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 Chapter

11 Thermodynamics
Topic 1: First Law of Thermodynamics 3. The internal energy change in a system that
has absorbed 2 kcals of heat and done 500 J of
1. A system is taken from state a to state c by two work is: [2009]
paths adc and abc as shown in the figure. The (a) 6400 J (b) 5400 J
internal energy at a is Ua = 10 J. Along the path (c) 7900 J (d) 8900 J
adc the amount of heat absorbed dQ1 = 50 J and 4. 110 joules of heat is added to a gaseous system
the work done dW1 = 20 J whereas along the whose internal energy is 40J. Then the amount
path abc the heat absorbed dQ2 = 36 J. The of external work done is [1993]
amount of work done along the path abc is (a) 150 J (b) 70 J
[NEET Kar. 2013] (c) 110 J (d) 40 J
5. Which of the following is not thermodynamical
d function ? [1993]
c (a) Enthalpy (b) Work done
(c) Gibb's energy (d) Internal energy
6. First law of thermodynamics is consequence of
conservation of [1988]
p
(a) work (b) energy
a b (c) heat (d) all of these
V Topic 2: Specific Heat Capacity
(a) 6 J (b) 10 J & Thermodynamic Processes
(c) 12 J (d) 36 J 7. Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the
2. An ideal gas goes from state A to state B via following diagram : [2017]
three different processes as indicated in the P-V
P
diagram : [2012M]
IV
i f
I III
A 1 f 700
P 2
f II 500 k
B k
3 f 300k
V
Match the following
V Column-1 Column-2
If Q1, Q2, Q3 indicate the heat a absorbed by the P. Process I A. Adiabatic
gas along the three processes and DU1, DU2, Q. Process II B. Isobaric
DU3 indicate the change in internal energy along R. Process III C. Isochoric
the three processes respectively, then S. Process IV D. Isothermal
(a) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 and DU1 = DU2 = DU3 (a) P ® C, Q ® A, R ® D, S ® B
(b) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and DU1= DU2 = DU3 (b) P ® C, Q ® D, R ® B, S ® A
(c) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and DU1 > DU2 > DU3 (c) P ® D, Q ® B, R ® A, S ® C
(d) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and DU1> DU2 > DU3 (d) P ® A, Q ® C, R ® D, S ® B
 102 PHYSICS
8. A gas is compressed isothermally to half its initial 12. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic
volume. The same gas is compressed separately process ABCDA as shown in fig. The work done
through an adiabatic process until its volume is by the system in the cycle is : [2014]
again reduced to half. Then : [2016]
(a) P0V0 P B
(a) Compressing the gas isothermally will C
3P0
require more work to be done. (b) 2P0V0
(b) Compressing the gas through adiabatic 2P0
process will require more work to be done. P0 V0 P0
(c) A D
(c) Compressing the gas isothermally or 2
adiabatically will require the same amount (d) Zero V0 2V0 V
of work.
(d) Which of the case (whether compression 13. A gas is taken th rough the cycle
through isothermal or through adiabatic A ® B ® C ® A, as shown in figure. What is
process) requires more work will depend the net work done by the gas ? [2013]
upon the atomicity of the gas.
9. Figure below shows two paths that may be taken 5
P (10 Pa)
by a gas to go from a state A to a state C.
7
P B C 6 B
6×104 Pa 5
4
3 A
2 C
4 1
2×10 Pa
A 3
V (10 m )
3
0 2 4 6 8
–
2 × 10 3 m3 4 × 10–3 m3
V (a) 1000 J (b) zero
In process AB, 400 J of heat is added to the (c) – 2000 J (d) 2000 J
system and in process BC, 100 J of heat is added 14. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a
to the system. The heat absorbed by the system gas is found to be proportional to the cube of its
in the process AC will be [2015] Cp
temperature. The ratio of for the gas is
(a) 500 J (b) 460 J Cv
(c) 300 J (d) 380 J [2013]
10. An ideal gas is compressed to half its initial
volume by means of several processes. Which 5
(a) 2 (b)
of the process results in the maximum work done 3
on the gas? [2015 RS]
(a) Isobaric (b) Isochoric 3 4
(c) (d)
(c) Isothermal (d) Adiabatic 2 3
11. A monoatomic gas at a pressure P, having a 15. Which of the following relations does not give
volume V expands isothermally to a volume 2V the equation of an adiabatic process, where
and then adiabatically to a volume 16V. The final terms have their usual meaning?
