A wall is a structure that defines an area,

carries a load, or provides shelter or security.

There are many kinds of walls such as defensive
walls in fortification (to increase the defences
of), walls of buildings which are a fundamental
part of the superstructure or which separate
the spaces in buildings sections sometimes for
the purpose of fire safety, walls which hold
back earth called retaining walls, offer
protection from oceans such as a seawall or
river. Permanent, solid fences are walls,
and border barriers between countries are
sometimes walls

INTRODUCTION
CURTAIN WALL

In architecture and civil engineering, the term

curtain wall refers to the facade of a building
which is not a load-bearing wall but functions
as decoration, finish, front, face, or history
preservation.

TYPES OF WALLS
PARTITION WALL
A partition wall is a wall for the purpose of
separating rooms, or dividing a room.
Partition walls are usually not load-
bearing.
Partition walls may be constructed of steel
panels, bricks or blocks from clay, terra-
cotta or concrete, reinforced, or Glass
blocks.

TYPES OF WALLS
 STONE WALL

Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction

that has been used for thousands of years. The
first stone walls were constructed by farmers
and primitive people by piling loose field stones
into a dry stone wall.
Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially
in the construction of walls, castles, and
other fortifications before and during
the Middle Ages.

TYPES OF WALLS
 WOOD WALL
Wood. It makes up so much of our homes, from the framing
to the flooring we walk on. And it appears in all kinds of
furnishings, too. But despite its prevalence, the wood in
our homes is mostly covered by drywall or plaster, and
then paint or wallpaper on top of that.
but Wood brings so much character, warmth, and natural
beauty to interiors that it should be the finished wall
treatment. it’s all DIY-doable.
 RETAINING WALL
• Retaining walls are used to retain earth
(or other material) in a vertical position at
locations where an abrupt change in
ground level occurs.
• The walls therefore prevents the retained
earth from assuming its natural angle of
repose.
• Render – film of cement or plaster
BRICK WALL
WALLS….

•STRUCTURAL

•NON-STRUCTURAL

•MATERIALS

•FINISHES
•WALLS ARE THE PRIMARY ELEMENTS
WITH WHICH WE DEFINE INTERIOR SPACE.
•TOGETHER WITH FLOOR AND CEILING PLANES WHICH
COMPLETE THE ENCLOSURE,WALLS GOVERN THE SIZE
AND SHAPE OF A ROOM
•CAN ALSO BE SEEN AS BARRIER THAT LIMITS MOVEMENT,
SEPARATE ONE SPACE FROM THE NEXT
•PROVIDES OCCUPANTS A SPACE WITH VISUAL AND
ACOUSTICAL PRIVACY
•THEY FORM THE FACADES OF BUILDINGS
•PROVIDE PROTECTION AND PRIVACY FOR THE
INTERIOR SPACES THEY CREATE.
SPATIAL CHARACTER….

•RECTILINEAR SPACE DEFINED BY

FLAT RECTANGULAR
WALLS IS CLEARLY THE NORM.
•WALL PLANES CAN ALSO BE
CURVED, WITH THE AMOUNT
OF CURVATURE BEING
DETERMINED IN PART BY
MATERIAL AND METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION
•CONCAVE ASPECT OF A CURVED
WALL ENCLOSED WHILE
ITS CONVEX SIDE EXPANDS
SPACE
PHSYCOLOGICAL IMPACT…

•IF SMOOTH AND NEUTRAL IN COLOR THEY SERVE AS PASSIVE

BACKDROPS FOR FOREGROUND ELEMENTS.

•LIGHT COLORED WALLS REFLECT LIGHT EFFECTIVELY

•LIGHT,WARM COLORS ON A WALL EXUDE WARMTH,

WHILE LIGHT, COOL COLOURS INCREASE A ROOM’S
SPACIOUSNESS.

•DARK COLOURED WALLS ABSORB LIGHT, MAKE A ROOM

MORE DIFFICULT TO ILLUMINATE, AND CONVEY AN
ENCLOSED,INTIMATE FEELING…
ORIENTATION AND CHARACTER…
•THE VERTICAL ORIENTATION OF WALLS MAKE THEM
VISUALLY ACTIVE OUR FIELD OF VISION.

•IN DEFINING THE BOUNDARIES OF A ROOM, THEY

GIVE FORM AND SHAPE TO THE SPACE AND PLAY A
MAJOR ROLE IN DETERMINING ITS CHARACTER.

•STABLE,PRECISE ,SYMETRICAL WALLS CONVEY A

FEELING OF FORMALITY, WHICH CAN BE
ENHANCED WITH USE OF SMOOTH TEXTURES.

•IRREGULRLY SHAPED WALLS MORE DYNAMIC,

COMBINED WITH ROUGH TEXTURE, THEY IMPART
INFORMAL CHARACTER.. TO SPACE..
STRUCTURAL…

•AS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WALLS MUST BE LAID OUT

IN A PATTERN THAT IS COORDINATED WITH THE SPANS
OF THE FLOOR AND ROOF STRUCTURES THEY SUPPORT.

•THE STRUCTURAL PATTERN WILL BEGIN TO DICTATE THE

POSSIBLE SIZES SHAPES AND LAYOUTS OF INTERIOR SPACES…

•A WALL CAN INCORPORATE ALL INTO ITS THICKNESS AND THIS

CAN ITSELF BECOME A PIECE OF FURNITURE!!!!
NON-STRUCTURAL WALLS…
•NON STRUCTURAL WALLS AND PARTITIONS COULD BE FREE TO
DEFINE AND ENCLOSE INTERIOR SPACES AS REQUIRED.
•THIS IS OFTEN DONE IN COMMERCIAL, MULTISTORY,AND
OTHER BUILDINGS GIVING FLEXIBILITY IN LAYOUT OF
SPACES.
•NON STRUCTURAL WALLS NEED ONLY SUPPORT
THEMSELVES AND ANY ATTACHMENTS.
•THEY OFFER MORE POSSIBILITIES THAN DO STRUCTURAL
WALLS IN SHAPING AND ENCLOSING SPACE.

