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Geotechnical Investigation and Seismic Analysis for the construction of

Overhead water tank Naval Anchorage Pro-Mag Consultant

Technical Report · January 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28927.76960

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Geotechnical Investigation and Seismic Analysis for
the construction of Overhead water tank Naval
Anchorage, Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan

JULY, 2019

By

Syed Kazim Mehdi (Consultant in Seismology, Geophysics & Geology)

Muhammad Amjad Nazir (AJQ)

CONSULTANT: Pro-Mag Consultant

CONTRACTOR: Design & Engineering System (Pvt) Ltd.

CONTENTS PAGE No.

1-INTRODUCTION:

1.1 HISTORY……………………………………………………………05
1.2 PURPOSE & SCOPE OF WORK…………………………………...06

2- REGIONAL TECTONIC SETTINGS:

2.1 MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE………………………………….09

2.2 HOSHAB FAULT……………………………………………….…..11
2.3 SEISMICITY……………………………………………….………..12
3- EXPLORATION METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND…………………………….………….15

3.2 EXPLORATORY BORING AND SAMPLING……….……………15
3.3 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST………………….……………15
3.5 FIELD LOGGING…………………………………….…………..…16
3.6 HANDLING OF DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED SAMPLES..16

4-SUBSURFACE LITHOLOGY & OTHER PARAMETERS

4.1 LITHOLOGY………………………………………….……….…….17
4.2 PLASTICITY………………………………………….……….…….17
4.3 GROUNDWATER…………………………………….……….…….17

5-LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE……………………………….…….…….18

6-FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

6.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION……………………………………..19

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 6.2 TYPE OF FOUNDATION………………………………………….19

6.3 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION………………………………...……...20

6.4 SOIL PARAMETERS………………………………………………20

6.5 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY……………….……………21

6.5.1 APPROACH AND ANALYSIS…………………….…………..21

7-LABORATORY TESTING

7.1 SEIVE ANALYSIS…………………………………………………..24

7.2 ATTERBERG LIMITS………………………………………………24

7.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY………………………………………………..24

7.4 SWELL POTENTIAL………………………………………………..24

7.5 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH……………………..24

7.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST………………………………………………25

7.7 CONSOLIDATION TEST…………………………….……………...25

7.8 TRIAXIAL TEST…………………………………………………… 25

8-SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE AREA

8.1 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION…….………………………..…...…..26

8.2 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS…………………………………………….…...26

8.3 BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN…………………………………….…..26

9-COMPUTATION OF SEISMIC PARAMETERS

9.1 SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY………………………………………………...30

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9.2 PEAK HORIZONTAL GROUND ACCELERATION…………...………..30

9.3 SEISIC COEFFICIENTS………..………………………………………….32

10-DOWNHOLE SEISMIC SURVEY

10.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………..….……………..33

10.2 SCOPE OF WORK…………………..……… ...........................................................33

10.3 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE………………………………………34

10.4 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………35

10.5 ENGINEERING PARAMETERS………………………………………….37

11-GEOPHYSICAL RECOMMMENDATION FOR SEISMICITY OF THE

PROJECT

11.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..38

11.2 RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………….39

12-GENERAL COMMENTS AND LIMITATIONS………………..…….…46

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APPENDIX A FOUNDATION PROPORTIONING CURVES

APPENDIX B BOREHOLE LOGS

APPENDIX C LAB RESULTS

APPENDIX D SEISMIC DOWNHOLE RESULTS

APPENDIX E SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

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1-INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY

Naval Anchorage Gwadar (NAG) is a new housing project of Pakistan Navy Benevolent
Association (PNBA), in the most alluring port city of Pakistan. It is planned over an area of 1450
acres of land, out of which more than 100 acres land is reserved for green spaces and parks.

This report deals with the geotechnical along with the seismic studies and down hole survey for
the two no. two overhead water tanks (OHWT) that will serve as the main water system for the
housing Project. OHWT are considered to be a part of crucial life services in housing Project. Their
safety and behaviour is critical during strong earthquakes as they contribute for essential
requirements viz. drinking water, fire fighting’s in case of fire accidents, etc. Hence, these
structures should not collapse even after an eventual earthquake.

The coordinates of site area for overhead water tank are as below;

Latitude = 25.254̊ N Longitude = 62.267̊ E

The NAG Project area is located west of the triple junction between the three tectonic plates, the
Indian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate (Figure- 1) and lies north of the boundary
between Arabian and Eurasian plates therefore lies in seismically active zone. It is thus imperative
that a systematic study of potential earthquake sources affecting the OHWT sites be carried out to
determine the realistic seismic hazard.

AJQ Enterprises have been contracted to carry out the necessary geotechnical and geophysical
investigations at the site for the purpose of feasibility study of the subject project and to provide
the requisite recommendations for the design of foundations of the structure for its stability.

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1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORK:

Foundations of any structure have to be designed with a capacity to safely transmit the structural
loads to underlying soils, and safety of other earthworks. This requires carefully planned
exploration of the subsurface materials, determining their physical and chemical properties, and
principally characterizing their mechanical behaviour so that the foundations and other earthworks
could be engineered such that the deformation of subsurface materials remain within a tolerable
range which should not be detrimental to the entire structure.
This report contains comprehensive description of various field and laboratory phases of the
geotechnical investigations and the general subsurface soil conditions encountered during the
exploration, further the seismicity of the corresponding area is also taken in to account. Our
recommendations for allowable bearing capacity along with some aspects for foundation
construction are also chalked out in this report.
The following aims have been fulfilled with the generated data in this report:
o Seismic feasibility of the site area.
o Selection of the most feasible foundation type.
o Selection of appropriate foundation depth.

o Evaluation of engineering parameters

o Calculation of engineering parameters by down hole seismic survey

SCOPE OF WORK:
The scope of work includes:

o Drilling of two (02) boreholes to a target depth of 30 meters from the existing ground
surface and logging of strata based on field observations
o Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) at 5 feet interval up to the full depth of investigation
o Recording of the groundwater table if encountered in the borehole.
o Down hole seismic test in drilled borehole down to 30 m depth, lowering of PVC pipe
and
Performance of down hole seismic survey at 1.0 m interval.
o Calculated values of peak ground acceleration q, seismic coefficients Ca and Cv
according to the building codes of Pakistan 2007.

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 o Calculated value of the shear wave velocity which obviously depend upon the type of soil
or the strata encountered.
o Calculated values angle of repose and unit weight of the soil
o Calculated values of allowable settlement for the foundation.

Samples collected from the field were tested in the University of Engineering and Technology
(U.E.T) Soil Testing Laboratory. Data obtained from the field as well as from the laboratory has
been processed and analysed completely to reach the foundation design parameters and appropriate
recommendations.

2-REGIONAL TECTONIC SETTING

Pakistan is one of the most earthquake prone area in Asia and has high density of active faults. It
is located at the intersection of three plate boundaries namely Indian, Eurasian and Arabian.
(Figure-1). Orogenic studies in Pakistan of the result of compressional tectonics associated with
collision of the Indian plate moving northwards at a rate of 48 mm/yr. with respect to the Eurasian
plate. Almost all of the earthquake activity and related deformation found in this region, as well as
in adjacent parts of Afghanistan and India, are due to collisional plate tectonics. In the western
margin of the Tibetan Plateau, in the vicinity of south-eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan,
the Indian plate translates obliquely relative to the Eurasian plate, resulting in a complex fold-and-
thrust belt known as the Suleiman Range.

