GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF

A VOLTAGE CAN BE DEVELOPED IN A COIL OF WIRE IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS

1. Changing the flux through the coil – (transformer action)

2. Moving the coil through a magnetic field so that flux cutting results – (generator action)
3. By altering the direction if the flux with respect to the coil – (generator action)

dφ
𝑒= 𝑁 ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
dt

where: N = no. of turns

dφ/dt = rate at which the flux changes through the coil

𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

where: B = flux density, lines/ square inch

l = length of wire in that is moved relative to the flux
v = velocity of the wire in/sec with respect the flux

e = EmsinӨ

Deg (Ө) Voltage

0 0
15 0.259 Em
30 0.5 Em
45 0.707 Em
60 0.866 Em
75 0.966 Em
90 1 Em
Example 1 : (Prob. 1/page 291 Ch. 10)

Calculate the average voltage induced in a coil of 300 turns through which the flux changes from
250,000 to 20,000 maxwells in 0.15 sec.

Given :
N = 300 turns
Φ = 250,000 - 20,000
t = 0.15 sec

dφ
𝑒= 𝑁 ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
dt

250,000 − 20,000 φ
𝑒 = 300 ∗ ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
0.15

e = 4.6 Volts

Example 2 : (Prob. 3/page 291 Ch. 10)

A square coil, 2 inch on one side, has 240 turns of wire and is placed between the poles of a
magnet that are slightly more than 2 inch apart. If the horizontally directed field has a uniform flux
density of 11,180 maxwells per sq. in and the coil is rotated from a vertical plane to a horizontal plane in
0.05 sec, calculate the average voltage.

Given :
v = 1in/0.05sec = 20in/sec
N = 240 turns
𝐵 = 11180 mx/square inch
𝑙 = 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 = 4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

max
𝑒 = (11,180 in. ∗ 4 𝑖𝑛 ∗ 20 𝑖𝑛/ sec ∗ 10−8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
sq

e = 2.15v
Sinusoidal Wave

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

Example: (Prob. 4/page 291 Ch. 10)

A voltage wave has the equation

𝑒 = 170𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
Calculate the instantaneous value of voltage for the following angles : 30o , 60o , 75o, 105o, 135o, 180o,
270o, 330o

Solution :
𝑒 = 170sin𝛼 volts

@ 30 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(30𝑜 ) volts = 85 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

@ 60 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(60𝑜 ) volts = 147.2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 75 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(75𝑜 ) volts = 164.2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 105 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(105𝑜 ) volts = 164.2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 135 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(135𝑜 ) volts = 120.2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170sin(180𝑜 ) volts = 0 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 270 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170 sin(270𝑜 ) volts = −170 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
@ 330 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠, 𝑒 = 170 sin(330𝑜 ) volts = −85 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Example: (Prob. 5/page 291 Ch. 10)

A current wave has the equation 𝑖 = 21.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. At what angles will the instantaneous
values of current be the following : 7.25 A, 15 A, 19.9 A, 13.6 A, -19.9 A, -12.2 A?

Solution :

𝑖 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 7.25 𝐴 7.25 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 20𝑜 ; 𝛼 = 180𝑜 − 20𝑜 = 160𝑜
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 15 𝐴 15 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 45𝑜 ; 𝛼 = 180𝑜 − 45𝑜 = 135𝑜
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 19.9 𝐴 19.9 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 69.83𝑜 ; 𝛼 = 180𝑜 − 69.83𝑜 = 110.17𝑜
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 13.6 𝐴 13.6 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 39.9𝑜 ; 𝛼 = 180𝑜 − 39.92𝑜 140.08𝑜
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = −19.9 𝐴 − 19.9 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 180 + 69.83𝑜 = 249.83𝑜 ; 360 − 69.83
𝑜
= 290.17
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = −12.2 𝐴 − 12.2 = 21.2 sin𝛼 volts 𝛼 = 35.13𝑜 + 180 = 215.13 ; 𝛼
= 360 − 35.13𝑜 = 324.87𝑂
𝑜