5 (a) PgT1–g = constant [NEET Kar. 2013]
pressure of the gas is : (take g = ) [2014]
3 (b) P1–g Tg = constant
(a) 64P (b) 32P
(c) PVg = constant
P
(c)
64
(d) 16P (d) TVg–1 = constant
Thermodynamics 103
16. A thermodynamic system is taken through the 18. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal
cycle ABCD as shown in figure. Heat rejected gas does –150 J of work against its
by the gas during the cyclic process is :[2012] surroundings. This implies that [2011]
D C (a) 150 J heat has been removed from the gas
2P
(b) 300 J of heat has been added to the gas
(c) no heat is transferred because the process
Pressure

is isothermal
(d) 150 J of heat has been added to the gas
P A B
19. A mass of diatomic gas (g = 1.4) at a pressure of
V 3V 2 atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so
Volume
(a) 2 PV (b) 4 PV that its temperature rises from 27°C to 927°C.
The pressure of the gas in final state is [2011M]
1
(c) PV (d) P V (a) 28 atm (b) 68.7 atm
2
17. One mole of an ideal gas goes from an initial (c) 256 atm (d) 8 atm
state A to final state B via two processes : It first 20. If DU and DW represent the increase in
undergoes isothermal expansion from volume V internal energy and work done by the system
to 3V and then its volume is reduced from 3V to respectively in a thermodynamical process,
V at constant pressure. The correct P-V diagram which of the following is true? [2010, 1998]
representing the two processes is : [2012]
(a) DU = - DW , in an adiabatic process
(a) B
(b) DU = DW , in an isothermal process
P (c) DU =DW , in an adiabatic process
A
(d) DU = - DW , in an isothermal process
21. In thermodynamic processes which of the
V 3V
V following statements is not true? [2009]
(b) A (a) In an isochoric process pressure remains
constant
(b) In an isothermal process the temperature
P remains constant
(c) In an adiabatic process PVg = constant
B
(d) In an adiabatic process the system is
V 3V insulated from the surroundings
(c) A 22. If Q, E and W denote respectively the heat added,
change in internal energy and the work done in
a closed cyclic process, then: [2008]
P
B (a) W = 0 (b) Q = W = 0
(c) E = 0 (d) Q = 0
V 3V
23. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature
V of T K does 6R joules of work adiabatically. If
(d) A the ratio of specific heats of this gas at constant
pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final
P temperature of gas will be [2004]
B
(a) (T – 4) K (b) (T + 2.4) K
(c) (T – 2.4) K (d) (T + 4) K
V 3V
V
 104 PHYSICS
24. An ideal gas at 27ºC is compressed adiabatically P
8 B
to of its original volume. The rise in P2
27 C
æ 5ö
temperature is ç g = ÷ [1999] P1 D
è 3ø A
(a) 475ºC (b) 402ºC
(c) 275ºC (d) 175ºC A¢ B¢ V
25. If the ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant (a) P1ACBP2P1 (b) ACBB'A'A
pressure to that at constant volume is g, the (c) ACBDA (d) ADBB'A'A
change in internal energy of a mass of gas, when 31. A thermodynamic process is shown in the figure.
the volume changes from V to 2V at constant The pressures and volumes corresponding to
pressure P, is [1998] some points in the figure are
R P
(a) (b) PV
( g - 1) B C
PV g PV
(c) (d)
( g - 1) ( g - 1)
26. A sample of gas expands from volume V1 to V2.
The amount of work done by the gas is greatest, A D
when the expansion is [1997] O V
(a) adiabatic (b) isobaric PA = 3 × 104 Pa
(c) isothermal (d) equal in all cases VA = 2 × 10-3 m3
27. An ideal gas undergoing adiabatic change has PB = 8 × 104 Pa
the following pressure-temperature relationship VD = 5 × 10–3 m3.
(a) P g -1T g = constant [1996] In process AB, 600 J of heat is added to the
(b) g
P T g -1
= constant system and in process BC, 200 J of heat is added
to the system. The change in internal energy of
(c) P g T 1-g = constant
the system in process AC would be [1991]
(d) P1-g T g = constant
(a) 560 J (b) 800 J
28. A diatomic gas initially at 18ºC is compressed
(c) 600 J (d) 640 J
adiabatically to one eighth of its original volume.