Faulting in this region includes strike-slip, reverse-slip and oblique-slip motion and often results
in shallow, destructive earthquakes. The relatively fast moving left-lateral, strike-slip Chaman
Fault system in south-eastern Afghanistan accommodates translational motion between the Indian
and Eurasian plates. In 1505, a segment of the Chaman Fault system near Kabul, Afghanistan
ruptured causing widespread destruction of Kabul and surrounding villages. In the same region,
the more recent 30 May 1935, M7.6 Quetta, Pakistan earthquake, occurred within the Sulaiman
Range, killing between 30,000 and 60,000 people.

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 Fig 1. Triple Plate Tectonic Setup of Pakistan.

The tectonics of southern and central Pakistan reflect a complex plate boundary where the India Plate
slides northward relative to the Eurasian Plate in the east, and the Arabian Plate subducts northward
beneath the Eurasian Plate in the Makran region (Figure-2). These motions typically result in north-
south to northeast-southwest strike-slip motion at the latitude of Gwadar. Makran plate boundary is a
zone of wide deformation in south-western Pakistan and south-eastern Iran. It extends for 400 km NS
and 1000 km EW and accommodates a 3 cm/yr. northward subduction of Arabian plate under Eurasian
plate. The boundaries of Makran Subduction Zone are mostly formed by transpressional strike-slip
systems. Ornach-Nal fault system marks the eastern boundary whereas Minab-Zendan fault system
marks the western boundary. Due to compression from Arabian plate, east-west directional structural
trend is present in Makran zone and Chagai arc. It

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is subducting at a rate of 19.5 mm/yr. with a subduction angle ranging from 2 t̊ o 8 ̊close to Makran
coast.

Fig2. Present relation between Indian, Arabian and Eurasian Plates.

The main tectonic features of the southern part of Pakistan in which the OHWT Structures are
located are described below:

2.1 MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE:

The major tectonic element close to Gwadar is the Makran subduction zone between the Arabian and
Eurasian tectonic plates with a triple plate junction at the eastern end of the subduction zone involving
three plates, namely Indian, Eurasian, and Arabian. Over the geological time, Tethys Ocean has entirely
been consumed between the Eurasian, the Arabian, and the Indian plates. The Makran region is
exceptional in this zone of closure of Tethys, as it is the only segment east of the

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Mediterranean and west of the Andaman arc in which subduction of oceanic lithosphere is still an
ongoing process. All other Tethyan segments in the Middle East are now experiencing continental
tectonics. Geological evidence is indicative of suturing of smaller continental blocks within this
Tethyan belt like the Lut and Helmand blocks. The Makran region is defined as a trench arc system
with active subduction continuing.

Ornach-Nal fault is a left lateral wrench fault with evidence of recent movements and is part of
the Chaman-Ornach fault system. It is a major left lateral Transform Fault having a generalized
NS trend which along with Chaman Transform Fault (CTF) constitutes the western boundary of
Indian Plate. The mapped surface trace of the fault extends from Aghor in the south to Nal in the
north, with a surface trace of nearly 270 km long (Figure-3).

Fig.3 Ornach-Nal Fault and the Makran Subduction Zone.

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2.2 HOSHAB FAULT:
Hoshab fault is located in Makran accretionary complex. 3 cm/yr. of convergence between Arabia and Eurasia
is being accommodated by Makran convergence zone. The whole area is characterized by Panjgur, Naib Rub
and Hoshab fault system (PHNFS) which are east west oriented reverse faults. The Hoshab fault that ruptured
in the 2013 Baluchistan earthquake is part of a kinematic transition zone between subduction of the Ormara
oceanic plate beneath Eurasia at ∼3 cm/yr. in the west [Kukowski et al., 2000; Bilham et al., 2007] and
northward motion of the Indian plate with respect to Eurasia at ∼3 cm/yr. in the east (Figure-4).

Fig.4 Orientation of Hoshab and Ornach-Nal Faults.

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2.3 SEISMICITY:
2.3.1 GENERAL:

Earthquakes pose a multitude of hazard to structures, either by direct loading of the structures or
by initiating a sequence of events that may lead to damage to the structure, or even failures unless
this has been catered for in the design.
The available earthquake record for the region in which the project is located can be classified into
the following two types:

· Historical seismicity
· Instrumental seismicity

2.3.2 HISTORICAL SEISMICITY:

The historical record of earthquakes is available only through the description of history. However,
several conflicting statements are available about disasters in Sind/Baluchistan. Archaeologists
speculate the extinction of prehistoric city of Mohenjo-Daro with it the decay of Indus Valley
Civilization may have been caused by a catastrophic earthquake in the lower Indus Basin related
to a fault plane running across the river. Or by flood or by Aryan invaders.
A good account of historical seismicity affecting Sind/Baluchistan region is given by Roger
Bilham et al. (2007) and depicted in Figure-5.

Many major earthquakes have occurred in this region inflicting widespread damage. The largest
recorded event in the region is the Mw 8.1, 1945 Makran earthquake that generated a significant
tsunami. The event ruptured the subduction mega thrust. The second most significant event was
Ormara earthquake that originated along the Makran coast and caused heavy damage. Recently
during September 2013 two significant earthquakes were widely felt near Awaran in the
Baluchistan province of Southern Pakistan.

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 Fig.5 Location of active faults and dated historical earthquakes with inferred rupture.

2.3.3 INSTRUMENTAL SEISMICITY

The instrumental recording of earthquakes started in 1904. The regional data was compiled from
earthquake listings of International Seismological Centre (ISC) England, National Earthquake
Information Services (NEIS) of US Geological Survey, Geophysical Centre, Quetta of Pakistan
Meteorological Department and earthquake recorded by Micro Seismic network of Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Figure-6).

The main cluster of recorded small, moderate and large earthquakes is seen along and near the Makran
coast which is mainly related to Makran Coastal Fault dipping towards north. The Central Makran
region shows low to moderate seismicity. Another cluster of earthquakes in the northeast

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corner of the map is related to the Ornach-Nal. The cluster of earthquake in Arabian Sea in the
southeast is related to seismicity of Murray Ridge which is extension of Ornach-Nal Fault along
the boundary between Indian and Arabian plates. This implies that the regional tectonic features
in the Gwadar region are seismically active at moderate to high level due to stresses developed as
a result of collision of the tectonic plates.

Fig. 6 Recorded Seismicity of Gwadar Region

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3-EXPLORATION METHODOLOGY:

3.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND:

It was planned by the client to conduct the geotechnical investigations at the site through drilling of two
boreholes namely BH-01 and BH-02, as described. Drilling was carried out by Straight Rotary method.
Field Investigations were performed in the light of the latest provisions of ASTM standards, where
applicable. Brief details of the investigation procedures are outlined in the following sections:

3.2 EXPLORATORY BORINGS AND SAMPLING:

The borings were advanced using rotary drilling. Following are the considerations of in situ
drilling.
o Preliminary invasive site investigations comprising drilling of two (02) boreholes to a
target depth of 100 feet from the existing ground surface and logging of strata based on
field observations
o Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) at 5 feet interval up to the full depth of investigation
o Recording the groundwater table encountered in the borehole.
o Down hole seismic test in already drilled borehole which included reaming of already
drilled borehole down to 30 m depth, lowering of PVC pipe and performance of down hole
seismic survey at 1m depth interval.

