Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Book 1.1 PDF
Book 1.1 PDF
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ARCHITECTURE ACT OF 2004
The Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) of Republic Act no. 9266
The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of republic act no. 9266, an act providing for a more
responsive and comprehensive regulation for the registration, licensing and practice of architecture,
repealing for the purpose republic act no. 545, as amended, otherwise known as
“an act to regulate the practice of architecture in the Philippines,” and for other purposes
Pursuant to Section 7 (a), Article II and Section 41, Article V of Republic Act No. 9266, known as “The
Architecture Act of 2004”, the Board of Architecture hereby prescribes, adopts, and promulgates the
following Rules and Regulations to carry out the provisions thereof.
RULE I
TITLE, POLICY STATEMENT, DEFINITION OF TERMS AND
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
SECTION 1. Title
As used in this “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004”, in R.A. No. 9266 or other laws, the
following terms shall be defined as follows:
(c) “Consulting Architect” means the architect registered and licensed or permitted
to practice under R.A. No. 9266, who is professionally and academically
qualified and with exceptional or recognized expertise or specialization in any
branch of architecture;
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(3) “General Practice of Architecture” the act of planning and architectural designing,
structural conceptualization, specifying, supervising and giving general administration
and responsible direction to the erection, enlargement or alterations of buildings and
building environments and architectural design in engineering structures or any part
thereof; the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of all the processes which
enter into the production of a complete building or structure performed through the
medium of unbiased preliminary studies of plans, consultations, specifications,
conferences, evaluations, investigations, contract documents and oral advice and
directions regardless of whether the persons engaged in such practice are residents
of the Philippines or have their principal office or place of business in this country or
another territory, and regardless of whether such persons are performing one or all
these duties, or whether such duties are performed in person or as the directing head
of an office or organization performing them;
(i) all works which relate to the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of
all works and branches of the work, systems and processes necessary for
the production of a complete building or structure, whether for public or
private use, in order to enhance or safeguard life, health and property and
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the promotion and enrichment of the quality of life, the architectural design of
engineering structures or any part thereof; and
(j) all other works, projects and activities which require the professional
competence of an architect, including teaching of architectural subjects and
architectural computer-aided design;
(10) “Service Agreement” means a duly notarized written contract or equivalent public
instrument stipulating the scope of services and guaranteeing compensation
of such services to be rendered by an architect registered and licensed under R.A.
No. 9266;
Violation of the Service Agreement is a basis for a civil liability under Art. 1723 of the
Civil Code unless he/she attempts and/or succeeds to interfere or contravene the
legal and professional functions of the Architect-of-Record: the Consulting Architect.
(11) “Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization” means the existing official
national organization of all architects of the Philippines in which all registered Filipino
architects shall be members without prejudice to membership in other voluntary
professional associations;
(15) “Association” any formal grouping of two or more architects or architectural firms
working in joint venture on a project basis.
(16) “Architectural Company” means a juridical entity that shall be synonymous with an
Architectural Partnership (see definition of Architectural Partnership) registered with
the SEC.
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Architectural Corporation does not comply with the 75% composition requirement, it
shall comply and register again with the SEC and the BOA.
(20) “Architectural Partnership” means a group of two or more Architects duly registered
with the SEC and then with the Board of Architecture.
(22) “Building” means a structure for the purpose and function of habitation and other
uses.
(24) “Code of Ethical Conduct” means a document which forms part of the Architects’
National Code which contains the norms and principles governing the practice of the
profession of architecture in the highest standards of ethical conduct.
(25) “Consulting Architect” a registered and licensed Architect, who is academically and
professionally qualified, and with exceptional or recognized expertise or
specialization in any branch of architecture; the Consulting Architect assumes no civil
liability under Art. 1723 of the Civil Code unless he/she attempts and/or succeeds to
interfere or contravene the legal and professional functions of the Architect-of-
Record; the Consulting Architect assumes the normal civil liability under the service
agreement he/she signs with a Client.
(26) “Contract Documents” are the documents attached to the agreement identified
therein as Contract Documents, including all additions, deletions and modifications
incorporated therein. These generally include the following documents:
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c) Drawings
d) Specifications
e) Other Bid Documents
(27) “Copyright (or Copyright Ownership)” shall refer to the intellectual proprietary
rights retained by an Architect over any architectural documents/ work that he/she
prepares unless there is a written stipulation to the contrary, copyright in a work of
architecture shall include the right to control the erection of any building which
reproduces the whole or a substantial part of the work either in its original form or in
any form recognizably derived from the original; however, the copyright in any such
work shall not include the right to control the reconstruction or rehabilitation in the
same style as the original of a building to which the copyright relates.
(28) “CPD Providers” means an entities, agencies, organizations and the like that have
been accredited/registered with the Board of Architecture of the Professional
Regulation Commission to deliver seminars, lectures, and other continuing
professional education modules for architects, other than the Integrated Accredited
Professional Organization of Architects which is automatically accredited by the
Board of Architecture as a CPD Provider.
(30) “Foreign Architect” means an architect who is not a Filipino citizen nor an Architect
registered and licensed in the Philippines, but who is duly registered and licensed in
his/her home country as an Architect.
(31) “Filipino Counterpart” the local Philippine architect, partnership or corporation that
must work in association with a foreign architect, partnership or corporation, on a
project on Philippine soil.
(32) “Ownership” shall refer to proprietary rights to an architectural work such as plans,
designs and other documents by a person/ juridical entity who commissions the
Architect and whose ownership of an architectural work by such a person/ juridical
entity shall only be confined to the use of the architectural documents for executing
/implementing the work described therein for one (1) or the original project;
ownership shall not apply to the use of a part of or of the entire architectural
work/architectural documents to repetitions or to subsequent projects.
(34) “Physical Planner” refers to an Architect who specializes in the detailed physical
planning of land or property on which vertical structures such as buildings and/or
structures and horizontal developments such as rights-of-way, open spaces and
recreational/ sports/ entertainment/ tourism and related facilities are to be proposed.
(35) “Physical Planning” the detailed physical planning of land or property on which
vertical structures such as buildings, monuments and/or structures and horizontal
developments such as rights-of-way, open spaces and recreational/ sports/
establishments/ tourism and related facilities are to be proposed.
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(36) “Professional” refers to a person whose name and registration/professional license
number is entered in the Professional Regulation Commission registry book and
computerized database as one legally authorized to practice his profession.
(38) “Site Planning” the detailed site development planning of all areas surrounding a
building/structure and/or a group of buildings/structures but only within the property
limits of the land on which such buildings/structures are to be erected.
(42) “Syllabi” the outlines embodying topics and concepts of major subjects prescribed in
specific course of study to serve as basis for test questions in the licensure
examinations.
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(m) PRC – Professional Regulation Commission
(n) PRC Modernization Act of 2000 – R.A. No. 8981
(o) SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission
(p) UAP – United Architects of the Philippines, Inc
RULE II
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF ARCHITECTURE:
ORGANIZATION, POWERS AND FUNCTIONS
SECTION 4. Creation and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board
Each Member shall, at the time of his/her appointment, possess the following qualifications:
(d) not be a member of the faculty of any school, college, university or review institution
where a regular course or review course in architecture is taught, nor have pecuniary
interest in such institution. No former member of the faculty of any school, institute,
university or review center where architecture is taught can become a member of the
Board unless he/she had officially resigned from such an institution and has
completely stopped teaching, advising or reviewing activities for at least five (5) years
prior to the nomination;
(e) has never been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude; and
(f) not be an elective officer of the Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization
of Architects and other Professional Organization of Architects.
The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3) years after appointment or
until their successors shall have been appointed and duly qualified. Any vacancy occurring within the
term of a member shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term only. Each member of the
Board may be reappointed for one full term of three (3) years. Of the members of the Board first
appointed under R.A. No. 9266, one (1) member shall be appointed and hold office as chairman for
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three (3) years, one (1) member for two (2) years, and one (1) member for one (1) year. Each
member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath prior to the performance of their duties:
Provided, That the incumbent members of the Board shall continue to serve for the remainder of their
term as members of the herein created Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture until a new
Board shall have been properly organized: Provided, Further that the incumbent members of the
Board may be appointed as members of the First Board.
The Board shall exercise the following specific powers, functions and responsibilities:
(a) Prescribe and adopt the “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004” for carrying out the
provisions of R.A. No. 9266;
(c) Administer oaths in connection with the administration of R.A. No. 9266;
(d) Issue, suspend, revoke, or reinstate the Certificate of Registration and the
Professional Identification Card for the practice of the architecture profession;
(f) Monitor the conditions affecting the practice of architecture and adopt such measures
as may be deemed proper for the enhancement and maintenance of high
professional, ethical and technical standards of the profession;
(g) Prescribe and/or adopt the Code of Ethical Conduct and Standards of Professional
Practice;
(h) Hear and decide administrative cases involving violations of R.A. No. 9266, the “IRR
of the Architecture Act of 2004”, the Code of Ethical Conduct and Standards of
Professional Practice and for this purpose, to issue subpoena ad testificandum and
subpoena duces tecum to secure the appearance of witnesses and the production
of documents in connection therewith; Provided, That the decision of the Board shall,
unless appealed to the Commission, become final and executory after fifteen (15)
days from receipt of notice of judgment or decision. The decision of the Commission
may be appealed to the Court of Appeals in accordance with the procedure under the
Rules of Court;
(i) Prescribe guidelines for the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) program in
consultation with the integrated and accredited professional organization of
architects: Provided, That the attendance to said CPD shall not be a mandatory
requirement for the renewal of a professional Identification Card;
(j) Prepare, adopt, issue or amend the syllabi of the subjects for examinations in
consultation with the academe, determine and prepare questions which shall be
within the scope of the syllabi of the subject for examination as well as administer,
correct and release the results of the licensure examinations;
(k) Approve, issue, limit or cancel temporary or special permit to practice architecture;
(l) In coordination with the CHED, ensure that all higher educational instruction and
offerings of architecture comply with the policies, standards and requirements of the
course prescribed by the CHED in the areas of curriculum, faculty, library and
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facilities; Provided, That, for the orderly implementation of this provision, the Board
and the Commission may enter into a Memorandum of Agreement with the CHED.
(m) To adopt a program for the full computerization of the licensure examination; and
(n) Discharge such other duties and functions as may be deemed necessary for the
enhancement of the architecture profession and the upgrading, development and
growth of the architecture education.
(b) Violation or tolerance of the violation of R.A. No. 9266, or its implementing rules and
regulations or the Code of Ethical Conduct and Standards of Professional Practice;
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RULE III
EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION AND LICENSURE
SECTION 12. Examination Required
All applicants for registration for the practice of architecture shall be required to undergo a
licensure examination to be given by the Board in such places and dates as the Commission may
designate in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 8981.
Any person applying for examination shall establish to the satisfaction of the Board that:
(a) He/she is a Filipino citizen or a citizen of a foreign country qualified to take the
examination as provided for in Sec. 27, Art. IV of R.A. No. 9266 as carried out by
Sec. 27, Rule IV of this “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004”;
(d) He/she has not been convicted of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude.
(1) Certificate of Live Birth in National Statistics Office (NSO) Security Paper
(2) Marriage Contract in NSO Security Paper for married female applicants
(3) College Diploma with indication therein of date of graduation and Special Order
Number unless it is not required
(4) Baccalaureate Transcript of Records with indication therein of date of graduation and
Special Order Number unless it is not required
(5) Accomplished Diversified Training (DT Form 001)
(6) Accomplished Diversified Training (DT Form 002)
(7) Architect-Mentor Affidavit
(8) Photocopy of Architect-Mentor’s valid Professional Identification Card, Professional
Tax Receipt and IAPOA number
(9) National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) Clearance
(10) Other documents the Board may require.
Fraudulent Applications of Candidate and Mentor – The Board may refuse to renew a
professional identification card, or may suspend, or revoke, any certificate of registration obtained by
false swearing or any misrepresentations made in applying for registration or examination and may
refuse to renew or grant registration to any applicant whose application contains such false evidence
or information.
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SECTION 14. Subjects for Examination
The licensure examination for architects shall cover, but are not limited to, the following
subjects:
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2. Understanding of the art and science of site planning with emphasis on
ecological, socio-psychological, aesthetic, and functional basis of site
planning.
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(4) Architectural Design and Site Planning
To be qualified as having passed the licensure examination for architects, a candidate must
obtain a weighted general average of seventy percent (70%), with no grade lower than fifty percent
(50%) in any given subject.
The Board shall submit to the Commission the ratings obtained by each candidate within
thirty (30) calendar days after the examination, unless extended for just cause.
All successful candidates in the examination shall be required to take an oath of profession
before any member of the Board, any government official authorized by the Commission pursuant to
Sec. 7(k) of R.A. No. 8981 or any person authorized by law to administer oaths, prior to entering upon
the practice of the profession.
The Certificate of Registration shall bear the signature of the chairperson of the Commission
and the chairman and members of the Board, stamped with the official seal of the Board and the
Commission, indicating that the person named therein is entitled to the practice of the profession with
all the privileges appurtenant thereto.
A Professional Identification Card bearing the registration number, date of issuance, expiry
date, duly signed by the chairperson of the Commission, shall likewise be issued to every registrant
who has paid the prescribed fee of annual registration for three (3) years;
A roster showing the names and place of business including other personal material and
relevant data of all registered professional architects shall be prepared and updated by the Board and
copies thereof shall be made available to any party as may be deemed necessary.
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SECTION 20. Seal, Issuance and Use of Seal
A duly licensed architect shall affix the seal prescribed by the Board bearing the registrant’s
name, registration number and title “Architect” on all architectural plans, drawings, specifications and
all other contract documents prepared by or under his/her direct supervision.
(1) It shall be unlawful for any architect to sign his/her name, affix his/her seal or use any
other method of signature on architectural plans, specifications or other documents made under
another architect’s supervision, unless the same is made in such manner as to clearly indicate the
part or parts of such work actually performed by the former, and it shall be unlawful for any person,
except the architect-of-record, to sign for any branch of work for any function of architectural practice,
not actually performed by him/her. The architect-of-record, shall be fully responsible for all
architectural plans, specifications and other documents issued under his/her seal or authorized
signature.
(2) Drawings and specifications duly signed, stamped or sealed, as instruments of service,
are the intellectual properties and documents of the architect, whether the object for which they are
made is executed or not. It shall be unlawful for any person, without the consent of the architect or
author of said documents, to duplicate or to make copies of said documents for use in the repetition
of and for other projects or buildings, whether executed partly or in whole.
(5) All architectural plans, designs, specifications, drawings and architectural documents
relative to the construction of a building shall bear the seal and signature only of an architect
registered and licensed under R.A. No. 9266 together with his/her professional identification card
number and the date of its expiration.
The architect shall be required to indicate the number of his/her Certificate of Registration
and Professional Identification Card (PIC) with its date of issuance and the duration of validity,
including the professional tax receipt number which the City/Municipal Treasurer shall issue to the
registered architect upon presentation of his/her current PIC, on the documents he/she signs, uses or
issues in connection with the practice of his/her profession.
The Board shall not register and issue a Certificate of Registration and Professional
Identification Card to any person who has falsely sworn or misrepresented himself/herself in his/her
application for examination or to any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of a
criminal offense involving moral turpitude or guilty of immoral and dishonorable conduct or to any
person of unsound mind.
The Board shall have the power, upon notice and hearing, to suspend or revoke the validity
of a Certificate of Registration/Professional Identification Card, or shall cancel a special permit
granted under R.A. No. 9266 to an architect, on any ground mentioned under Section 22 hereof for
the use of or perpetuation of any fraud or deceit in obtaining a Certificate of Registration and
Professional Identification Card or special/temporary permit; for gross negligence or incompetence;
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for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct; or for any cause specified hereunder; Provided, however,
That such action of the Board shall be subject to appeal to the Commission whose decision shall be
final if he/she:
(a) has signed and affixed or permitted to be signed or affixed his name or seal on
architectural plans and designs, specifications, drawings, technical reports, valuation,
estimates, or other similar documents or work not prepared by him/her or not
executed under his/her immediate supervision; or
(b) has paid money except the regular fees provided for to secure a Certificate of
Registration; or
(d) has aided or abetted in the practice of architecture any person not duly authorized to
practice architecture in the Philippines; or
(e) has openly solicited projects by actually undertaking architectural services without a
valid service agreement guaranteeing compensation of services to be rendered
and/or has actually allowed himself/herself to be exploited by undertaking
architectural services without a valid service agreement, both acts being prejudicial to
other architects registered and licensed under R.A. No. 9266 and inimical to the
interests of the profession; or
(f) has violated any provision of R.A. No. 9266, its implementing rules and regulations,
the Code of Ethical Conduct and Standards of Professional Practice.
The Board may, after the expiration of two (2) years from the date of revocation of a
Certificate of Registration, Professional Identification Card or special/temporary permit, and upon
application and for reasons deemed proper and sufficient, reinstate the validity of a revoked
Certificate of Registration and in so doing may, in its discretion, exempt the applicant from taking
another examination.
The Board shall issue a Resolution, subject to approval by the Commission, in granting a
petition for reinstatement to the practice of architecture.
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RULE IV
PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
(SUNDRY PROVISIONS)
SECTION 25. Registration of Architects Required
SECTION 26. Vested Rights. Architects Registered When This Law is Passed
All architects registered at the time this law takes effect shall automatically be registered
under the provisions hereof, subject, however, to the provisions herein set forth as to future
requirements.
A foreign citizen, whether he studied in the Philippines or not, who desires to take the
licensure examination for Architects through reciprocity shall initiate the establishment of reciprocity
between his country/state and the Philippines by presenting/submitting a letter or any document
signed and under official seal by the appropriate official of his country/state requesting the
Chairman of the Board Architecture to allow the foreign applicant to take the licensure examination
of the Board that by express provision of the law of his country/state, Filipino citizens shall be
allowed to take the licensure examination for Architects and to register as Architect in his
country/state on terms of strict and absolute equality with the citizens or subjects of said country or
state including the unconditional recognition of prerequisite degrees issued by institutions of higher
learning duly recognized or established by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
attaching/appending thereto an authentic or authenticated official copy of said law officially
translated in the English language.
If the letter/document and the copy of the law submitted by the applicant is satisfactorily to
the Board, the foreign applicant shall be allowed to take the licensure examination for Architects by
requiring him to file an application to take the licensure examination and by submitting the following
documents that shall accompany the application:
a. The original or certified copy of any official document issued by the Bureau of
Immigration and Deportation allowing the applicant to enter and reside the
Philippines;
b. Present his passport for examination and for photocopying of pertinent information
about the applicant;
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c. Original or authenticated copy of transcript of records or equivalent document of the
course for licensure examination issued by the institution of higher learning where he
studied, duly authorized or accredited by his country/state; and
To promote public interest and to safeguard life, health and property, all practicing architects
shall maintain a program of continuing professional development. The integrated and accredited
professional organization shall have the responsibility of developing a continuing professional
development program for architects. Other entities or organizations may become CPD providers upon
accreditation by the Board.
Any person who shall practice or offer to practice architecture in the Philippines without
being registered/licensed and who are not holders of temporary or special permits in accordance with
the provisions of R.A. No. 9266, or any person presenting or attempting to use as his/her own the
Certificate of Registration/Professional Identification Card or seal of another or temporary or special
permit, or any person who shall give any false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board or to any
member thereof in obtaining a Certificate of Registration/Professional Identification Card or temporary
or special permit, or any person who shall falsely impersonate any registrant of like or different name,
or any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended Certificate of
Registration/Professional Identification Card or cancelled special/temporary permit, or any person
who shall use in connection with his/her name or otherwise assume, use or advertise any title or
description tending to convey the impression that he/she is an architect when he/she is not an
architect, or any person whether Filipino or foreigner, who knowingly allows the use, adoption,
implementation of plans, designs or specifications made by any person, firm, partnership or company
not duly licensed to engage in the practice of architecture, or any person who shall violate any of the
provisions of R.A. No. 9266, its implementing rules and regulations, the Code of Ethical Conduct and
Standards of Professional Practice, or any policy of the Board and the Commission, shall be guilty of
misdemeanor and charged in court by the Commission and shall, upon conviction be sentenced to a
fine of not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than Five million
pesos (P5,000,000.00) or to suffer imprisonment for a period not less than six (6) months or not
exceeding six (6) years or both, at the discretion of the Court.
