EEE 203 Energy Conversion Problems

EEE 203: Energy Conversion I
Problems for Assignments
S/N Problem Description

Assignment # 1 (On Transformer)
1. A sinusoidal flux 0.2 Wb (max.) links with 55 turns of a transformer secondary coil.
Calculate the r.m.s. value to the induced emf in the secondary coil. The supply frequency
is 50 Hz.
2. The primary and secondary turns of a single-phase transformer are 400 and 1100,
respectively. The net cross sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. When its primary is
connected 500V, 50 Hz supply, calculate the value of maximum flux density in the core
and the emf induced in secondary winding. Draw the vector diagram representing the
condition.
3. A single-phase 200 kVA, 3300/240 V, 50 Hz. Transformer carries 80 turns on its
secondary. What will be its. (i) primary and secondary current on full load; (ii) the
maximum value of flux; (iii) the number of primary turns.
4. A 3300/250 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has an effective cross-sectional area of
125 cm2. It has 70 turns on its low-voltage side. Calculate (a) the value of the maximum
flux density (b) the number of turns on the high-voltage winding.
5. The secondary of a 100 kVA, 3300/400 V, 50 Hz, one-phase transformer carries 110
turns. Determine the approximate values of the primary and secondary full-load currents,
the maximum value of flux in the core and the number of primary turns. How does the
core flux vary with load?
6. A 125 kVA transformer having a primary voltage of 2000 V at 50 Hz has 182 primary
turns and 40 secondary turns. Neglecting losses, calculate (a) the full load primary and
secondary current (b) the no-load secondary induced emf.
7. A single phase, 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer is connected to 230 V supply
on the secondary side, the primary being open. The meter indicates the following
readings: Power = 187 watt; Voltage = 230 V; Current = 6·5 A. Find (i) core loss; (ii)
loss component of the current; (iii) magnetizing current.
8. A single-phase, 230V, 50 Hz transformer draws 5A at 0.25 pf. Its primary winding
carries 200 turns. Determine (a) the maximum value of flux in the core, (b) the core loss
(c) the magnetizing component of current and (d) exciting resistance and reactance.
9. The primary and secondary of a single-phase transformer carry 500 and 100 turns,
respectively. The mean length of the flux in the iron core is 200 cm and the joints are
equivalent to an air gap of 0.1 mm. If the maximum value of flux density is to be 1.1
Wb/m2 when a potential difference of 2200 volt at 50 cycles is applied to the primary,
calculate (i) the cross-sectional area of the core (ii) the secondary voltage on no-load (iii)
the primary current and power factor on no-load. Assume that 400 At/m are required to
produce a flux density of 1.1 Wb/m2 and the corresponding iron loss to be 0.8 watt/kg at
50 Hz and the density of the iron to be 7.8 gm/cm3.
10. The primary winding of a single-phase transformer having 350 turns is connected to 2.2
kV, 50 Hz supply. If its secondary winding consists of 38 turns, determine (i) the
secondary voltage on no-load. (ii) The primary current when secondary current is 200 A
at 0·8 p.f. lagging, if the no-load current is 5 A at 0·2 p.f. lagging. (iii) the p.f. of the
primary current.
11. The primary of a single phase, 2200/239V transformer is connected to 2.2 kV, 50 Hz
supply, determine (i) the primary and secondary turns if the emf per turns 6.286 V. (ii)
the primary current when the secondary current is 200 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging, if the no-
load current is 5 A at 0.2 power factor lagging (iii) the power factor of the primary
current.
12. A single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 4A at a p.f. of 0.24 lagging. The
ratio of turns in the primary to secondary is 4. Find the current taken by the transformer
primary when the secondary supplies a load current of 240 A at a power factor 0.9
lagging.
13. A transformer has 500 and 100 turns on its primary and secondary, respectively. The
primary and secondary resistances are 0·3 ohm and 0·1 ohm. The leakage reactances of
the primary and secondary are 1·1 ohm and 0·035 ohm, respectively. Calculate the
equivalent impedance referred to the primary circuit.
14. A single-phase transformer with a ratio 1: 2 has primary and secondary winding
resistance of 0.25 ohm and 0.8 ohm, respectively and their reactances are 0.5 ohm and
2.8 ohm. Determine the no-load secondary terminal voltage of the transformer if it is
delivering 10 A and 400 V at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
15. A 10 kVA, 2000/400 V single-phase transformer has the following resistances and
reactances. Primary winding: resistance 5.0-ohm, leakage reactance 12 ohm. Secondary
winding: resistance 0.2 ohm, leakage reactance 0.48 ohm. Determine the secondary
terminal voltage at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging when the primary supply is 2000
V.
16. A 230/440 V, single-phase transformer has primary and secondary winding resistance of
0.25 ohm and 0.8 ohm, respectively and corresponding reactance of 0.6 ohm and 2.8
ohm. Find the approximate secondary terminal voltage when supplying (i) 10 A at 0.707
p.f. lagging (ii) 10A at 0.707 p.f. leading.
17. The turn ratio of a 100 kVA transformer is 5. Its primary has a resistance and reactance
of 0.3 ohm and 1.1 ohm, respectively and the corresponding values for the secondary are
0.01 ohm and 0.035 ohm. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate the voltage regulations
for full load having power factors (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8 leading.
18. A 17.5 kVA 66/11 kV transformer has 10% resistance and 3% leakage reactance drop.
Find resistance and reactance of the transformer in ohms as referred to the high voltage
winding.