Detailed description of the subsurface soils encountered and the depth at which samples were taken
are given on the borehole logs presented under Annexure B.

3.3 STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS (SPT):

SPT were performed according to ASTM Designation D-1586-67. The SPT blow count values
“N” recorded at various depths are plotted at borehole logs. A donut type hammer, weighing
63.5kg was used for the testing which was lifted and dropped manually through a pulley handed
to a tripod. Before performing each SPT, the loose material at the bottom of the borehole was
removed properly. Disturbed soil samples were obtained through the Split Spoon Sampler.

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The SPT blow count values “” were then corrected to obtain “′70” from the procedure described
by Bowles (1997) which suggest the following empirical relationship:
′70= × × 1× 2× 3× 4
Where; = adjustment factors, = adjustment for effective overburden pressure, and ′70 = corrected
value for the energy ratio of 70.

3.4 FIELD LOGGING:

At the site, the identification and the classification of the soils were carried out through visual
examination of the encountered materials, and later confirmed/revised based on the laboratory
testing. Each soil type was carefully examined and logged to record various soil layers together
with corresponding horizons. These logs containing information on colour, denseness/
consistency, main soil type, minor constituents, drilling, testing and sampling detail, ground water
table depth etc. have been chalked. All the borehole logs are attached in Appendix B.
3.5 HANDLING OF DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED SAMPLES:

Disturbed and Undisturbed soil samples were extracted from boreholes during SPT test. All these samples
were properly labelled and preserved before transportation to UET laboratory. The following tests are
carried out in the laboratory on the soil samples.
o Sieve Analysis
o Atterberg Limits
o Specific Gravity
o Swell Potential
o Unconfined Compression strength
o Direct Shear test
o Consolidation test
o Triaxial test
o Chemical Analysis of soil

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4-SUBSURFACE LITHOLOGY AND OTHER PARAMETERS

4.1 LITHOLOGY:
Moreover the lithology in the in-situ boreholes is given as follows:

0-5 ft Brown to dark brown very fine to fine grained silty sand.

10-50 ft Grey to light grey silty clay.

50-100 ft Grey to dark grey silty clay.

The investigations conducted through 2 exploratory boreholes namely BH-1 and BH-2 as briefed
above, the borehole logs have revealed that the subsurface at the proposed site consists of brown
fine to medium grained silty clay at the top and very hard and compacted grey to dark grey silty
grey silty clay at the bottom of the borehole (with density generally increasing with depth).
Borehole logs are attached as Appendix B of this report .

4.2 PLASTICITY:

The explored boreholes showed the decreasing plasticity of silty soil i-e the plasticity was very
low at the surface or near surface and it was decreasing and eventually diminishing at the to bottom
of the borehole.

4.3 GROUNDWATER:
Ground water was not encountered in all the boreholes during drilling and soil investigations.

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5-LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

In case of buried structures and retaining walls, use of cohesion less backfill (capped with 1.0 thick
clay layer at the top surface and sloping away from the structure) is recommended. The evaluation
of static earth pressure on buried wall/retaining walls depends upon the permissible movements
allowed in the design, configuration of the wall, backfill geometry and the type of soil used as
backfill. However, for smooth vertical walls with horizontal backfill, the following simplified
expressions can be used for determination of coefficients of lateral earth pressure;

Coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka= (1 – Sin Φ’) / (1+ Sin Φ’)

Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko = (1- Sin Φ’)

Coefficient of passive earth pressure, Kp= (1+ Sin Φ’) / (1- Sin Φ’)

Where

Φ’ = Effective angle of internal friction of backfill soil (to be determined by shear test on fill
remoulded to the specific density and moisture)

A conservative value of 30o can be adopted for the cohesion-less backfill, producing:

Coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka= 0.33

Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko = 0.5

Coefficient of passive earth pressure, Kp= 3.0

The lateral earth pressures to be used in the design should be increased for the additional residual
pressures to be induced by the effect of compaction, as per provisions of Naval Facilities
Engineering command (NAVFAC) Design Manual 7.02 (Chapter-3, Section-6). For evaluation of
earth pressure under earthquake conditions, the equations proposed by Mononobe-Okabe are
recommended to be used for yielding backfill.

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6-FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

When designing a structure there’s more to consider than the aesthetics and materials. It’s
important to evaluate the soil bearing capacity of where the structure will rest and the weight of
the materials within the building, and the local weather. These factors can play a role in the
structure’s stability and lifespan.
All project facilities will require shallow foundations and deep foundations are not envisaged for
any structure involved in the current feasibility studies for water resources extension schemes.
Therefore, preliminary foundation analysis for shallow foundations is carried out in order to
provide general recommendations for allowable bearing pressure.

6.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Foundations for this project should meet the following essential requirements:

a) These should be placed at a sufficient depth below the ground surface so as not to be affected
by seasonal variations.
b) The foundation depth should be adequate to provide reasonable range of allowable load
bearing values, with regard to the imposed loads.
c) These must be adequately safe against the possibility of shear failure.
d) These should not undergo excessive uniform and differential settlements.
e) The designed foundations should not have an angular distortion in excess of 1/500.

All the above-mentioned conditions have to be met during the life-time of the structure.
Analysis has been carried out on the basis of field and laboratory testing data to ensure that the
foundations would meet all the criteria of safety set-forth.

6.2 TYPE OF FOUNDATION:

The choice about the type of foundation is made on the basis of geotechnical properties of
subsurface, type of structure and anticipated loading conditions. Square / strip foundations, are
recommended for supporting anticipated loads.
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6.3 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION:

The depth of foundation is always specified to ensure the availability of a firm and homogeneous
stratum underneath. The foundation depth, if required, needs to be checked for adequacy against
uplift and lateral loads.

Considering the softness and variability of strata at shallow depths, it is recommended to place the
square / strip foundations at a minimum depth of 3.0 m below the existing NSL.

If weak soil is present in any part of the excavation below foundation level, it should be further
excavated to replace the weak soil with approved well graded granular/select fill material
compacted in layers to 75% of relative density or 95% of modified proctor density, as applicable.

6.4 SOIL PARAMETERS:

For the substrata, which would primarily support the foundation loads, representative soil design
parameters have been evolved. These parameters are based upon the actual field data, laboratory
test results and engineering judgment. The following subsoil parameters have been adopted for
bearing capacity and settlement analyses:

BH#1 PARAMETERS UNIT VALUE

a) Layer 1 (NSL to 30.0 m)

Bulk density g/cm3 1.85

Cohesion kg/cm2 0.70

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility cm2/ kg 0.012

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 BH#2 PARAMETERS UNIT VALUE

a) Layer 1 (NSL to 30.0 m)

Bulk density g/cm3 1.80

Cohesion kg/cm2 0.60

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility cm2/ kg 0.014

6.5 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

6.5.1 APPROACH AND ANALYSIS
Analysis has been made both from the point of view of shear and settlements of cohesive and non-
cohesive soils supporting isolated square/strip foundation, using layered analysis/design
procedures. The increase of stress with depth has been computed by using approximate method,
which is referred to as the 2:1 method i.e. the stress from the foundation spreads out along lines
with a 2 vertical to 1 horizontal slope.

a) SETTLEMENT BASED ANALYSIS:

The following relationship put forward by Meyerhof has been used for non-cohesive soils:

qa (net) = N/0.05 * Kd For B < 1.2m

2
qa (net) = N/0.08 * [(B+0.3)/B] * Kd For B > 1.2m for isolated
Where:

N Design SPT Blows

B Foundation width D

Depth of Foundation

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b) SETTLEMENT BASED ANALYSIS BY MAYERHOF:

The following relationship put forward by Meyerhof has been used for cohesive soils:

∆ H =∆ P x mv x H

Where:

∆ HTotal consolidation settlement (25 mm)

∆ PAverage increase in pressure in layer of thickness H due to contact

Pressure.

mv Coefficient of volume compressibility

H Thickness of compressible layer within the stressed zone.

c) SHEAR BASED ANALYSIS:

The following relationship presented by Meyerhof has been used,

qa (net) = 1/f * (c Nc dc Sc + γ D Nq Sq dq + 0.5 γ B Nγ Sγ dγ)

Where:

qa (net) Net Safe Bearing Pressure

Nq, Nγ & Nc Bearing capacity factors based on Ø

Sq, Sγ & Sc Shape factors

dq, dγ & dc Depth factors

B Foundation width

D Depth of Foundation

f Factor of Safety (f = 3)

γ Bulk Density of Soil

Page | 22
 Keeping in view the criteria set forth, bearing capacity and settlement calculations have been
made for square/strip foundations. Correspondingly, foundation proportioning curves have been
developed. These curves are attached to this report as Attachment-1.

7-LABORATORY TESTING RESULTS

The lab tests are summarized above in the report, the results of the laboratory testing are attached
as appendix C of the report. A brief discussion of these tests is given as follows:

7.1 SEIVE ANALYSIS:

A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil
engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material
by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and
weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
7.2 ATTERBERG LIMITS:

The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil: its
shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.

Depending on its water content, a soil may appear in one of four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic
and liquid. In each state, the consistency and behaviour of a soil is different and consequently so
are its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined based on a
change in the soil's behaviour. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and
clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays .

7.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance;
equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the
same given volume
7.4 SWELL POTENTIAL:
The extent to which soil shrinks or swells with changes in soil moisture content. The shrink-swell
potential is influenced by the amount and type of clay in the soil. Shrinking and swelling of soils
cause damage to building foundations, roads, and other structures

Page | 23
7.5 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH:
Unconfined compressive strength means that the strength of a rock or soil sample when crushed
in one direction in a triaxial test without any lateral restraint. I am very puzzled about the difference
between uniaxial compressive strength and unconfined compressive strength.
7.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
A direct shear test is a laboratory or field test used by geotechnical engineers to measure the shear
strength properties of soil or rock material, or of discontinuities in soil or rock masses. The shear
strength of soils is essential for any kind of stability analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine
reliable values. For this purpose triaxial tests are most appropriate. Nevertheless, direct shear tests
are mostly performed to determine the shear strength of soils.
7.7 CONSOLIDATION TEST:
An Oedo-meter test is a kind of geotechnical investigation performed in geotechnical engineering
that measures a soil's consolidation properties. Oedo-meter tests are performed by applying
different loads to a soil sample and measuring the deformation response.
7.8 TRIAXIAL TEST:
A triaxial shear test is a common method to measure the mechanical properties of many deformable
solids, especially soil (e.g., sand, clay) and rock, and other granular materials or powders. There
are several variations on the test.

Page | 24
TEST UNIT DATA RANGE

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS-SOIL

Sulphate Content % 0.09-0.15

Chloride Content % 0.15-0.25
Organic Content % 0.26-1.2
pH 6.8

PARTICLE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION

Gravel % 0
Sand % 2-9
Silt % 80-98
Clay % 0-11

ATTERBERG LIMITS

Liquid Limit % 26-29

Plastic limit % 20
Plasticity index 6-9

BULK DENSITY kN/m2 19.1-19.3

DRY DENSITY kN/m2 15.4-16.0

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.68-2.69

UNCONFINED COMPRESSION kPa 27-34

TEST

Page | 25
 DIRECT SHEAR TEST
Cohesion kPa 2.8-3.1
Angle of internal friction Deg 26-27
UU TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION
TEST

Cohesion kPa 2.0-2.4

Angle of internal friction Deg 7-8
CONSOLIDATION TEST

Swell potential % 0
Swell pressure kPa 0

8-SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE AREA:

The main portion of this report is the evaluation of peak ground acceleration q, Seismic coefficients
Ca , Cv and the calculation of shear wave velocity.
The minor detail of these parameters is given as follows:
8.1 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION:
Peak ground acceleration is equal to the maximum ground acceleration that occurred during an
earthquake shaking at a particular location. This acceleration is equal to the amplitude of the largest
absolute acceleration recorded on the accelerogram at a site during a particular earthquake.
8.2 SEISMIC COEFIICIENTS:
The seismic coefficients Ca and Cv are determined by taking the importance level of the structure
and the seismic activity of the region into the consideration. Therefore, the seismic coefficient can
be recognized as a ratio of the acceleration of structures to the gravity acceleration.
8.3 BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN:
A building code is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and
non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning/construction
permission from concerned Authorities. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health,
safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of main

Page | 26
buildings and structures. Seismic building codes result in earthquake-resistant buildings, but not
earthquake-proof buildings. Seismic codes are intended to protect people inside buildings by
preventing collapse and allowing for safe evacuation. Structures built according to code should
resist minor earthquakes undamaged, resist moderate earthquakes without significant structural
damage, and resist severe earthquakes without collapse After the destructive Mw = 7.6 Kashmir-
Hazara earthquake an updated Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision (2007) was
implemented.
8.3.1 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
Building Code of Pakistan (Seismic Provision 2007) has defined the Soil Profile Types in Table-
4.1.

Table 4.1-Soil Profile Types

Average Properties for Top 30 M (100 ft) of Soil Profile

Soil Profile Soil Profile Name/ Shear Wave Velocity, Standard Penetration Tests, Undrained Shear Strength, su
Type Generic Description vs N [or NCH for cohesionless kPa
m/sec (ft/sec) soil layers] (blows/foot) (psf)
>1,500
SA Hard Rock (>4,920)
750 to 1,500
SB Rock (2,460 to 4,920)

350 to 750 >100

Very Dense Soil and
SC Soft Rock (1,150 to 2,460) >50 (>2,088)

175 to 350 50 to 100

SD Stiff Soil Profile (575 to 1,150) 15 to 50 (1,044 to 2,088)

<50
1 Soft Soil Profile <175 <15 (<1,044)
SE (<575)
SF Soil requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See 4.4.2

1 Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 3 m (10 ft) of soft clay defined as a soil with
a plasticity index, PI > 20, wmc ≥ 40 percent and su < 25 kPa (522 psf). The Plasticity Index, PI, and the moisture
content, wmc, shall be determined in accordance with the latest ASTM procedures.