Government employees and employees of private firms or persons/entities who are not
registered and licensed architects shall not perform architectural works in the performance of their
official function without the direct supervision of a licensed architect. Any public official who shall
order or cause a non-architect to perform activities which constitute practice of architecture shall be
administratively liable and shall be guilty of misdemeanor and shall upon conviction be sentenced in
accordance with Section 30 of R.A. No. 9266
Any person or entity, whether public or private, Filipino or foreigner, who/which shall entice,
compel, coerce, require or otherwise force an architect registered and licensed under R.A. No. 9266
to undertake/perform any service under the general practice of architecture as defined under R.A. No.
9266, without first executing a written contract/service agreement, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor
and shall, upon conviction be sentenced to a fine of not less than Two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000.00) or to suffer imprisonment for a period not exceeding six (6) years, or both, at the
discretion of the Court.
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SECTION 31. Liability of Representatives of Non-Registered Persons
It shall be unlawful for any person or firm or corporation to seek to avoid the provisions of
R.A. No. 9266 by having a representative or employee seek architectural work in their behalf, unless
and until, such persons have duly qualified and duly registered/licensed, otherwise, both those
represented and the representative, the employer and the employee shall be deemed guilty of
violation of R.A. No. 9266.
It shall be unlawful for any architect to sign his/her name, affix his/her seal, or use any other
method of signature on architectural plans, specifications or other contract documents made under
another architect’s supervision, unless the same is made in such manner as to clearly indicate the
part or parts of such work actually performed by the former, and shall be unlawful for any person,
except the Architect-of record shall be fully responsible for all architectural plans, specifications, and
other documents issued under his/her seal or authorized signature.
The authorized signature, official seal, PTR, PRC registration number and the IAPOA
membership number and Official Receipt (O.R.) number of the Architect-of-record stamped on
architectural plans, specifications, architectural permit and other related contract documents
signify his/her assumption of the mandated fifteen (15) year civil liability under Article 1723 of
the Civil Code. The Architect-of-record should be limited to architectural documents of a
project and its liability does not extend to the professional responsibility nor civil liability of
the other signing (sealing) professionals Including the Architect-in-charge of construction
(AICC) and the Consulting Architect (CA) unless these are under his/her direct employ. This
rule shall apply to both architects in government as well as architects employed by private
firms.
For architectural documents prepared by architectural firms, the Board of Architecture
Registry Number and the SEC or DTI Registry Numbers should be prominently displayed on
all architectural documents.
Drawings and specifications and other contract documents duly signed, stamped or sealed,
as instruments of service, are the intellectual property and documents of the architect, whether the
object for which they are made is executed or not. It shall be unlawful for any person to duplicate or
to make copies of said documents for use in the repetition of and for other projects or buildings,
whether executed partly or in whole, without the written consent of architect or author of said
documents.
Persons not registered as an architect shall not claim nor represent either services or work as
equivalent to those of a duly qualified registered architect, or that they are qualified for any branch or
function of architectural practice, even though no form of the title “Architect” is used.
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SECTION 35. Positions in Government Requiring the Services of Registered
and Licensed Architects
Within three (3) years from the effectivity of R.A. No. 9266, all existing and proposed
positions in the local and national government, whether career, permanent, temporary or contractual
and primarily requiring the services of an architect shall be filled only by registered and licensed
architects.
In order to provide a safety net intended to ensure that the legislative intent shall be
fully implemented, the following sub-rules are so prescribed:
1. The government architect-of-record shall collect from the concerned national or local
agency including Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCC’s) an
incentive pay to cover civil liabilities in the equivalent amount of 1.5 % of the project
cost of every project provided it shall not exceed 50% of his annual salary which shall
be paid upon full completion of the project.
It shall be unlawful for any unregistered person to collect a fee for architectural services
except as an employee collecting a fee as representative of a Registered Architect.
a) Only Filipino citizens properly registered and licensed as architects under R.A. No.
9266 may, among themselves, or together with allied technical professionals, form
and obtain registration as a firm, company, partnership, association or corporation
for the practice of architecture;
b) Registered and licensed architects shall compose at least seventy-five percent (75%)
of the owners, shareholders, members, incorporators, directors, executive officers, as
the case may be;
Foreign nationals who have gained entry in the Philippines to perform professional services
as architects or consultants in foreign-funded or assisted projects of the government or employed or
engaged by Filipino or foreign contractors or private firms, shall, before assuming the duties,
functions and responsibilities as architects or consultants, secure a special/temporary permit from the
Board subject to approval of the Commission, to practice his/her profession in connection with the
project to which he/she was commissioned: Provided, That a foreign national or foreign firm, whose
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name or company name, with the title architect, architectural consultant, design consultant, consultant
or designer appears on architectural plans, specifications and other related construction documents,
for securing building permits, licenses and government authority clearances for actual building project
construction in the Philippines and advertisements and billboards for marketing purposes, shall be
deemed practicing architecture in the Philippines, whether the contract for professional services is
consummated in the Philippines or in a foreign country. Provided, further, That the following
conditions are satisfied as follows:
(a) That he/she is a citizen or subject of a country which specifically permits Filipino
professionals to practice his/her profession within their territorial limits, on the same
basis as the subjects or citizens of such foreign state or country;
(b) That he/she is legally qualified to practice architecture in his/her own country, and that
his/her expertise is necessary and advantageous to our country particularly in the
aspects of technology transfer and specialization;
(c) That foreign nationals shall be required to work with a Filipino counterpart and shall also
be responsible for public utilities and taxes due to the Philippine government, relative
to their participation in, or professional services rendered to the project, in
accordance with the established implementing rules and regulations providing for the
procedure for the registration and/or issuance of temporary/special permits to foreign
architects allowed by law to practice their profession in the Philippines by the Board
of Architecture and the accredited professional organization; and
(d) Agencies, organizations or individuals whether public or private, who secure the services
of a foreign professional authorized by law to practice in the Philippines for reasons
aforementioned, shall be responsible for securing a special permit from the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) pursuant to PRC and DOLE rules.
1.0 A visa and work permit by appropriate government agencies shall be required.
2.0 Within thirty (30) calendar days after the commission/appointment date, the
commissioning party shall be responsible to secure the Temporary/Special
Permit from Board subject to approval by the PRC. DOLE upon compliance
with the qualifications required and receipt of a copy of the said
Temporary/Special Permit - shall issue the employment permit.
3.0 In the absence of a bilateral agreement, the foreign national shall submit
documentary proof or evidence allowing Filipino architects to practice the
profession in their home country without any limitation.
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7.0 Upon issuance of the temporary/special permit, the foreign national may
become member of the United Architects of the Philippines, Inc. subject to the
rules and procedures of UAP membership.
Foreign nationals, including former Filipinos wanting to engage in the general practice of
architecture as defined in Section 3 (c) of R.A. No. 9266 must secure locally their professional liability
insurance or malpractice insurance or their acceptable equivalent in bond form commensurate with
the nature and magnitude of their project involvement and their compensation the implementing rules
and regulations for such a requirement for practice shall be implemented by the Board in consultation
with the integrated and accredited professional organization of architects within six (6) months from
the effectivity of R.A. No. 9266.
RULE V
FINAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 40. Integration of the Architecture Profession
The Architecture profession shall be integrated into one (1) national organization which shall
be accredited by the Board, subject to the approval by the Commission, as the integrated and
accredited professional organization of architects:
1.a. An architect duly registered with the PRC shall automatically become a member of
the UAP and shall receive the benefits and privileges provided for and described in
its by-laws upon payment of required fees and dues.
1.b. Bona fide members of the UAP practicing the architectural profession shall be
required to provide their official IAPOA membership number and receipt number
together with their PRC registration number and professional tax receipt (PTR) on
official documents prepared by them for purposes of obtaining governmental
regulatory permits and licenses.
1.c. The functions, duties and responsibilities of the UAP as the IAPOA shall be the
following:
e) Monitoring compliance and endorsing to/or filing a complaint with the Board and/or
Commission for violation of the R.A. No. 9266, this IRR, Code of Ethics, Standards of
Professional Practice and other policies of the Board and of the Commission and with
other agencies for violation of other relevant laws, regulations and the like; and
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SECTION 41. Implementing Rules and Regulations
Within sixty (60) days after the effectivity of R.A. No. 9266, the Board, subject to the
approval of the Commission and in coordination with integrated and accredited professional
organization, shall adopt and promulgate such rules and regulations, Code of Ethical Conduct and
Standards of Professional Practice, to carry out the provisions of R.A. No. 9266 and which shall be
effective fifteen (15) days following their publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) major daily
newspapers of general circulation.
The Chairperson of the Professional Regulation Commission shall immediately include in the
Commission’s programs the implementation of R.A. No. 9266, the funding of which shall be included
in the annual General Appropriations Act.
R.A. No. 9266 shall not be construed to affect or prevent the practice of any other legally
recognized profession.
It shall be the primary duty of the Commission and the Board to effectively enforce the
provisions of R.A. No. 9266 and this “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004”. All duly constituted law
enforcement agencies and officers of national, provincial, city or municipal government or of any
political subdivision thereof, shall, upon the call or request of the Commission or the Board, render
assistance in enforcing the provisions of R.A. No. 9266 and this “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004”,
and to prosecute any person violating the provisions of the same.
If, for any reason, any section or provision of the herein “IRR” or application of such rules and
regulations or provision to any person or circumstances is declared unconstitutional or invalid, the
remainder of this “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004”, or application of such provisions to other
persons or circumstances, shall not be affected by such declaration.
Any provisions of the rules, regulations, codes, orders, resolutions, measures, and other
policies or parts thereof issued and promulgated pursuant to R.A. No. 545 (as amended by R.A. No.
1581), P.D. No. 223 (as amended), R.A. No. 8981, and other laws which are inconsistent with this
“IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004” are hereby superseded, repealed or amended accordingly.
The herein “IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004” shall be, upon approval by the Commission,
be effective after fifteen (15) days following its full and complete publication in the Official Gazette or
in two (2) major newspapers of general circulation.
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STANDARD OF PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE (UAP DOCUMENTS)
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CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
• An architect acts as professional adviser to his/her Client and his/her advice must
be unprejudiced
• An architect also acts as the middle man between Client and Contractor and
must act with entire impartiality
• An architect has moral responsibilities to his/her professional associates and
subordinates, to his/her contractor, to his/her manufacturers, dealers and
suppliers, and to the public
• These duties and responsibilities cannot be properly discharged unless his/her
motives, conduct, sense of moral values, sensitivity, and ability are such as to
command respect and confidence.
A. RESPONSIBILITIES TO PUBLIC
1. Respect and conserve the natural, historic and cultural heritage of the community.
2. Promote the interest of professional organization and share technical information with
other design professions and the construction industry.
3. Abides by and observe the laws and regulations.
4. Shall not use paid advertisements nor misleading publicity.
5. Shall not solicit in his/her name, advertisements or other support towards the cost of any
publication presenting his/her work.
6. Shall not deceive the public as to his/her professional competence, nor claim any
professional specialization unless supported by academic qualification.
7. May exhibit his/her professional shingle outside his/her office in a modest manner.
B. RESPONSIBILITIES TO CLIENT
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11. Shall carry out his/her professional work without undue delay and within an agreed
reason able time limit.
12. Shall keep the Client informed at all times of the progress of the project.
C. RESPONSIBILITIES TO CONTRACTOR
1. Shall give the Contractor clear, definite, and consistent information in all pertinent
contract documents.
2. Shall not knowingly call upon the Contractor to correct or remedy oversights or errors
in the Contract Document to the Contractor's or the Owner's financial disadvantage.
3. Shall reject or condemn material, equipment, or workmanship which is not in
conformity with the Contract Documents.
4. Shall reject any offer of free professional engineering or allied design service/s, or
receive any substantial aid, gifts, commissions, or favors from any Contractor or
Subcontractor.
5. Shall promptly inspect each phase of the work completed and if found according to
the terms of the Contract Documents, issue the corresponding Certificates of
Payment and the Final Certificate of Completion, respectively, to the Contractor.
1. Shall not solicit free professional services when these are accompanied by an
obligation detrimental to the best interest of the Client.
2. Shall not seek commissions, discounts, fees, gifts, or favors from agents or firms
handling building materials or equipment which may place him/her in a reciprocal frame
of mind.
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9. Shall provide employees and subordinates with a suitable work environment,
compensate them fairly, and facilitate their professional advancement.
10. Shall tutor and mentor the young aspirants towards the ideals, functions, duties, and
responsibilities leading to the ethical practice of the architectural profession.
11. Shall unselfishly give his/her share in the transfer of technical knowledge and
experience.
12. Shall unselfishly give his/her time and effort to the advancement of the profession
thru his/her active and personal commitment and involvement with IAPOA.
13. Shall ensure that the conduct of his/her professional practice abides by appropriate
and effective internal procedures.
14. Shall neither appropriate the intellectual property of, nor unduly take advantage of the
ideas of another architect without express authority from the originating architect.
15. Shall build his/her professional reputation on the merits of his/her own service and
performance and shall strive to continuously update his/her professional know-how.
16. Shall not quote a fee without first receiving an official invitation for him/her to do so.
17. Shall not undertake professional work unless the parties shall have clearly agreed in
writing to the terms.
18. Shall continue to raise the standards of aesthetic excellence, functional logic,
architectural education, research, training, and practice.
19. Shall promote the allied arts and contribute to the knowledge and capability of the
construction industry.
20. If he/she possesses substantial information which leads to a reasonable belief that
another Architect has committed a violation of this Code, shall file a formal complaint
with the designated body.
21. If he/she is leaving his/her Architect-Employer shall not, without the permission of the
latter, take with him/her designs, drawings, data, or other relevant materials even if
22. personally performed by him/her.
23. Shall not discriminate on grounds of race, national origin, age, gender, marital status,
religion, or any disability which would hinder the performance of his/her professional
work.
ACRONYMS
ADR - Alternative Dispute Resolution
AF - Architectural Firm
ADC - Architectural Design Competition
Aicc - Architect in charge of construction
Aor - Architect-of-record
BPO - Business Process Outsourcing
CA - Consulting Architect
CEC - Codes of Ethical Conduct
DoLE - Department of Labor and Employment
DTI - Department of Trade and Industry
FPCA - Filipino Professional Consulting Architects
IAPOA - Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects
KPO - Knowledge Process Outsourcing
MoP - Manual of Procedure
PACS - Professional Architectural Consulting Services
PCA - Professional Consulting Architect
PRC - Professional Regulation Commission
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PRBoA Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture
SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission
RLA - Registered and Licensed Architect
SPP - Standards of Professional Practice
TSP - Temporary/ Special Permit
• Reputation
• Personal or business acquaintance or recommendation of a friend
• Recommendation of the Architect’s former Client
• Recommendation of another Architect
• Invitation. The Client issues an invitation which includes the Terms of Reference (ToR) for
the project which is based on the Design Brief prepared by another Architect.
• Pre-qualification. Architects and/or PRC-registered Architectural Firms (AFs) submit
information regarding their qualification and expertise.
• Interview. The Architect explains his methodology in translating the plan/design
requirements of the proposed project.
• Verification. The selection committee may visit buildings designed by the Architects and
check references such as former clients and financial institutions.
• Evaluation & Ranking. The selection committee may adopt its own procedure in evaluating
the entries and recommending the most capable firm.
• Negotiation. The Architect explains to the Client the Scope of Services and the Architect’s
Fee as prescribed under the Architect’s Guidelines.
a) Advantages
b) Disadvantages
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c) Procedure. Competitions should be conducted:
4. Participants
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
This will be covered by the respective type of services.
PRE-DESIGN SERVICES
SPP Document 201 (replacing the 1979 UAP Doc. 201)
The Pre- Design Services cover a broad line of architectural services ranging from initial problem
identification to activities that would allow the Architect to initially conceptualize an array of
architectural and allied solutions. The Pre-Design Services nominally include consultation, pre-
feasibility studies, feasibility studies, site selection and analysis, site utilization and land-use
studies, architectural research, architectural programming, space planning, space management
studies, value management, design brief preparation, promotional services and other related
activities.
a) Consultation
• When a Client calls upon the Architect to give oral or written advice and direction, to
attend conferences, to make evaluations and appraisals regarding a contemplated
project and similar activities.
b) Pre-Feasibility Studies
• These preliminary studies involve the procurement, analysis and use of secondary
information gathered for the project to aid the Client in early decision-making.
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c) Site Selection and Analysis
• This entails the formulation of site criteria, assistance to the Client in site evaluation as
well as analysis to determine the most appropriate site/s for a proposed project or
building program.
• The detailed analysis of the site involves the identification of a site’s development
potentials through the proper utilization of land. The analysis covers the context of the
site as well as that of its surrounding environment and the development controls that
apply to the site and its environs.
e) Architectural Research
• Architectural research entails the conduct of primary and secondary researches and
assembled facts used as basis for conclusion.
f) Architectural Programming
• This analytical problem-seeking process will lead to the statement and identification of
both horizontal and vertical requirements in offering a solution. It incorporates a space
program with characterizations of the envisioned spaces such as ambiance, cost range,
etc.
g) Space Planning
• The Architect determines the adequate size and appropriate configuration and
assemblage for a proposed project in consideration of the use, allocation and interface of
spaces for given activities.
• An analysis of the space requirements of the project based on organizational structure and
functional set-up pinpoints linkages and interaction of spaces.
i) Value Management
• This technique is applied in the cost management process to minimize the negative effect
of simplified operations associated with many cost-reduction programs.
• Under design brief preparation, the Architect states the project terms of reference (ToR)
including the concept, objectives and other necessary requirements to bid out architectural
services (whether public or private).
k) Promotional Services
• Projects may require promotional activities in order to develop and generate financial
support and acceptance from governing agencies or from the general public.
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MANNER OF PROVIDING SERVICES
1. After the initial meeting/ conversation/ correspondence with the Client, the Architect must submit
his proposal for pre-design services, stating the following:
a) Scope of Work
b) Manner of Payment
c) Owner’s responsibilities
d) Other Conditions of services
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
The Architect’s compensation is based on the Architect’s / architectural firm’s talents, skill,
experience, imagination, and on the type and level of professional services provided.
Compensation for Pre-Design Services may be based on one or more of the following:
FORMULA
Direct cost = AN + CN + TN
Fee = Direct Cost x M
Total Cost of Service charged to Client = Fee + R
Assume:
A= Architect’s rate / hour
C= Consultant’s rate / hour
T= Rate per hour of Technical Staff, Researchers and others involved in the Project
AN, CN, TN = No. of hours spent by Architect, Consultants and Technical Staff
M = Multiplier to account for overhead and reasonable profit. The value may range from 1.5 to 2.5
depending on the set-up of the Architect’s office and the complexity of the Project.
• This method may be applied to government projects since they entail more paper work
and time-consuming efforts.
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4. Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses
• In some cases a Client may request an Architect to do work which will require his personal
time such as:
a) attending project-related meetings, conferences or trips;
b) conducting ocular inspection of possible project sites; and
c) conferring with others regarding prospective investments or ventures and the like.
The SPP provides for more than one method of compensation on a project.
• While these implementing rules and regulations specifically refer to the “individual”
professional practice of the Architect as a natural person, the same may also apply to the
Architect’s “group practice” as part of a juridical entity i.e. as a DTI-registered sole
proprietorship or as a SEC-registered partnership or corporation
• Foreign architect practicing architecture in the Philippines for projects on Philippine soil
must first secure a Temporary/ Special Permit (TSP) and a work permit from the
Department of Labor and Employment (DoLE) and must work in collaboration with a local
counterpart Architect who is a Registered and Licensed Architect (RLA) under Philippine
law.
The Architect’s work starts at the inception of the project when the Owner outlines his requirements to
the Architect.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
• consults with the Owner to ascertain the conceptual framework and related requirements of
the project and confirms such requirements with him.
• gathers relevant information and data leading to the definition of the requirements of the
project, including the scope of the Architect’s services.
• reviews and refines the owner’s space requirements and translates them into an architectural
program.