19. A 500 kVA, 6600/400V transformer has primary and secondary winding resistance of
0·42 ohm and 0·0011 ohm, respectively. The iron loss is 2·9 kW. Calculate the efficiency
at half full load at a power factor of 0·8 lagging.
20. In a 25 kVA, 1100/400 V, single phase transformer, the iron and copper loss at full load
are 350 and 400 watts, respectively. Calculate the efficiency on unity power factor at
half load. Determine the load on maximum efficiency.
21. A 100 kVA transformer supplies a lighting and power load. The iron loss is 960 W and
the copper loss is 960 W at full load. The transformer is operated continuously at the
rated voltage as per the following schedule in a day 100 kVA at 0.8 p.f. for 4 hrs.; 50
kVA at 0.6 p.f. for 8 hrs. and 5 kVA at 0.95 p.f. for 12 hrs. What will be the all-day
efficiency of the transformer?
22. The iron losses of a transformer are 2500 W when operated on 440 V, 50 Hz; these are
reduced to 850 W when operated on 220V, 25 Hz. Calculate the eddy current loss at
normal frequency and voltage.
23. The iron losses in a transformer core at normal flux density were 30 W at 30 Hz
frequency and these were changed to 54 W at 50 Hz frequency. Calculate (a) the
hysteresis loss and (b) the eddy current loss at 50 Hz.
24. The following test results were obtained for a 250/500 V, single-phase transformer: short
circuit test with low voltage winding short circuited; 20 V, 12 A, 100 W; open circuit
test on low voltage side; 250 V, 1 A, 30 W. Determine the efficiency of the transformer
when the output is 10 A, 500 V at 0·8 p.f. lagging.
25. A 5 kVA, 230/110 V, 50 c/s transformer gave the following test results; O.C. test (H.V.
side); 230 V, 0·6 A, 80 W; S.C. test (L.V. side); 6 V, 15 A, 20 W. Calculate the efficiency
of the transformer on full-load at 0·8 p.f. lagging. Also calculate the voltage on the
secondary side under full-load conditions at 0·8 p.f. leading.
26. A 5 kVA, 400/200 V, 50 Hz, I-phase transformer gave the following results: No-load:
400 V, 1 A, 50 W (LV side). Short-circuit: 12 V, 10 A, 40 W (HV side). Calculate (a)
the components of no-load current (b) the efficiency and regulation at full load and power
factor of 0.8 lagging.
27. A transformer has copper loss of 1.5% and reactance 3.5% when tested on load.
Calculate its full-load regulation at (i) unity power factor (ii) 0.8 p.f. lagging and (iii) 0.8
p.f. leading.
28. A load of 1600 kW at 0·8 p.f. is shared by two 1000 kVA transformers having equal turn
ratios and connected in parallel on their primary and secondary side. The full load
resistance drop is 1% and reactive drop is 6% in one of the transformers, the
corresponding values in the other transformer being 1.5% and 5%. Calculate the power
and power factor at which each transformer is operating.
29. Two single-phase transformers supply, in parallel, a secondary load of 1000 A at 0.8 p.f.
lagging. For each transformer, the secondary emf on open-circuit is 3300 V and the total
leakage impedance, in terms of the secondary are (0.1 + j 0.2) and (0.05 + j 0.4) ohm,
respectively. Determine the output current for each transformer and the ratio of the kW
output of the two transformers.
30. Two transformers A and B of different ratings but equal voltage ratios share a load of
900 kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 400 V by operating in parallel. Transformer A
has a rating of 600 kVA, resistive drop of 1% and reactance drop 5%. Transformer B has
a rating of 300 kVA, resistive drop of 1.5% and reactance drop of 4%. Calculate the load
shared by each transformer and the power factor at which it is working.
31. An auto-transformer is used to step down from 240 volts to 200 V. The complete winding
consists of 438 turns and secondary delivers a current of 15 A. Determine (i) Secondary
turns (ii) the primary current (iii) the current in the secondary winding. Neglect the effect
of the magnetizing current.
32. An auto-transformer supplies a load of 3 kW at 115 volts at a power factor of unity. If
the primary voltage applied is 230 volts. Calculate (i) the power transformed (ii) the
power conducted directly from the supply lines to the load.
33. The primary and secondary voltages of an auto-transformer are 440 and 352 volts,
respectively. Calculate the value of the currents in distribution with the help of the
diagram. Calculate the economy of copper in this case.
34. An 11000/22000 V transformer is rated at 100 kVA as a two-winding transformer. If the
winding are connected in series to form an auto-transformer what, will be the voltage
ratio and output?
35. An autotransformer supplies a load of 5 kW at 110 V at unity power factor. If the applied
primary voltage is 220 V, calculate the power transferred to the load (a) inductively, (b)
conductively.
36. The primary and secondary voltages of an autotransformer are 500 V and 400 V,
respectively. Show with the aid of a diagram the current distribution in the windings
when the secondary current is 100 A. Calculate the economy in the conductor material.
37. A 2200/220 V transformer is rated at 15 kVA as a two-winding transformer. It is
connected as an autotransformer with low-voltage winding connected additively in series
with high-voltage winding so that the output voltage is 2200 V. The autotransformer is
excited from a 2420 V source. The autotransformer is loaded so that the rated currents
of the windings are not exceeded. Find (a) the current distribution in the windings, (b)
kVA output, (c) kVA transferred conductively and inductively from input to output, (d)
saving in conductor material as compared to a two-winding transformer of the same kVA
rating.
