR 2nd CURVE:
Chord# chainage Chord Deflection Setting out Angle on Remarks

chord
1 1160.73 --- --- ---- -- t
2 1165 4.27 1 44’51.08”
0
1 44’51.08”
0
1 44’50”
0
P1
3 1170 5 2 2’46.06”
0
3 44’37.68”
0
3044’40” P2
4 1175 5 202’46.06” 5020’24.28” 5020’25” P3
5 1180 5 2 2’46.06”
0
7 53’10.88”
0
7 53’10”
0
P4
6 1185 5 2 2’46.06”
0
9 55’57.48”
0
9055’55” P5
7 1190 5 202’46.06” 11058’44.08” 11058’45” P6
8 1195 5 202’46.06” 1401’30.68” 1401’30” P7
9 1200 5 202’46.06” 1604’17.28” 1604’15” P8
10 1205 5 202’46.06” 1807’3.88” 1807’5” P9
11 1209.59 4.59 1052’42.54” 19059’46.42” 19059’45” T2
6. COMMENTS
 In this job we studied about reverse curve. Reverse curve is also known as S curve
 The check for this job is also correct.
BSCE01183076 46
TO LAYOUT THE VERTICAL CURVE BY USING TANGENT

CORRECTION METHOD
1. OBJECTIVE
2. APPARATUS:
 Theodolite
 Ranging Rods
 Wooden Pegs
 Hammer
 Tripod Stand
Figure 29 Apparatus
BSCE01183076 47
3. REALATED THEORY:
When two different gradients meet at a point along a road surface, they form a sharp point at the
apex. Unless thos apex point is rounded off to form a smooth curve, no vehicle can move along
that portion of road. So, for the smooth and safe running of vehicles the meeting point of surface
is rounded to form a smooth curve in a vertical plane. This curve is known as vertical curve.
3.1.Gradient: The gradient is expressed in two ways:
 As a percentage e.g. 1% , 3%
 As 1 in n, where n is the horizontal distance and 1 represents the vertical distance e.g. 1 in
100 etc.
Again the gradient may be rise or fall. An up gradient is known as rise and is denoted by a
positive sign. A down gradient is known as fall and is indicated by a negative sign
3.2.Rate of change of Grade:

The characteristics of a parabolic curve is that the gradient changes from one point but the rate of
change of grade remains constant. Hence for finding the length of vertical curve the rate of
change of grade plays an important consideration as this factor remains constant throughout the
length of the vertical curve.
Rate of change of grade: r = (g2-g1)/L
G is expressed as a ratio (Positive, Negative)
L is expressed in feet or meters
3.3.Length of vertical curve

The length of vertical curve is calculated by considering the sight distance. To provide the
minimum sight distance a certain permissible rate of change of grade is determined and the
length of vertical curve is calculated as follow. Length of vertical curve: L = change of grade/
rate of change of grade = (g2-g1)/r
3.4. Types of Vertical Curve:
 Summit / Crest Vertical Curve: A curve in where an up gradient is followed by a down
gradient.
 Sag Vertical Curve: A curve in where a down gradient is followed by an up gradient.
BSCE01183076 48
3.5.Setting of vertical curve:

The vertical curve may be set out by the following two methods:
 The tangent correction method.
 The chord gradient method.
3.6.Tangent of correction method:
The tangent correction or tangent offset is the difference of elevation between a points (P1) on
tangent and a point (P) on curve.
Y= RL of P1 – RL of P = tangent correction
Let X be the horizontal distance of point P from origin. X1 is the slopping distance along the
gradient of point P1. Here X is taken to approximately equal to X1.
Y= Cx2
Where, C = constant = (g1 – g2)/400L L= half-length of vertical curve g1 and g2 grade in %
Yx = g1-g2/400L x X2
3.7.IMPORTANT POINTS:
 The length of vertical curve is assumed equal to length of two tangents. BT1 + BT2 = T1B1
+ B1T2 = 2L L = half-length of vertical curve
 The curve is assumed equally long on either side of the apex point.
 The length of the vertical curve is given by formula: L = change of grade / rate of change of
grade = g2-g1/r
 Chainage of T1= Chainage of B – BT1
 Chainage of T2= Chainage of B + BT2 6. RL of T1 = RL of B +/- L x g1/100 7
 RL of T2 = RL of B +/- L x g2/100
 RL of B2 = ½ ( RL of T1 = + RL of T2 ) 9. RL of B1 = ½ (RL of B = + RL of B2)
 The tangent correction at distance x1, Yx = g1 – g2/400L x X2
 The tangent correction is deduced from the RL of a point on the grade to get corresponding
point on the curve. So, T1B1 = B1T2 = L
4. OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
Curve Design Data:
Rising gradient = g1 = 0.3
Falling gradient = g2 = 0.3
BSCE01183076 49
Chainage of intersection of grade line =2325