• prepares an initial statement of probable construction cost.
• evaluates the Owner’s program, schedule, budget, project site and proposes methods of
project deliveries.
• prepares the initial line drawings representing design studies leading to a recommended
solution, including a general description of the project for approval by the Owner.
• submits to the Owner a Statement of the Probable Project Construction Cost (SPPCC) based
on current cost parameters.
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Design Development Phase
• prepares the Design Development documents consisting of plans, elevations, sections and
other drawings,
• outline specifications to fix and illustrate the size and character of the entire project as to type
of materials, type of structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary, electronic and
communications systems.
• diagrammatic layout of construction systems, and
• an updated SPPCC for submission to the Owner.
• prepares the complete Contract Documents consisting of detailed designs and construction
drawings, setting forth in detail the work required for the architectural, structural, electrical,
plumbing/ sanitary, mechanical, electronic and communication works prepared by the
Architect and the respective professionals involved.
• prepares Technical Specifications describing type and quality of materials, finish, manner of
construction and the general conditions under which the project is to be constructed.
• submits to the Owner seven (7) sets of all construction drawings and technical specifications
for purposes of obtaining a building permit.
• updates the SPPCC based on changes in scope, requirements or market conditions.
• assists the Owner in filing the required documents to secure approval of government
authorities having jurisdiction over the design of the Project.
• prepares the Bid Documents such as forms for contract letting, documents for construction,
forms for invitation and instruction to bidders, forms for bidders’ proposals, general / specific
conditions of contract, etc.
• assists the Owner from the early stage of establishing a list of prospective Contractors to
awarding of the construction contract.
• furnishes complete sets of the Bid Documents for purposes of bidding in as many sets as
may be required to conduct a successful bidding.
• helps in organizing and conducting pre-bid conferences,
• responds to questions from bidders,
• assists the Owner in obtaining proposals from Contractors, analyzes bid results and prepares
abstract of bids, notice of award, notice to proceed and other construction contracts.
Construction Phase
• makes decisions on all claims of the Owner and Contractors on all matters relating to the
execution and progress of work or the interpretation of the Contract Documents.
• prepares change orders, gathers and turns over to the Owner written guarantees required of
the Contractor and Sub-Contractors.
• makes periodic visits to the project site to familiarize himself with the general progress and
quality of work and to ascertain that the work is proceeding in accordance with the Contract
Documents.
• determines the amount owing and due to the Contractor and issues corresponding
Certificates for Payment for such amounts based on his observations and the Contractor's
Applications for Payment.
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• Should more extensive inspection or full-time (8-hour) construction supervision be required
by the Client, a separate full-time supervisor shall be hired and agreed upon by the Owner
and the Architect subject to the conditions provided in the SPP Document on Full -Time
Supervision.
• with a single contract between the Architect and Owner, and sub-consultancy contracts
between the Architect and the other professionals working with the Architect.
• with the Architect and the engineering and allied professionals executing separate contracts
with the Owner.
PROJECT CLASSIFICATION
Professional architectural work is classified in accordance with the degree of complexity and the
creative skill required to meet the requirements of the Client within technical, functional, economic
and aesthetic constraints. Based on these groupings, the corresponding scale of charges shall be
prescribed in the Architect’s Guidelines to determine the fair remuneration to the Architect.
Group 1
Buildings of the simplest utilization and character which shall include but not be limited to the
following:
Group 2
Buildings of moderate complexity of plan / design which shall include but not be limited to the
following:
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Correctional & Detention Facilities Retail / Wholesale Stores
Court Houses/Halls of Justice Schools
Dormitories Shopping Centers
Exhibition Halls & Display Structures Fire Stations
Specialty Shops Laundries & Cleaning Facilities
Supermarkets/ Hyper-marts Libraries
Serviced Apartments Malls/Mall Complexes
Welfare Buildings Motels & Apartels
Mixed Use Buildings Multi-storey Apartments
Other buildings of similar nature Showrooms/Service Centers
or use
Group 3
Buildings of exceptional character and complexity of plan / design which shall include but not be
limited to the following:
Group 4
Residences (single-detached, single-attached or duplex; row-houses or shop-houses), small
apartment houses and townhouses
Group 5
Group 6
Projects where the plan / design and related Contract Documents are re-used for the repetitive
construction of similar buildings without amending the drawing and the specifications
Group 7
Housing Project involving the construction of several residential units on a single site with the use of
one (1) set of plans / design, specifications and related documents
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Group 8
Projects involving extensive detail such as designs for built-in components or elements, built-in
equipment, special fittings, screens, counters, architectural interiors (AI), and development
planning and/or design
Group 9
Group 10
The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or explanation on technical
matters pertaining to architectural works.
OWNER’S RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Provide full information as to his requirements for the Project.
• When necessary, designate a representative authorized to act on his behalf.
• Promptly examine and render decisions pertaining to documents submitted by the Architect
to avoid unreasonable delay in the progress of the Architect’s work
• Furnish or direct the Architect to obtain at his expense, a certified survey of the site, giving,
as may be required, topographical and/or relocation surveys covering grades and lines of
streets, alleys, easements, encroachments and related information, boundaries, with
dimensions and complete data pertaining to existing buildings, structures, trees, plants, water
bodies, wells, excavations / pits, etc. and other improvements and full information as to the
available utility / service lines both public and private; zoning compliances, clearances,
deed/s of restrictions, encumbrances and annotations to titles, association guidelines and
standards, and soil investigations / tests, borings and test pits necessary for determining soil
and sub-soil conditions.
• Promptly pay for architectural and all other engineering and allied services required for the
project.
• Pay for the design and consulting services on acoustic, communication, electronic, and other
specialty systems which may be required for the project.
• Arrange and pay for such legal, auditing, insurance, counseling and other services as may be
required for the project.
• Pay for all reimbursable expenses incurred in the project as called for in Section 7: “Other
Conditions on Services” and all taxes including VAT (but not including income tax) that the
government may impose on the Architect as a result of the services rendered by the Architect
on the project, whether the services were performed as a natural person i.e. an individual
practitioner or as a juridical entity i.e. as a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation.
The Architect’s Fee is based on the Project Construction Cost. Where the Architect has to render
additional services, additional compensation shall be required.
Other Services
Other services that may be needed in order to complete the project such as services of acoustic
and illumination engineers / specialists, mural painters, sculptors, and other service providers are
to be recommended by the Architect for the Owner’s approval. Costs for these services are to be
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paid for separately by the Owner and shall be subject to a coordination fee payable to the
Architect.
Should a scale model, 3D models and/or walk-thru presentation of the architect’s design be
necessary, they are to be recommended by the Architect for the Owner’s approval. Costs for
these services are to be paid for separately by the Owner and shall be subject to a coordination
fee payable to the Architect.
A per diem plus traveling and living expenses shall be chargeable to the Owner whenever the
Architect or his duly authorized representative is required to perform services at a locality beyond
50.0 kilometers (air, straight line or radial distance) from his established office as it appears in the
Architect’s letterhead.
The Owner shall pay the Architect for additional sets of Contract Documents.
If the Architect renders additional professional services due to changes ordered by the Owner
after approval of the Architect’s outputs, the Owner shall pay the Architect for extra time,
resources/ drafting, or other office expenses.
If the work of the Architect is abandoned or suspended in whole or in part, the Owner shall pay
the Architect for the services rendered corresponding to the amount due at the stage of
suspension or abandonment of the work.
Once the Architect has prepared all these documents, the Architect has completed the Detailed
Design and Contract Documents Phase of his services, which is equivalent to Ninety percent
(90%) of his work.
If the Owner requires the services of specialist consultants, they shall be engaged with the
consent of the Architect. The cost of their services shall be paid for separately by the Owner and
shall not be deducted from the Architect’s fee.
Separate Services
Should the Owner require the Architect to design movable or fixed pieces of cabinets and other
architectural interior (AI) elements, site development plan (SDP) components, urban design
elements, and other items of similar nature, the Owner shall pay the Architect in addition to the
Architect’s fee.
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Fulltime Construction Supervision
Upon recommendation of the Architect and with the approval of the Owner, full-time construction
supervisors as will be deemed necessary shall be engaged and paid by the Owner. If no Project /
Construction Manager is present, the full-time construction supervisor shall be under the technical
control and supervision of the Architect and shall make periodic reports to the Owner and to the
Architect regarding the progress and quality of the work done.
Estimates
Any SPPCC or any Cost Estimate submitted by the Architect can attain only a certain degree of
accuracy.
The Architect’s Fee is a net amount. Any tax (exclusive of income tax) that the national and/or
local government/s may impose on the Architect as a consequence of the services performed for
the project shall be paid by the Owner.
Ownership of Documents
All designs, drawings, models, specifications and other contract documents and copies thereof,
prepared, duly signed, stamped and sealed and furnished as instruments of service, are the
intellectual property and documents of the Architect, whether the work for which they were made
is executed or not, and are not to be reproduced or used on other work except with a written
agreement with the Architect (Sec. 33 of R.A. No. 9266).
Cost Records
During the progress of work, the Owner shall furnish the Architect a copy of the records of
expenses being incurred on the construction. Upon completion of the project, the Owner shall
furnish the Architect a copy of the summary of all cost of labor, services, materials, equipment,
fixtures and all items used at and for the completion of the construction.
All signboards of the General Contractor, sub-contractors, jobbers and dealers that shall be
placed at the project site during the progress of construction shall be approved by the Architect as
to size, design and contents. After the completion of the project, the Owner or his building lessee
shall consult the Architect for the design, size of all signboards, letterings, directories and display
boards that will be placed on the exterior or public areas attached to the building project in order
to safeguard the Owner’s interest.
Project Construction Cost (PCC) as herein referred to, means the cost of the completed building
to the Owner, including the structure, plumbing/sanitary and electrical fixtures, mechanical
equipment, elevators, escalators, air-conditioning system, fire protection system, alarm and clock
system, communications and electronic system, elements attached to the building and all items
indicated in the plans, designs, drawings and specifications prepared by the Architect and his
consultants.
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The PCC does not include any of the fees for the Architect, the Engineer, the Specialist
Consultants or the salaries of the construction inspectors.
Project Development Cost shall include cost of the construction as well as all professional fees,
permits, clearances and utilities and cost of acquiring the project site / lot, cost of money, etc.
Design services needed within and outside the building which fall under Specialized Architectural
Services as listed under the pertinent provisions of R.A. No. 9266 and its 2004 IRR, include but
are not limited to the following:
The term Consulting Architect (CA) shall refer only to a RLA who may also be a separately
Registered and Licensed Professional (RLP)
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cover all architectural and utility aspects, including the architectural lay-outing of all building
engineering systems found therein.
1. SCOPE OF SERVICES
Architect develops the design by determining the size and interrelationship of interior spaces,
laying out the furniture, movables, equipment, built-ins and fixtures to support the required
activities, thus making both the exterior and interior spaces contribute to the total concept.
• Lays out and prescribes furniture/ built-ins/ equipment for the project and prepares
specifications of AI components including all floor / wall / ceiling finishes, doors and
partition systems, hardware, modular or ready-assembled furniture pieces/ systems,
equipment, furnishings, built-ins, fixtures, signages and graphic devices, etc.
• Checks and approves samples of materials and shop drawings of AI components.
• Conducts final inspection and approves installed AI components and related items.
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
3. METHOD OF COMPENSATION
• For projects involving extensive detailing of AI components such as custom floor, wall,
ceiling construction and finishes, cabinet design, built-in components, equipment and
special fittings, the Architect’s Fee shall be a percentage of the cost of the AI work.
This excludes the fee of any Engineering and / or Specialist Consultants (SCs)
working with the Architect.
Acoustic design services involves the detailed planning and design to control sound
transmission for compatibility with the architectural design concept.
1. SCOPE OF SERVICES
• Prepares the drawings and specifications for acoustic design and treatment, sound
control and reinforcement, sound absorption, reflectance, insulation, etc.
• Checks and approves samples of materials and equipment
• Conducts final inspection of work and equipment
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
• Working in a dual capacity as Architect-of-record and as Consulting Architect for
acoustic design services.
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• Working as Consulting Architect for acoustic design services only.
3. METHOD OF COMPENSATION
• Should the Owner/Client hire separately the services of other Specialist Consultants
(SCs), their fee shall be for the account of the Owner/ Client and shall be paid directly
to the SC.
Architectural Lighting Layout and Design Services involves the detailed planning and design of
light transmission, timing and control for compatibility with the architectural design concept.
• Prepares the drawings and specifications for lighting design, illumination, fixture
placement, efficiency, energy considerations, etc.
• Assists the Owner/ Client in bidding out the work or in negotiating with a specialty sub-
contractor
• Checks and approve samples of materials and fixtures
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
• Should the Owner/Client hire separately the services of Specialist Consultants, the
fee shall be for the account of the Owner/Client and shall be paid directly to the
Consultant.
• “Cost of the Work” means the total cost of all fixtures and accessories, which were
either designed, specified or procured by the Specialist Architect and/or his Specialist
Consultants (SCs) for the Owner/ Client, and that were used or installed in the
project.
Ordinarily, the landscaping layout of small building projects could be done by the Architect as
part of the site development planning (SDP) effort. However, if the project is large in scale, the
Architect must hire other State-regulated professionals (RLPs) as qualified Specialist
Consultants (SCs).
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SCOPE OF SERVICES
The Architect, upon designing a building/ structure, complements this with the design of the
surroundings that will make the space fit for a specific mood and for the required activities. He
lays out the open spaces in and around the structure such that they contribute to the totality of
the project.
• Conceptualizes the entire site development plan (SDP) including the generic scope of
civil works and the general scope of softscape and hardscape requirements.
• Conceptualizes the specifications for the needed civil works and utility lines.
• Assists the Owner/Client in bidding out the work or negotiating with landscape,
waterscape, rock formation contractors, etc., but mainly when no SC is available.
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
MANNER OF COMPENSATION
• The Architect’s Fee for site development planning (SDP) services shall depend on the
estimated cost of the civil works and landscaping works i.e. hardscape and softscape,
depending on the magnitude and complexity of the work required by the project. If the
Architect is also certified and licensed as a separate RLP e.g. a Landscape Architect,
and is suitably experienced, the Architect’s fee shall increase correspondingly,
depending on the magnitude and complexity of the work required by the project.
• Should the Owner/ Client separately engage the services of a Landscape Architect,
the fee of the said Specialist Consultant shall be for the account of the Owner/Client and
paid directly to the SC.
Physical planning refers to the orderly arrangement within a piece of land or property on which
vertical structures such as buildings, monuments and the like, as well as horizontal developments
such as rights-of-way (ROWs), open spaces and activity spaces are to be proposed.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
• The Architect undertakes the site planning of a project that requires a composite arrangement
of several buildings/ structures and their requisite amenities, facilities, services and utilities
within a natural or built setting.
• When the Architect is commissioned to do physical planning for building sites such as
Industrial Estates, Commercial, Religious, Institutional and Government/Civic Centers, Sports
Complexes, Tourist Centers/ Tourism Estates/ Resorts, Amusement Parks, Educational
Facilities, Residential and Housing Subdivisions and the like, the Architect:
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• Prepares Project Cost Estimates (PCE) based on current cost parameters.
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
• Working in a dual capacity as Architect-of-record and as Consulting Architect for site and
physical planning services.
• Working as Consulting Architect for site and physical planning services only.
MANNER OF COMPENSATION
• The fee structure for Site and Physical Planning Services by the Architect shall be as stated
in the Architect’s Guidelines.
Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) Services are based on the concept of expanded
physical planning services to include other activities necessary for the proper handling of the
numerous components considered in the formulation, implementation and realization of a Master
Development Plan (MDP). Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) covers the range of all
services from primary data gathering through the formulation of the MDP and the parallel preparation
of the environmental impact assessment/ statement (EIA/S).
SCOPE OF SERVICES
If the Architect (an RLA) is separately qualified and suitably experienced as an Environmental
Planner, the range of all services offered by the Architect from data base gathering, to the preparation
of environmental impact assessments/statements (EIA/S), up to the formulation of the
Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP), may include the following components:
• Physical Component - land use and the changes which occur within the physical
environment (within the space where such activities take place), represented mainly by the
MDP.
• Economic Component - the nation’s assets and its management.
• Socio-Cultural Component - the people, their living conditions and the seeking of ways to
ameliorate it.
• Transport Component - road and transit networks, land-sea-air linkages, the movement of
people and goods from one place to another.
• Legal and Administrative Component - the relationship of adopted development proposals
and policies to existing laws.
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MANNER OF PROVIDING SERVICES
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
MANNER OF COMPENSATION
Compensation for the foregoing specialized architectural service shall be through man-months i.e. 22
man-days multiplied by 8 man-hours, and multiplied by a factor to cover other direct and indirect costs
e.g. overhead, etc. or as prescribed by the Architect’s Guidelines.
The suitably trained and experienced Consulting Architect in this area of architectural practice
provides research, assessment, recording, management, interpretation and conservation of historical
heritage.
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice arranges and formulates methods of rating and
ascertaining the value of structures or facilities which must be fully secured, kept safe, protected,
assured, guaranteed and provided sufficient safeguards for the conduct of any work or activity.
The Architect in this area of practice engages in methods of producing building components in a
highly engineered, efficient and cost-effective manner, particularly for residential and commercial
applications.
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice provides the Owner/Client with means and measures
to ensure the proper function and maintenance of the building/structure and site after final inspection.
The Architect in this area of practice recommends the systematic process of ensuring that a
building/structure’s array of systems is planned, designed, installed and tested to perform according
to the design intent and the building’s operational needs. If the building materials, equipment and
systems are not installed properly or are not operating as intended, the effectiveness, efficiency,
productivity and other benefits of high performance plans/designs will not be achieved.
• credit-based, allowing projects to earn points for environment-friendly use of the building /
structure and actions taken during planning, design, construction and occupancy.
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• flexible, such that projects need not meet identical requirements to qualify.
• consensus-based and market-driven, in order to accelerate the development and
implementation of green building practices.
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of
Green Architecture and Environmental and/or Sustainable Design and sufficient knowledge of the
governing environmental laws and environmental investigation processes and procedures under
international protocols such as the Philippine Solid Waste, Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, DENR
administrative issuances and the like.
FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE
The Architect in this area of practice undertakes a scientific study on the built environment’s well-
being, which allows the Architect to focus on the ways in which the building/structure can best
maintain itself and prolong its life in a cost-efficient manner, and finally provide recommendations to
the Owner/ Client. The forensic study may include:
BUILDING APPRAISAL
Appraisal is defined as an act or process of estimating value. The Consulting Architect in this area of
practice places value on the building/ structure condition and defects, and on its repair and
maintenance, including the required improvements.
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
The Architect in this area of practice conceives, chooses and develops the type, disposition,
arrangement and proportioning of the structural elements of an architectural work, giving due
considerations to safety, cost-effectiveness, functionality and aesthetics.
PRELIMINARY SERVICES
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of
Site Analysis, Space Planning and Management, Architectural Programming, and the other services
under SPP Document 201.
The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Specification
Writing, Estimation and Quantity Survey, Architectural Production, Architectural Software,
Architectural Support Services and Contract Document Review.
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POST-DESIGN SERVICES (INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION SERVICES)
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of
Pre-Construction, Construction, Post-Construction and the other services under SPP Documents 204,
206 and 207.
Included under this specialized practice is the preparation of the Fire Safety and Life Assessment
Report (FALAR) required by R.A. No. 9514, the 2008 Fire Code of the Philippines and its 2009 IRR.
The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the various
modes of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) prescribed under R.A. No. 9285, the ADR Act of 2004
and its IRR i.e. Construction Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation, Negotiation and of Contract
Administration, Quality Surveys, Appraisals and Adjustments and Expert Testimony. An Architect
specializing in ADR must preferably be State-accredited.
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of
Research Methods, Philippine Architecture and its History, Architectural Materials and Finishes,
Building Types and Standards, Architectural Design Trends, Architectural Writing and Architectural
Photography.
The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the Planning
and Design Processes required for Housing Developments, Recreational and Tourism Estates,
Health Care and Hospitality Facilities, Transportation and Telecommunications Facilities, Production
and Extractive Facilities, Utility-related Developments, Secure Facilities, Business and Industrial
Parks, Economic Zones and Community Architecture and the like.