38. An 11500/2300 V transformer is rated at 100 kVA as two-winding transformer. If the
two windings are connected in series to form an auto-transformer what will be the
voltage ratio and output?
39. An auto-transformer supplies a load of 5 kW at 125 V and at unity power factor. If the
primary voltage is 250 V, determine. (a) transformation ratio (b) secondary current (c)
primary current (d) number of turns across secondary if total number of turns is 250 (e)
power transformed and (f) power conducted directly from the supply mains to load.
40. A 25 kVA, 2000/200 V, 2-winding transformer is to be used as a step-up autotransformer
with constant source voltage of 2000 V. At full load of unity power factor, calculate the
power output, power transformed and power conducted. If the efficiency of the two-
winding transformer at 0.8 power factor is 95 per cent, find the efficiency of the
autotransformer.
41. A three-phase 50 Hz transformer of shell type has an iron cross-section of 400 sq. cm
(gross). If the flux density be limited by 1.2 tesla, find the number of turns per phase on
high and low voltage windings. The voltage ratio is 11000/550, the high voltage winding
being connected in star and low voltage winding in mesh.
42. A 440 V, three-phase supply is connected through a transformer of 1:1 ratio which has
its primary connected in Delta and secondary in star to a load consisting of three 11-ohm
resistors connected in delta. Calculate the currents (i) in the transformer windings (ii) in
the resistors (iii) in the line to the supply (iv) the load. Find also (v) the power supplied
and (vi) power dissipated by each resistor.
43. A 120 kVA, 6000/400 V, Y/Y, 3-ph, 50 Hz transformer has an iron loss of 1800 W. The
maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full load. Find the efficiency of the transformer at (i)
full load and 0.8 power factor and (ii) the maximum efficiency at unity power factor.
44. A 100 kVA, three-phase 50 Hz 3300/400 V transformer is delta-connected on the HV
side and star connected on LV side. The resistance of the HV winding is 3.5 ohm per
phase and that of the LV winding 0.02 ohm per phase. Calculate the iron losses of the
transformer at normal voltage and frequency if its full-load efficiency be 95.8% at 0.8 pf
(lag).
45. Two transformers are connected in open delta and deliver a balanced three phase load of
250 kW at 440 volt and a power factor 0.8. Calculate (a) Secondary line current (b) kVA
load on each transformer (c) The power delivered by each transformer (d) If the third
transformer having the same rating as each of the other two is added to form a Δ-bank,
what total load can be handled?
46. A 500-kW load is to be supplied at 2300 V by two transformers connected in open delta.
The p.f. of the load is 0.86. Calculate the current and kVA rating required by each of the
transformers. What kVA load could be carried at some time in future if third transformer
would be added to give delta connection.
47. A 3300/400/110 V star-star-delta transformer take a magnetizing current of 6A and a
balanced three-phase load of 750 kVA at pf 0.8 lagging (on the secondary) and 200 kVA
at 0.6 pf leading on the tertiary. Determine the primary current and its pf.
48. Two transformers each of 80 kVA are connected in parallel. One has resistance and
reactance of 1% and 4% respectively and the other has resistance and reactance of 1.5%
and 6% respectively. Calculate the load shared by each transformer and the
corresponding power factor when the total load shared is 100 kVA 0.8 pf lagging.
49. A 500 kVA transformer with 1.5% resistive and 5% reactive drops is connected in
parallel with a 1000 kVA transformer with 1% resistive and 4% reactive drops. The
secondary voltage of each transformer is 400 V on load. Determine how they share a
load of 500 kVA at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
50. The primary and secondary windings of two transformers each rated 250 kVA, 11/2 kV
and 50 Hz are connected in open delta. Find (i) the kVA load that can be supplied from
this connection; (ii) currents on HV side if a delta connected three phase load of 250
kVA, 0.8 pf lag 2 kV is connected to the LV side of the connection.
51. A 22-kV generator is connected to the high-voltage side of a 22/2.2-kV, 500-kVA step-
down transformer. If the resultant core flux is 0.0683 Wb {max), determine (a) the
number of turns of wire in the secondary coil; (b) (he new core flux if the driving voltage
is increased by 20 percent and the frequency is decreased by 5 percent.
52. A 2400/115-V transformer has a sinusoidal flux expressed by 𝜑 = 0.113 sin(188.5𝑡).
Determine the primary and secondary turns.
53. A core-type transformer rated at 37.5 kVA, 2400/480-V and 60 Hz has a core whose
mean length is 1.07 m and whose cross-sectional area is 95 cm2. The application of rated
voltage causes a magnetic field intensity of 352 A-turn/m (rms) and a maximum flus
density of 1.505 T. Determine (a) the number of turns in the primary and the secondary;
(b) the magnetizing current when operating as a step-up transformer.
54. The exciting current for a certain 50-kVA, 480/240-V, 60-Hz transformer is 2.5 percent
of rated current at a phase angle of 79.80. Sketch the equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram for the no-load conditions and assuming operation is in the step-down mode,
determine (a) the exciting current; (b) the core-loss component of the exciting current;
(c) the magnetizing current; (d) the core loss.
55. A 10-kVA, 480/120-V conventional transformer is to be used to supply power from a
600-V source to a 480-V load. Consider the transformer to be ideal, and assume that all
insulation can handle 600 V. (a) Sketch the transformer connection that will do the
required job. (b) Find the kVA rating of the transformer in the configuration. (c) Find
(the maximum currents) Ip and Is under these conditions.