RL of intersection point of grade line = 215
Chainage interval = 20
Length of vertical curve =60
Table 13 Calculations for vertical curve
PT. Chainage Level on Tangent Curve level Mark on Pole

(m) tangent (Z) Correction (Y) =Z-Y =B (B-A)
T1 2265 214.84 0 214.82 Starting of

curve
1 2285 214.88 0.01 214.87
2 2305 214.94 0.04 24.9

3 2325 215 0.09 214.91 Vertex of
curve
2’ 2345 214.94 0.04 214.9
1’ 2365 214.88 0.01 214.87
T2 2385 214.82 0 214.82 Finishing

of curve
5. COMMNTS:
BSCE01183076 50

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ADVANCE ENGINEERING SURVEY

2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 1

2.1. Theodolite: .................................................................................................................... 1

2.2. Levelling And Centering Of Theodolite:...................................................................... 1

3. parts and funtions of theodolite: ................................................................................... 1

3.1. Telescope: ..................................................................................................................... 1

3.2. Tribrach: ....................................................................................................................... 1

3.3. Plate bubble: ................................................................................................................. 1

3.4. Circular Bubble: ........................................................................................................... 1

3.5. Handle with Screw: ...................................................................................................... 2

3.6. Focusing knob: ............................................................................................................. 2

3.7. Horizontal clamp .......................................................................................................... 2

3.8. Vertical Clamp:............................................................................................................. 2

3.9. LCD: ............................................................................................................................. 2

3.10. Keyboard: .................................................................................................................. 2

JOB #2TO DETERMINE THE HEIGHT OF INACCESSIBLE POINT ............................... 3

2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 3

2.1. Inaccessible point: ........................................................................................................ 3

6.1. calculations and observations: .......................................................................................... 5

JOB #3STUDY OF HAND GPS ................................................................................................... 7

2. related theory: ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.1. Hand GPS: .................................................................................................................... 7

2.2. Advantages Of Hand GPS: ........................................................................................... 7

2.3. Disadvantages of GPS: ................................................................................................. 8

2.4. How Does GPS Work? ................................................................................................. 8

2.5. Working Of GPS For Finding Our Location: ............................................................... 8

JOB #4BASELINE MEASUREMENT USING JADERIN’S METHOD .............................. 10

2. REATED THEORY: ......................................................................................................... 10

2.1. Baseline Survey: ......................................................................................................... 10

2.2. Jaderin’s Method: ....................................................................................................... 10

2.3. Corrections: ................................................................................................................ 11

2.3.1. Temperature Correction: ......................................................................................... 11

2.3.2. Sag Correction: ....................................................................................................... 11

2.3.3. Pull / Tension Correction : ...................................................................................... 11

2.3.4. Slope Correction ..................................................................................................... 12

2.3.5. Mean sea Level Correction: .................................................................................... 12

5. observation and calculations: ............................................................................................. 15

JOB #5 TO FIND THE AREA OF TRAVERSE BY TRIANGULATION METHOD ........ 16

2. related theory: .................................................................................................................... 16

2.1. Triangulation Method: ................................................................................................ 16

2.2. Traversing: .................................................................................................................. 16

2.3. Types Of Traversing: .................................................................................................. 16

 Close Traversing: ........................................................................................................... 16

 Open Traversing: ............................................................................................................ 16

2.4. Latitude And Departure: ............................................................................................. 17

2.5. Correction for Latitude And Departure: ..................................................................... 18

2.5.1. Bowditch’s rule: ...................................................................................................... 18

2.6. Consecutive co-ordinates:........................................................................................... 18

2.7. Forebearing And Backbearing: ................................................................................... 18

2.8. Conversion Of WCD to RB: ....................................................................................... 19

2.9. Computing Latitude And Departure: .......................................................................... 19

2.10. Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates: ................................................................... 19

2.11. Check For Closed Traverse:.................................................................................... 19

2.12. Check For Angular Measurement: .......................................................................... 20

5. observations and calculations: ........................................................................................... 22

2. Related theory: ................................................................................................................... 26

2.1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................... 26

2.2. Total station ................................................................................................................ 27

2.3. Temporary Adjustments of Total station: ................................................................... 27

2.3.1. Centering the Total station over the station ............................................................ 27

2.3.2. Levelling the Total station ...................................................................................... 27

2.3.3. Elimination of parallax ........................................................................................... 27

2.4. Applications of Total Station:..................................................................................... 28