BUILDING COMPONENTS
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of
Building Materials and Finishes, Construction Methodologies, Building Envelopes including cladding
and roofing systems, Architectural Fenestrations and Architectural Hardware, Fixtures and Fittings.
The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the Types of
Architectural Office Operations, Architectural Office Management, Accounting / Finance / Taxation /
Audit, Labor Code, Architectural Marketing and Project Development, Proposals/ Negotiations/
Contracts, Contract Administration, File Management and Limitations of Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) and Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) Operations.
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METHOD OF COMPENSATION FOR SPECIALIZED
ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES:
Compensation for the foregoing specialized architectural services, all of which may be classified as
additional or extra services, shall be through man-months i.e. 22 man-days multiplied by 8 man-
hours, and multiplied by a factor to cover other direct and indirect costs e.g. overhead, etc. or any
other applicable mode of determination of the Architect’s fee as stated in Doc. 201, Doc. 202 and the
Architect’s Guidelines.
The Architect-in-charge of construction (Aicc) is directly and professionally responsible and liable for
the construction supervision of the project.
As projects become more complex, it becomes necessary for a construction supervision group to do
the full-time inspection at the project site.
The Construction Supervision Group (CSG) is normally recommended by the Architect based on their
performance, and hired by the Owner. They are answerable to both the Owner and Architect.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
• Quality Control
• Evaluation of Construction Work
• Preparation of Daily Inspection Reports
• Filing of documents
There are two ways by which the Architect may enter into contract with the Owner:
LIMITATION OF AUTHORITY
• The Construction Supervision Group (CSG), which may be a qualified architectural firm, or
which the Architect is only part of, shall not assume the responsibility of the Contractor’s
project superintendent.
• The CSG shall not make decisions on matters that are the sole responsibility of the Architect-
of-record (Aor).
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LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The Construction Supervision Group (CSG) is responsible to the Owner only for
administrative matters. For technical matters, the CSG is responsible to the Architect-of-
record (Aor).
The responsibilities of the Construction Manager (CM) include the functions of the Construction
Supervision Group (CSG). (reference Doc. 204-A and Architect’s Guidelines)
LIMITATION OF AUTHORITY
• Involve himself directly with the work of the Contractor such that it may be construed that he
is assuming the Contractor’s liability as provided for in Article 1723, etc. of the Civil Code.
• Impose methods, systems or designs that will substantially affect the construction schedule
and impair the design concept of the Architect.
LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The Architect as the Construction Manager (CM) is directly responsible to the Owner on all
aspects of the construction work: programming, coordination, quality and cost control and
time management.
• The CM assumes no liability in case equipment fail to function or if a portion of the building
collapses
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POST-CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
SPP Document 205 (replacing the 1979 UAP Doc. 205)
• Building administration and management goes beyond maintenance and upkeep functions.
• The Architect may be engaged as the Building Administrator and/or Property Manager of a
commercial, industrial, residential or institutional building, facility or complex to maximize the
lifespan of the building/s in order to produce the maximum economic return.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
• See to it that the building and all the parts thereof (structure, plumbing, electrical, partitions,
finishes, etc.) are all in good condition
• Formulate and enforce rules for the proper use of the building and facility, particularly in the
common areas and the emergency/ egress/ exit areas.
• Monitor security services
• Monitor maintenance and upkeep services (cleanliness of corridors, lobbies, stairs and other
common areas, exits, parking areas, garbage collection)
• Supervise landscape contractors and gardeners for the proper watering, pruning, trimming
and maintenance of the landscape (both hardscapes and softscapes);
• Maintain orderly entrances, exits and parking areas; and
• Maintain streets i.e. road rights-of–way (RROWs), walkways, and ramps.
• Assist the proper third parties in seeing to it that all equipment (air-conditioning, sprinkler
system, generators, transformers, tele communications equipment, etc.) are properly
maintained and in good working condition
Post-Construction Evaluation
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MANNER OF PROVIDING SERVICES
The Architect may enter into contract with the Owner in two possible ways:
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
Comprehensive Architectural Services refers to the range of professional services that covers Pre-
design Services, Regular Design Services, Specialized Architectural Services, Construction Services
and Post-Construction Services.
The Architect is not expected to perform all the services. Rather, he is to act as the agent of the Client
in procuring and coordinating the necessary services required by a project.
• Consultation
• Pre-Feasibility Studies
• Feasibility Studies
• Site Selection and Analysis
• Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
• Architectural Research
• Architectural Programming
• Space Planning
• Space Management Studies
• Value Management
• Design Brief Preparation
• Promotional Services
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Specialized Architectural Services (SPP Document 203)
Construction Services
The Project Manager (PM, whether individual or firm) operates as a member of an Owner-Architect-
Engineer-Contractor Team. In the Team Approach, each member of the team will have precedence in
his own field of operations or expertise.
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Scope of Services
Pre-Construction Phase
• As early as during the design development phase, perhaps even concurrently with the
Architect’s commission, the Project Manager (PM) should conduct regular consultations with
the Owner and with the Architects and Engineers (for A&E services) on all aspects of
planning for the project.
Construction Phase
• If the Project Manager (PM) also serves as the Construction Manager (CM) to oversee time,
cost and quality control during the construction of the project, he shall provide the services
detailed under SPP Documents 204-A and/or 204-B.
• To perform the variety of services indicated under the Comprehensive Architectural Services,
the Architect must make full use of his own capability as well as of services offered by other
professionals. He may expand his staff by hiring the experts needed, or he may form a team
consisting of professionals such as but not limited to:
• If a Project Manager (PM) is hired by the Owner, it may be the responsibility of the PM to
either hire the Construction Manager (CM) to be paid either by him or directly by the Owner
on salary, or on the basis of percentage of construction cost or to serve as the CM himself. In
like manner, the Fulltime Supervisor can either be a staff member of the PM or hired directly
by the Owner.
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
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DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
SPP Document 207(replacing the 1979 UAP Doc. 207)
The Architect renders professional services in the implementation of his design. In Design-Build
Services, he assumes the professional responsibility and civil liability for both the design and the
construction of the project.
The scope of Design-Build Services by Administration includes the Architect’s Regular Design
Services (reference SPP Document 202) namely:
When the various phases of design services are completed, the Construction Phase goes beyond
periodic inspection and assessment to include the following:
• This method is essentially the same as Design-Build Services by Administration except that
the Owner/ Client is provided a guaranteed maximum project construction cost for the
construction of the project.
• The Owner/ Client is given an estimate of the project, and upon completion, if there is
realized savings from the estimated project construction cost; it is divided equally between
the Owner/ Client and the Architect.
• The project construction cost is guaranteed by the Architect not to exceed Ten Percent (10%)
of the estimated project construction cost. Should the actual cost exceed the estimated
project construction cost plus Ten Percent (10%), the Architect shall be liable for the excess
amount but only up to the amount of his administration Fee.
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
• The manner of payment to the Architect follows the progress of construction. All costs for
labor and materials are paid directly by the Client. The Architect does not advance any
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money for payment of expenditures connected with the work. Generally, a revolving fund is
given to the Architect beforehand and is accounted for and subject to periodic auditing by the
Client.
• Cost of all permits, licenses and other incidentals to the work are paid by the Owner/ Client.
• The Architect may appoint, subject to the Owner/ Client’s approval, a construction
superintendent, purchasing agent, timekeeper and property clerk aside from the usual labor
personnel required. Salaries of such persons are paid by the Owner/ Client and not
deductible from the Architect’s Fee under this SPP.
DEFINITIONS
• Owner - The person or organization who undertakes or promotes an ADC with the primary
objective of obtaining excellence in design for a project or for a development concept. The
Owner issues the invitation to Architects to submit plans/designs in accordance with a
program and finances the ADC.
• Jury - The people appointed by the Owner to assess the entries to the competition. The
members of the Jury are called Jurors. It consists of a majority of registered and licensed
architects (RLAs, hereinafter referred to as “Architect/s”) assisted by a lay Juror to represent
and voice the intention of the Owner. They are nominated by the Owner and approved by the
integrated and accredited professional organization of architects (IAPOA).
• Professional Advisor – An Architect nominated by the Owner and approved by IAPoA to
organize the ADC on behalf of the Owner.
• Technical Advisors – Specialist personnel who may be consulted by the Jurors during the
conduct of the ADC to permit them to obtain all necessary relevant information.
• Competition Secretariat – The body formed by the Owner and approved by the Professional
Advisor, to assist the Professional Advisor and the Jury in the administrative conduct of the
ADC
IAPOA APPROVAL
• Before any official announcement is made by the Owner, a written approval of the draft
Conditions, including the timetable, The ADC registration fee (when required) and
membership of the Jury shall have been received in writing by the Owner from the IAPOA
through the ADC Committee.
• Notice of a National Architectural Design Competition (ADC) shall be issued by the Owner
and/or the IAPOA ADC Committee Secretariat with a request for publication in technical
journals or through other media at their disposal, simultaneously if possible to enable those
interested to apply for the competition. Such an announcement shall state where and how
the ADC documents may be obtained and that the ADC conditions have received the
requisite IAPOA approval.
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PROFESSIONAL ADVISOR
• A Professional Advisor should be appointed and paid by the Owner and approved by the
IAPOA National Board of Directors (NBD) thru its ADC Committee. His role is the supervision
of the conduct of the ADC and the preparation of the Conditions. His function includes
insuring that the ADC timetable is adhered to, supervising the receipt of Competitor’s
questions, the dispatch of reply to all Competitors and the receipt of competition entries, and
safeguarding the anonymity of Competitors at all times. He will assist the Jury and will be
present during its deliberations but he will have no vote. His responsibilities will be limited to
the organization and the conduct of the competition.
THE JURY
• The Jurors are appointed by the Owner and approved by the IAPOA, which shall assist the
Owner in the selection of the Jury members.
• The Jury shall be composed of the smallest reasonable number of persons and in any event
should be an odd number and should not exceed seven (7). The majority of them shall be
Architects i.e. 4 out of 7.
• To ensure correct conduct of the competition, at least one of the Architect-Jurors shall
represent the IAPOA.
• The Jury must make awards. The awards shall be final and made public by a date agreed on
with the IAPOA and stated in the competitions. The Jury, when distributing the awards, shall
make full use of the amount set aside for prizes in the ADC Conditions.
• No member of the Jury will be allowed to take part in the competition, either directly or
indirectly, nor be commissioned with work connected with the prize-winning design either
directly or indirectly.
• It is important for the Owner to allot adequate prize money to compensate all the Competitors
for their work. For Ideas Competition only, it may be the sole remuneration received by the
first (1st) prize winner.
• In Project ADCs, the award of first prize to a plan/design places the Owner under an
obligation to entrust the Author of the plan/design with the commission for the Project. If the
winning Competitor is unable to satisfy the Jury of his ability to carry out the plan/ design
work, the Jury may require the winner to collaborate with another Architect of the winning
Competitor’s choice, duly approved by the Jury and Owner.
• The design awarded first prize can only be used by the Owner upon his commissioning the
Author to carry out the plan/design preparation for the project. No other plan/design may be
used wholly or in part by the Owner except by agreement with the Author concerned.
• In all cases, unless otherwise stated in the Conditions, the Author of any design shall retain
the sole right of reproduction by virtue of sole copyright under Secs. 20 (4) and 33 of R.A.
No. 9266 (The Architecture Act of 2004) and its IRR.
REGISTRATION OF COMPETITORS
• As soon as they have received details of the architectural design competition (ADC), all
Competitors shall register with the Owner. Registration implies acceptance of the Conditions
of the ADC.
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INSURANCE
• The Owner shall insure the Competitors’ plans/ designs from the time when he assumes
responsibility for them and for the duration of his responsibility. The amount of such
insurance shall be stated in the Conditions.
RETURN OF PROJECTS
• All drawings and plans, other than those which have received prizes or have been purchased
and are retained by the Owner, shall be destroyed at the end of the public exhibition, unless
provisions are made to the contrary in the Conditions for the ADC. Where models are
required, these will be returned to the Author/s at the expense of the Owner within a month of
the close of the public exhibition.
ON PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL
CONSULTING SERVICES (PACS)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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the Commission/ Board to perform State-regulated architectural services such as
professional architectural consulting services (PACS) as herein defined.
a) living and travelling expenses of employees, partners, and principals when away from
the home office on business
b) identifiable communication expenses, such as long-distance telephone, telegraph,
internet, short messaging system (SMS), cable, express charge, postage, etc.
c) services directly applicable to the contracted architectural consulting work, such as
special legal and accounting expenses, computer rental and programming costs,
special consultants, borings, laboratory charges, commercial printing and bindings
and similar costs that are not applicable to general overhead;
d) identifiable expenses for supplies and materials charged to the project at hand, as
distinguished from such supplies and expenses applicable to two or more projects;
e) Identifiable reproduction costs applicable to the work, such as blue-printing,
mimeographing, printing, etc.;
• Foreign Consultant (FC) or Foreign Architect (FA)- has acquired a permit to work and/ or
do business in the Philippines in accordance with the rules and regulations of the
Commission Guidelines for the Registration of Foreign Professionals (Res. No. 98-547); has
acquired a temporary/special permit (TSP) to engage in the practice of any branch of
architecture for any project on Philippine soil in full accordance with the pertinent Board
Resolutions implementing Secs. 37 and 38 of R.A. No. 9266;
• Professional Consulting Architect (PCA)- refers to any person, whether natural or juridical,
duly licensed, registered and/or duly accredited by the Commission.
• Project Cost- means the total cost of the project which includes but is not limited to
construction cost, fees for professional services, the cost of land, right-of-way (ROW), legal,
administrative and other related expenses of the client.
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SCOPE OF PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTING SERVICES (PACS)
The scope of professional architectural consulting services (PACS) shall be defined and determined
in accordance with the charter, by-laws, policies, rules and regulations of the Commission and the
Board through the IAPOA to which a professional consulting architect (PCA) belongs as a member in
good standing. It includes, but shall not be limited to the following:
A Professional Consulting Architect (PCA) must possess all of the following qualifications:
• if a natural person, must be a citizen of the Philippines who is a duly registered and licensed
Architect (RLA), a holder of a valid identification (ID) card-license issued by the Commission
and a member in good standing of the IAPOA
• if a juridical person, a consulting firm that must be a partnership or corporation duly registered
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or a sole proprietorship that is a duly
registered with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), respectively and/or any other
concerned regulatory agency/ies of government; in addition, the consulting firm must possess
a valid Commission certificate to operate as a registered architectural firm (RAF) in full
accordanance with R.A. No. 9266 and its derivative regulations
• Must have the minimum years of active and relevant professional training and experience in
the chosen field/s of specialization as may be determined by the IAPOA and the PRBoA/
Commission
• Clients shall consider the following criteria or general guidelines in the selection of
Professional Consulting Architects (PCAs)
• Only duly-qualified Filipino professional consulting Architects (FPCAs) shall render
architectural consulting services in areas or fields of architectural specialization performed by
members of the CBNE, except where no qualified FPCA is available. Under the said
circumstances, where a non-FPCA i.e. a FA or FC is engaged, a minimum of two (2) Filipino
RLAs in the same area or field of architectural specialization shall be employed as
understudies
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• For Government projects, the selection of PCAs shall be in accordance with the relevant
provisions of R. A. No. 9184, otherwise known as the Government Procurement Reform Act
(GPRA) of 2003
• A Professional Consulting Architect (PCA) may provide services directly or indirectly to the
Client in the manner prescribed, suggested or promulgated by the Commission/Board
through the IAPOA.
COMPENSATION OF PACS
Retainer
This method of remuneration is used when the services of a Professional Consulting
Architect (PCA) is expected to be required at intervals over a period of time. It is a means of
ensuring in advance that his services will be available to the Client when required.
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Percentage of total project cost
The remuneration under this method is calculated as an agreed percentage of the ultimate
cost of the project/service.
Where applicable and in full accord with R.A. No. 9266 and its derivative regulations, a
Professional Consulting Architect (PCA) shall sign and affix his professional license number
and the seal duly-approved by the Commission/ PRBoA and/or the IAPOA on all architectural
documents as outputs and other deliverables/materials such as, but not limited to plans,
designs, technical drawings and specifications, feasibility studies as well as instruments of
service, prepared by him, or under his/her direct supervision, if and only if the CA shall also
act as the Architect-of-record (Aor), in which case he must assume all the attendant/pertinent
professional responsibilities and civil liabilities for the project.
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PROJECT CLASSIFICATION
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SPP DOCUMENT 301
GENERAL CONDITIONS
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SPP DOCUMENT 301: GENERAL CONDITIONS
SECTION 1. DEFINITION AND DOCUMENTS
Article 1. Definitions
Article 2. Execution, Correlation and Intent of Document
Article 3. Drawings and Specifications
a. As-built
b. Detailed Drawings
c. Shop Drawings
d. Working Drawings
9 SETS OF BLUEPRINTS
** 7 copies are free of charge and the succeeding copies are payable.
1 set – office of the building official
1 set – contractor
1 set – owner
1 set – fire department
1 set – homeowner association
1 set – security of homeowner association
1 set – site
ARTICLE 1. DEFINITIONS
1. Agreement
2. General conditions
3. Special provisions
4. Specifications
5. Drawings
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• PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE – full time construction inspector hired by owner assisting in
the supervision of the work.
• CONTRACTOR – person or firm whose proposal has been accepted & contract awarded
• SUB-CONTRACTOR – having direct contact with contractor, acts in behalf of the contractor
in executing any part of the contract
• PROPOSAL BOND – cashier’s check or surety bond with the proposal submitted by the
bidder to guarantee that the bidder will enter into the contract.
• SPECIAL PROVISIONS – instructions that supplement or modify drawings, specs, & general
conditions of the contract.
• SCHEDULE OF MATERIALS AND FINISHES – outline specs enumerating type and trade
names of materials used
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• WRITTEN NOTICE – info, advice or notification pertinent to the project
• TIME LIMITS – duration of time allowed by the contract for project completion
• LOCAL LAWS – laws, ordinances, and government regulations applicable to the project
• WORK – includes labor and materials, equipment, transportation, faculties necessary for
completion of the project
• Contractor and architect and engineer shall jointly prepare a schedule in accordance
to progress of work.
• Contractor shall keep a copy of all drawings, specs, breakdown of work, and
schedule of constructions work, instructions at the site.
• Drawings, specs, and models are property of the architect and are to be returned at
completion of work and before final payment to the contractor is made
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ARTICLE 3: DRAWINGS AND SPECS
• Owner shall furnish contractor 3 sets of drawings and specs for free.
• Drawings and models must cooperate with specs to form as part of the contract
documents. Figures are to be followed in preference to measurement and scale.
• The contractor shall explain and verify any doubt as to the meaning of the drawings
and specs.
1. If there is a conflict in both drawings and specs, the contractor, with the
architect’s permission, shall submit to the owner proposals as to which
method or material is required. If the les expensive work is done, the
contractor shall credit the owner the amount equivalent to the difference of
the expensive and less expensive work.
2. The contractor must first refer to the architect before proceeding with the
work.
• Contractor and architect shall prepare a schedule a when detail drawings will be
required.
• Contractor shall prepare at his own expense and submit 2 copies of all shop
drawings to the architect, who will make the necessary corrections, and file the
corrected copies.
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• Shop Drawings shall be dated and contain:
1. Name of project
• Contractor shall submit 3 sets of prints of shop drawings to the architect for
approval. 1 copy shall be returned to the contractor with necessary corrections.
2. Contractor shall insert date of approval on tracings and furnish the architect
with 3 additional prints of approved drawings.
1. Laws
2. Regulations
3. Site Conditions
4. Permits
5. Taxes
6. Insurance
7. Life insurance
8. Property insurance
9. Survey
• Contractor shall comply with all laws and regulations governing the project. If ever he
resists without the knowledge of the architect, he shall bear the consequences.
• Before bidding, the contractor must visit the site and make estimates of facilities and
difficulties attending to the scope of work and its execution.
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ARTICLE 7: PERMITS, TAXES AND SURVEYS
• All permits and licenses necessary shall be secured and fees paid by the contractor
but may be reimbursed from the owner. Contractor is responsible if construction
starts without necessary permits.