56. A 10-kVA, 480/120-V conventional transformer is to be used to supply power from a
600-V source to a 120-V load. Consider the transformer to be ideal, and assume that all
insulation can handle 600 V. (a) Sketch the transformer connection that will do the
required job. (b) Find the kVA rating of the transformer in the configuration. (c) Find
(the maximum currents) Ip and Is under these conditions.
57. An autotransformer is used to connect a 12.6-kV distribution line to a 13.8-kV
distribution line. It must be capable of handling 2000 kVA. There are three phases,
connected Y-Y with their neutrals solidly grounded. (a) What must the NC/NSE turns ratio
be to accomplish this connection? (b) How much apparent power must the windings of
each autotransformer handle? (c) What is the power advantage of this autotransformer
system? (d) If one of the autotransformers were reconnected as an ordinary transformer,
what would its ratings be?
58. A 13.8-kV, single-phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line.
The load's impedance is Zload = 500∠36.87° Ω, and the transmission line's impedance is
Zline = 60∠60° Ω. (a) If the generator is directly connected to the load, what is the ratio
of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the
system? (b) What percentage of the power supplied by the source reaches the load (the
efficiency)? (c) If a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the output of the generator and
a 10:1 transformer is placed at the load end of the transmission line, what is the new ratio
of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the
system now? (Note: ideal transformers.) (d) What percentage of the power supplied by
the source reaches the load now? (e) Compare the efficiencies of the transmission system
with and without transformers.
59. A 5000-kVA, 230/13.8-kV, single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of
1 percent and a per-unit reactance of 5 percent. The open-circuit test performed on the
low-voltage side of the transformer yielded the following data: VOC = 13.8 kV, IOC = 21.1
A, POC = 90.8 kW. (a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this
transformer. (b) If the voltage on the secondary side is 13.8 kV and the power supplied
is 4000 kW at 0.8 PF lagging, find the voltage regulation of the transformer. Find its
efficiency.
60. A 150-MVA, 15/200-kV, single-phase power transformer has a per-unit resistance of 1.2
percent and a per-unit reactance of 5 percent. The magnetizing impedance is j80 per unit.
(a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer. (b)
Calculate the voltage regulation of this transformer for a full-load current at power factor
of 0 .8 lagging. (c) Calculate the copper and core losses in the transformer at the
conditions in (b). (d) Assume that the primary voltage of this transformer is a constant
15 kV, and plot the secondary voltage as a function of load current for currents from no-
load to full-load. Repeat this process for power factors of 0.8 leading and, 1.0.
61. A 30-kVA, 8000/230-V distribution transformer has an impedance referred to the
primary of 20 + j100 ohm. The components of the excitation branch referred to the
primary side are RC = 100 kΩ and XM = 20 kΩ. (a) If the primary voltage is 7967 V and
the load impedance is ZL = 2.0 + j0.7 Ω, what is the secondary voltage of the transformer?
What is the voltage regulation of the transformer? (b) If the load is disconnected and a
capacitor of -j3.0 Ω is connected in its place, what is the secondary voltage of the
transformer? What is its voltage regulation under these conditions?
62. A linear machine has the following characteristics: B = 0.5 T into page, length l = 0.5m,
R = 0.25 Ohm, VB = 120V. If it has a load of 20 N attached to it opposite to the direction
of motion, what will be the steady-state speed of the machine?
63. A wire of 1 m length is carrying 2.0 A (east to west) in the presence of a uniform
magnetic field density B = 0.5 T (south to north). Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the force induced on the wire.
64. A motor is supplying 50 N • m of torque to its load. If the motor's shaft is turning at 1500
r/min, what is the mechanical power supplied to the load in watts? In horsepower?
65. A flywheel with a moment of inertia of 4 kg • m2 is initially at rest. If a torque of 6 N •
m (counterclockwise) is suddenly applied to the flywheel, what will be the speed of the
flywheel after 5 s? Express that speed in both radians per second and revolutions per
minute.
Assignment # 2 (On Induction Motor)
66. An 8-pole induction motor is supplied at 50 Hz. At full-load its rotor frequency is 1.5
Hz, what will be its speed and slip.
67. A -3-phase induction motor is required to be operated at about 700 rpm. What will be
the number of poles of the machine if supply frequency is (i) 60 Hz (ii) 25 Hz. Also
determine its actual speed if slip is 5%.
68. A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is supplied from a 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. If
it is operating at full-load with 0.04 slip, determine: (i) The speed of the revolving field
relative to the stator structure (ii) The frequency of the rotor currents (iii) The speed of
the rotor mmf relative to the rotor structure (iv) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to
the stator structure (v) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator field distribution
(vi) Are the conditions right for the development of the net unidirectional torque?
69. The rotor of a 3-phase, phase-wound induction motor has resistance and stand-still
reactance of 0.5 ohm and 2 ohm per phase respectively. When normal rated supply is fed
to the stator, 80 V is induced across two slip-rings at start on open circuit. Determine the
current per phase and p.f. when (i) sliprings are short circuited (ii) sliprings are connected
to a star connected rheostat of 4 ohm per phase.
70. A 3-phase induction motor, with star-connected rotor, has an induced emf per phase of
60 V with the sliprings open circuited and normal voltage applied to stator. The
resistance and standstill reactance of each rotor phase are 0·6 ohm and 0·4 ohm
respectively. Calculate the rotor current per phase: (a) at standstill when the rotor circuit
is connected to a star-connected rheostat having a resistance of 5 ohm and reactance 2
ohm per phase; (b) when running with slip rings short-circuited at 4% slip.
