2019 5th International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Systems (ICACCS)
The Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Method
used for Speed Control of Brushless DC Motor
Miss. SyedaHuma Syed Zakeer
Electrical Department
P.E.S College of Engineering
Aurangabad, India
syedahuma111@gmail.com
Abstract— The speed control method of brushless dc
motor is especially used in an electrical vehicles ,
because it having constant torque, higher efficiency, and
very smooth speed control. Duration of speed control
the current increases (ripple) is reduces due to adding
of resistances by using four switch method which is
commonly known as four switch three phase inerter.
There are three windings used which has phases a, b
and c. In BLDC motor phase- a, phase-b supplied but
the phase-c which connected in between two capacitor
which connected to dc supply having back electro-
motive force (back emf). Now adding two regulating
vectors conducting vector and non conducting vectors
which is used AT MEGA 328P Microcontroller which
gives faster and continues operation in conduction as
well as in non conduction region. In this paper studied
about current control scheme is prove effective due to
its literature survey.
Keywords—Brushless DC Motor, Four Switch Three
Phase Inverter, Current Control Scheme, Microcontroller
I. INTRODUCTION
In electrical vehicles specially in gear changes
system and in speed control method the motor used in
this system is BLDC motor [1]-[3]. The BLDC motor
have permanent magnet on rotor side and it have
higher fluctuation in frequency, initial high torque
characteristic and absence of brushes all this features
increases the application of BLDC motor [4].due this
desirable features the BLDC motor used
comparatively ac motor and dc motor[5],[6].
The motor convert electrical power into
mechanical power and for converting ac power into
dc power inverter are used. By using microcontroller
output voltage and frequency can control by
switching of switches. switching the four switch of
inverter which connected two series capacitance are
used in FSTPI is connected between the two DC
capacitance fed one phase to bridge arm in switches
which connected in phases a, b and c each phase have
two switches due to which work as an inverter name
as six switch three phase inverter [7]. The inverter
switching state Allowed to giving the output
waveform as shown in fig 1.
This paper is studied based due to the convention
requirement of this method [8][9].
978-1-5386-9533-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Prof.S.S.Kamble
Electrical Department
P.E.S College of Engineering
Aurangabad, India
kambless_2@radiffmail.com
In the output waveform there is harmonic fulfilled
to minimized this inverter are used which having
good frequency characteristic and utilization of dc
voltage. In this system the electronic circuitry used
for controlling, inverting and for speed measuring
due this electronic circuit the harmonic are introduce
these harmonics nothing but the positive integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency [11][12].
The AT MEGA328P microcontroller used to
work as pulse width modulation when input is
interrupt generated four relay switch typically added
the amount of resistance due to that added of
resistance its reduce and control the current and
speed of the motor reduce by adding of resistance.
The series and parallel motor have drawback of
variations in speed and torque the BLDC reduces this
drawback and give beautiful constant torque nature
[13]. The BLDC motor have high initial torque, In
built hall sensor and due to absence of brushes less
maintenance is required.
BLDC motor has trapezoidal output waveform as
shown in fig.2 due to it gives continuous operation in
conduction region [15]. This method of current
control scheme and speed control method used in
Tesla car and also used in Delhi, India in e –
rickshaw runs on BLDC motor same control scheme
used to control the speed and also automatic gear
changes system by push button whenever need to
change the gear press a button gear changes similarly
speed increase and decrease by this method.
The current controlled by four switch three phase
inverter (FSTPI) in BLDC motor [14]-[16].The three
phase winding process, phase-a and phase-b are
current conduction method, phase-c is non-current
conduction because of back EMF applied. The phase
– c winding of BLDC motor driven FSTP Inverter
and the other two phase winding are DC linked
operation the method we used is PWM method but
For Continuous operation microcontroller used to
BLDC Motor driven by FSTP Inverter [17]. The fig 1
shows the actual connection of BLDC motor and also
represent connection of four switches and also the
filters connected in the form of capacitors.
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Fig.1. Basic configuration of BLDCM drive system
II. OPERATION OF SPEED CONTROL OF
BLDC MOTOR BY FSTPI
The speed control of BLDC motor is shown in
fig.1. A ac supply provided as input supply to the
bridge circuit and it converts it into dc supply which
filters harmonic by using capacitor filter. Then it
passes supply to six switch three phase inverter
which converts dc into ac supply which supply to
controller circuit to operate stop, forward and reverse
operation. This circuitry operates on four quadrant
operation which having four level of operation of
controlling the speed. The synchronous motor
similarly to the permanent magnet BLDC motor used
due to BLDC it used rotor position sensor is
automated system which allowed to rotor to rotate in
specific angle rotation which help to control the
speed very smoothly and give the output waveform in
pure dc.
The permanent magnet on BLDC motor on rotor
side and coil arrangement on stator side which
having six coils by applying DC power the coil is
energized and become a electromagnet. The
operation of force action in between rotor permanent
magnet and coils are energized electromagnetically.
In this situation the opposite polarity pole energized
each other and same polarity ripple each other this
process repeated and rotor is continuously rotated.
Due to this operation it gives beautiful constant
torque in nature. A Brushless DC motors has a
construction identical to that similarly to synchronous
motor which having permanent magnet rotor. The
conventional three phase AC winding stator used
which is either star or delta connected. If the surface
of the rotor mounted permanent magnet on it known
as surface mounted permanent magnet rotor.
In a BLDC motor the stator windings are sequentially
switched with DC current or voltages. fig 2.shows the
actual circuit connection of a three phase inverter
Each switching pattern of the rotor remains constant
for 60 degree (Electrical) rotation of the rotor.
Fig.2. FSTPI equivalent circuit for BLDCM
In a typically voltage fed BLDC motor with 180
degree conduction. The voltage applied to A, B, C
phases winding could be as given in TABLE I. In that
case consider table I shown that the situation when
switches 6, 1, and 2 are on in that condition the
negative terminal connected to phase-b, phase-c and
the positive terminal connected to phase-a to the DC
supply. The armature MMF’s is then directed along
phase A neglecting the delay of current rise due to
self inductance when the next set of switches (1, 2 &
3) are on, the armature MMF moves by 60 degree
(Electrical). This causes the rotor magnet to rotate it
experiences a torque and rotates by another 60 degree
and rotor also moves by the same angle in this way
rotor will moves continuously move on. This paper
presents a FSTPI BLDC motor drive by balancing
average phase voltages for each interval[18]-[20].
Hall-sensors are used for obtaining rotor position and
motor speed since sensor less control algorithms may
cause problems at startup because back-EMF
couldn’t be sensed while rotor is not moving. Also, in
low speed range, rotor position couldn’t be obtained
precisely. The each switches of inverter determined
the non conduction duty ratio formed due to pwm
signal.
Fig 2.shows the connection of switches F1, F2
and F3, F4 through inverter. The three phases have
phase current , , and .the , is connected to
the inverter legs directly where is connected to in
between two capacitor which have output dc supply.
For obtaining dc voltage and regulated frequency
taken from inverter. The switches which used in this
conduction is ideal switch that not consume or
dissipate any power from its sources. When used with
switching logic, it can used to simplified model
semiconductor devices such as GTO or MOSFET etc.
for logic gate it used switches in numbering sequence
F1 to F4. There for close state represent by ‘1’ and
open state represent by ‘0’. The switches operate on
the sequence of F1 to F3 and F2 to F4 fixed sequence
for controlling four switch three phase inverter. Two
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possible condition exist as shown in fig 3. It