1. Contractor shall verify all grades, lines and levels as indicated on drawings.
2. Contractor shall provide batter boards and maintain them. He shall establish
grade marks at each floor line.
• Contractor shall pay the services of the surveyor when so required to confirm
location of columns, piers, etc. required by the contract. Copy of certification shall be
furnished by the architect and will represent as an independent verification of the
layout.
1. Contractor shall furnish certifications from the surveyor that all partitions of
work are in accordance with contract requirements.
2. Surveyor shall verify and certify to lines and levels of any portion of work any
time deemed necessary by the architect.
1. EQUIPMENT -- written on quotation submitted by the contractor must comply with actual
usage
2. MATERIALS -- should follow what is written on specifications
ARTICLE 8: GENERAL
• All materials and equipment must conform to all laws governing the project.
• Contractor shall obtain necessary permits and pay fees covered within period of
construction.
• Contractor shall bear any and all damages by reason of any delay in work.
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ARTICLE 9: EQUIPMENT
• Architect and engineer must refer to equipment by catalogue number and name.
• Contractor shall furnish 3 copies of complete catalogue data for every item of
equipment.
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4. 3 copies of letter of transmittal from contractor shall accompany all
samples.
• All costs for shipping, handling and testing of samples are to be paid by the
contractor.
• Quality of materials used shall be of best grade and new otherwise specified.
• Contractor shall provide space for subcontractors’ storage and work force.
• All materials affected by moisture shall be stored and protected from the weather.
• Contractor shall pay for royalties and license fees on patented materials furnished by
him.
• All materials shall be applied and installed following the manufacturer’s directions.
• Contractor shall not load or permit any part of the structure to be loaded with a
weight that will disregard the safety of others.
1. Warehouse
2. Bunkhouse or barracks
3. Office for the design and construction team
4. Utilities
5. Access
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6. Trial usage
7. Enclosures
8. Signage
e.g. “falling debris” “park at your own risk”
• SANITARY FIXTURES AND 1ST AID STATION – ample sanitary toilets and other
conveniences including water connections.
• The contractor shall maintain and protect owner’s property from damage.
1. The contractor shall provide watchmen (competent enough for the architect)
and provide all doorways with locks. It is the contractor who shall lock and
close the doors after each day’s work.
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2. No smoking except on designated areas. No building of fires except with the
consent of the architect.
3. Contractor shall provide barrels of water and buckets for the main purpose of
fire protection and should not be used for any other reason.
• Old materials of value shall be piled in areas designated by the owner or architect
and are in the responsibility of the contractor.
• Existing trees and shrubs are to be boxed and protected from damage. Cutting of
trees in site must have consent of the architect.
• Damage to trees, etc shall be made good by the contractor at his own expense.
• Contractor shall protect adjacent property and existing utilities as provided by law
and contract documents at his own expense. He is liable and must pay for all
damages by his acts and negligence or by his employees.
• In cases of emergency where a life is at stake, the contractor may have the power to
act without consultation. Any compensation claimed by the contractor shall be
determined by agreement or arbitration.
A. LABOR
1. Quantity -- Number of workers, decrease the workers when construction is almost
finish
2. Quality -- proper work designation such as painter, carpenter, steel man, etc.
B. WORK
Based on specifications and plans -- include ‘liquidated damages’ which means delayed
construction to be deducted to the fee.
a. Working days – Monday to Friday
b. Calendar days – number of days including Saturday, Sunday and holidays
C. PAYMENT
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• Within 7 days: mobilization and materials were prepared.
• Immediately means 5 days
• S-CURVE – allowable deficiency is 10%
CONTRACTOR
When accepted and approved, the ARCHITECT furnish certificates to the owner:
1. Certificate of acceptance
2. Certificate of payment
• The contractor must employ competent and efficient workmen and must act, upon
request of the architect, to discharge or remove any employee deemed incompetent.
Should the contractor fail to do so, the architect may withhold payment or suspend
work until such orders are complied with.
• The supervisor must be a licensed engineer or architect who will work personally and
inspect at least once a week.
• The contractor shall keep a competent project engineer who will represent the
contractor in his absence. His decisions are binding to the contractor and he has full
authority to execute the orders or directions of the architect.
• The contractor shall use methods and appliances necessary to complete the work
within contract time.
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• The owner, architect and representatives shall have access to work for inspection.
Contractor shall provide proper facilities for access and inspection.
1. The contractor shall give the architect and party a notice of its readiness
for inspection. If work should be covered up without approval, the
architect may uncover it for examination at contractor’s expense.
• Contractor shall perform any work during an emergency. He may inform the architect
and engineer of the emergency as soon as practicable.
• The owner may at any time change or alter by adding or deducting from work without
invalidating the contract by stating the changes to be made in writing.
• If sub-surface conditions that are different from that on the drawings are discovered,
the architect must be informed immediately. He must investigate and make the
necessary changes in the drawings and specs.
2. Unit prices stipulated in contract provided that the extra does not exceed
20% of the original contract details.
3. Actual direct cost plus 15% for contractor’s profit, overhead and
contractor’s tax. Contractor shall present a correct account of costs with
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vouchers. The architect will certify the 15% allowance for overhead and profit
of the contractor.
• Claim of adjustment must be asserted within 15 days from date of the order of
change unless architect will extend the time.
• Architect shall have the authority to make minor changes in the work not involving
extra cost.
• Owner reserves to right to employ other persons to perform the extra work.
• If any instructions in drawings involve extra cost, the contractor will inform the
architect through written notice within 15 days after the receipt of such instruction. If
delays incur in mobilization of work, the contractor must give the architect a written
notice within 15 days after recognition of delay and proceed to claim the extra cost.
• Contractor shall keep the premises free of waste materials from the accumulation of
work. After the work is completed, he shall remove all his rubbish, scaffolding,
surplus materials and turn over the work to the occupants with:
• The owner has the right to use the completed portions of the work regardless of the
time of completion of work.
• Upon notice of completion of work from the contractor, the architect shall
immediately inspect the project. If the work is substantially complete (not less than
98% is finished), the architect shall issue a certificate of completion of work in
respect to the work.
• Prior to the issuance of the certification of completion, the contractor must execute a
written undertaking to finish any work during the period of Making Good of Known
Defects or Faults (period of not more than 60 days).
• The contractor shall execute at his own expense all work necessary for making good
of known defects within the period of 60 days after the issuance of the certificate
of completion or within 15 days after its expiration as a result of the inspection by
the architect. If the owner is responsible for the defect, the value of work will be
regarded and paid for as additional work.
• The contractor shall search for cause of any defects and faults in the project. If the
cause of the defect is something the contractor is not liable for, the owner will pay for
the cost of work carried out by the contractor. But if the cause binds the contractor
liable, the cost of searching, repair, rectification and make good of such defect shall
be borne by him.
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ARTICLE 21: TIME OF COMPLETION OF WORK
• Written notice to proceed work shall be given to the contractor following the
execution of the contract agreement.
• Contractor shall complete all the work contracted in the time stated. Computation of
the contract time shall commence on the 7th day from receipt of the notice to
proceed.
• Contractor shall submit the schedule of work in CPM form or any form acceptable to
the architect, indicating the approximate dates each item will be started and
completed, for approval.
1. Delay due to the employees of the owner and the owner himself, act of
god or force majeure, delay by the architect pending arbitration, the
contractor shall within 15 days from the occurrence of such delay file
the necessary request of extension for the approval of the architect. No
extension of time shall be granted for failure of owner to furnish materials
unless they be required for proper execution of work or contractor shall
have made request for them 10 days before they are actually needed.
• If failure to complete work at the said contract time, the contractor will pay the owner
the liquidated damages in the amount stipulated in the contract agreement.
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ARTICLE 22: PAYMENTS
• The contractor shall, within 15 days from receipt of notice to proceed, submit a
complete breakdown of work and corresponding value for approval and will be used
as basis for all requests for payment.
• The contractor shall submit a request for payment for work done, not more than once
each month. Each request shall be computed from the work completed on all items
listed in the breakdown of work, less 10% retention. When 50% of the contract
has been accomplished, no retention shall be made.
• The contractor, at his own expense, shall furnish the architect progress photographs
which shall be taken monthly.
• 15 days upon receipt of the request for payment, the architect shall either issue a
certificate of payment or withhold the request and inform the contractor in writing the
reasons for withholding it. The certificate of payment shall include the value of work
accomplished during the period of time covered by the certificate.
4. Reasonable doubt that the contract can be completed for the balance then
unpaid.
• The architect shall estimate the value of work using the breakdown of work and
corresponding values as a basis. Estimates of the architect are considered final and
conclusive evidence of the amount of work performed and shall be basis for the full
measure of the compensation of the contractor, but bear in mind that the estimates
are approximate only.
• Within 15 days from the date of approval of a request for payment and
issuance of certificate of payment, the owner shall pay the amount as certified, or
such other amount he deems is due the contractor informing both the contractor and
architect in writing his reasons for paying the amended amount.
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• The contractor shall pay promptly his workmen, materials and equipment used, taxes
and remit all amount withheld from salaries and wages of his employees. If required
by the owner, the contractor shall swear before an officer duly authorized to
administer oath that all persons who have done work and all materials furnished
have been paid for.
• The contractor shall promptly remove from the premises all work condemned by the
architect as failing to conform to the contract. He shall replace and re-execute his
own work in accordance to the contract documents at his own expense.
• The contractor shall submit the following before final payment is made:
• The architect shall proceed to verify the work, make final estimates, certify the
completion of work and accept the same.
1. The owner shall then pay the contractor the remainder of the fee provided
that the final payment of the contract shall not be made until the contractor
has submitted a sworn statement showing that all taxes due from him, all
materials and labor have been duly paid.
2. The making and acceptance of the final payment shall constitute a waiver of
all claims by the contractor.
• The final certificate of payment nor any provisions may relieve the contractor of
responsibility for faulty materials. He shall remedy defects and pay for the damage,
which will appear within a year’s period from date of acceptance of work by the
owner.
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• No provision may limit the contractor’s liability to defects.
• The owner shall give notice of observed defects with reasonable promptness. All
questions shall be decided by the architect whose decision shall be subject to
arbitration.
• The amount retained by the owner shall be released 3 months after the date of the
final payment.
• Owner reserves the right to let other contractors in connection to the work.
• The contractor shall provide other contractors the opportunity for introduction and
storage of materials and shall properly connect and coordinate his work with theirs.
• The contractor shall do the cutting, patching and fitting required of his work and must
be fit to be received by work of other contractors.
• Any cost caused by defective work shall be born by the party responsible. The
contractor shall not endanger any work by cutting, etc. or cut and alter any work
done by the sub-contractor without the architect’s consent.
• The contractor shall promptly inform the architect of any defects done by the sub-
contractors. His failure to inspect and report shall constitute an acceptance of proper
execution of work by the sub-contractor.
• Should the contractor cause any damage of the work done by the sub-contractors,
both parties will settle as such by an agreement and relieve the owner of any liability,
which may arise there from.
• At least 15 days prior to the date of bidding, the contractor shall seek the architect’s
clarification as to which particular areas for which the competence of the sub-
contractor shall be subject to evaluation by the architect where after, the contractor
may submit a list of prospective sub-contractors for the architect’s approval.
• The contractor is responsible for the acts of his sub-contractors and persons directly
employed by them.
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ARTICLE 26: CONTRACTOR-SUB-CONTRACTORS RELATIONS
5. To pay the sub-contractor adjust share of any fire insurance money received
by the contractor.
3. To make all claims for extensions, extras, and for damages for delays to the
contractor.
• The contractor and sub-contractor agree that their rights and obligations and all
procedure shall be analogous to those set forth in the contract.
A. CONTRACTOR
1. Government stoppage of work
2. Non action of request
a. drawings
b. materials
c. inspection
3. Nonpayment of workers or materials
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B. OWNER
1. Bankruptcy – declared by BIR
2. Insubordination – not following orders
3. Non payment
1. Order of court or public authority caused the work to stop or suspension for
90 days through no act of the contractor and employees.
2. If architect fails to act upon request for payment within 15 days after
presented.
3. If owner fails to act upon request for payment within 15 days after
presented.
4. If owner fails to pay the contractor within 30 days after its award by
arbitration.
• The owner, upon certification of the architect justifying his action, may terminate the
contract with the contractor within 15 days written notice and surety of the
contractor if any and take possession of the premises, tools, materials, etc.
• The contractor, upon receipt of notice of termination, shall vacate position and work
stated in the notice. All materials, equipment, etc. shall remain, at the option of the
architect, for completion of work.
• The owner shall take over the work and proceed in administration.
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• The architect will ascertain and fix the value of work completed by the contractor.
3. In case of suspension of work, all unpaid work and expenses incurred during
suspension shall be evaluated by the architect and paid for by the owner.
• The full extent of damage the contractor and/or his sureties shall be liable shall be:
1. Total daily liquidated damages until the date the owner takes over work.
2. Excess cost incurred by owner in completion of the project over the contract
price, which includes administrative services, supervision and inspection.
1. Liability Insurance
2. Fire Insurance
3. Performance Bond and Payment Bond
4. Guarantee Bond
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• 90 days Government stoppage
• 120 days Building permit (stoppage)
• 365 days Building permit (without construction)
3 Consecutive board examination failures
Guaranteed bond
Reinstatement
• 3 years Renewal of license
• 15 years Liability of architect to his project
• The contractor shall take necessary precautions for the safety of employees. The
contractor shall erect barriers, supports, braces, shoring, danger signs and
necessary safeguards to protect workmen from any accident and damage in the
consequence of his work.
• The contractor shall designate a member of his organization whose duty shall be
prevention of accidents and damage to the owner’s property and adjoining property
and his name and position will be reported to the architect.
• The contractor shall indemnify and save harmless the owner against all losses and
claims, demands, payments, suits, actions, recoveries and judgment brought or
recovered against him. Claims for payment and repairs for damages shall be settled
by the contractor at his own expense.
• The contractor shall secure and maintain such insurance from a company acceptable
to the owner. He shall not commence work until he has obtained insurance and shall
have filed the certificate of insurance or the certified copy of the insurance policy to
the owner. The policy will not be cancelled prior to 10 days’ written notice to the
owner of intention to cancel.
• The contractor shall furnish a performance bond of equal to 15% of the contract
amount and 15% payment bond covering payments and obligations arising from
the contract, as form of sureties for the owner and will remain in effect until replaced
by the guarantee bond.
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• The owner will release the performance and payment bonds after the expiration of 2
months from the final acceptance of work. Only after shall the contractor furnish a
guarantee bond in the amount of 30% of the total contract cost and shall be for a
period of 1 year commencing from the date of acceptance of work guaranteeing the
quality of work and materials.
• Contractor’s guarantee-warranty:
2. The contractor shall warrant all work performed by him where guarantee is
required.
3. The contractor shall warrant and guarantee for a period of 1 year or for
longer periods so provided in the specs all materials and workmanship
installed under the contract.
4. The contractor hereby agrees to make repairs to correct defective work within
a period of 5 days after written notice at his own expense within the agreed
period of warranty.
5. The owner may have the defective work done and charge the cost against
the amount retained, if the work costs more than the retained amount, the
contractor and his sureties will pay the remaining balance.
• The owner, although optional, shall be responsible and maintain such insurance to
protect him from personal injury including disease and death of persons under his
employment, etc.
• The owner and architect shall give a list of personnel assigned to the project who
need to be covered by insurance and amount of coverage.
• Before release of the final payment and retained percentage, the contractor must
deliver to the owner a complete release of all liens arising out of the contract, or
receipts in full lieu.
• Assignment:
1. The contract shall not be assigned by the contractor without prior written
consent of the owner and such consent shall not relieve the contractor from
responsibility and liability of all terms and conditions of the contract.
2. The owner’s consent of sub-letting of work shall; not be granted until the
contractor furnishes the owner with evidence that the sub-contractor has
ample insurance to the same extent.
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3. The contractor shall exonerate, indemnify and save harmless the owner form
any loss and expense caused by sub-letting.
4. In case of transfer without previous consent, the owner may refuse to carry
out the contract, but rights to breach the contract is reserved to the owner
and the contractor.
• Claim for damages shall be made in writing to the party liable within a reasonable
time and not later than the final payment and shall be adjusted by agreement or
arbitration.
• Disputes:
1. The architect shall make decisions on all claims of owner and contractor on
all matters relating to the progress and execution of work or interpretation of
contract documents.
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THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES (P.D.1096)
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THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The 2004 Revised IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR)
of P.D. 1096
SECTION 101. Title - “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National
Building Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1096)” ; referred to as the “IRR”.
SECTION 103. Scope and Application – refers to the disciplines and conformation
to the code.
• ADDITION – Any new construction which increases the height and/or floor
area of existing buildings/structures.
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• BUILDING OFFICAL – the Executive Officer of the OBO appointed by the
Secretary.
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• SECRETARY – Head or Chief Executive Officer of DPWH.
2. Issue and promulgate additional rules and regulations in the form of Memorandum
Circulars.
3. Exercise appellate jurisdiction over the decisions and orders of the Building
Official.
5. Prescribe and impose the amount of fees and other charges as may be deemed
necessary.
SECTION 205. Building Officials - responsible for carrying out the provisions of the
Code in the field as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant
thereto.
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SECTION 206. Qualifications of Building Officials
3. Ensure that all changes, modifications, and alterations in the design plans
during the construction phase shall not start until the modified design
plan has been evaluated and the necessary amendatory permit issued.
5. Upon complaint or motu proprio and after due notice/s and hearing, initiate
action towards:
a. Non-issuance
b. work stoppage order, order for discontinuance
c. Declaration
d. Imposition
1. Public Buildings
2. Traditional Indigenous Family
Dwellings – native materials
Cost doesn’t exceed P15,000
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SECTION 210. Use of Income from Fees
Penalty:
Excavation for
foundation………………………………………….. -10% of the building permit fees
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SECTION 213. Penal Provisions - (CORP. OR FIRM) – maximum of P20,000 or
imprisonment not more than 2 years.
1. Structural Hazards
2. Fire Hazards
3. Unsafe Electrical Wiring
4. Unsafe Mechanical Installation
5. Inadequate Sanitation/Plumbing and Health Facilities
6. Architectural Deficiency
a. Ancillary Permits
i. Architectural Permit
ii. Civil/Structural Permit
iii. Electrical Permit
iv. Mechanical Permit
v. Sanitary Permit
vi. Plumbing Permit
vii. Electronics Permit
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b. Accessory Permits
Examples:
a. Minor Constructions
iv. Garden pools for the habitation of water plants and/or aquarium fish
not exceeding 500 millimeters in depth.
v. Garden masonry walls other than party walls not exceeding 1.20
meters in height, footpaths, residential garden walks and/or driveways.
b. Repair Works
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d. Professional Electrical Engineer - electrical documents.
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Type IV – Steel, Iron, Concrete or Masonry Construction
Type V – Fire Resistive
SECTION 402. Changes in Types
Fire zones are areas within which only certain types of buildings/structures
are permitted to be constructed based on their use or occupancy, type of
construction, and resistance to fire.
A building/structure which is located partly in one (1) fire zone and partly in
another shall be considered to be in the more highly restrictive fire zone,
when more than one third (1/3) of its total floor area is located in such zone.
1. Any building/structure moved within or into any fire zone shall be made to
comply with all the requirements for buildings/structures in that fire zone.
2. This shall also apply to pre-engineered or pre-fabricated
buildings/structures that may be dismantled and re-assembled.
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conjunction with construction work, may be erected in the fire zones by
special permit from the Building Official for a limited period of time, and
such buildings or structures shall be completely removed upon the
expiration of the time limit stated in such permits.
Existing buildings or structures in fire zones that do not comply with the
requirements for a new building erected therein shall not hereafter be
enlarged, altered, remodeled, repaired or moved.
SECTION 507. Designation of Fire Zones
The legislative body of the LGU may enact ordinances for the purpose of
designating fire zones based on the parameters and guidelines set forth in
this Section.