71. A 3-phase induction motor draws 40 kW from the main, the corresponding stator losses
are 1.5 kW. Calculate: (a) The total mechanical power developed and the rotor I2R losses
when the slip is 0.04 (b) The output power of the motor if the friction and windage losses
are 0.8 kW (c) The efficiency of the motor. Neglect the rotor iron losses.
72. A 400 V, 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor develops 20 H.P. inclusive of
mechanical losses when running at 995 rpm, the power factor being 0.87. Calculate: (i)
Slip (ii) The rotor copper losses (iii) The line current. The stator copper loss is 1500 W.
73. A 6-pole, 3-phase induction motor runs at a speed of 960 rpm and the shaft torque is
135.7 Nm. Calculate the rotor copper loss if the friction and windage losses amount of
150 watts. The frequency of supply is 50 Hz.
74. A 3-phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.02 ohm and standstill reactance of
0.1 ohm per phase. What must be the value of total resistance of a starter for the rotor
circuit for maximum torque to be exerted at starting.
75. The rotor resistance and stand-still reactance per phase of a 3-phase, 8-pole, 50 Hz,
phase-wound induction motor is 0.01 ohm and 0.1 ohm respectively. At full-load the
machine is operating at 4% slip. Find the ratio of maximum torque to full load torque.
Also find the speed at which this torque occurs.
76. A 3-phase induction motor has a 4-pole, star-connected stator winding. The motor runs
at a ling voltage of 400 V, 50 Hz supply. The motor resistance and stand-still reactance
per phase are 0·1 ohm and 1 ohm respectively. The ratio of stator to rotor turns is 4.
Calculate: (i) Starting torque; (ii) Full load torque, when the slip is 4%; (iii) Slip at which
maximum torque occurs and rotor speed; (iv) Maximum torque; (v) Ratio of starting to
maximum torque and full load torque to maximum torque; (vi) Value of additional rotor
resistance per phase to obtain maximum torque at start.
77. Determine stator current, stator power factor, torque developed and efficiency of a 400
V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, 3-phase, star connected induction motor having the following data.
Stator impedance per phase (0.07+j0.3) ohm, rotor impedance per phase referred to stator
side (0.08+j0.3) ohm, magnetizing reactance and resistance per phase 10 ohm and 50
ohm respectively. The machine is operating at a slip of 4%.
78. When no-load and blocked rotor tests were performed on a 400 V, 3-phase delta-
connected induction motor and the following results were obtained. No-load test: 400 V;
3.0 A; 645 W
Blocked-rotor test: 200 V; 12.0 A; 1660 W. Determine energy (or working) component
and magnetizing component of no-load current, no-load power factor, exciting resistance
and reactance per phase referred to stator (primary) side assuming that friction and
winding losses are 183 W. Also determine equivalent resistance and reactance of the
motor referred to stator side as well as current and power factor on short circuit with
normal rated voltage of 400 V assuming that the stator winding resistance per phase is 5
ohms.
79. Calculate the starting torque to full-load torque of a 3-phase induction motor having
short-circuit current 4 times the full-load current with a full-load slip of 2.5%.
80. Calculate the reduction in starting current and starting torque when the motor is started
by stator resistance starter which reduces the impressed voltage to 80%.
81. A 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor has a full-load slip of 4%. When it is started
direct on line, it draws starting current which is 5 times the full-load current. What should
be the transformation ratio of the auto-transformer to enable the motor to start with a
current which is twice the full-load current. Also determine the starting torque under the
conditions.
82. A 3-phase, 400 V, 6-pole, 50 Hz slip-ring induction motor has rotor resistance 0.2 ohm
per phase and runs at 960 rpm at full-load. What value of external resistance is required
to be added in the rotor to lower the speed to 800 rpm, torque remaining the same.
83. A 220-V, three-phase, six-pole, 50-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of 3.5 percent.
Find: (a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute (b) The speed of the
rotor in revolutions per minute (c) The slip speed of the rotor (d) The rotor frequency in
hertz.
84. A 480-V, three-phase, two-pole, 60-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of 2.5
percent. Find: (a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute (b) The
speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute (c) The slip speed of the rotor (d) The rotor
frequency in hertz.
85. A three-phase, 60-Hz induction motor runs at 715 r/min at no load and at 670 r/min at
full load. (a) How many poles does this motor have? (b) What is the slip at rated load?
(c) What is the speed at one-quarter of the rated load? (d) What is the rotor's electrical
frequency at one-quarter of the rated load?