The temperature after compression will be 32. At 27° C a gas is compressed suddenly such
(a) 18ºC (b) 668.4ºK [1996] that its pressure becomes (1/8) of original
(c) 395.4ºC (d) 144ºC pressure. Final temperature will be (g = 5/3)
29. An ideal gas A and a real gas B have their (a) 420 K (b) 300K [1989]
volumes increased from V to 2V under isothermal (c) – 142°C (d) 327°C
conditions. The increase in internal energy
Topic 3: Carnot Engine, Refrigerator &
(a) will be same in both A and B [1993] Second Law of Thermodynamics
(b) will be zero in both the gases 1
(c) of B will be more than that of A 33. A carnot engine having an efficiency of as
10
(d) of A will be more than that of B heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work
done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy
30. A thermodynamic system is taken from state A
absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature
to B along ACB and is brought back to A along
is :- [ 2017, 2015]
BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work
done during the complete cycle is given by the (a) 90 J (b) 99 J
area [1992] (c) 100 J (d) 1 J
Thermodynamics 105
34. A refrigerator works between 4°C and 30°C. It is 41. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot
required to remove 600 calories of heat every cycle between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 6 ×
second in order to keep the temperature of the 104 cals of heat at higher temperature. Amount
refrigerated space constant. The power required of heat converted to work is [2005]
is: (Take 1 cal = 4.2 joules) [2016] (a) 4.8 × 104 cals (b) 6 × 10 4 cals
(a) 2.365 W (b) 23.65 W (c) 2.4 × 104 cals (d) 1.2 × 104 cals
(c) 236.5 W (d) 2365 W 42. A Carnot engine whose efficiency is 50% has an
35. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator exhaust temperature of 500 K. If the efficiency is
is 5. If the inside temperature of freezer is –20°C, to be 60% with the same intake temperature, the
exhaust temperature must be (in K) [2002]
then the temperature of the surroundings to
which it rejects heat is [2015 RS] (a) 800 (b) 200
(a) 41°C (b) 11°C (c) 400 (d) 600
(c) 21°C (d) 31°C 43. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot
36. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in cycle between 227ºC and 127ºC. It absorbs 6 kcal
series. The engine A receives heat from the at the higher temperature. The amount of heat
source at temperature T1 and rejects the heat to (in kcal) converted into work is equal to[2002]
the sink at temperature T. The second engine B (a) 1.2 (b) 4.8
receives the heat at temperature T and rejects to (c) 3.5 (d) 1.6
its sink at temperature T2. For what value of T 44. The temperature of source and sink of a heat
the efficiencies of the two engines are equal? engine are 127ºC and 27ºC respectively. An
[NEET Kar. 2013] inventor claims its efficiency to be 26%, then:
T1 + T2 T -T (a) it is impossible [2001]
(a) (b) 1 2
2 2 (b) it is possible with high probability
(c) T1T2 (d) T1T2 (c) it is possible with low probability
37. When 1 kg of ice at 0°C melts to water at 0°C, the (d) data are insufficient.
resulting change in its entropy, taking latent heat 45. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the
of ice to be 80 cal/°C, is [2011] heat input into work. When the temperature of
(a) 273 cal/K (b) 8 × 104 cal/K the sink is reduced by 62ºC, the efficiency of the