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c. Highly Fire Restrictive Zones: Areas wherein highly fire- resistive or non-
combustible buildings/structures and/or construction assemblies of no less
than three to four-hour fireresistive construction materials are used
throughout, including exterior walls. Only Types IV and V Constructions are
permitted in the areas.
Fire-resistive rating means the degree to which a material can withstand fire
as determined by generally recognized and accepted testing methods.
SECTION 602. Fire Resistive Time Period Rating
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SECTION 604. Fire Resistive Regulations
The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules and regulations
on the testing of construction materials for flame-spread characteristics, tests
on fire damages, fire tests of building construction and materials, door
assemblies and tinclad fire doors and window assemblies, the installation of
fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire protective
signaling system, application and use of controlled interior finish, fire-resistive
protection for structural members, fireresistive walls and partitions, fire-
resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of
openings and fire-retardant roof coverings.
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SECTION 702. Change in use
1. General Requirements
When a building is of mixed occupancy or used for more than one
occupancy, the whole building shall be subject to the most restrictive
requirement pertaining to any of the type of occupancy.
1. General
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2. Fire Resistance of Walls
General. The Allowable Maximum Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA) of any
proposed building/structure shall only be as allowed under this Rule.
SECTION 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases
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component, building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking requirements, etc.
and in relation to local land use plan and zoning regulations as well as
other environmental considerations, e.g., geological, hydrological,
meteorological, topographical, prevailing traffic conditions, the availability
and capacity of public utility/service systems, etc.
Notes:
a. Establishing Grade
- In case of sloping grade where the edges of the building footprint (AMBF)
running perpendicular to the RROW has a difference in elevation of less than
3.00 meters, the highest adjoining natural grade (ground surface) or finished
grade (sidewalk surface) shall be considered the established grade elevation
(Figure VII.1.);
- In case of sloping grade where the edges of the building footprint (AMBF)
running perpendicular to the RROW has a difference in elevation of more
than 3.00 meters, the average grade level of the building footprint (AMBF)
shall be considered the established grade elevation (see Figure VII.3.); and
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HEIGHT OF BUILDING / STRUCTURE
a. The designer/space planner must consider both the present and projected
population density within the project site and in the project’s location/area
at full
completion/operation of the project
i. If only one (1) RROW services a lot and such is only 6.00 to 7.00 meters
wide, a BHL of three (3) storeys (or 9.00 meters maximum) shall be
observed regardless of use or occupancy, lot size, lot dimensions, lot
frontage and like considerations.
ii. If only one (1) RROW services a lot and such is only 4.00 to 5.00 meters
wide, a BHL equivalent to 2 ½ storeys (or 7.50 meters maximum) shall be
observed regardless of use or occupancy, lot size, lot dimensions, lot
frontage and like considerations. If only one (1) RROW services a lot and
such is only 3.00 meters wide or less, a BHL equivalent to two (2) storeys
(or 6.00 meters maximum) shall be observed regardless of use or
occupancy, lot size, lot dimensions, lot frontage and like considerations.
iii. Taller buildings are allowed for duly approved high-density developments
such as Planned Unit Development (PUD) areas. Taller and bulkier
buildings are better suited in such areas due to higher end-user targets,
more advanced and coordinated planning efforts and the application of
more stringent development controls (DC) by the project proponents
themselves.
ii. Hydrological conditions such as the water table at the site and distance to
waterways and shorelines.
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iii. Meteorological conditions such as the frequency and intensity of
destructive typhoons/monsoon winds/rains, prevailing wind speed and
direction, relative humidity, amount of precipitation and the prevailing
ambient conditions.
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2. Light and Ventilation
Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide
adequate light and ventilation as provided under Section 805 to Section
811 of the Code.
3. Sanitation
Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and
adequate washing and drainage facilities.
4. Foundation
Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the
dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 millimeters
below the surface of the ground.
5. Post
The dimensions of wooden posts shall be those found in Table VII.5.:
Dimensions of Wooden Posts. Each post shall be anchored to such
footing by straps and bolts of adequate size.
6. Floor
The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per sq. meter
and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per sq. meter.
7. Roof
The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kilograms per sq. meter for
vertical projection.
8. Stairs
Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200
millimeters and a minimum run of 200 millimeters.
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SECTION 709. Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
Subject to the provisions of the Code, the Secretary shall promulgate rules
and regulations for each of the other Group Occupancies covering: allowable
construction, height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light and
ventilation, sanitation; enclosures of vertical openings; fire extinguishing
systems; and special hazards
2. All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has
been duly approved.
2. Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections
from the walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof
leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes not exceeding 1.20
meters in width.
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yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire
escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.
SECTION 804. Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
1. Minimum sizes of courts and yards and their least dimensions shall be
governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the building as
provided hereunder, provided that the minimum horizontal dimension of
said courts and yards shall be not less than 2.00 meters. All inner courts
shall be connected to a street or yard, either by a passageway with a
minimum width of 1.20 meters or by a door through a room or rooms.
3. YARD - the required open space left between the outermost face of the
building/structure and the property lines, e.g., front, rear, right and left side
yards. The width of the yard is the setback. Yards prescribed for
Commercial,
For all firewalls (particularly those above 3.0 m in height), great care should
be taken when such firewalls face the south or southwest i.e. facing the
southwest monsoon (“habagat”) winds which are wet and destructive i.e. the
firewalls may also be generally subjected to rain for up to six to eight (6-8)
months annually. In such a situation, firewall gutters are strongly suggested to
prevent the firewall water from flooding the adjoining properties. A better
option is to set back the firewall by up to 0.60 m to create a drainage channel
as well as a firewall maintenance space i.e. for painting and general repair
work. When the latter solution is adopted, an endwall is created instead.
Annotation: The separation walls are actually firewalls (particularly if these are
above 3.0 m in height or above the roof lines of the buildings). A better option
is to set back the firewall by up to 0.60 m to create a drainage channel as well
as a firewall maintenance space i.e. for painting and general repair work.
When the said solution is adopted, endwalls are created instead.
The 0.40 m height of the firewall above the roof lines of the buildings is an
absolute minimum. Only the flashing may be allowed to cross over to the
other side of the firewall for anchorage purposes.
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SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights
2. Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters
above and below it.
a. Rooms for Human Habitations - 6.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of
2.00 meters;
b. Kitchen - 3.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; and
c. Bath and toilet - 1.20 sq. meters with a least dimension of 900 millimeters.
a. School Rooms - 3.00 cu. meters with 1.00 sq. meter of floor area per
person;
b. Workshop, Factories, and Offices - 12.00 cu. meters of air space per
person; and
c. Habitable Rooms - 14.00 cu. meters of air space per person.
1. Rooms intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system,
shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of
openings equal to at least 10% of the floor area of the room, provided that
such opening shall be not less than 1.00 sq. meter. However, toilet and
bath rooms, laundry rooms and similar rooms shall be provided with
window or windows with an area not less than 1/20 of the floor area of
such rooms, provided that such opening shall not be less than 240 sq.
107
millimeters. Such window or windows shall open directly to a court, yard,
public street or alley, or open watercourse.
2. Required windows may open into a roofed porch where the porch:
a. Abuts a court, yard, public street or alley, or open watercourse and other
public open spaces;
b. Has a ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters;
c. Has one of the longer sides at least 65% open and unobstructed.
3. Eaves, canopies, awnings (or media agua) over required windows shall
not be less than 750 millimeters from the side and rear property lines.
a. They can be opened from the inside without the use of any tools;
b. The minimum clear opening shall have a width not less than 820
millimeters and a height of 1 meter;
c. The bottom of the opening should not be more than 820 millimeters from
the floor;
d. Where storm shutters, screens or iron grilles are used, these shall be
provided with quick opening mechanism so that they can be readily
opened from the inside for emergency egress and shall be so designed
that when opened they will not drop to the ground;
e. All areas immediately outside a fire exit window/grille must be free of
obstacles and must lead to a direct access down into the ground or street
level.
SECTION 809. Vent Shafts
108
area of not less than 0.30 sq. meter with a minimum dimension of 300
millimeters. The openings to the duct or intake shall be not less than 300
millimeters above the street surface or level of court.
1. Ventilation skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for
the windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable
sashes or louvers with an aggregate net free area not less than the parts
in the replaced window that can be opened, or else provide artificial
ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.
SECTION 811. Artificial Ventilation
109
with the criteria set by the Code on Sanitation of the Philippine and the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
SECTION 904. Storm Drainage System
1. All buildings with hollow and/or wood construction shall be provided with
rat-proofing.
2. Garbage bins and receptacles shall be provided with ready means for
cleaning and with positive protection against entry of pests and vermins.
3. Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be properly
screened.
SECTION 906. Noise Pollution Control
110
RULE X: BUILDING PROJECTION OVER PUBLIC STREET
SECTION 1001. General Requirements
a. Footings – at least 2.40m below grade along national roads, may project
not > 300mm beyond Property line.
b. Foundations – not < 600mm below the grade, may encroach 500mm into
public sidewalk areas
SECTION 1003. Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets
There should be no hanging signs, projecting signs nor ground signs within
the entire length of the arcade area. Signs should be above, part of or above
the storefront windows. All doors must swing inward to prevent accidents.
SECTION 1005. Canopies (Marquees)
111
SECTION 1006. Movable Awnings or Hoods
b. Clearance
Awning to curb line – not < 300mm
Vertical Clearance (undermost surface of the awning or GL) –
not < 2.40m
SECTION 1007. Doors, Windows
Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40 meters above the pavement or
groundline shall not, when fully opened or upon opening, project beyond the
property line except fire exit doors.
SECTION 1008. Corner Bldgs. With Chaflans
a. Public Street or alley < 3.60m in width shall be truncated at the corner
“Chaflan”
b. If arcaded bldg, no chaflan reqtd notwithstanding the width of public street,
< 12.00m
1. No person shall use or occupy a street, alley or public sidewalk for the
performance or work covered by a building permit except in accordance
with the provisions of this Rule.
112
SECTION 1102. Storage in Public Property
The mixing of mortar, concrete, or similar materials on public streets shall not
be allowed.
113
SECTION 1106. Pedestrian Protection
• For the guidance of the general public, the Secretary shall periodically issue
generic lists of approved, strictly regulated or banned items, procedures,
usages and the like relative to the design, construction and use/occupancy of
buildings/structures:
o Materials for construction;
o Processes for the production of materials, their installation or
construction;
o Procedures/methodologies/systems for both design and construction;
o Organizational structures/hierarchies for construction;
o Types of occupancy; and
o Classifications relative to design, construction and occupancy.
114
SECTION 1203. Veneer
• Veneer shall support no load other than its own weight.
• Surfaces to which veneer is attached shall be designed to support the
additional vertical and lateral loads.
• Consideration shall be given to differential movements of the supports.
• Adhered veneer and its backing shall be designed to have a bond to the
supporting elements.
• Anchored veneer and its attachment shall be designed to resist horizontal
forces.
• Anchors supports and ties shall be non-combustible and corrosion-resistant.
• Attics
o The opening shall be located in a corridor or hallway of buildings of
three (3) or more storeys in height and readily accessible in buildings of
any height.
o An opening shall not be less than 600 millimeters square or 600
millimeters in diameter.
o The minimum clear headroom of 800 millimeters shall be provided
above the access opening.
o Draft stops shall be installed in trusses roofs, between roof and
bottom chords or trusses, in all buildings exceeding 2000 sq. meters.
115
Exits
Number of Exits:
o Every building or usable portion thereof = min. 1 exit
o In all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an
occupant load of more than ten (10) = min. 2 exits.
o Each mezzanine floor used for other than storage purposes, if
greater in area than 185 sq. meters or more than 18.00 meters in
any dimension = min. 2 stairways to an adjacent floor.
o Every storey or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500
to 999 = min.3 exits.
o Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant load of one
thousand (1000) or more = min. four (4) exits.
Width
o The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165.
Arrangement of Exits
o If only two (2) exits are required = placed a distance apart to
not less than 1/5 of the perimeter of the area
Distance to Exits
o Without a sprinkler system = not more than 45.00 meters from an
exterior exit.
o With a complete automatic fire extinguishing system = may be
increased to 60.00 meters.
Doors
o Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any
hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of fifty (50) or
more.
o Double acting doors shall not be used as exits serving a tributary
occupant load of more than one hundred (100) .
o A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less
than 1,300 sq. centimeters.
o Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the
installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not
less than 2.00 meters in height.
o When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening
at least 90 degrees and shall
o Clear width of the exitway is not less than 700 millimeters.
o No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width.
116
Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies
o Every corridor or exit balcony = minimum 1.10 meters in width.
Stairways
o Occupant load of more than fifty (50) = min. 1.10 meters.
o Occupant load of fifty (50) or less = min. 900 millimeters wide.
o Occupant load of less than ten (10) = min. 750 millimeters.
o Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width by more than
100 millimeters.
o Rise = max. 200 millimeters
o Run = min. 250 millimeters.
o There shall be not more than 3.60 meters vertical distance between
landings.
o Headroom clearance = min. 2.00 meters.
Aisles
o Serving only one side = min. 800 millimeters wide
o Serving both sides = min. 1.00 meter wide
o Side aisles = min. 1.10 meters in width.
o The slope portion of aisles shall not exceed a fall of 1 in 8.
Seats
117
Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers
o There shall be a space of not less than 300 millimeters between the
back of each seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it.
o Width of any seat shall not be less than 450 millimeters nor more than
480 millimeters.
d. Glass for Transmission of Light – not < 12.5mm thick, glass over
10 sq.cm. area have wire mesh
118
SECTION 1209. Bays, Porches and Balconies
1. Chimneys
Chimneys in a wood-framed building shall be anchored laterally at the
ceiling line and at each floor line which is more than 1.80 meters above
grade, except when entirely within the framework or when designed to be
free standing.
a. Fire-Extinguishing Systems
1. Every storey, basement or cellar w/ 200sq.m or more w/c is
used for habitation, etc. w/c has an occupant load of more
than 20.
119
1. Construction and Test – shall be wrought iron of GS w/
fittings, connections to withstand 20 kg per sq.cm of water
pressure
2. Size – 900 liters water per minute
4. Siamese Connections:
c. Wet Standpipes
120
part of any working stage raised above the stage roof and having a total
ventilation area equal to at least 5% of the floor area within the stage walls.
d. Ventilation
1. Inlet – fresh air inlet from the exterior bldg. not < 900sq.cm.
& protect w/ wire netting installed w/in 50mm of the floor in
every projection room
The installation of lath, plaster and gypsum wall board shall conform to the
fire-resistive rating requirements and the type of construction of building.
121
1) and Part 2 (PEC-2), as adopted by the Board of Electrical Engineering
pursuant to Republic Act 7920, otherwise known as the Philippine Electrical
Engineering Law.
The provisions of this Section do not apply to the following: film for amateur
photographic use in original packages of “roll” and “film pack” films in
quantities of less than 1.40 cu. meters; safety film; dental X-ray film;
establishments manufacturing photographic films and their storage incidental
thereto; and films stored or being used in standard motion picture booths.
SECTION 1403. Fire Extinguishing System
Unless otherwise provided in the Code, all fire extinguishing systems when so
required shall be of a type, specifications, and methods of installation as
prescribed in accordance with the requirements of the Secretary.
122
RULE XVI: PLASTICS
SECTION 1601. Approved Plastics
The size of openings glazed with approved plastics shall have a minimum
dimension where one person could pass through or 600 millimeters square.
General - Where a fire-resistive rating is not required for the roof structure,
and in all buildings provided with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing
system, approved plastics may be used with or without sash as the light-
transmitting medium in monitors and sawtooth; Except, that plastics used in
monitors or sawtooth roofs of Type II Construction shall be of materials
appropriate to be used according to flame-spread characteristics.
123
SECTION 1606. Plastic Light Diffusers in Ceilings
General - Ceiling light diffusers having an area greater than 10% of any 10.00
sq. meters of room area shall be of approved plastics conforming to the
requirements specified in the Code.
SECTION 1607. Partitions
124
RULE XVIII: GLASS AND GLAZING
SECTION 1801. General Requirements
This Rule shall apply to exterior glass and glazing in all Uses/Occupancies
except Groups A, B and J Occupancies not over three (3) storeys in height,
and to interior and exterior glass and glazing in all occupancies subject to
human impact.
125
description of the program or a brief statement of the theoretical background
of the program including a description of the algorithms used are found.
126
ACCESSIBILITY LAW (BP 344)
127
SUMMARY OF BP 344 --ACCESSIBILITY LAW
DISABLED PERSONS
1. confinement to wheelchair
2. difficulty in walking
3. total impairment of hearing or sight
4. impairment due to aging
5. mental impairment
WHEELCHAIR
• Length 1.10 to 1.30 meters
• Width 0.60 to 0.75 meters
• Turning space 1.50 meters
• Reach 0.70 to 1.20 meters above floor
• Clear space under table 0.75 meters
PARKING SLOTS
Width 3.70 with1.20 walkway
50 to 100 slots 1 slot
128
SEATING PROVISIONS IN PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
• 4- 50 persons 2 seats
• 51-300 persons 4 seats
• 301-500 persons 6 seats
• Increase of 100 +1 seat
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
• regular buses 5 seats
• first class/ aircon 4 seats
• passenger airplane 4 seats
• passenger train 6 seats
• jeepney 2 seats
• ships 20 mins before embarkation
1 hr after arrival
DROPPED CURB
• Width 0.90 m min
• Gradient 1:12 max
• Cross gradient 1:20 max- to avoid water
• Lowest portion 0 .025 m max
CURB CUT-OUTS
• Width 0.90 m min
• Gradient 1:12 max
WALKWAYS
• Width 1.20 m min
• Gradient 1:20 or 5% max
• Cross gradient 1:100
• Lengthy walkways width of 1.50m x 1.90m
rest stop max dist 12.00 m
RAMPS
• Clear width 1.20 m
• Gradient 1:12
• Length 6.00 m max
• Landings 1.50 min
• Level area
• top & bottom 1.80 m min
129
SIGNS ON DOORS & WALLS
• Height 1.40- 1.60 m
• Emboss 1.0 mm
DOORS
• Width 0.80 m min
• Clear level space 1.50 m or 1.20 m
• Door knobs 0.82 m - 1.06 m
0.90 m preferred
CORRIDORS
• 1.2 M. minimum
SWITCHES
• From edge of door 0.20 m
• Height 1.20 m - 1.30 m
ELEVATORS
• Distance from entrance 30.00 m max
• Min dimension (Car) 1.10 m x 1.40 m
• Button heights 0.90 m - 1.20 m
130
BATAS PAMBANSA 344: ACCESSIBILITY LAW
RULE I:
SCOPE & APPLICATION
CATEGORIES OF DISABLED PEOPLE
• confinement to wheelchairs
• requiring use of braces, crutches, artificial supports
• impairment of hearing or sight
• aging and incoordination
• acquired or congenital mental impairments
RULE II:
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
• accessibility
• reachability
• usability
• orientation
• safety
• workability
• efficiency
RULE III:
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
CLASSIFICATION BY USE OF OCCUPANCY
Category I - Residential
Category II - Commercial
Category III - Educational and Industrial
Category IV - Agricultural
Category V - Ancillary
RULE IV:
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Regular buses - 5 designated seats near doors
First class, premiere & aircon bus - 4 seats near door
Passenger trains - 6 seats per car nearest the door
Jeepneys - 2 seats preferably front seats
Domestic shipping - allocate on per class basis;give priority during embarkation
and disembarkation
RULE V:
ADMINISTRATION & ENFORCEMENT
As stipulated in Section 46 of R.A. 7277, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons,
any person who violates the rules and regulations of this Act shall be fined or imprisoned
131
RULE V:
ADMINISTRATION & ENFORCEMENT
PERSONS/INDIVIDUALS LIABLE
For buildings/establishment/structure
• owner
• contractor
• architect
• engineer
• building official or other public official
WALKWAY
2. CURB CUT-OUTS
• Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct
a walkway or in any way lessen the width of a walkway;
• The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90m.:
• Curb cut-out should not have a gradient not more than 1:12;
WALKWAY
CURB CUT-OUT
132
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS /29
DN
RAILING
OTHER VARIATIONS OF DROPPED CURB
AT CORNERS
DROPPED
CURB
PLANTS DN
RAILING
DN DROPPED DN
CURB
RAILING
DN
RAILING
DROPPED
CURB
DN
DN
PLANTS
DN DROPPED
CURB
RAILING
3. WALKWAYS
• Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-
resistant material;
133
INCLINED SURFACE
ON RAMP NOT TO
CONTINUOUS CURB
EXCEED 1:12
PLANTS
(SHRUBS) WALKWAY
CONTINUOUS CURB
GRASS AREA
DEFINES EDGE
OF WALKWAY
134
DROPPED CURB
RAMP 1:12 MAX
RAILING
WALKWAY
BRIGHTLY-PAINTED
ZEBRA CROSSING
CENTRAL REFUGE
MORE THAN 10.00 M
CENTRAL REFUGE
1.50M MIN. 2.00M PREFERRED
PROVIDE HANDRAILS AT
OUTER SIDE OF WALKWAY
AT DROPPED CURB BUT
SHOULD NOT OBSTRUCT
CROSSING
TACTILE SURFACES AT
VICINITY OF CROSSING
ZEBRA CROSSING
HANDRAIL
RAMP
RAMP
135
1.00 M MIN
TAPPING RAIL
WALKWAY WIDTH
2.00 M. MIN. CLEAR
136
1:100 MAX.