86. A 50-kW, 460-V, 50-Hz, two-pole induction motor has a slip of 5 percent when
operating at full-load conditions. At full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses
are 700 W, and the core losses are 600 W. Find the following values for full-load
conditions: (a) The shaft speed nm, (b) The output power in watts (c) The load torque in
newton-meters (d) The induced torque in newton-meters (e) The rotor frequency in hertz
87. A 208-V, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected wound-rotor induction motor is rated at 30 hp.
Its equivalent circuit components (in ohms) are: R1 = 0.1, X1 = 0.21, R2 = 0.07, X2 = 0.21
and XM = 10. For Pmech = 500W, Pcore = 400 W and a slip of 0.05, find (a) The line current
IL, (b) The stator copper losses PSCL, (c) The air-gap power PAG (d) The power converted
from electrical to mechanical form Pconv (e) The induced torque (f) The load torque (g)
The overall machine efficiency and (h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and
radians per second.
and XM = 10. For Pmech = 500W, and Pcore = 400 W, find (a) the slip at the pullout torque
(b) the pullout torque of this motor.
and XM = 10. For Pmech = 500W, and Pcore = 400 W, (a) calculate and plot the torque-
speed characteristic of the motor (b) calculate and plot the output-power-versus-speed
curve of the motor. [plotting software may be used]
and XM = 10. For Pmech = 500W, and Pcore = 400 W, how much additional resistance
(referred to stator) would it be necessary to add to the rotor circuit to make the maximum
torque occur at starting conditions? Plot the torque- speed characteristic of this motor
with the additional resistance inserted.
and XM = 10. Also, Pmech = 500W, and Pcore = 400 W. If this motor is to be operated on
a 50-Hz power system, what must be done to its supply voltage? Why? What will the
equivalent circuit component values be at 50 Hz? Now, for 50 Hz with a slip of 0.05 and
the proper voltage for this machine, find (a) The line current IL, (b) The stator copper
losses PSCL, (c) The air-gap power PAG (d) The power converted from electrical to
mechanical form Pconv (e) The induced torque (f) The load torque (g) The overall
machine efficiency and (h) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per
second.
92. A three-phase, 60-Hz, two-pole induction motor runs at a no-load speed of 3580 r/min
and a full-load speed of 3440 r/min. Calculate the slip and the electrical frequency of the
rotor at no-load and full-load conditions. What is the speed regulation of this motor?
93. The input power to the rotor circuit of a six-pole, 60-Hz induction motor running at 1100
r/min is 5 kW. What is the rotor copper loss in this motor?
94. The power crossing the air gap of a 60-Hz, four-pole induction motor is 25 kW, and the
power converted from electrical to mechanical form in the motor is 23.2 kW. (a) What
is the slip of the motor at this time?
(b) What is the induced torque in this motor? (c) Assuming that the mechanical losses
are 300 W at this slip, what is the load torque of this motor?
95. A 460-V, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected induction motor is rated at 25 hp. Its equivalent
circuit components (in ohms) are: R1 = 0.15, X1 = 0.852, R2 = 0.154, X2 = 1.066 and XM
= 20. For PF&W = 400W, Pmisc = 150W, Pcore = 400W and a slip of 0.02, find (a) The line
current IL (b) The stator power factor (c) The rotor power factor (d) The rotor frequency
(e) The stator copper losses PSCL (f) The air-gap power PAG (g) The power converted from
electrical to mechanical form Pconv (h) The induced torque (i) The load torque (j) The
overall machine efficiency (k) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians
per second.
= 20. Also, PF&W = 400W, Pmisc = 150W, and Pcore = 400W. Find (a) the pullout torque
(b) the slip at the pullout torque (c) the rotor speed at the pullout torque.
= 20. Also, PF&W = 400W, Pmisc = 150W, and Pcore = 400W. Now suppose, this motor is
connected to a 50-Hz power supply, reflect this change in all applicable parameters and
find (a) the pullout torque (b) the slip at the pullout torque (c) the rotor speed at the
pullout torque.
= 20. Also, PF&W = 400W, Pmisc = 150W, and Pcore = 400W. Plot the following quantities
for the motor as slip varies from 0 percent to 10 percent: (a) induced torque (b) Pconv (c)
Pout (d) efficiency. [plotting software may be used]
At what slip, does Pout equal the rated power of the machine?
99. A 208- V, six-pole, Y-connected, 25-hp design class B induction motor is tested in the
laboratory, with the following results- No load: 208 V, 24.0 A, 1400 W, 60 Hz. Locked
rotor: 24.6 V, 64.5 A, 2200 W, 15 Hz. DC test: 13.5 V, 64 A. Find the equivalent circuit
of this motor and plot its torque-speed characteristic curve.
100. A 460-V, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected, insulation class F, service factor 1.15 induction
motor is rated at 10 hp. Its equivalent circuit components (in ohms) are: R1 = 0.54, X1 =
2.093, R2 = 0.488, X2 = 3.209 and XM = 51.12. For PF&W = 150W, Pmisc = 50W, Pcore =
150W and a slip of 0.02, find (a) The line current IL (b) The stator power factor (c) The
rotor power factor (d) The rotor frequency (e) The stator copper losses PSCL (f) The air-
gap power PAG (g) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form Pconv (h) The
induced torque (i) The load torque (j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and
radians per second.
2.093, R2 = 0.488, X2 = 3.209 and XM = 51.12. For PF&W = 150W, Pmisc = 50W, Pcore =
150W and a slip of 0.02, find the following: (a) Sketch the power flow diagram for this
motor (b) The overall machine efficiency (c) What is the maximum acceptable
temperature rise in this motor, given its insulation class? (d) Whal does the service factor
of this motor mean?
2.093, R2 = 0.488, X2 = 3.209 and XM = 51.12. Also, PF&W = 150W, Pmisc = 50W, and
Pcore = 150W. Find (a) the pullout torque (b) the slip at the pullout torque (c) the rotor
speed at the pullout torque (d) the starting torque of this motor.
2.093, R2 = 0.488, X2 = 3.209 and XM = 51.12. Also, PF&W = 150W, Pmisc = 50W, and
Pcore = 150W. Plot (a) the torque-speed characteristic of the motor [plotting software
may be used]. At what slip, does Pout equal the rated power of the machine?
