3 Set Operations, Venn Diagram

INTRODUCTION

T his module is designed to provide concise explanation of what is operations of

set and how to solve each operations in conjunction with the Venn Diagram.

With the activities provided in this module, may you find this material engaging
and challenging as it develops your critical-thinking and problem-solving skills in
answering Operation of Sets and creating Venn Diagram.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

 define what is set and its operations;

 solve problems involving Operation of Sets; and
 Create Venn Diagram conjunction to the operation of sets.

REFERENCES

Education, D. o. (2012). Grade 7 Math Teaching Guide.

Varsity Tutors. (2007). Retrieved from Varsity Tutors:

https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/operation of set

Varsity Tutors. (2007 - 2019). Retrieved from www.varsitytutors.com.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Set – A set is a clearly defined collection of objects.

Union – The union of two or more sets is the set that contains all the elements of each
of the sets. An element is in the union if it belongs to at least one of the sets.
Intersection – The intersection of two or more sets is the elements that are common
to each of the sets.

Mutually Exclusive Event (Disjoint Events) - An event is said to be mutually

exclusive if they have no outcomes in common.

Difference – A difference of two sets is the elements in one set that are NOT in the
other.

Symmetric Difference – A symmetric difference of the sets contains all the elements
in either set but NOT both.

Complement – A complement of a set is all the elements that are not in the set.

PROPERTIES

Given sets A and B, we can define the following operations:

Operations Notation Meaning
Intersection A∩B All elements which are
in both A and B
Union A∪B All elements which are
in either A or B (or both)
Difference A–B All elements which are
in A but not in B
Complement 𝐴̅ (or 𝐴𝑐 ) All elements which are
not in A

Properties of the Intersection Operation Properties of the Union Operation

A∩U=A Identity law
AU=A Identity law
A∩= Domination law
AUU=U Domination law
A∩A=A Idempotent law
AUA=A Idempotent law
A∩B=B∩A Commutative law
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C Associative law AUB=BUA Commutative law
A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C Associative law

Properties of Complement of Sets A U (B ∩ C) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)

Distributive law
A=A Complementation law
AUA=U Complement law 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
A ∩ A =  Complement law
 A B

Difference of Two sets Difference of Two sets

DISCUSSIONS

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. Let A and B be sets. The union of sets A and B, denoted by A B, is the set that
contains those elements that are either in A or in B, or in both.

An element x belongs to the union of the sets A and B if and only if x belongs to A or x
belongs to B. This tells us that
A U B = {x l x is in A or x is in B}
Note:
Explain to the students that in general, the inclusive OR is used in
mathematics. Thus, when we say, “elements belonging to A or B,” includes the
possibility that the elements belong to both. In some instances, “belonging to both”
is explicitly stated when referring to the intersection of two sets. Advise students
that from here onwards, OR is used inclusively.

2. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A B, is the set
containing those elements in both A and B.
An element x belongs to the intersection of sets A and B if and only if x belongs to A
and x belongs to B. This tells us that
A ∩ B = {x l x is in A and x is in B}
Note: Sets whose intersection is an empty set are called disjoint sets.

3. The complement of set A, written as A’, is the set of all elements found in the
universal set, U, that are not found in set A. The cardinality n (A’) is given by
n (A’) = n (U) – n (A) .

Examples: 1. Find A’. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.

Then the elements of A’ are the elements from U that are not found in A.
Therefore, A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
 2. Find A’ U B’. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 5}. Then,
A’ = {1, 3, 5}
B’ = {2, 3, 4}
A’ U B’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U
3. Find A’∩ B’. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 7, 8}.
Then,
A’ = {5, 6, 7, 8}
B’ = {1, 2, 5, 6}
A’∩ B’ = {5, 6}
4. Find A’. Let U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 5, 7, 9}. Then, A B
= {5, 7, 9} (A B)’ = {1, 3} 5. Let U be the set of whole numbers. If A = {x | x is a
whole number and x > 10}, then
A’ = {x | x is a whole number and 0 x 10}.

ACTIVITY 1: Solve Me.

For Problem 1 – 10 refer to these sets:

U = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝒇} 𝑨 = {𝒂, 𝒄, 𝒆, 𝒇} 𝑩 = {𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆} 𝑪 = {𝒆, 𝒇}
Find each of the following:
1. 𝐴′ 6. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
2. 𝐵′ 7. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′
3. 𝐶 ′ 8. 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
4. 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 9. 𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶
5. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 10. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶)

NOTE:
In this activity above, use Venn Diagrams to show how the different sets relate to each
other so that it is easier to identify unions and intersections of sets and complements
of sets or complements or unions and intersections of sets. Watch as well the
language that you use. In particular, (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ is read as “ the complement of the union
of A and B” whereas 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ is read as the union of the complement of A and the
complement of B.”
ACTIVITY 2:

Here’s another activity:

Given the Venn diagram, determine the elements of:

a. (A ∩ B) ∪ C = ___________________________
b. (B ∪ C) ∩ A = ___________________________
c. B’= ____________________________________
d. A – C = _________________________________
e. B  C = ________________________________
f. A’ – C = ________________________________
g. C – A = _________________________________

ACTIVITY 3:

In each of the Venn diagrams below, describe the shaded area.

In this activity, you were given the opportunity to broaden and apply your
knowledge about solving operations of set conjunction with Venn Diagram.
 CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL DATA

Name: Niña Mae B. Rodriguez

Date of Birth: February 06, 1997
Address: P-12 Thomas Claudio Maguinda, Butuan City
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Name of Parents: Mr. Nilo L. Rodriguez
Mrs. Liza B. Rodriguez
Place of Birth: P-12 Thomas Claudio Maguinda, Butuan City

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Datu Santiago B. Ecleo Sr. Memoriakl Elementary School
P-1 Maguinda, Butuan City
S.Y. 2003-2009
Secondary: Maguinda National High School
P- 16 Maguinda, Butuan City
S.Y 2009-2013
Tertiary: Caraga State University – Main Campus
Ampayon, Butuan City
S.Y. 2013 – 2017
Degree: Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Mathematics

Graduate Studies: Caraga State University – Main Campus

Ampayon, Butuan City
S.Y. 2018 - Present