CROSS GRADIENT
1.20 M.
MIN.
WALKWAYS
1.50 M. MIN.
REST STOP
OR
1.50
TURNING WALKWAY
SPACE
12.00 M. MAX
6.5mm
ALSO APPLIES TO
13mm MAX MAX CRACKS OR BREAKS
GRATINGS ON WALKWAYS
137
KEEP ROUTES AS
STRAIGHT AS POSSIBLE
WITH RIGHT ANGLE
TURNS
0.90 M.
0.70 M.
HANDRAIL HEIGHT
138
HANDRAIL DIMENSIONS
50
mm 30mm-50mm
MIN.
40mm
MIN
0.90 M.
30--50mm
EASY
EASY-TO-GRASP DESIGNS
PLACE SIGN ON
CARRIAGEWAY IF IT
WILL DIMINISH WALKWAY
WIDTH TO LESS THAN
1.20 M
139
SIGNS SHOULD BE LOCATED
ON VERGES OR SIMILAR
WHEREVER THESE ARE
AVAILABLE
CONVENIENTLY LOCATED
SIGNS: SIMPLE & EASY
TO UNDERSTAND; EASILY
DETECTED
NORMAL SIGHT LINES
30
30
140
BLUE BACKGROUND
1.60 M. MAX.
1.40 M. MIN.
141
RAMPS REQUIRED IF
ENTRANCE NOT AT SAME
LEVEL AS SITE ARRIVAL
GRADE
142
CURB HEIGHT AT RAMP
0.10 M. MIN
MORE THAN
0.20 M. RISE
1.80 M, MIN
RAILING ACROSS
STREET FULL WIDTH OF
RAMP
143
CURB CUT CURB
CUT-OUT OR
DROPPED CURB
1.20 MIN
PASSAGE
PARKING
3.50 M. MAX.
144
HANDRAILS ON
BOTH SIDES AT 0.90
M. & 0.70 M.
MAX. GRADIENT
OF 1:12
RAMP DIMENSIONS
SPACE FOR
PERSONS
WITH BRACES
OR CRUTCHES
1.50 M.
NEAREST
OBSTRUCTION
1.10 M.
0.70 M.
145
1.50 M. MIN. MAINTAIN MIN.
WIDTH OF
CORRIDOR=1.20 M
(UNOBSTRUCTED)
1.50 M. MIN.
PROVIDE
PROTECTION FROM
OUTSWINGING
DOORS
0.80 M
1.50 M. MIN.
MIN.
1.50 M. MIN.
0.80 M.
MIN
.
1.50 M. MIN
1.50 M. MIN
146
30.00 M. MAX. DISTANCE
ELEVATOR
ENTRY LOBBY
1.10 1.40 M.
1.80 M.
MIN.
BUTTON CONTROLS
WITH BRAILLE SIGNS
1mm MAX
DEPRESSION BRAILLE
MINIMUM
20 mm.
SIGN AT
EVERY
FLOOR
0.90 - 1.20 M.
AT DOOR
FRAME
BUTTON SIZE
ELEVATOR CARS
147
1.70 M. MIN.
0.90
0.90
1.80 M. MIN.
0.30
0.40
0.80 M.
CLEAR
TURNING SPACE
1.50 X 1.50
0.80 M.
WATER CLOSET
148
0.60
0.60 -0.70 M.
0.60
0.80 M.
MAX
CLEAR
0.48 M.
MAX
URINAL LAVATORY
DOORKNOBS, VERTICAL
LATCHES DOOR PULL
0.30 – 0.40 M
0.82-1.06 M
1.06 M
KICKPLATE KICKPLATE
DOOR HARDWARE
149
0.20 M. MAX FROM
LATCH SIDE OF DOOR
0.92 – 1.22 M.
FROM FLOOR
SWITCHES
NOSING OF COLOR
AND GRAY VALUE IN
HIGH CONTRAST TO
REST OF STAIRS
TACTILE
STRIP AT TOP
AND BOTTOM
OF STAIRS
0.30 M.
MIN
150
25 mm MAX
SLIDING DOOR
TRACKS
THRESHOLDS
SLANTED
NOSE
AVOID PREFERRED
TEXTURED
SYMBOLS
ON PLAN
(EMBOSSED)
LEGEND ALSO
IN BRAILLE
151
TEMPORARY COVERING
PROPERLY SUPPORTED BY
CROSS BEAMS IF NECESSARY
1.20 M. MIN.
1.20 M. MIN.
1.50 PREFFERED
KICKBOARD
0.20 M. MIN. ALL MATERIALS
HEIGHT STORED ON
SPOIL FOOTWAYS SHOULD
HEAP BE FENCED
152
DESIGN STANDARDS
153
OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
154
FIRE EXIT REQUIREMENT
STAIRWAY REQUIREMENT
155
SETBACK
PARKING
156
PARKING & LOADING SPACE REQUIREMENTS
1. Parking space ratings listed are min off street requirements for specific
uses/occupancies for bldg./structures:
Truck or bus
Min of 3.60m by 12.00m
1.2 Low Income Single Detached living Pooled parking at 1 slot/10 living units
units in housing project areas w/ individual
lots not more than 100sq.m
157
1.15 Places of Worship & Funeral Parlors 1 slot/50 sq.m of congregation area
2.1 Mixed occupancies, parking requirements shall be the sum of 100% dominant
use & 50% of each of the non-dominant
2.2 20% of parking requirements may be provided w/in premises
3. Special Provisions
3.1 1 parking slot for the handicapped per 50 up to 150 parking slots & an
additional slot for every 100 slots thereafter.
3.2 Wheel chair transfer area – one between 2 spaces, directly connect to
accessible walk of travel and bldg entrances.
3.3 Maximum distance of accessible parking area from facility served. Parking areas
for handicapped shall be w/in 60m of the facility being served.
4.1 Stores, manufacturing, wholesale or 1 loading slot for every 5,000 sq.m of
merchantile bldgs/structures, or similar gross floor area w/ a min of 1 truck
occupancies loading slot
158
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PD 957 & BP 220
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
169
THEORY OF DESIGN
• Research of Architecture
Research contributes to Design Theory
• Nature of Design Theory
Design Theory states facts
Design Theory aids design
• Scope of Architecture Theory
Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
Includes miscellaneous and “unscientific” elements
• Why Design Theory?
To aid the work of the architect and improve its product
Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently
“Skill without knowledge is nothing”
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
• Understanding Design Theory
Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design
PARADISM : every new or established theory applied
: STYLE
THEMATIC THEORIES
Aim at the fulfillment of one principal goal, often at the cost of other customary
goals of building
• CLASSICAL
- Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
• MIDDLE AGES
- Medieval (read: Dark Age) anonymous tradition of trade guilds)
• RENAISSANCE
- Alberti, Vignola, Palladio, etc.
• STRUCTURALIST
- Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke, etc.
• FUNCTIONALISM
- Walter Gropius, Louis Sullivan, etc.
- modern architecture
170
• POSTMODERNISM
- Robert Venturi
• SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE
• ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL THEORIES
• Monastery Institutions
Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages
However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings
Buildings are only defined by stating the size and it shall be made “according
to the traditional model”.
“There’s no accounting for tastes” was the rule of thumb
171
• Development of Building Style
With hardly or no literary research present
Villard de Hannecourt’s “Sketchbook” in 1235
Rotzer’s ”Booklet On The Right Way Of Making Pinnacles”
Only through guidance of old masters
Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders
RENNAISANCE THEORIES
• Sebastino Serlio
- “Regole generall di architectura”
• Philibert de L’orme
One of French theorist who are critical of italians
Prove that Pantheon’s Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions
Rejected the doctrine of absolute beauty of measures
172
CONSTRUCTION THEORY
• During Renaissance
From Alberti onwards, architects began specializing
Mathematical models by Francis Bacon and Galileo Galilei
: considers load and scientific studies
contributed to constructions
1675 : Marquis de Vauban founded a building depatment in the French army
called “ Corps des Ingenieurs”
1747 : Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, special school founded in Paris where
new profession specializing in construction was organized.
--- first engineering school
Other figures of mathematical construction theory
: Robert Hooke
: Jakob Bernoulli
: Leonard Euier
173
PERSONAL STYLE
ART NOUVEAU
The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the
Gothic style
The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful
architects of the 20th century to create their private form language
THEORETICAL TREATISES
Five points of Architecture (1926, Le Corbusier)
a. Pilotis
b. Free plan
c. Free façade
d. The long horizontal sliding window
e. The roof garden
Architecture as Space (Bruno Zeri)
“The crux of architecture is not the sculptural pattern, but instead the building
interiors. These can be seen as “negative solids”, as voids which the artist
divides, combines, repeats and emphasizes in the same way as the sculptor
treats his “positive” lumps of substance.”
The “personal style” of architects are not necessarily based on laws of
nature or on logical reasoning. More important is that they exhibit a coherent
174
application of an idea which also must be clear that the public can find it out.
An advantage is also if the style includes symbolical undertones.
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Electicism
a. architecture of borrowing
1870’s
• The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871
downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new
buildings
place where first tallest building was constructed
• William Le Baron Jenney
made the first skyscraper
• Daniel Burnham
“make no little plans, they have no magic to stir man’s blood”
• Louis Sullivan
“form follows function”
1880’s
Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development
introduce Chicago Window
1890’s
• The World Columbian Exposition
built in 1863
Chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted
1900’s
• European architecture was notified
• Person to notify:
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Otto Wagner
Adolf Loos “ornament is a crime”
H.P. Berlage
Frank Llyod Wright
1910’s
• Office of Peter Behrens
a. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe “less in more”
b. Walter Gropius
c. Le Corbusier
• 2 Art movements that influenced
1. Futurism – simultaneity of movement
2. Cubism – interpretation of space
1920’s
• The Bauhaus
“Art and Technology, the new unity”
• Established architects
a. Frank Llyod Wright “organic architecture”
b. Le Corbusier
c. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius
1930’s
• International Style
1950’s
• The period of Reassessment
Universalism
Personalism
POSTMODERNISM
• The center of Postmodernism: Robert Venturi
“less is bore”
• Philip Johnson
- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function
• Introduce the element of “Discovery”
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SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE
“Building as a message”
1. Mathematical Analogy
2. Biological Analogy
Se of plants and ornaments
3. Romantic architecture
Uses exotic language of form
Vastness; trying to surprise; huge
4. Linguistic analogies
Grammar; uses words with proper grammar
5. Mechanical analogies
Buckminter fuller
6. Ad hoc analogy
Any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood
in forest
7. Stage Analogy
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Characteristics of Theor
Theory
History and Theory are closely related and have always been essential to the study of
architecture.
• History deals with buildings and the various styles of architecture which have
arisen throughout time. History in this sense is a DESCRIPTION of the
architectural facts.
• Theory attempts to provide an EXPLANATION for those facts. --why why buildings
look the way they do --why
why architects have chosen to design their buildings in
particular ways –whatwhat is architecture all about?
What is ARCHITECTURE?
Theory of Architecture looks at the kind of choices architects can make in selecting
forms for their buildings. Their Architecture…
INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE
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NEEDS OF MAN
Physical Needs
Shelter Food
Clothing Water
Transportation Sports
Education Medical
Livelihood Power
Emotional Needs
Recreation Art
Religion
Activities of Man
Desire for Preservation Desire for Recognition
Desire for Response Desire for Self Expression
Nature
Climate
Warm Cold
• Plan
• Roof
• Windows
Topography
Mountainous Level
Material
Timber
Mud
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THEORY IDENTIFIES CRITICAL PROBLEMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Characteristics of Theory
• Mathematical Analogy
Geometry and numbers as a basis for architecture, in tune with a universal order
- Golden section
- Greek orders
- Numbers theories of the renaissance
- Modular (Le Corbusier)
1.618
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21…. F ibonacci Series
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• Biological Analogy
Organic – focuses on the relationships between parts of a building or
between the building and its site.
Biomorphic – focuses on growth processes and movement capabilities
associated with organisms.
• Romantic Analogy
Evocative – uses associations or exaggeration to elicit an emotional
response.
Associations – can refer to nature, the past, exotic places, primitive
things the future, childhood, etc.
Exaggeration – can intimidate, frighten or awe through the use of
contrast, excessive stimulation, unfamiliar scale or forms.
• Linguistic Analogy
Grammatical model – architecture is composed of elements (words) that
are ordered by rules ( grammar and syntax) that allow people to
understand what a building is trying to communicate i.e. Greek orders.
Expressionist model – building as a vehicle for the expression of the
architects attitude toward the building i.e. Saarinen’s Dulles airport
conveying flight in its form.
Semiotic model – a building is a sign that conveys information about
what it is and what it does i.e. Robert Venturi’s ducks vs. decorated shed.
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• Mechanical Analogy
Buildings are like
e machines. They should express
only what they are and what they do, i.e. “A house
is a machine for living” Le Corbusier
• Adhocist Analogy
Buildings should respond to the
immediate need, using materials
readily available without making
reference to an ideal.
1. Vitruvius made the earliest widely known goal statement for architecture which
is paraphrased to depend on, “Commodity, Firmness and Delight.
Ulititas, Firmitas, Venustas
“Ulititas, Venustas”
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What Architecture Should Do
The first concern of these type of relational goals is that architecture should
satisfy the technical requirements of buildings.
a. logical structural systems
b. appropriate materials, construction methods and costs
c. regional and contextual in design
The second concern is that architectures primary purpose is social in nature i.e. that the
building is a background and support system to enhance ongoing life processes.
a. a receptacle for the flow of life it serves
b. it must be flexible and adaptive to human concerns
Theories about how the architect should go about designing are concerned with
identifying appropriate methods of operation.
- usually directed toward the assurance that buildings will accomplish
particular ends
- inclusion of user groups and others
PRIORITIES
Problems in architecture are typically complex in nature:
a. technical – structure, mech., etc.
b. social – users
c. aesthetic, ecological, political
Some theories establish priorities:
a. find the essence of the problem and let that be the controlling factor.
- Mies Van Der Rohe – “Form follows function”.
b. there is an underlying element that needs to be expressed in
structure and form before embellishment is added.
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PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Point zero dimension . Indi
Indicates
cates position in space.
Elements of Architecture
PLANE
• Shape is the primary identifying characteristics of a plane.
• Supplementary properties are ssurface,
urface, color, pattern, texture, affecting visual
weight and stability.
• Plane serves to define the limits or boundaries of a volume.
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VOLUME
PRIMARY SOLIDS
186
PRIMARY SOLIDS
Cubes,
ubes, cones, spheres, cylinders, or pyramids are the great primary forms that light
reveals to advantage; the imagimagee of these is distinct and tangible within us and without
ambiguity. It is for this reason that these are beautiful forms, the most beautiful forms.
The primary shapes can be extended or rotated to generate volumetric forms or solids
which are distinct, regular,
egular, and easily recognizable. Circles generated spheres and
cylinders; triangles generate cones and pyramids: squares generate cubes. In this
context, the term solid does not refer to firmness of substance but rather to a three-
three
dimensional geometric bodyy or figure.
Sphere
Cylinder
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PRIMARY SOLIDS
Cone
A solid generated by the revolution of a
right triangle about one of its sides. Like
the cylinder, the cone is a highly stable
form when resting on its circular base,
and unstable when its vertical axis is
tipped or overturned. It can also rest on
its apex in a precarious state of balance.
Pyramid
A polyhedron having a polygonal base
and triangular faces meeting at a corner
point or vertex. The pyramid has
properties similar to those of the cone.
Because
cause all of its surfaces are flat planes,
however, the pyramid can rest in a stable
manner on any of its faces. While the
cone is a soft form, the pyramid is
relatively hard and angular.
Cube
A prismatic solid bounded by six equal
square sides, the angle between any two
adjacent faces being a right angle.
Because of the equality of its dimensions,
the cube is a static form that lacks
apparent movement or direction. It is a
stable form except when it stands on one
of its edges or corners. Even though its
angular
ngular profile is affected by our point of
view, the cube remains a highly
recognizable form.
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TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
Dimensional Transformation
A form can be transformed by
altering one or more of its
dimensions and still retain its
identity as a member of a family of
forms. A cube, for example, can be
transformed
ansformed into similar prismatic
forms through discrete changes in
height, width, or length. It can be
compressed into a planar form or
be stretched out into a linear one.
Subtractive Transformation
A form can be transformed by
subtracting a portion of its
it volume.
Depending on the extent of the
subtractive process, the form can
retain its initial identity or be
transformed into a form of another
family. For example, a cube can
retain its identity as a cube even
though a portion of it is removed,
or be transformed
sformed into a series of
regular polyhedrons that begin to
approximate a sphere.
Additive Transformation
A form can be transformed by the
addition of elements to its volume.
The nature of the additive process
and the number and relative sizes
of the elementsnts being attached
determine whether the identity of
the initial form is altered or
retained.
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SUBTRACTIVE FORM We search for regularity and continuity in
the forms we see within our field of vision.
If any of the primary solids is partially
hidden from our view, we tend to
complete its form and visualize it as if it
were whole because the mind m fills in what
the eyes do not see. In a similar manner,
when regular forms have fragments
missing from their volumes, they retain
their formal identities if we perceive them
as incomplete wholes. We refer to these
mutilated forms as subtracted forms.
forms
Because
use they are easily recognizable,
simple geometric forms, such as the
primary solids, adapt readily to
subtractive treatment. These forms will
retain their formal identities if portions of
their volumes are removed without
deteriorating their edges, corners,
corner and
overall profile.
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ADDITIVE FORM
Spatial Tension
This type of relationship relies on the
close proximity of the forms of their
sharing of a common visual trait,
such as shape, color, or material.
Face-to
to face Contact
This type of relationship,
relationsh the forms
share a common edge and can pivot
about that edge.
Interlocking Volumes
In this type of relationship, the forms
interpenetrate each other’s space.
The forms need not share any visual
traits.
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SUBTRACTIVE & ADDITIVE FORMS
Cumulative Composition
• Additive form
• A rather easy type
• Picturesque; full of movement
• Can be completely disciplined
by classification and hierarchy La Roche-Jeanneret Houses,
Paris
Very easy
• (convenient combining)
House at Struttgart
Subtracted form
• Very generous
• On the exterior an architectural
will is formed
• On the interior all functional
needs are satisfied (light
penetration, continuity,
circulation) House at Poissy
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SURFACE ARTICULATION
Texture
exture and color together
affect the visual weight and
scale of a plane and the
degree to which it absorbs or
reflects light and sound.
Directional or oversized
optical patterns can distort the
shape or exaggerate the
proportions of a plane.
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ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Elements of Design are the tools you work with when you design.
Principles of Design are the concepts that determine how a design is organized.
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FORM AND SPACE
Munich
Elements of form defining
fining space
Olympic
In architecture we manipulate three
Stadium
generic types of planes:
Modern
Interior
Precast
Construction
House
195
196
Horizontal plane
Base plane
• Seems to be figured out when there is a perceptible change in color, texture.