104. A 460-V, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected, 3-ph induction motor is rated at 75 hp. Its
equivalent circuit components (in ohms) are: R1 = 0.058, X1 =0.32, X2 = 0.386 and XM =
18. PF&W, Pmisc, and Pcore losses are negligible. This motor develops its full-load induced
torque at 1.2 percent slip when operating at rated voltage and frequency. Find (a) the
value of the rotor resistance R2 (b) the pullout torque (c) the slip at the pullout torque (d)
the rotor speed at the pullout torque (e) the starting torque of this motor.
2.093, R2 = 0.488, X2 = 3.209 and XM = 51.12. Aslo, PF&W = 150W, Pmisc = 50W, Pcore =
150W and a slip of 0.02 at run. If this motor is started from a 460-V infinite bus, how
much current will flow in the motor at starting?
150W and a slip of 0.02 at run. If transmission line with an impedance of 0.50 + j0.35
ohm per phase is used to connect the induction motor to the infinite bus, what will the
starting current of the motor be? What will the motor's terminal voltage be on starting?
150W and a slip of 0.02 at run. If an ideal 1.4:1 step-down autotransformer is connected
between the transmission line and the motor, what will the current be in the transmission
line during starting? What will the voltage be at the motor end of the transmission line
during starting?
108. A 460-V, 50-hp, six-pole, delta-connected, 60-Hz, three-phase induction motor has a
full-load slip of 4 percent, an efficiency of 91 percent, and a power factor of 0.87 lagging.
At startup, the motor develops 1.75 times the full-load torque but draws 7 times the rated
current at the rated voltage. This motor is to be started with an autotransformer-reduced
voltage starter. Now, answer the followings (a) what should the output voltage of the
starter circuit be to reduce the starting torque until it equals the rated torque of the motor?
(b) what will the motor starting current and the current drawn from the supply be at this
voltage? Answers should be quantitative (as much as possible).
109. A wound-rotor induction motor is operating at rated voltage and frequency with its slip
rings shorted and with a load of about 25 percent of the rated value for the machine. If
the rotor resistance of this machine is doubled by inserting external resistors into the
rotor circuit, explain what happens to the following: (a) slip, s (b) motor speed nm (c) the
induced voltage in the rotor (d) the rotor current (e) induced torques (f) Pout (g) PRCL (h)
overall efficiency.
110. A 460-V, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected, 3-phase induction motor is rated at 75 hp. Its
equivalent circuit components (in ohms) are: R1 = 0.058, X1 = 0.32, R2 = 0.037, X2 =
0.386 and XM = 9.24. For PF&W = 650W, Pmisc = 150W, Pcore = 600W and a slip of 0.01,
find (a) The line current IL (b) The stator power factor (c) The rotor power factor (d) The
rotor frequency (e) The stator copper losses PSCL (f) The air-gap power PAG (g) The power
converted from electrical to mechanical form Pconv (h) The induced torque (i) The load
torque (j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per second.
0.386 and XM = 9.24. For PF&W = 650W, Pmisc = 150W, Pcore = 600W and a slip of 0.01,
find the following: (a) Sketch the power flow diagram for this motor (b) The overall
machine efficiency.
0.386 and XM = 9.24. Also, PF&W = 650W, Pmisc = 150W, and Pcore = 600W. Plot (a) the
torque-speed characteristic of the motor [plotting software may be used] (b) at what slip,
does Pout equal the rated power of the machine?
113. Develop a table showing the speed of magnetic field rotation in ac machines of 2, 4, 6,
8, 10, 12, and 14 poles operating at frequencies of 50, 60, and 400 Hz.
114. The flux density distribution over the surface of a two-pole stator of radius r and length
l is given by -
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − 𝛼)
Determine the total flux under each pole face.
115. In the early days of ac motor development, machine designers had great difficulty
controlling the core losses. They had not yet developed steels with low hysteresis, and
were not making laminations as thin as the ones used today. To help control these losses,
early ac motors in the US were run from a 25 Hz ac power supply, while lighting systems
were run from a separate 60 Hz ac power supply. (a) Why did the early engineers provide
a separate 60-Hz power system for lighting? (b) For a given motor operating at a constant
flux density B, how would the core losses of the motor running at 25 Hz compare to the
core losses of the motor running at 60 Hz?
116. Later, ac motors improved and could be run directly from a 60 Hz supply. As a result,
25 Hz power systems shrank and disappeared. However, there were many perfectly good
working 25 Hz motors in factories that owners were not ready to discard. To keep them
running, some users created their own 25 Hz power in the plant using motor-generator
sets. If the 2 machines have different numbers of poles but exactly the same shaft speed,
then the fe of the two machines will be different (as 𝑓𝑒 = 𝑁𝑃/120). What combination
of poles on the two machines could convert 60 Hz power to 25 Hz power?
117. A three-phase, Y-connected induction motor has a total of 300 effective turns on its
stator. When a 60-cycle, 230-volt supply is connected to its terminals what will be the
maximum value of the flux built up per pole?
118. The emf induced in one phase of a rotor winding is 120 volts when the rotor is blocked.
The resistance of the secondary per phase is 0.2 ohm; its reactance per phase is 0.3 ohm.
(a) What is the value of rotor current? (b) What is its power factor? (c) Neglecting any
effect of the stator impedance drop, determine the rotor voltage per phase when the slip
is 0.05. (d) Calculate the rotor current and its pf
under this condition.
