Conference papers on numerical modelling of tunnelling and settlement-induced damage to masonry buildings by H.J. Burd, G.T. Houlsby, C.E. Augarde, G. Liu, A.G. Bloodworth, C. Wisser and L. Chow Report No. OUEL 2207/99 University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K. Tel. 01865 273162/283300 Fax. 01865 283301 Email Civil@eng.ox.ac.uk http://www-civil.eng.ox.ac.uk/Conference papers on numerical modelling of tunnelling and settlement-induced damage to masonry buildings by HJ. Burd, G.T. Houlsby, C.E. Augarde, G. Liu, A.G. Bloodworth, C, Wisser and L. Chow INTRODUCTION This report contains eight papers presented at conferences between 1994 and 1999, These papers present many of the findings of an ongoing project on the understanding of the interaction between tunnelling processes, the associated ground movements and possible damage to adjacent buildings. The central concept behind the whole research programme has been that tunnels and buildings cannot be examined in isolation. If the complex problem of soil-structure is to be understood, then tunnel and building have to be incorporated into a single analysis. ‘The analysis is, of necessity, three-dimensional, and must take into account a number of different types of nonlinearities. The research at Oxford is recorded in three theses (Chow (1994), Liu (1997), Augarde (1997)), and two further research students (Bloodworth and Wisser) are currently working in this area. The program has been divided into three broad phases: ‘* Preliminary work (Chow) using two-dimensional analysis. ‘* Development of 3-D analyses of tunnels (including lining), the surrounding ground and masonry buildings (Augarde, Liu) © Calibration of the methods against case records (Bloodworth), and development of tunnel installation procedures and analysis of compensation grouting (Wiser). The first paper (Burd er al. 1994) sets out the general approach that was planned for the subsequent research, drawing on the preliminary study by Chow (1994). The second (Augarde et al. 1995) provides more details on the numerical procedures adopted in the research. The third (Augarde et al. 1998) reports the experience in using these methods to analyse typical tunnelling problems. The fourth paper (Houlsby et al. 1999) is a general report on the results of the second phase of research. Bloodworth and Houlsby (1999) report one comparison of the analyses with a case history (of a shaft construction rather than a tunnel). Augarde ef al. (1999) present more detail on the numerical aspects of the calculations, particularly developments in tunnel installation modelling. Houlsby (1999) presents the details of the non-linear model used for undrained clay in the analyses: this was developed primarily for this project, and the nonlinearity is important for the pattern of settlements predicted Finally Bloodworth et al. (1999) report some of the experience of the transfer of the FE code to the Oxford Supercomputer OSCAR for the later analyses. ‘The project has been supported by EPSRC, the SBFSS Foundation, the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and Howard Humphreys Consulting Engineers (now Brown and Root Ltd).References CE, Augarde (1997) “Numerical modelling of tunnelling processes for assessment of damage to buildings”, D.Phil. Thesis, Oxford University L. Chow (1994) “The prediction of surface settlements due to tunnelling in soft ground”, M.Sc Thesis, Oxford University G. Liu (1997) “Numerical modelling of damage to masonry buildings due to tunnelling”, D.Phil Thesis, Oxford University Contents of this report: Burd, HJ., Houlsby, G.T., Chow, L,. Augarde, C.E. and Liu, G. (1994), Analysis of Settlement Damage to Masonry Structures, Proc. 3rd European Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Manchester, 7-9 September. Rotterdam: Balkema.203-208 Augarde, C.E., Burd, H.J, and Houlsby, G.T. (1995). A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Tunnelling, Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on Numerical Models in Geomechanics - NUMOG V, Davos, Switzerland, 6-8 September. Rotterdam: Balkema, 457-462 Augarde, C.E., Burd, H.J. and Houlsby, G.T. (1998). “Some Experiences of Modelling Tennelling in Soft Ground Using Three-Dimensional Finite Elements”, Proc. 4" European Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Udine, 14-16 October. Wien: Springer Verlag. 