(c) 80 cal/K (d) 293 cal/K engine is doubled. The temperatures of the
38. An engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When the source and sink are [2000]
temperature of sink is reduced by 62°C, its (a) 99ºC, 37ºC (b) 80ºC, 37ºC
efficiency is doubled. Temperature of the source is (c) 95ºC, 37ºC (d) 90ºC, 37ºC
(a) 37°C (b) 62°C [2007] 46. The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating
(c) 99°C (d) 124°C between the temperatures of 100ºC and –23ºC
39. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an will be [1997]
efficiency of 40%. By how much should the
temperature of source be increased so as to 100 + 23 100 - 23
(a) (b)
increase, its efficiency by 50% of original 100 100
efficiency ? [2006] 373 - 250
(c) 373 + 250 (d)
(a) 325 K (b) 250 K
373 373
(c) 380 K (d) 275 K
40. Wh ich of t he followi ng pr ocesses is 47. An ideal carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%
reversible? [2005] receives heat at 500 K. If its efficiency is 50%,
(a) Transfer of heat by conduction then the intake temperature for the same exhaust
temperature is [1995]
(b) Transfer of heat by radiation
(a) 600 K (b) 700 K
(c) Isothermal compression
(c) 800 K (d) 900 K
(d) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
 106 PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY
1 (a) 7 (a) 13 (a) 18 (a) or (d) 23 (a) 28 (b) 33 (a) 38 (c) 43 (a)
2 (a) 8 (b) 14 (c) 19 (c) 24 (b) 29 (b) 34 (c) 39 (b) 44 (a)
3 (c) 9 (b) 15 (a) 20 (a) 25 (c) 30 (c) 35 (d) 40 (c) 45 (a)
4 (b) 10 (d) 16 (a) 21 (a) 26 (b) 31 (a) 36 (d) 41 (d) 46 (d)
5 (b) 11 (c) 17 (d) 22 (c) 27 (d) 32 (c) 37 (d) 42 (c) 47 (a)
6 (b) 12 (d)

Hints & Solutions

1. (a) From first law of thermodynamics 8. (b) Wext = negative of area with volume-axis
Qadc = DUadc + Wadc W(adiabatic) > W(isothermal)
50 J = DUadc + 20 J P
DUadc = 30 J
Again, Qabc = DUabc + Wabc Adiabatic

Wabc = Qabc – DUabc

= Qabc – DUadc
= 36 J – 30 J Isothermal
= 6J O
2. (a) Initial and final condition is same for all V0 2V0 V
process 9. (b) In cyclic process ABCA
DU1 = DU2 = DU3 Qcycle = Wcycle
from first law of thermodynamics
QAB + QBC + QCA = ar. of DABC
DQ = DU + DW
Work done 1
+ 400 + 100 + QC®A = (2 × 10–3) (4 × 104)
DW1 > DW2 > DW3 (Area of P.V. graph) 2
So DQ1 > DQ2 > DQ3 Þ QC ® A = – 460 J
3. (c) According to first law of thermodynamics
Þ QA ® C = + 460 J
Q = DU + W
DU = Q – W 10. (d) Since area under the curve is maximum for
= 2 × 4.2 × 1000 – 500 = 8400 –500 adiabatic process so, work done (W = PdV) on
= 7900 J the gas will be maximum for adiabatic process
4. (b) DQ = DU + DW P
Þ DW = DQ – DU = 110 – 40 = 70 J
5. (b) Work done is not a thermodynamical
function.
6. (b) The first law of thermodynamics is just a Isothermal Adiabatic
conservation of energy.
7. (a) Process I volume is constant hence, it is Isobaric
isochoric
In process IV, pressure is constant hence, it is
isobaric
V
Thermodynamics 107

11. (c) For isothermal process P1V1 = P2V2 17. (d) 1st process is isothermal expansion which
P is only correct shown in option (d)
Þ PV = P2(2V) Þ P2 = 2nd process is isobaric compression which is
2
For adiabatic process correctly shown in option (d)
g g 18. (a) or (d)
P2 V2 = P3V3
If a process is expansion then work done is
æ Pö
Þ ç ÷ (2v) g = P316v)g positive so answer will be (a).
è 2ø
5/3
But in question work done by gas is given
3 æ 1ö P –150J so that according to it answer will
Þ P3 = çè ÷ø =
2 8 64 be (d).