119. The current in each phase of a Y-connected rotor winding is 200 amperes. The resistance
per leg is 0.003 ohm. Determine the power developed by the rotor at a slip of (a) 3
percent, (b) 6 percent, (c) Calculate the copper losses in the rotor in each case, and
determine the power transferred across the air gap to the rotor.
120. The current in each phase of a Y-connected rotor winding is 200 amperes. The resistance
per leg is 0.003 ohm. Determine the torques developed by the rotor at a slip of (a) 3
percent, and (b) 6 percent.
121. A 60-cycle, 3-ph, 220-V, wound-rotor induction motor is rated at 20 hp. The
synchronous speed is 1800 rpm. The ratio of transformation is 2.70. (a) Neglecting the
stator impedance drop, determine the induced voltage per phase of the Y-connected rotor
when rated voltage is applied at the stator terminals at standstill.
The leakage reactance of the rotor is 0.024 ohm per phase; the resistance is 0.007 ohm
per phase. (b) Determine the torque at slips of 2, 4, and 6 per cent, (c) At what
approximate value of slip is the torque a maximum? Why is this value so determined
only an approximation? (d) What is the maximum torque developed by this rotor?
122. A 60-cycle, 3-ph, 220-V, wound-rotor induction motor is rated at 20 hp. The
synchronous speed is 1800 rpm. The ratio of transformation is 2.70. The stator
impedance drop is negligible, the leakage reactance of the rotor is 0.024 ohm per phase;
the resistance is 0.007 ohm per phase. If the motor is to be started with external Y-
connected resistance added to its rotor circuit, (a) determine the value of resistance
necessary to make the maximum torque occur at standstill. If the stator impedance drop
reduces the induced voltage E1 by 25 percent (b) what will be the starting current in the
rotor winding?
123. A 5-hp, 4-pole, three-phase, 60-cycle, Y-connected induction motor displays the
following test results-
No-load: 220 volts; 4.6 amperes; 251 watts. Rotor-blocked: 220 volts; 67.0 amperes;
12,350 watts.
R1 = 0.43 ohm. The friction and windage loss at 1750 rpm is PF&W=70 watts. (a) Assume
that the motor represents a simple series circuit when the rotor is blocked, and calculate
XLR, RLR, and R2. They should all be in phase values. (b) Calculate X'LR and, assuming
X1 = X2, determine XM.
124. A 200-hp, 2300V, three-phase, 60 Hz, wound-rotor induction motor has a blocked-rotor
voltage of 104-V. The shaft speed and slip speed, when operating at rated load, are 1775
r/min and 25 r/min respectively. Determine (a) the number of poles; (b) slip; (c) rotor
frequency; and (d) rotor voltage at slip speed.
125. A 20-hp, 230-V, 60-Hz, four-pole, three-phase induction operating at rated load has a
rotor copper loss of 331 W, and a combined friction, windage, and stray power loss of
249 W. Determine (a) mechanical power developed; (b) air-gap power (c) shaft speed;
and (d) shaft torque.
126. A three-phase 230-V, 30-hp, 50-Hz, six-pole induction is operating with a shaft load that
requites 21.3 kW of input to the rotor. The rotor copper losses are 1.05 kW, and the
combined friction, windage, and stray power losses for this load are 300 W. Determine
(a) shaft speed; (b) mechanical power developed; (c) developed torque; (d) shaft torque
(e) percent of rated horsepower load that the machine is required to deliver.
127. A 10-pole, 125-hp, 575-V, 60-Hz, three-phase induction motor operating at rated
conditions draws a line current of 125 A and has an overall efficiency of 93 percent. The
core loss, stator copper loss, and rotor copper loss are 1053 W, 2527 W, and 1755 W
respectively. Sketch the power-flow diagram and determine (a) shaft speed; (b)
developed torque; (c) shaft torque; (d) power factor (e) combined windage, friction, and
stray power losses.
128. A 40-hp, 50-Hz, 2300-V, eight-pole induction motor is operating at 80 percent rated load
and 6 percent reduced voltage. The efficiency and power factor for these conditions are
85 and 90 percent, respectively. The combined windage, friction and stray power losses
are 1011 W, the rotor copper loss and stator copper losses are 969 W and 1559 W
respectively. Sketch the power-flow diagram and determine (a) mechanical power
developed (b) shaft speed; (c) shaft torque; (d) slip speed; (e) line current; (f) core loss.
129. A three-phase, 5-hp, 60-Hz, 115-V, four-pole induction motor operating at rated voltage,
rated frequency and 125 percent rated load has an efficiency of 85.4 percent. The stator
copper loss, rotor copper loss and core loss are 223.2 W, 153 W and 114.8 W
respectively. Sketch the power-flow diagram, and determine (a) shaft speed; (b) shaft
torque; (c) loss in torque due to the combined friction, windage and stray power.
130. A three-phase, 25-hp, 230-V, 60-Hz, two-pole induction motor drives a load that
demands a constant torque regardless of speed (constant load torque). The machine is
operating at rated voltage, rated frequency and its rated speed of 3575 r/min. Determine
the shaft horsepower, speed and efficiency if the frequency drops to 54 Hz. The power
factor and line current for the new conditions are 89 percent and 55 A respectively, and
the stator copper loss, rotor copper loss and core loss are 992.7 W, 496 W and 546 W
respectively.

EEE 203 Energy Conversion Problems

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EEE 203: Energy Conversion I

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