603-612 Houlsby, G.T., Burd, HJ. and Augarde, C.E. (1999) "Analysis of Tunnel-Induced Settlement Damage to Surface Structures", Proc. XH European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Amsterdam, 7-10 June, in press Bloodworth, A.G. and Houlsby, G.T. (1999). “Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Settlement Caused by Shaft Construction”, Proc. International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Tokyo, 21-23 July, in press Augarde, C.E., Wisser, C. and Burd, HJ. (1999). Numerical modelling of tunnel installation procedures. Proc. 7" International Symposium on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics - NUMOG VIL, Graz, 1-3 September. Rotterdam: Balkema. in press. Houlsby, G.T. (1999) “A Model for the Variable Stiffness of Undrained Clay”. Proc, International Symposium on Pre-Failure Deformation of Soils, Torino, in press. Bloodworth, A.G., Augarde, C.E. and Houlsby, G.T. (1999). “Transferring a non-linear finite element code to the Oxford Supercomputer, Oscar”. Proc. 7" International Conference on Civil and Structural Engineering Computing, Oxford, 13-15 September, in press‘Numerical Mthods in Geotechnical Engineering, Smith (ed) © 1994 Bakoma, Ratonsam, ISBN 90 54105100 Analysis of settlement damage to masonry structures H.J.Burd, G-T:Houlsby, L.Chow, C.E. Augarde & G. Liu Oxford University UK ABSTRACT: The methods used in practice for the assessment of damage to buildings caused by settlements, due to tunnelling are generally based on two separate and distinct procedures. A geotechnical analysis is fist carried out to estimate likely ground movements, and then a separate method is used to assess the resulting damage to the existing structure. This paper describes progress made at Oxford University on the development ofa unified approach to the problem of damage to buildings induced by tunnelling. Finite element analysis, of the combined geotechnical and structural problem will be used.A prelimi suitable soil models for the pred ry study is described in which of settlements above plane strain tunnels are investigated. Details are tziven of proposals to extend this analysis to three-dimensions. A study has also been carried out of suitable Constitutive models for masonry and details are given of a simple elastic-no tension model. 1 INTRODUCTION A number of new tunnelling projects in London are currently planned (for example the Jubilee line ‘extension and the CrossRail project). Since these proposed tunnelling activities will take place in close proximity to existing structures, it is necessary 10 predict the probable amount of structural damage as pat of the design process. Current approaches taken to assess the effect of tunnel construction on an existing building generally consist of two separate parts. Firstly, an estimate is ‘made of the ground surface movements associated ‘with the construction of the tunnel, This is usually achieved using semi-empirical approaches based on experience from previous tunnelling projects (e.g. Peck (1969), Rankin (1988) and Mair etal. (1993)) Secondly, the effect that these ground movements ‘would have on neighbouring structures is assessed A-common method to estimate the response of & structure is the approach proposed by Burland and Wroth (1975), where the strains in the building due to combined bending and shear (making the further assumption of simple beam theory) are calculated ‘The effects of these strains and of the relative angular distortion of extremes of the building are then assessed by comparison with previous field ‘measurements. ‘An important omission in the above procedure is the influence of the building on the surface settlement profile. The stiffness of the building would be expected to reduce surface differential settlements while its self-weight would tend 10 increase the total settlement. Previous investigations of _tunnel-induced settlements using numerical models have largely been restricted to two-dimensional studies. To ‘capture fully the mechanisms of deformation around tunnels, however, it is generally accepted that a three-dimensional analysis is required. Some previous work on three-dimensional analysis of tunnels has been reported (eg. Lee and Rowe (1990)) but to the authors’ knowledge no three- dimensional study has investigated the interaction between a tunnel and a neighbouring masonry building. ‘Avresearch project is currently underway at Oxford University on the development of three-dimensional finite clement procedures to study this problem. An initial two-dimensional study, which concentrated on the choice of a soil model that is able to capture correctly the deformation field around a tunnel, has been completed. This work is curently being extended to three-dimensions, including also the implementation of numerical procedures to mode! a masonry building.