8.3.2 SITE FOUNDATION CONDITION:

For the seismic hazard assessment, the site foundation condition is best defined by Vs 30 which is
defined as the average shear-wave velocity (Vs) of subsurface material for the upper 30-m depth.
This is calculated from a Vs measurement presented in various formats. Because of the

Page | 27
gravitational influence, the property of ground materials is usually presented by, a "layered-earth-
model" in which the earth's properties change only vertically and are represented by a collection
of distinctive layers. Each layer is then considered a homogeneous material with the same seismic
properties in S and P waves’ velocity (Vs and Vp) and density. In addition, because of the more
rapid property change at shallower depths, the thickness of each layer in a layered-earth-model
tends to be smaller at the top and increases with depth.
Calculation of the average Vs for a certain depth range (for example, top 30 m) can be
accomplished in two different ways: (1) based on relative thickness-contribution of each layer
(Method 1), and (2) based on the definition of velocity ─ total thickness (∑di) divided by total
travel time (∑ti) that is calculated by summation of thickness (di) divided by velocity (Vsi) of each
layer (Method 2).
The calculation of Vs30 in (m/sec) using the Method 2 is done by the formula:

Vs30 = ∑di / ∑ti = 30 / ∑(di/Vsi) (meters/sec)

8.3.3 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Ca AND Cv:

The acceleration and velocity dependent seismic coefficient Ca and Cv are computed from
Building Code of Pakistan Tables 5.16 & 5.17 respectively.

Page | 28
 Table 5.16 – Seismic Coefficients Ca
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Type2 Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
1
Site Specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for
Soil Profile Type SF.
2
For Soil Profile Types, See Table 4.1.

Table 5.17 – Seismic Coefficient Cv

Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Soil Profile Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
Type2
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1
1
Site Specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for
Soil Profile Type SF.
2
For Soil Profile Types, See Table 4.1.

Page | 29
 9- COMPUTATION OF SEISMIC PARAMETERS

9.1 SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY:

Using Table 4.1 from Building Code of Pakistan (Section 5.1) and Method-2 described in Section
5.2, the calculations for shear wave velocity for upper 30 meters of the subsurface material are
carried out as described below.

The borehole data is divided into three types of Soil Profiles.

0 meter to 3 meters = 3 meters thickness = 250 meters/sec SD type soil

3 meters to 14 meters = 11 meters thickness = 150 meters/sec SE type soil
14 meters to 30 meters = 16 meters thickness = 400 meters/sec SC type soil

VS30 = [30 ÷ { 3/250 + 11/150 + 16/400 } ]

VS30 = 30 ÷ { 0.012 + 0.0733 + 0.04 }

VS30 = 239 meters/sec say 240 meters/sec

Therefore the weighted average shear wave velocity VS30 is 240 meters/sec for the OHWT sites
and it is equivalent to SD soil profile type upto 30 meters (100 ft) depth. The S D is stiff soil and as
per Table 4.1 of Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provision (2007) its shear wave velocity is
175 m/sec to 350 m/sec.

9.2 PEAK HORIZONTAL GROUND ACCELERATION:

The horizontal component of Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is the most commonly used type of
ground motion in engineering applications. It is often used within earthquake engineering
(including seismic building codes) and it is commonly plotted on seismic hazard maps. In an

Page | 30
earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of
which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself.

The seismic studies refers to the estimation of some measure of the strong earthquake ground
motion expected to occur at a selected site. This is necessary for the purpose of evolving
earthquake resistant design of a new structure or for estimating the safety of an existing structure
of importance. The term “Seismic Hazard” in engineering practice refer specifically to strong
ground motions produced by earthquakes that could affect engineered structures, such that seismic
hazard analysis often refers to the estimation of earthquake-induced ground motions having
specific probabilities over a given time period.

As per Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007), ground motion having 10%
probability of exceedence in 50-year period (i.e. a return period of about 475 years) is required to
be used for design of structures/buildings.
In the Building Code of Pakistan (Seismic Provision 2007) the PGA contours with an interval of
0.02 g are given for site foundation condition of Vs30 = 760 m/sec (SB type Soil Profile). The
location of OHWT Structure (Lat. 25.254̊N & Lon. 62.267̊E) is on the contour 0.30 g. Therefore,
horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of the OHWT Structure is 0.30 g for 10% Probability
of Exceedence in 50 years (a return period of 475 years).

The OHWT Structure therefore falls in Zone-3 of Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions
(2007) as the seismic range of Zone-3 is from 0.24g to 0.32g. The Building Code of Pakistan
Seismic Provision 2007, specifically places Gwadar in Zone-3 and explicitly defines that “Z”
Value of Zone-3 is 0.3.

Page | 31
 Fig.7 Peak ground acceleration in past 14 years

9.3 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Ca AND Cv):

During the designing of important structures in seismically active areas (like the OHWT in this
case), the Engineer requires determination of seismic coefficients Ca and Cv as seismic inputs. Ca
is the acceleration dependent seismic coefficient, while Cv is the velocity dependent seismic

Page | 32
coefficient. For the construction of important structures in Pakistan these are determined by
referring Tables 5.16 and 5.17 respectively from Building Code of Pakistan. Therefore, for the
OHWT sites with soil profile SD - stiff soil, from Table 5.16 Ca = 0.36, while from Table 5.17 Cv
= 0.54.

10-DOWNHOLE SIESMIC SURVEY

10.1 INTRODUCTION
This technique measures vertical changes in seismic velocity by placing a source at the top of a
borehole and measuring travel-times at multiple intervals in the borehole, usually with a 3-
component geophone. Common applications include:

Bridge/dam foundation analysis

In-situ materials testing
Soil and rock mechanics
Earthquake engineering
Liquefaction analysis
It is important that the hole is cased and well-grouted to ensure good seismic coupling between the
geophone and the surrounding soil. The tests are performed according to D7400-17 and the detail
is given in the section of this report.
10.2 SCOPE OF WORK
DES was commissioned by Pakistan Navy to carry out a Down hole Geophysical Seismic Survey
with association of AJQ for Navy Anchorage Gwadar.
The aim of the survey was to determine the in-situ P-wave (Vph - Vertically propagating P-wave)
and S-wave (Vshv - Horizontally propagating, vertically polarised S-wave) velocity of the ground
material to a maximum depth of 31.20 m for each borehole. From the measured velocities dynamic
elastic moduli could be determined, specifically:
P= Poisson Ratio
B= Bulk Modulus
E= Young’s Modulus
G= Shear Modulus

Page | 33
Down hole Seismic measurements were used to record parameters of P-wave and S-wave by
utilizing 1No, Tri axial hydro geophone, Bison 4000 Digital Seismograph or laptop with operating
software WIN 2D V.1.2 and 05 kg sledge hammer.

Geophysical site works were undertaken over the 19th January, 2019 and completed on the same
day under the technical supervision of consultant and contractor representatives.
10.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE:
The Down hole Geophysical Seismic Survey was conducted within the boundaries of proposed
Naval Anchorage site Gwadar.
The coordinated of the project site are given as below
Latitude = 25.254̊ N Longitude = 62.267̊ E

Down hole Seismic Survey were conducted in two boreholes, which have been drilled by
AJQ more than up to the depth of 30.0m each, installed with 3" PVC casing, and the table
below summarize the testing boreholes geography and geology.

Coordinates
Boreholes Drilling mud Northing Easting Geological structure
in the bores

N E

BH#1 4.6m Alluvial, upto14.0m depth,

below this compacted
25.254451 62.267287 mudstone.

BH#2 4.6m 25.258255 62.266817 Same as above.

Down hole seismic survey is used for determining in-situ compression (P-waves) and shear (S-
wave) velocities with depth, which are further used to determining the elastic moduli, like.