represents the current control on the phases in which
two phases are current controlled phases and due to
BLDC motor it have trapezoidal output waveform so
by using pulse width modulation it gives quasi-
sinusoidal waveform. Fig 2. Shows equivalent circuit
driven by FSTPI where C1 &C2 Capacitor connected
as filter current ripple. v DC supply voltage to the
capacitors,v &v voltages of capacitors C1 and
C2. The phases a, b, c having three phase terminal
winding A, B,& C. the three phase terminal winding
have neutral point ‘n’ for controlling balance between
two capacitor the midpoint represent by ‘m’. the Fig.3.brushless dc motor output Trapezoidal waveform of current
three phase terminal winding have phase current control
i , i , i . similarly it have back emf e , e and e .L is
TABLE I
stator inductor and R stator phase resistances. The Switching Intervals of BLDC motor
comparator circuit compares two output voltages on Sr. Switching A B C
logic gates on ‘0’ and ‘1’ to represent which is no Interval
comparatively open state and close state and it also 1 0 -60 Positive Negative Negative
used to obtained predefine values. 2 60 -120 Positive Positive Negative
3 120 – 180 negative Positive Negative
V =L +R +e +V (1) 4 180 – 240 Negative Positive Positive
5 240 – 300 Negative Negative Positive
V =L +R +e +V (2) 6 300 – 360 Positive Negative Positive