12. (d) Work done by the system in the cycle 19. (c) T1 = 273 + 27 = 300K
= Area under P-V curve and V-axis T2 = 273 + 927 = 1200K
1 For adiabatic process,
= (2P0 - P0 )(2V0 - V0 ) +
2 P1–g Tg = constant
é æ 1ö ù
ê - çè 2 ÷ø (3P0 - 2P0 )(2V0 - V0 ) ú Þ P11–g T1g = P21–g T2g
ë û
P0 V0 P0 V0 1-g g
= - =0 æP ö æ T1 ö
2 2 Þç 2÷ =ç ÷
è P1 ø èT ø 2
13. (a) Wnet = Area of triangle ABC
1 1-g g
= AC × BC æP ö æ T2 ö
2 Þç 1÷ =ç ÷
è T2 ø èT ø 1
1
= × 5 × 10–3 × 4 × 105 = 1000 J
2 1-1.4 1.4
14. (c) According to question P µ T3 æ P1 ö æ 1200 ö
=ç
But as we know for an adiabatic process the çè P ÷ø
2 è 300 ÷ø
g
g -1 -0.4
pressure P µ T . æ P1 ö
çè P ÷ø = (4)1.4
g 3 Cp 3 2
So, =3Þg= or,, =
g -1 2 Cv 2 0.4
æ P2 ö
15. (a) Adiabatic equations of state are çè P ÷ø = 41.4
1
PVg = constant
TVg–1 = constant æ 1.4 ö æ7ö
çè ÷ çè ÷ø
0.4 ø 2
P1–gTg = constant. P2 = P1 4 = P1 4
16. (a) Q Internal energy is the state function. = P1 (27) = 2 × 128 = 256 atm
\ In cyclie process; DU = 0 20. (a) By first law of thermodynamics,
According to 1st law of thermodynamics DQ = DU + DW
DQ = DU + W In adiabatic process, DQ = 0
So heat absorbed \ DU = -DW
DQ = W = Area under the curve In isothermal process, DU = 0
= – (2V) (P) = – 2PV
\ DQ = DW
So heat rejected = 2PV
 108 PHYSICS
21. (a) In an isochoric process volume remains 26. (b) In thermodynamics for same change in
constant whereas pressure remains constant in volume, the work done is maximum in isobaric
isobaric process. process because in P – V graph, area enclosed
by curve and volume axis is maximum in isobaric
22. (c) In a cyclic process, the initial state
process.
coincides with the final state. Hence, the change
So, the choice (b) is correct.
in internal energy is zero, as it depends only on
the initial and final states. But Q & W are non- 27. (d) We know that in adiabatic process,
zero during a cycle process. PVg = constant ....(1)
5 From ideal gas equation, we know that
23. (a) T1 = T, W = 6R joules, g = PV = nRT
3
nRT
1 1 - P2V2
PV nRT1 - nRT2 V= ....(2)
W= = P
g -1 g -1 Puttingt the value from equation (2) in
nR(T1 - T2 ) equation (1),
= æ nRT ö
g
g -1 Pç = constant
è P ÷ø
R (T - T2 )
n = 1, T1 = T Þ = 6R P(1 – g) T g = constant
5 / 3 -1
28. (b) Initial temperature (T1) = 18°C = 291 K
Þ T2 = ( T–4)K Let Initial volume (V1) = V
24. (b) T = 27°C = 300 K V
Final volume (V2) =
5 8 V1 27 8
g = ; V2 = V1 ; = According to adiabatic process,
3 27 V2 8
TVg – 1 = constant
From adiabatic process we know that
According to question, T1V1g -1 = T2V2g -1
T1V1g -1 = T2V2g -1 g -1
æV ö
Þ T2 = 293 ç 1 ÷
g -1 5
-1 è V2 ø
T2 æ V1 ö æ 27 ö 3
= =ç ÷ 7
T1 çè V2 ÷ø
-1
è 8ø Þ T2 = 293(8) 5 = 293 × 2.297 = 668.4K
é Cp 7ù
T2 9 9 9
= Þ T2 = ´ T1 = ´ 300 = 675 K ê For diatomic gas g = = ú
ë Cv 5 û
T1 4 4 4
29. (b) Under isothermal conditions, there is no
T2 = 675 – 273°C = 402°C change in internal energy.
25. (c) Change in internal energy is equal to work 30. (c) Work done = Area under curve ACBDA
done in adiabatic system 31. (a) Since AB is an isochoric process, so, no
DW = –DU (Expansion in the system) work is done. BC is isobaric process,
1 \ W = PB × (VD – VA) = 240 J
=- ( PV - P V ) DQ = 600 + 200 = 800 J
g -1 1 1 2 2
1 Using DQ = DU + DW
DU = ( P2V2 – PV
1 1) Þ DU = DQ – DW = 800 – 240 = 560 J
1– g
Here, V1 = V ,V2 = 2V 32. (c) T1g P11- g = T2g P21- g
g 1-g
1 PV æT ö æPö
\ DU = [ P ´ 2V – PV ] = Þç 2÷ =ç 1÷
1– g 1– g è T1 ø è P2 ø
1-g
PV æPö g
Þ DU = - Þ T2 = T1. ç 1 ÷ = 300 × (8)–2/5= 142°C
g -1 èP ø 2
Thermodynamics 109
1 37. (d) Change in entropy is given by
33. (a) Given, efficiency of engine, h =
10
work done on system W = 10J dQ DQ mLf
dS = or DS = =
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator T T 273
1 9 1000 ´ 80
1- DS = = 293cal / K.