  
P= Poisson Ratio
  
B= Bulk Modulus
  
E= Young’s Modulus
 
G= Shear Modulus

Page | 34
In this method, time for body waves to travel between the surface and points within the soil are
measured. Wave velocities are calculated from the corresponding travel times once the travel
distances have been determined.
10.4 METHODOLOGY:

For Down hole Seismic Survey, the boreholes were equipped with 3 inch in Dia PVC pipes more than
up to the depth of 30.00 meters each. The annulus space between PVC pipe and borehole wall was
grouted with cement and bentonite grout. After giving sufficient time (maximum three to seven days)
for setting of grout, the down hole seismic measurements were taken in the PVC pipe. For this purpose,
a triaxial fix hydro geophone was lowered into the PVC pipe with 1m interval measurements. The
triaxial hydro geophone was connected a Laptop with operating software WIN 2D V.1.2. A wood
block with two angle mild steel boxes on end for stopping vibration and noise during hammering,
perpendicular to each other, was used as a source for generation of shear waves. Schematic diagram
of down hole seismic survey is shown on Figure 8.

Fig.8 Diagram of Seismic Down hole Survey

Horizontal distance between the down hole source and each borehole was measured and used to

Page | 35
obtain down hole source-to-sensor distances. For hear wave measurements using the wood block
source, source-to-sensor distances were measured from the center of the block to each borehole.
For compression wave measurements using a steel plate, source-to-sensor distances were
measured from the center of the steel plate.

Down hole Seismic Survey was performed at one-meter interval starting from top depth for each
bore hole up to down.

At each depth of testing, two sets of compression and polarized shear wave records were obtained.
Each set consisted of two records: one record to obtain a general definition of the shear wave, and the
other record to obtain an accurate definition of the compression and shear wave arrivals. A typical set
of down hole compression and shear wave travel time records is presented on Figure 9.

During the Down hole Seismic Survey, accuracy of the seismograph and triggering system was
monitored.

Trigger
'Time-

Horizontal Ch. 1

Horizontal Ch. 2

P-wave

Horizontal Ch. 3

Horizontal Ch. 4

Vertical Ch. 1
Polarised S-wave
arrival from 'Up' and
'Down' Hammer

Fig. 9 Typical Shot Gather from a Down hole Seismic Survey

Page | 36
Data acquisition parameters are normally selected after an initial trial survey of a number of shots.
Record lengths and noise filters are tested to provide optimum data quality. A noise test will also be
undertaken before survey if the environment proves to be excessively noisy in seismic terms.
10.5 ENGINEERING PARAMETERS:
The arrival times of shear waves and longitudinal waves obtained from seismic records were not
vertical but had a slanting path as receiver gradually moving downwards at 1m interval for
recording and the source was at a distance of 5 meters from the top of boreholes. The measured
travel times are plotted against depth for shear as well as longitudinal waves.
Utilizing the P & S-wave velocities determined at each test depth, and bulk density values
established from the laboratory tests on samples taken from the boreholes, it is possible to calculate
the following engineering parameters:

B = d (Vp2 – 1.333Vs2)
P = ((0.5x (Vp/Vs) 2)-1)/ ((Vp/Vs) 2-
1) G = d*Vs2
E = (2*d)*(Vs2)*(1+P)

Where;
Vp = primary wave velocity (km/sec)
Vs = shear wave velocity (km/sec)

d = density (mg/m3)

B= Bulk Modulus P=
Poisson Ratio G=
Shear Modulus E=
Young’s Modulus

It is worth noting that the Bulk Density values were obtained from preliminary laboratory test
results. Where bulk density values were not available for each test location, a value has been

Page | 37
interpolated. Should further bulk density information be made available the parameters calculated
in this report may also change.

The relevant S-wave velocity and P-wave velocity behaviour are also provided in tabular format
in annexure D.

11- GEOPHYSICAL RESOMMENDATION FOR

SEISMICITY OF THE PROJECT

11.1 CONCLUSIONS:

Seismic studies for the Overhead Water Tank (OHWT) of Naval Anchorage Gwadar (NAG) was
carried out through a study of all the available tectonic and seismicity data of the region in which
the proposed structure is located. The site region is prone to earthquakes and therefore lies in active
seismic zone.

The recorded seismicity of the area is depicted mainly by small to large earthquake activity in the
Gwadar region. The historical earthquake data shows that large magnitude damaging earthquakes
have frequently occurred within 200 km radius from the area. The most prominent is the 28
November 1945 Makran earthquake of magnitude Mw=8.1.

The Overhead Water Tank is located on a Soil Profile Type S D with a weighted average shear
wave velocity (VS30) of 240 meters/sec. The peak horizontal ground motion with a 10% probability
of exceedence in 50-years is 0.30 g for SB type Soil Profile. Corresponding Z factor for Zone-3 is
0.3 resulting in Ca = 0.36 and Cv = 0.54 for SD soil type as per Table 5.16 & Table 5.17 of Building
Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007) respectively. These seismic design parameters are
recommended to be used for the seismic resistant design of the OHWT structures.
The corrected travel times and velocities are plotted against depth for shear as well as longitudinal
waves shows increasing trend with an increase of depth.
In general, the sections showed good correlation with the major lithological units derived from
intrusive information, in particular, a change in velocities, shown with depth(from downward 14m)
due to the hardness in lithology with respect to depth.

Page | 38
It’s also concluded from the results, that underlain velocities were all gradually increasing than the
overlain velocities at all the two locations, is may be due to mudstone compaction with an increase
of depth.

Excavation of top soil up to the depth of 14m is needed.

11.2 RECOMMENDATION:

Based on past earthquakes' intensity and frequency, and on the application of special regulations
of buildings, the Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision 2007, has classified Gwadar in
Zone 3. On the basis of seismic activeness Pakistan is divided as Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 2B, Zone
3 and Zone 4. Areas lying under Zone 4 are major regions of seismicity in Pakistan. Since the
Naval Anchorage Gwadar is a glamorous housing Project in the most alluring port city of Pakistan,
therefore it is highly recommended that Site Specific Seismic Hazard Assessment be carried out,
so that seismically safe the Structures and Residential Buildings are constructed.

Page | 39
12-GENERAL COMMENTS AND LIMITATIONS

1- The analysis and recommendations submitted in this report are based on the results gathered
from five exploratory borings drilled at site. This report reflects an approximate variation of
subsurface soil conditions at the site. The nature and extent of variation may not become
evident until the course of construction. It is recommended that all construction operations
dealing with earthwork and foundations be observed by experienced personnel.
2- Experienced engineer should observe the construction activities to check that the works are
performed in accordance with the plans and specifications of the project. Sufficient field
and laboratory tests should be performed to confirm that the material quality, compaction
and strength of the materials (e.g. concrete, aggregates, cement, steel, soil etc.) meet the
project specifications.
3- Paragraphs, statements, test results, boring log, diagrams etc., should not be taken out of
context and should not be utilized for any other structure at any site.

Page | 40
 Appendix “A”
Foundation
proportioning curves
 FOUNDATION PROPORTIONING CURVES (BH 1)
Foundation Proportioning Curves Tolerable Settlement: 25
mm Minimum Depth of Foundation 3.0 m below NSL
1.6
Pressure (kg/cm 2)

1.357
1.4
1.250
Square Strip
1.153
1.2 1.071
1.000

0.893

1.0 0.804
Allowable

0.714

0.625
0.8
Net

0.6

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.4 Foundation Width (m)
0

The curves and interpretation is based on the borehole data, and is strictly applicable and
prohibited to borehole 1 location only.
Consult Geotechnical Investigation Report for queries.
FOUNDATION PROPORTIONING CURVES (BH 2) .