V =L +R +e +V (3) B. Non Conduction Region

Above equations are the basic equation for phase-
a, phase-b, phase-c. This terminal voltage equations
where v is the voltage between point ‘n’ and ‘m’.
V , V &V are three phase terminal winding
voltage from a, b, c, phases to midpoint ‘m’.
III. CURRENT CONTROL SCHEME
The speed control of BLDC motor can vary the
speed by controlling the current ripple in conduction
as well as in non conduction region so that the BLDC
motor can control FSTPI in which the two region
operate conduction region and non conduction
region.
A. Conduction Region
In speed control by four switches operates in such
manner that conducted switching conduction in
which phases a, b, c having conduction take place in
phases a, b and the non conduction take place in
phase-c assumed to zero current. The BLDC motor
phase-c the phases a, b is operated by FSTPI to form
a loop to connected to the capacitor. phase-c have
back emf, and is not considered to be zero so the
output waveform have some harmonic content it does
not give pure rectangular waveform as shown in fig
3. The output waveform driven by FSTPI The
waveform represent 60 degree conduction and due to
this 0- 360 degree and the TABLE I shows.
The non conduction region the phase-c is
out going phase, and phase-b is non commuted so the
current ripple decreases in non conduction region.
When incoming phases, phase-c, phase-b become
outgoing to work as the slow conduction period .
Also phase-a non commuted moderated to decrease
current ripple in non conduction region. The table I
shows switching intervals in which negative sign
represent the commutation region and the positive
one gives the conduction region. As per 60 degree
(electrical) conduction and commutation region gives
output in the TABLE I.
C. Microcontroller
The speed control of BLDC motor by using
current control scheme in which four switches
connected in such manner form an inverter and used
in AT MEGA 328P Microcontroller which used to
operate continuous switching and controlling the
speed of the motor. The microcontroller having 5V
input supply and operated on 8- bit microcontroller in
this system programmable flash memory. It have
eight interrupts sources which having 8- relay to
operate two relay is on and entire relay is off the
relay is ON it generates interrupt and due to this
interrupt resistance is added and speed is reduces .in
this control scheme this is fastest and advance control
scheme which gives continuous operation and
maintain the output waveform and also maintain the
constant torque and allowed variation in speed
control

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IV. CONCLUSION The brushless DC motor drive,” IEEE Transactions on

A BLDC motor drive with speed control by using
four switch three phase inverter presented. In this
paper we studied about how does the BLDC motor
works its principal of operation and also current
control scheme which leasds to reduce the current
and due to which speed of motor is cotrolled. All the
results and conclusion based on literature survey as
this is a base paper in which all studied about BLDC
motor fed to FSTPI method. Its work on two regions
first is coduction region and second is non
conduction region.
In conduction region two phase operated to be
conduction switches in which phases a,b allowed to
moderate bridge supply. The Two phses are
regulating to control of c- phase current zero due to
main vector effect due to this effect exactly
controlled on regulating vector time.
In non conduction region the out going phases
phase-c and phase-b is non commuted to decrease to
commutation in rise current (ripple current). When
incoming phase-c and outgoing phase-b is connectd
to work asin the low speed region. Also non
commuted phase allowed to decrease the
commutation in current.
Industry application, Vol.25, May/Apr 1989.
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Zero-Crossing Point Detection of Back EMF for Sensor less
Brushless DC Motor,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 30,
no. 3, pp. 1488-1498, March. 2015.
[12] Hosen, R., & Salim, K. M. (2013, December). Design
implementation and testing of a three phase BLDC motor
controller. In Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE),
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[13] Lee, B. K., Kim, T. H., & Ehsani, M. (2003). On the
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low cost commercial applications: topology and control.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 18(1), 164-172.
[14] Lee, Joon-Hwan, Sung-Chan Ahn, and Dong-seok Hyun. "A
BLDCM drive with trapezoidal back EMF using four-switch
three phase inverter." Industry Applications Conference,
2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE,
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[15] Krishnakumar, V., & Jeevanandhan, D. S. (2011, January).
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