Q2 1 - h 10 10 273
b= = = 1 = 1 =9
W h T2
10 10 38. (c) Since efficiency of engine is h = 1 -
T1
Energy absorbed from reservoir According to problem,
Q2 = bw 1 T
=1- 2 .......... (1)
Q2 = 9 × 10 = 90 J 6 T1
34. (c) Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator, When the temperature of the sink is reduced by
Q2 T2 62°C, its efficiency is doubled
b= =
W T1 - T2 æ 1ö T - 62
2ç ÷ =1- 2 .......... (2)
(Where Q2 is heat removed) è 6ø T1
Given: T2 = 4°C = 4 + 273 = 277 k Solving (1) and (2) T2 = 372 K
T1 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303 k T1 = 99°C = Temperature of source.
600 ´ 4.2 277 39. (b) We know that efficiency of Carnot Engine
\ b= =
W 303 - 277 T1 - T2
=
T1
Þ W = 236.5 joule
where, T1 is temp. of source & T2 is temp. of sink
W 236.5 joule
Power P = = = 236.5 watt. T1 - 300
t 1sec \ 0.40 = Þ T1 - 300 = 0.40T1
T1
35. (d) Coefficient of performance, 300 3000
0.6T1 = 300 Þ T1 = = = 500 K
T2 .6 6
Cop =
T1 - T2 Now efficiency to be increased by 50%
273 - 20 253 T1 - 300
5= = \ 0.60 = Þ T1 - 300 = 0.6T1
T1 - (273 - 20) T1 - 253 T1
5T1 – (5 × 253) = 253
300 300 ´ 10
0.4T1 = 300 Þ T1 = = = 750
5T1 = 253 + (5 × 253) = 1518 .4 4
1518 Increase in temp = 750 – 500 = 250 K
\ T1 = = 303.6
5 40. (c) For a process to be reversible, it must be
or, T1 = 303.6 – 273 = 30.6 @ 31°C quasi-static. For quasi static process, all changes
take place infinitely slowly. Isothermal process
T
36. (d) Efficiency of engine A, h1 = 1 - , occur very slowly so it is quasi-static and hence
T1 it is reversible.
T2
Efficiency of engine B, h2 = 1 - 41. (d) We know that
T
efficiency of carnot engine =
Here, h1 = h2
T2 400 1
T T2 1- = 1- =
\ T = T Þ T = T1T2 T1 500 5
1
 110 PHYSICS
[ Q T1 = (273 + 227)K = 500 K
1 T
and T2 = (273 + 127)K = 400 K] h= = 1 - 2 , when T2 = sink temperature
6 T1
Work output
Efficiency of Heat engine = Heat input T1 = source temperature
5
Þ T2 = T1
or, 1 = work output 6
5 6×104 Secondly,
Þ work output = 1.2 × 104 cal
1 T - 62 T 62 5 62
T2 50 500 =1- 2 =1- 2 + =1- +
42. (c) h =1- = 1- 3 T T T 6 T1
T1 or 100
1 1 1
T1
or, T1 = 62 × 6 = 372K =372– 273 = 99ºC
Þ T1 = 1000 K 5
& T2 = ´ 372= 310 K= 310 - 273 = 37º C
60 T 6
Also, = 1 - 2 Þ T2 = 400 K
100 1000
T1
46. (d) h = 1-
T1 - T2 T2
43. (a) Efficiency = T
1 T1 = –23°C = 250 K, T2 = 100°C = 373K
T1 = 227 + 273 = 500 K 250 373 - 250
h =1- =
T2 = 127 + 273 = 400 K 373 373

500 - 400 1 47. (a) Efficiency of carnot engine (h1) = 40%

h= =
500 5 = 0.4; Initial intake temperature (T1) = 500K and
Hence, output work new efficiency (h2) = 50% = 0.5.
1
= (h) ´ Heat input = ´ 6 = 1.2 kcal
5 T2 T
Efficiency ( h) = 1 - or 2 = 1 - h .
300 100 1 T1 T1
44. (a) h = 1 - = =
400 400 4
T2
1 Therefore in first case, = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6 .
h = ´100 = 25% 500
4
Hence, it is not possible to have efficiency more Þ T2 = 0.6×500=300K
than 25%. 300
And in second case, = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5
45. (a) Initially the efficiency of the engine was T1
1 1 300
which increases to when the sink Þ T1 = = 600 K
6 3 0.5
temperature reduces by 62º C.