Foundation Proportioning Curves Tolerable Settlement: 25 mm

Minimum Depth of Foundation 3.0 m below NSL
1.2
1.110
1.1
1.022
Pressure 2(kg/c )

1.0
0.944
m

0.9
Square Strip
0.833
0.818
0.8
Net Allowable

0.7 0.694

0.625
0.6 0.556

0.521
0.5

0.4
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Foundation Depth (m)

The curves and interpretation is based on the borehole data, and is strictly applicable and
prohibited to borehole 2 location only.
Consult Geotechnical Investigation Report for queries.
Appendix “b”
Borehole logs
 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION BOREHOLE LOGS
Project: Overhead Water Tank Naval Anchorage
Area: Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Borehole No. 01 Date Started 12-01-2019 Weather Sunny, Dry
Sampler 63.5 kg Date 15-01-2019 Ground Not
weight Completed water table encountered
Driller Haider Type of boring Rotary Sheet 1 of 2
Final Depth 100 feet Drop height 30” Geologist Said
Rehman

DEPTH SPT Curve SPT Blows

Samp
le no
10 20 30 40 50 6 3 3 3 3 N Sample Description of material
type Valu Length
e
Brown to light brown fine to medium
SPT 3 4 5 5 7 21 21
1 grained silty clay.

Brown to light brown fine to

SPT 7 6 5 6 8 25 19
2
medium grained clayey sand.

SPT Brown to light brown fine to

3
1 1 2 1 4 08 19 medium grained clayey sand.

SPT Light brown to grey, very fine to fine

4
grained silty clay.
2 3 2 2 4 11 33
UDS
01 Light brown to grey, very fine to fine
grained silty clay.

SPT Light brown to grey,

5 1 1 2 3 2 08 very fine to fine grained
34 silty clay.
Grey to light grey,
SPT very fine grained silty
6 1 1 0 1 2 04 34 clay.

2 1 2 2 3 08 35 Grey to light grey, very

SPT
7 fine grained silty clay.

SPT
8 Grey to light grey, very
1 0 1 1 3 05 30 fine grained silty clay.

SPT
9 5 7 13 24 42
R 31
Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine
lean clay.
 Project: Overhead Water Tank Naval Anchorage
Area: Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Borehole No. 01 Date Started 12-01-2019 Weather Sunny, Dry
Sampler 63.5 kg Date 15-01-2019 Ground Not
weight Completed water table encountered
Driller Haider Type of boring Rotary Sheet 2 of 2
Final Depth 100 feet Drop height 30” Geologist Said
Rehman

DEPTH SPT Curve SPT Blows

Samp
le no
10 20 30 40 50 6 3 3 3 3 N Sample Description of material
type Value Length

SPT 85 R R R R R 28 Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine

10 grained silty clay.

Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine

SPT 27 33 50
R R R 28 grained silty clay.
11

56
R R R R R
SPT
12 R 23
Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine
grained silty clay.

SPT
13
E 54 R R R R R
17
Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine
grained silty clay.

F 54
R R R R R
Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine
SPT
14 U 20 grained silty clay.

SPT 54 R R R R R
14 Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine
15
S grained silty clay.
R R R R 24
SPT A 54

R Grey to dark grey, fine to very fine

16 grained silty clay.
L 55 -
SPT R R R R R Sample washed.
17

SPT 54 R R R R R 9
18 Grey to dark grey silty clay.

55
Grey to dark grey silty clay.
R R R R R 15
SPT
19
 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION BOREHOLE LOGS
Project: Overhead Water Tank Naval Anchorage.
Area: Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Borehole No. 02 Date Started 16-01-2019 Weather Sunny, Dry
Sampler 63.5 kg Date 17-01-2019 Ground Not
weight Completed water table encountered
Driller Haider Type of boring Rotary Sheet 1 of 2
Final Depth 100 feet Drop height 30” Geologist Said
Rehman

DEPTH SPT Curve SPT Blows

Samp
le no
10 20 30 40 50 6 3 3 3 3 N Sample Description of material
type Valu Length
e
Brown to dark brown, very fine to
SPT 8 9 9 3 3 27 26
1 fine grained silty sand.

Filling material.
SPT 4 4 2 2 3 11 22
2
Grey to light grey, silty clay.
SPT
3
2 2 1 3 3 09 33

SPT Grey to light grey, silty clay.

4
1 2 2 4 4 12 30
SPT Grey to light grey, silty
5
4 3 2 3 3 11 30 clay.

UDS Grey to light grey, silty clay.

01

Grey to light grey, silty clay.

SPT
6 2 1 1 1 1 04 36

Grey to light grey, silty clay.

SPT 2 1 1 1 1 04 33
7

SPT
8 Grey to light grey, silty clay.
2 1 1 2 2 06 20

SPT Grey to light grey, silty clay.

9
2 1 1 2 2 06 14
 Project: Overhead Water Tank Naval Anchorage.
Area: Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Borehole No. 02 Date Started 16-01-2019 Weather Sunny, Dry
Sampler 63.5 kg Date 17-01-2019 Ground Not
weight Completed water table encountered
Driller Haider Type of boring Rotary Sheet 2 of 2
Final Depth 100 feet Drop height 30” Geologist Said
Rehman

DEPTH SPT Curve SPT Blows

Samp
le no
10 20 30 40 50 6 3 3 3 3 N Sample Description of material
type Value Length

10 2 2 3 3 10 18 Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

SPT
10

R R R 23 Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

SPT 21 50

11

SPT
R 50
R R R R R 14
Grey to dark grey, silty clay.
12

Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

SPT
13
E 50 R R R R R
25

F 54
R R R R R 10
Grey to dark grey, silty clay.
SPT
14 U
SPT
15
S 54
R R R R R 12 Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

R R R R 13
SPT A 54

R Grey to dark grey silty clay.

16

L 55
R R R R R
09 Grey to dark grey silty clay.
SPT
17

SPT 50 R R R R R 10 Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

18

50

R R R R R 16 Grey to dark grey, silty clay.

SPT
19
 Appendix “c”
Laboratory testing results
 Appendix “d”
Seismic down hole results
RESULTS:
Table1: BH# 01

Client: Pak Navy

Project: Overhead tank for Naval Anchorage Gwadar
Down Hole: BH#1
Test No: 01
Total Test Depth (m): 31.2m
Record Length: 200ms
Shot-offset (m): 5.00m
Stick up Height (m): 60cm
Depth Distance P-wave S-wave Vp Vs Bulk Shear Poissons Young
(m) (m) time time (km/s) (km/s) 3) Modulus Modulus Ratio Modulus
Vp/Vs (Mg/m
GPa GPa GPa