Frequency & Electrical Degrees

 An AC generator having 2 Poles will develop one cycle of voltage per revolution.
 If rotation occurs at one revolution per second, than the wave is said to have a
frequency of one cycle per second (cps, hz)
 In a multipolar generator it will generate [P/2 * rps] cycles per second; [rps=RPM/60]

f = P/2 * RPM/60

where P = no. of poles

f = P * RPM / 120

Example: (Prob. 6/page 291 Ch. 10)

An alternator has 8 poles. At what speed must it be to develop 60Hz? 25Hz?

@ 60Hz f = P x RPM / 120

60 = 8 x RPM / 120
RPM = 900

@ 25Hz 25 = 8 x RPM / 120

RPM = 375
e = Emsin(ωt)

e = Emsin (2πf)t
where : ω = 2πf

Example: (Prob. 7/page 291 Ch. 10)

What are the frequencies of the following sinusoidal waves

a) e = Emsin 377t
b) i = Emsin 157
c) e = Emsin 314t

Solution:
a) 2πf = 377
f = 60Hz (or cycles per second)
b) 2πf = 157
f = 25Hz
c) 2πf = 314
f = 50Hz

Example: (Prob. 8/page 291 Ch. 10)

A 25 cycle sinusoidal emf wave has a maximum value of 340 v. Determine the instantaneous
value of emf.
(a) 0.0007s after the wave passes through zero in the positive direction
(b) 0.01s after the wave passes through the negative direction

Solution:
e = Emsin 2πft

a) e = 340 sin2π(25)(0.0007)
e = 303 v

b) e = 340 sin2π(25)(0.01)
e = 340 v
RMS (ROOT MEAN SQUARED) OR EFFECTIVE VALUE OF SINUSOIDAL CURRENT.

Since the heat produced in the resistor R is proportional to

the square of the current and the mean of the squares of the
instantaneous values of current over one complete cycle is,

Therefore the RMS value of the altenating current is,

IRMS

Since,

IRMS =
 IRMS =

The RMS value of the current (or voltage) is 70.7 % of the maximum value.

Example: (Prob. 9/page 291 Ch. 10)

Calculate the effective current (or RMS) in circuits in which the maximum values of the
sinusoidal current waves are 8.4 amps, 22.8 amps, 65 mA.

𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝐸𝐹𝐹 =
√2

For the Imax = 8.4 A,

8.4
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝐸𝐹𝐹 = = 5.94 𝐴
√2
For the Imax = 22.8 A,
22.8
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝐸𝐹𝐹 = = 16.12 𝐴
√2
For the Imax = 65 mA,
65
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝐼𝐸𝐹𝐹 = = 45.96 𝑚𝐴
√2

Example: (Prob. 10/page 291 Ch. 10)

The rms value of the voltage in a 60-cycle circuit is 115 volts. Write the equation for the
sinusoidal wave.

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡

𝐸𝑚 = √2 𝐸𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √2 ∗ 115 = 162.63 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑒 = 162.63𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋(60)𝑡

𝑒 = 162.63𝑠𝑖𝑛 377𝑡 Volts

IN-PHASE, LEADING AND LAGGING SINUSOIDAL WAVES. VECTORS (PHASORS) REPRESENTING
SINUSOIDAL WAVES.

IN-PHASE SINUSOIDAL WAVES IN VECTOR FORM,

IN VECTOR FORM,
CURRENT LAGGING BY AN ANGLE ф=30O

VOLTAGE LEADING BY ф= 90O IN VECTOR FORM,

IN-PHASE, LEADING AND LAGGING SINUSOIDAL WAVES. VECTORS (PHASORS) REPRESENTING
SINUSOIDAL WAVES.

IN-PHASE SINUSOIDAL WAVES

CURRENT LAGGING BY AN ANGLE ф=30O

CURRENT LEADING BY ф= 90O