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Limits and Derivatives Formulas

1. Limits Power rule
Properties d n
if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m , then dx
( )
x = nx n −1
x→a x→a
Chain rule
lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x)] = l ± m d
x→a
dx
( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ′ ( g ( x) ) g ′( x)
lim [ f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) ] = l ⋅ m
x→a
Common Derivatives
f ( x) l
lim = where m ≠ 0 d
x →a g ( x) m (c) = 0
dx
lim c ⋅ f ( x) = c ⋅ l
x →a d
( x) = 1
1 1 dx
lim = where l ≠ 0
x →a f ( x) l d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
Formulas
d
 1
n ( cos x ) = − sin x
lim 1 +  = e dx
x →∞
 n d 1
1 ( tan x ) = 2 = sec2 x
dx cos x
lim (1 + n ) n = e
x →∞
d
sin x ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d
tan x ( csc x ) = − csc cot x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d 1
cos x − 1 ( cot x ) = − 2 = − csc2 x
lim =0 dx sin x
x→ 0 x d 1
x −a n n
dx
(
sin −1 x = )
lim = na n −1 1 − x2
x→a x − a
d 1
an −1 dx
( )
cos −1 x = −
lim = ln a 1 − x2
x→ 0 x
d 1
dx
( )
tan −1 x =
1 + x2
2. Common Derivatives
d x
Basic Properties and Formulas dx
( )
a = a x ln a

( cf )′ = cf ′( x) d x
( )
e = ex
dx
(f ± g )′ = f ′( x) + g ′( x) d 1
( ln x ) = , x > 0
Product rule dx x
d 1
( f ⋅ g )′ = f ′ ⋅ g + f ⋅ g′ ( ln x ) = , x ≠ 0
dx x
Quotient rule
d 1
 f ′ f ′ ⋅ g − f ⋅ g ′
( log a x ) = , x>0
dx x ln a
  =
g  g2
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3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative
d  dy  d 2 y
f ′′ =  −
dx  dx  dx 2
Higher-Order derivative

f( ) = f(
n
( n −1)
)′
( n)
= f ( ) + g(
n n)
(f + g)
(n)
= f ( ) − g(
n n)
(f − g)
Leibniz’s Formulas

( f ⋅ g )′′ = f ′′ ⋅ g + 2 f ′ ⋅ g ′ + f .g ′′

( f ⋅ g )′′′ = f ′′′ ⋅ g + 3 f ′′ ⋅ g ′ + 3 f ′ ⋅ g ′′ + f ⋅ g ′′′

n ( n − 1)
( f ⋅ g )(
n)
= f ( ) g + nf (
n −1)
f(
n − 2)
g ′′ + ... + fg (
n n)
g+
1⋅ 2
Important Formulas
(n) m!
(x ) m
=
( m − n )!
x m−n

(n)
(x ) n
= n!
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( log a x ) =
x n ⋅ ln a
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( ln x ) =
xn
( n)
( a ) = a ln a
x x n

( ) n
(e ) = e
x x

( ) n
( a ) = m a ln
mx n mx n
a

 nπ 
( sin x )( )
n
= sin  x + 
 2 
 nπ 
( cos x )( )
n
= cos  x + 
 2 