• With edge definition
• With surface articulation – e.g. carpet, lawn, paving, etc
•
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Elevated Base plane – spatial & visual continuity
Acropolis, Athens
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Depressed Base plane – spatial & visual continuity
By contrasting form,
geometry or orientation
Separates
DEPRESSED PLANE
Depressed areas in topography of site – stage for outdoor
utdoor arenas and amphitheater
Depression benefits sightlines, sense of having, acoustical quality
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OVERHEAD PLANE
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ROOF PLANE
• Can be hidden from view by wall or Dynamic Tower , UAE
merged.
• Can be single or many
• Can extend outward as overhang
• Can be elevated to allow breeze to pass
through
• Overall form can be endeavored with a
distinctly planar quality by opening with
vertical or horizontal edges.
CEILING PLANE
• Can be detached from roof plane, suspended, underside of an overhead. Can
be lowered / raised to articulate spaces.
• Can be manipulated to define and articulate spaces.
• Can be manipulated
nipulated to define and articulate zone of spaces.
• Form, color, texture and pattern of the ceiling plane can be manipulated to
improve or control the quality of light / sound / directional quality.
CEILING PLANE
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Light wave ceiling plane
202
JNCASR ,BUILDING , DESIGNED BY CHARLES COREA , BANGALORE
• This vertical wall divides the campus and forest area.
• The wall establishes different spatial quality
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LINEAR ELEMENTS
• Vertical linear elements such as columns, obelisks and towers have been
used throughout history to commemorate significant events or establish
particular points in spa
space or to organize spaces around it.
• Vertical linear elements can also define a transparent volume of spaces.
204
Colonnade in St.Peters Square IIMB , CORRIDOR
DOR , B.V.Doshi
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• Openings allow light to penetrate the space (window)& illuminate the surface
of a room.
• They offer views from the room/interior to exterior.
• They establish visual relationship between rooms and adjacent spaces.
• They provide natural ventilation.
• Depending on size, number and location they can weaken the enclosure.
Elements of design are the tools you work with when you design.
SENSORY ELEMENTS
We perceive information about works of art through our senses. By carefully
examining a work of art, we learn to organize our sensory perceptions by
identifying them as elements of art.
Architects use sensory elements in the preliminary design of a building.
Beginning with lines and shapes, the architect draws an inception of how a
building will look after it is constructed.
When we analyze a building, we begin by scanning its façade.
This means that we will examine the front of the building and systematically
identify the aesthetic elements that compose the overall design.
The first things we notice about a building are elements that appeal directly to
our senses: line, shape, texture, color, light/dark, and space.
see the photographs that follow to help you practice looking for each of the
sensory elements:
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1. SHAPE/FORM
A shape is made when a line is closed and space is enclosed.
A two dimensional shape is one ththat
at is drawn on a flat surface such as paper.
A three-dimensional
dimensional shape is one that takes up real space. Architectural
drawings often try to indicate what the proposed building win look like as a
three-dimensional
dimensional form by the use of perspective.
2. LINE
A line is a continuous mark made by a pencil, brush, pen or other tool.
Lines can be thick or thin, straight or curved, jagged or smooth, light or heavy.
In architecture, lines are often suggested by the structural materials designers
choose for their buildings
ldings such as the random lines of natural stone or the
sleek lines created by beams of steel or walls of glass.
Modern buildings often use bold lines created by structural steel cross
bracing. Lines can also be suggested by the shape and massing of a building.
buil
For instance, a building can look horizontal or vertical.
3. TEXTURE
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Texture is the apparent look or feel of the surface of an art object.
Texture is a tactile property and requires touching to be appreciated. Once we
know how a material feel
feels,
s, however, we can interpret a texture with our eyes
and can tell visually how it might feel.
An architect creates texture in building by certain choices of materials. Heavy,
jagged stone may be used in a building to give it a rough texture, whereas
delicate,
te, carved woods can give a structure a light and airy look.
Texture can also be suggested by the rich layering of shapes and forms on a
building.
Architects add visual interest to their buildings by using decorative building
materials such as siding, ston
stonee and woodcarvings, or they can vary the
pattern of concrete forms.
4. SPACE
Space is the relative position of one three
three-dimensional
dimensional object to another.
Space is one of the most important considerations an architect must think
about while designing a buildi
building,
ng, because the sizes of rooms and hallways,
the height of ceilings and the ease of entering and exiting each living area
must carefully match the function of the building.
Architects chose dimensions of rooms to match the number of people who will
occupy the space and the amount of activity that will occur in it.
To make a building more interesting, architects will experiment with aesthetic
qualities of space by varying the width and height of rooms through which
people will move. Architects also speak o off space as the amount of land that
will be occupied by a building on a site.
The remaining area is called open space.
5. VALUE
Light and dark are relative perceptions of light.
Architects use the concept of light and dark as they create visual interest on a
building by choosing shapes that create a sensation of depth. When some
shapes stick out, they leave others in shadow.
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Narrow openings often appear dark, as in a tunnel, and broad, flat spaces
look light. Materials can be used to vary the light quality of a building.
For instance, a band of tinted windows gives the illusion of a dark space
wrapping around a building.
6. COLOR
Color is an element of our visual perception that is
related to how our eyes perceive light. We differentiate
these perceptions
ions and name them red, blue, yellow,
etc.
Architects use color in the choice of materials used to
construct a building. These color choices can be quite
subtle, such as using a warm, yellow toned concrete
instead of a cold gray base, or using a brownish brick
instead of the traditional red.
However, the architect must consider the color effect
of every element of a building's construction, from the
earthy colors of primary construction materials like
wood, stone, brick and marble, to the expansive
varietyy of colors available for paint, doors, windows, siding, and trim.
Once chosen, the architectural drawings and sample boards tell a contractor
exactly what color building materials to use when constructing a structure.
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PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN are the concepts that determine
rmine how a
design is organized:
FORMAL ELEMENTS
Artists combine Sensory elements when creating a work of art. The manner in
which elements are repeated overlapped and arranged creates the formal
design, or composition, ofof-the artwork.
Architects create formal designs using large masses of shape.
Construction materials are used to give the building variety.
Elements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a
building. They arere combined to make formal compositions in an architectural
design, creating pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion,
theme, and unity.
It is important that the variety of elements used for a building blend together
well so that the design appears unified.
As we scan architecture we look for the following:
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2. RHYTHM
If you look carefully at the patterns on
buildings, you can sense a rhythm to
their order.
These rhrhythmic patterns give a dynamic
quality to a building, making it seem to
be very lively.
Rhythm is very apparent in rows of
columns or repeated arches. Such
patterns carry our eye across the façade of
the structure and add visual excitement to a
large form.
3. SYMMETRY/ASSYMETRY
When there is
correspondence in size or
shape of parts on either
side of a bisected whole
we say it is symmetrical.
A good starting point for
understanding symmetry
might be to look in the
mirror and imagine a line
drawn down the cen center of
your body.
You are fairly symmetrical with correspondence between your
eyes, ears, arms and legs, A symmetrical building has the same
shapes on either side of an imaginary line drawn down the middle
of its façade.
Buildings can be asymmetrical as well when different shapes are
placed on either side of a bisecting line.
4. BALANCE
Balance is the
characteristic of equal
weights opposing one
another.
In art, we say that a
composition is balanced if
the shapes on one side of
a center line appear to
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have the same weight as those on opposite sides.
Buildings can be balanced whether they are symmetrical or
asymmetrical as long as they maintain a sense of equal, visual
weight on either side of a center line drawn through the façade.
5. CONTRAST
Contrast exisexists when two
adjacent parts are very different
from one another. In
architecture, we speak about
such things as materials that
have contrasting colors and
textures.
We may also mean the
relationship of highlights and
shadows. When contrasting
materials are placed together,
one seems to move to the front
of your line of vision. Architects
use contrast to add visual
variety to their designs.
6. PROPORTION
Proportion is the term used
to describe the relationship
between two things of
different size. In
architec
architecture we are looking
for the proportional
relationship between
spaces and the size of the
human body.
The proportion of the room can greatly affect the way a person
feels in a space. We often talk about this kind of proportion as
scale when we speak about a building.
Ordinarily, an architect tries to design a space so that people feel
comfortable moving about in it. For that reason, a bedroom may
have a much lower ceiling than an auditorium Where many
people will mingle.
Sometimes a building is designed so a space is purposely out of
proportion to human scale. An example of this would be the
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towering spaces inside cathedrals that make people feel quite
insignificant in comparison to the awesome power of God.
Architects also deliberately design spaces with changing scale by
varying heights of ceilings and sizes of rooms.
This makes the occupants movement through the space more
dynamic.
7. THEME
A theme is a dominant
feature of a work of art
that is carried
throughout the piece.
A variation is a change
in th
the dominant
elements with the main
idea still recognizable.
An architect might
design a building using a theme based on history such as a
Classical building with columns, domes and pediments, or make
reference to architecture of another culture such as choosing
choo to
style the building using simple, horizontal forms of the Japanese.
Frank Lloyd Wright often chose a geometric theme for his Prairie
School houses. In these homes he altered the sizes of squares
and rectangles to add variety while maintaining the geometric
ge
theme of the buildings.
8. COHERENCE
A work of art has coherence
when its elements are used
together in a logical and
systematic manner.
In architecture, a variety of
elements is used to add
interest to a design, however
the architect tries hard to tie them together.
Many people feel that the most pleasing architectural designs
have an elegant system of repeated elements that give unity to
the overall structure.
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COLOR
Color is a phenomenon of light where in we are able to categorize object colors
from red, yellow, green blue and others.
There is only a narrow band of wavelength that our eyes can see; it is the colors
of the rainbow or ROYGBIV.
Each color is corresponded by a wavelength.
Red has the longest wavelength while Violet has the shortest.
All wavelengths combined together to produces white light.
This was shown by Isaac Newton when he let a white light pass through a prism
causing a band of different wavelengths showing different colors.
Mono-Chromatic
o Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing that colors various tints, tones and
shades.
o When using a mono-chromatic scheme using multiple textures creates character
and maintains unity.
Analogous
o Using three colors (hues) that are neighboring each other on the color wheel
o These schemes can be warm or cool since colors are adjacent on the color
wheel.
Complimentary
o Using two colors (hues) that are opposites such as red and green or violet and
yellow
o Choose varying tints tones and shades which will give the bold dramatic effect
you are looking for.
Triadic
o Using three colors (hues) that are equal distance apart on the color wheel, such
as red, yellow and blue or using secondary colors yellow-green, blue-violet, and
red-orange.
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COLOR TERMINOLOGIES
HUE
Hue defines pure color in terms of "red", "green" or "magenta". Hue also defines
mixtures of two pure colors like "red-yellow" (~ "orange"), or "yellow-green" (limitations
to this statement will be addressed later).
Hue is usually one property of three when used to determine a certain color. It is a more
technical definition of our color perception which can be used when communicating
color ideas. Hues can refer to the set of "pure" colors within a color space.
TINT
Tint is a color term commonly used by painters. It is a mixing result of an original color
to which has been added white. If you tinted a color, you've been adding white to the
original color. A tint is lighter than the original color. When used as a dimension of a
color space, tint can be the amount of white added to an original color. In such a color
space a pure color would be non-tinted.
SHADE
Shade is a color term commonly used by painters. It is a mixing result of an original
color to which has been added black. If you shaded a color, you've been adding black to
the original color. A shade is darker than the original color. When used as a dimension
of a color space, shade can be the amount of black added to an original color. In such a
color space a pure color would be non-shaded.
TONE
Tone is a color term commonly used by painters.
The broader definition defines tone as a result of mixing a pure color with any
neutral/grayscale color including the two extremes white and black. By this definition all
tints and shades are also considered to be tones.
The narrower definition defines tone as a result of mixing a pure color with any
grayscale color excluding white and black. By this definition a certain amount of white
and black must have been added to the original color. Furthermore the following is true:
If you changed the tonal value of a color, you've been adding gray (any ratio of mixture)
to the original color.
A tone is softer than the original color. It is not used as a dimension of a color space.
Instead, the tonal difference consists of the amounts of white and/or black used to
determine a certain color.
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SATURATION
Saturation is a color term commonly used by (digital/analog) imaging experts.
Saturation is usually one property of three when used to determine a certain color and
measured as percentage value. It defines a range from pure color (100%) to gray (0%)
at a constant lightness level. A pure color is fully saturated.
From a perceptional point of view saturation influences the grade of purity or vividness
of a color/image. A desaturated image is said to be dull, less colorful or washed out but
can also make the impression of being softer.
We will clear up the term saturation from a color mixing point of view in the color spaces
section.
LIGHTNESS
Lightness is a color term commonly used by (digital/analog) imaging experts. It defines
a range from dark (0%) to fully illuminated (100%). Any original hue has the average
lightness level of 50%.
A chromatic signal is the component of color perception that is not achromatic, i.e. any
deviation from neutral-color perception (dark, grayscale, illuminated). The chromatic
intensity or chromaticity is the intensity of the chromatic signal contributing to color
perception. Chromaticity is similar to saturation as a color/image with a low chromaticity
value is not very colorful.
For one color of specific hue the perception of brightness is also more intense, if we
increase saturation. A higher level of saturation makes a color look brighter.
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In relation to other colors the brightness intensity of a color is also influenced by its hue.
We can then speak of (relative) luminance to refer to brightness.
GRAYSCALE
A grayscale is a series of neutral colors, ranging from black to white, or the other way
around. Each step's color value is usually shifted by constant amounts.
BLUE
Blue is the overwhelming "favorite color." Blue is seen as trustworthy, dependable and
committed. The color of sky and the ocean, blue is perceived as a constant in our lives.
As the collective color of the spirit, it invokes rest and can cause the body to produce
chemicals that are calming; however not all blues are serene and sedate. Electric or
brilliant blues become dynamic and dramatic, an engaging color that expresses
exhilaration. Some shades or the overuse of blue may come across as cold or uncaring.
Blue is the least "gender specific" color, having equal appeal to both men and women.
GREEN
Green occupies more space in the spectrum visible to the human eye and is second
only to blue as a favorite color. Green is the pervasive color in the natural world that is
an ideal backdrop in interior design because we are so used to seeing it everywhere.
The natural greens, from forest to lime, are seen as tranquil and refreshing, with a
natural balance of cool and warm (blue and yellow) undertones. Green is considered
the color of peace and ecology. However, there is an "institutional" side to green,
associated with illness or Government-issued that conjure up negative emotions as do
the "slimy" or bilious greens.
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YELLOW
Yellow shines with optimism, enlightenment, and happiness. Shades of golden yellow
carry the promise of a positive future. Yellow will advance from surrounding colors and
instill optimism and energy, as well as spark creative thoughts.
ORANGE
Orange, a close relative of red, sparks more controversy than any other hue. There is
usually strong positive or negative association to orange and true orange generally
elicits a stronger "love it" or "hate it" response than other colors. Fun and flamboyant
orange radiates warmth and energy. Interestingly, some of the tones of orange such as
terra cotta, peach or rust have very broad appeal.
RED
Red has more personal associations than any other color. Recognized as a stimulant
red is inherently exciting and the amount of red is directly related to the level of energy
perceived. Red draws attention and a keen use of red as an accent can immediately
focus attention on a particular element.
PURPLE
Purple embodies the balance of red simulation and blue calm. This dichotomy can
cause unrest or uneasiness unless the undertone is clearly defined at which point the
purple takes on the characteristics of its undertone. A sense of mystic and royal
qualities, purple is a color often well liked by very creative or eccentric types and is the
favorite color of adolescent girls.
How the color purple affects us mentally and physically:
* Uplifting
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* Calming to mind and nerves
* Offers a sense of spirituality
* Encourages creativity
BROWN
Brown says stability, reliability, and approachability. It is the color of our earth and is
associated with all things natural or organic.
WHITE
White projects purity, cleanliness, and neutrality. Doctors don white coats, brides
traditionally were white gowns and a white picket fence surrounds a safe and happy
home.
GRAY
Gray is timeless, practical, and solid. A longstanding favorite suit color, gray can mix
well with any color. Although well like and often worn, people rarely name gray as a
favorite color possibly because Gray also is associated with loss or depression.
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BLACK
Black is authoritative and powerful; because black can evoke strong emotions too much
can be overwhelming. A classic color for clothing possibly because it makes the wearer
appear thinner and more sophisticated.
COLOR WAVELENGTH
• Violet 380–450 Nm
• Blue 450–495 Nm
• Green 495–570 Nm
• Yellow 570–590 Nm
• Orange 590–620 Nm
• Red 620–750 Nm
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PRIMARY COLORS
ADDITIVE MIXING
The primary colors of light are orange-red, green,
and blue. When all three are added together (left),
they form white. When any two of the primaries
are combined, other hues are produced.
SUBTRACTIVE MIXING
The primary pigment colors, yellow, magenta, and
cyan, are shown at the upper right. Subtractive
mixing of all three produces black. The mixtures
shown at the lower left also produce black.
YELLOW
(PRIMARY)
YELLOW ORANGE YELLOW GREEN
(TERTIARY) (TERTIARY)
ORANGE GREEN
(SECONDARY) (SECONDARY)
RED BLUE
(PRIMARY) (PRIMARY)
TERTIARY COLORS
TERMS TO KNOW
• Hue Another name for color
• Chroma Intensity or saturation of color
• Value The lightness or darkness of a color.
• Tint Color + White
• Tone Color + Grey
• Shade Color + Black
• Key Color Dominant color in a color scheme or mixture.
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COLOR SCHEME
A Color Scheme is a combination of colors that harmonize with each other.
• Mono-Chromatic
Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing that colors various tints, tones
and shades.
When using a mono-chromatic scheme using multiple textures creates
character and maintains unity.
• Analogous
Using three colors (hues) that are neighboring each other on the color
wheel
These schemes can be warm or cool since colors are adjacent on the
color wheel.
• Complimentary
Using two colors (hues) that are opposites such as red and green or violet
and yellow
Choose varying tints tones and shades which will give the bold dramatic
effect you are looking for.
• Triadic
Using three colors (hues) that are equal distance apart on the color wheel,
such as red, yellow and blue or using secondary colors yellow-green,
blue-violet, and red-orange.
• Single Split Complementary
uses a primary color plus colors on either side of its complement.
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An example is a color scheme that includes various values and intensities
of greens, violet-reds and red-oranges.
• Double Split Complementary (Also Called Tetradic)
uses two pairs of complements, one apart on the color wheel. An example
is red, green, orange, and blue.
• Light- Is the Background- this is usually easy to achieve since most rentals are
equipped with light to off-white walls.
• Medium- Large furniture and windows - Since the color of these objects will
blend with the above lighter selection, the medium furniture will ground the room
and give it a foundation.
• Darker- Accessories. Since your eye is drawn to a darker more intense color
you will be able to arrange you accessories in a manner to guide the eye flowing
through your room.
PICK - SEE - LMD Use it whenever you are trying to pull together a color
coordinated room!
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NEUTRAL COLORS
are colors that lacking hue, usually they are very light colors such as gray, beige and
taupe (brownish-gray).
gray). Neutral colors usually dusky in nature and may call “achromatic”.
Meanings:
Modest, quiet, pale, light, harmonious
Implications:
Natural, timeless, classic, unbiased, harmless
Associations:
Stone, sand, coral, packaging
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MUNSELL COLOR SYSTEM
The three dimensions of the munsell
mun
system are shown (above) by a ring
representing the ten hues, a central
column with a range of values
between black and white, and a
horizontal bar indicating the chromas
or saturation levels.
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Thus, if a sample of red matches
exactly the colorchip (5R 5/4): but if the
sample to be identified is halfway between
the colot-chips
chips in positions 5R 4/4 and 5R
5/4, the notation of the sample is recorded
as 5R 4.5/4. Thus the numerical scales
allow precise chroma and value
identification of any color that the eye can
distinguish.
The Ostwald color tree has a branch for each numbered hue in the system. The chips
on each branch are marked and placed to show the degree of their white and black
content. Examples of four chips from the tree are shown at the right, two marked with
hue number 19, one with number 126, and one with number 6. The es on the top chip
indicate that it has a high white content and a minimum black content. The pa on the
bottom chip indicatess that is has a minimum white content and a minimum black
content.
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PROPORTION AND COLOR
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