1.0 5.099 12.000 34.500 0.42 0.15 2.88 2.00 0.30 0.04 0.431 0.13
2.0 5.385 12.500 35.000 0.43 0.15 2.80 2.00 0.31 0.05 0.427 0.14
3.0 5.831 13.000 35.340 0.45 0.16 2.72 2.00 0.33 0.05 0.422 0.15
4.0 6.403 13.500 35.600 0.47 0.18 2.64 2.30 0.42 0.07 0.416 0.21
5.0 7.071 13.750 36.000 0.51 0.20 2.62 2.30 0.49 0.09 0.415 0.25
6.0 7.810 14.000 37.000 0.56 0.21 2.64 2.30 0.58 0.10 0.416 0.29
7.0 8.602 14.500 38.000 0.59 0.23 2.62 2.30 0.65 0.12 0.415 0.33
8.0 9.434 14.690 39.000 0.64 0.24 2.65 2.30 0.77 0.13 0.417 0.38
9.0 10.296 15.124 40.000 0.68 0.26 2.64 2.30 0.86 0.15 0.417 0.43
10.0 11.180 15.750 41.000 0.71 0.27 2.60 2.30 0.93 0.17 0.413 0.48
11.0 12.083 16.000 42.500 0.76 0.28 2.66 2.30 1.06 0.19 0.417 0.53
12.0 13.000 16.250 43.000 0.80 0.30 2.65 2.30 1.19 0.21 0.417 0.60
13.0 13.928 16.500 43.500 0.84 0.32 2.64 2.30 1.32 0.24 0.416 0.67
14.0 14.866 16.750 44.000 0.89 0.34 2.63 2.30 1.46 0.26 0.415 0.74
15.0 15.811 17.524 45.000 0.90 0.35 2.57 2.30 1.49 0.28 0.411 0.80
16.0 16.763 18.620 46.500 0.90 0.36 2.50 2.30 1.47 0.30 0.405 0.84
17.0 17.720 19.500 47.500 0.91 0.37 2.44 2.30 1.47 0.32 0.399 0.90
18.0 18.682 20.518 48.340 0.91 0.39 2.36 2.30 1.45 0.34 0.390 0.96
19.0 19.647 21.468 49.700 0.92 0.40 2.32 2.30 1.45 0.36 0.385 1.00
20.0 20.616 22.320 51.550 0.92 0.40 2.31 2.30 1.47 0.37 0.385 1.02
21.0 21.587 22.684 52.400 0.95 0.41 2.31 2.30 1.56 0.39 0.385 1.08
22.0 22.561 23.000 53.145 0.98 0.42 2.31 2.30 1.66 0.41 0.385 1.15
23.0 23.537 23.560 54.845 1.00 0.43 2.33 2.30 1.73 0.42 0.387 1.17
24.0 24.515 24.000 55.478 1.02 0.44 2.31 2.30 1.80 0.45 0.385 1.24
25.0 25.495 24.587 56.897 1.04 0.45 2.31 2.30 1.86 0.46 0.385 1.28
26.0 26.476 25.000 57.984 1.06 0.46 2.32 2.30 1.94 0.48 0.386 1.33
27.0 27.459 25.320 58.654 1.08 0.47 2.32 2.30 2.03 0.50 0.385 1.40
28.0 28.443 25.650 59.209 1.11 0.48 2.31 2.30 2.12 0.53 0.384 1.47
29.0 29.428 25.980 59.650 1.13 0.49 2.30 2.30 2.20 0.56 0.383 1.55
30.0 30.414 26.350 60.230 1.15 0.50 2.29 2.30 2.28 0.59 0.382 1.62
 Table 2: BH# 02

Client: Pak Navy

Project: Overhead tank for Naval Anchorage Gwadar
Down Hole: BH#2
Test No: 2
Total Test Depth (m): 30.0m
Record Length: 200ms
Shot-offset (m): 5.00m

Stick up Height (m): 60cm

Depth Distance P-wave S-wave Vp Vs Bulk Shear Poissons Young
(m) (m) time time (km/s) (km/s) 3) Modulus Modulus Ratio Modulus
Vp/Vs (Mg/m
GPa GPa GPa

1.0 5.099 12.000 34.500 0.42 0.15 2.88 2.00 0.30 0.04 0.431 0.13
2.0 5.385 12.500 35.000 0.43 0.15 2.80 2.00 0.31 0.05 0.427 0.14
3.0 5.831 13.000 35.340 0.45 0.16 2.72 2.00 0.33 0.05 0.422 0.15
4.0 6.403 13.500 35.600 0.47 0.18 2.64 2.30 0.42 0.07 0.416 0.21
5.0 7.071 13.750 36.000 0.51 0.20 2.62 2.30 0.49 0.09 0.415 0.25
6.0 7.810 14.000 37.000 0.56 0.21 2.64 2.30 0.58 0.10 0.416 0.29
7.0 8.602 14.500 38.000 0.59 0.23 2.62 2.30 0.65 0.12 0.415 0.33
8.0 9.434 14.690 39.000 0.64 0.24 2.65 2.30 0.77 0.13 0.417 0.38
9.0 10.296 15.124 40.000 0.68 0.26 2.64 2.30 0.86 0.15 0.417 0.43
10.0 11.180 15.750 41.000 0.71 0.27 2.60 2.30 0.93 0.17 0.413 0.48
11.0 12.083 16.000 42.500 0.76 0.28 2.66 2.30 1.06 0.19 0.417 0.53
12.0 13.000 16.250 43.000 0.80 0.30 2.65 2.30 1.19 0.21 0.417 0.60
13.0 13.928 16.500 43.500 0.84 0.32 2.64 2.30 1.32 0.24 0.416 0.67
14.0 14.866 16.750 44.000 0.89 0.34 2.63 2.30 1.46 0.26 0.415 0.74
15.0 15.811 17.524 45.000 0.90 0.35 2.57 2.30 1.49 0.28 0.411 0.80
16.0 16.763 18.620 46.500 0.90 0.36 2.50 2.30 1.47 0.30 0.405 0.84
17.0 17.720 19.500 47.500 0.91 0.37 2.44 2.30 1.47 0.32 0.399 0.90
18.0 18.682 20.518 48.340 0.91 0.39 2.36 2.30 1.45 0.34 0.390 0.96
19.0 19.647 21.468 49.700 0.92 0.40 2.32 2.30 1.45 0.36 0.385 1.00
20.0 20.616 22.320 51.550 0.92 0.40 2.31 2.30 1.47 0.37 0.385 1.02
21.0 21.587 22.684 52.400 0.95 0.41 2.31 2.30 1.56 0.39 0.385 1.08
22.0 22.561 23.000 53.145 0.98 0.42 2.31 2.30 1.66 0.41 0.385 1.15
23.0 23.537 23.560 54.845 1.00 0.43 2.33 2.30 1.73 0.42 0.387 1.17
24.0 24.515 24.000 55.478 1.02 0.44 2.31 2.30 1.80 0.45 0.385 1.24
25.0 25.495 24.587 56.897 1.04 0.45 2.31 2.30 1.86 0.46 0.385 1.28
26.0 26.476 25.000 57.984 1.06 0.46 2.32 2.30 1.94 0.48 0.386 1.33
27.0 27.459 25.320 58.654 1.08 0.47 2.32 2.30 2.03 0.50 0.385 1.40
28.0 28.443 25.650 59.209 1.11 0.48 2.31 2.30 2.12 0.53 0.384 1.47
29.0 29.428 25.980 59.650 1.13 0.49 2.30 2.30 2.20 0.56 0.383 1.55
30.0 30.414 26.350 60.230 1.15 0.50 2.29 2.30 2.28 0.59 0.382 1.62
 Appendix “e”
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Fig. 1: The SPT is being performed on the site.
Fig. 2: The SPT test is being performed.
Fig. 3: Preparations at the site before the test starts.
Fig. 4: Ongoing SPT on the site.
Fig. 5: Seismic down hole test is being performed at the site along
with its calibration and measurement on the computer.
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