BRICK WALL
THE ATTRACTIVE COLOR AND TEXTURE OF BRICK
ARE OF COURSE ALMOST ALWAYS LEFT EXPOSED AS THE
FINISH WALL SURFACE..
WALL TEXTURE…
•A WALL’S TEXTURE ALSO AFFECTS HOW MUCH LIGHT IT WILL
REFLECT OR ABSORB.

•SMOOTH WALLS REFLECT MORE LIGHT THAN TEXTURED

ONES, AND SMOOTH WALLS REFLECT MORE SOUND THAN
TEXTURED ONES.

•WALLS PROVIDE A BACKGROUND FOR A ROOM’S FURNISHINGS

AND OCCUPANTS.

•WHEN IRREGULAR IN SHAPE OR GIVEN TEXTURE PATTERN OR A

VIGOROUS COLOR THE WALLS BECOME MORE ACTIVE AND
COMPETE FOR OUR ATTENTION.
WALL FINISHES…

TYPES OF WALL FINISHES:

• PLYWOOD
1. SOFTWOOD
2. HARDWOOD
• PRE-FINISHED PANELS
• PLASTIC LAMINATE
• VINYL FABRIC
• CERAMIC TILE
• FLEXIBLE WALL COVERINGS
• PLASTER
• GYP-BOARD
Hand-cast-resin rotating partition wall

•Each 24'' high x 36'' long panel is

separated from the next by a 3''
space.

•The wall system shown here

features mixed surface treatments,
including all frosted and one side
frosted/one side patterned.

•Since each piece is produced

manually, there may be slight
dimension and color variations
from piece to piece
Breathable wall covering
•woven-vinyl wall
covering, made of
approximately 60 percent
less vinyl than traditional
commercial wall
coverings.

•The construction of the

breathable wall covering
provides for greater
moisture permeability.
Flexible textile walls expand and compress to
create rooms-within-a-room
•Soft Wall is a flexible partition prefabricated from 600 thin layers
of a soft, translucent, nonwoven textile.
•Soft Wall’s expandable honeycomb structure optimizes the
textile’s acoustic-dampening properties, can transmit or absorb
light, is compressible for storage and transport, and allows the
walls to open, curve, or fold away when not in use.
• The wall measures a mere inch in length when compressed and
extends to lengths of 20' or more when expanded.
Wheat straw wall panels

•To create strawboard panels,

both high heat and extreme
pressure applied to straw
fibers, manipulating resins that act
as a permanent bonding agent.

•Panels are then dry-extruded and

finished with a strong, water-
resistant liner paper.

•The resulting panels are nontoxic

and offer fire, impact, and
mildew (growth of fungi)
resistance.
Texturizing

Crackle the table top

Creating stone block
Dragging
Green Onyx decorative paint effects
Marbleizing technique
Parchment painting technique
Ragging and Frottage (getting texture from another surface)
Ragging paint techniques
Shabby chic paint techniques
Sponge painting
Stenciling makes a comeback
Stenciling: Versatile, attractive and inexpensive home decor
Parchment Painting Technique

Dragging

Crackle the table top

 Marbleizing Technique

Stucco

Creating stone block

Green Onyx decorative paint effects Parchment painting technique
 Ragging paint techniques

Ragging and Frottage (getting texture

from another surface)
 Sponge painting
Shabby chic paint techniques
Stenciling
Fireplace Hearths and
Fireplaces: A fireplace that is
used frequently should have a proper
hearth, and ceramic tiles can make
this area attractive and in keeping
with your décor. In addition,
many fireplaces are nothing
more than decorative objects
now that they are not required
for heating rooms. These can be
tiled accordingly, with the intent
of making them intricate pieces of
art.
 Wallpaper:

Vinyl Coated Paper

bathrooms and kitchens

Coated Fabric
in low moisture rooms, like living areas.

Paper Backed Vinyl/Solid

Sheet Vinyl
areas of the home since it resists moisture
and is stain and grease resistant.
 Fabric Backed Vinyl
Solid Vinyl
Paper

Faux Finishing

Verdigris - a bright bluish-green

encrustation formed on copper or
brass by atmospheric oxidation,
consisting of basic copper carbonate
Coating of cupric carbonate formed by weathering on
copper, brass and bronze from age. The beautiful
blue-green color, which can be seen on historic
domes and spires, lends an ancient, soft and
chalky aspect to decorative metal work.
Look of Leather
"Frottage" is an easy technique that
simulates the warm, aged look of
antique leather. Use this method on
a living room or dinning room
wall for added elegance
 Crackle Paste
· Also called aging glaze.
· Used to create rustic, antique designs
that resemble the look of cracked oil
varnish.
Venetian Plaster
· Used to achieve a polished marble-like effect.
· Gives the look and feel of natural stone.

Sculpture Paste
· Thick paste material for creating raised
designs.
· Commonly used with stencils.
 Lime Washing
The "scrubbed-chalk" finish has been
popular since the medieval period. This
finish is versatile enough to be used for
period rooms as well as modern interiors.
For instance, lime washing looks great
in a kitchen or porch, but works
equally well in a bathroom or
bedroom.

Granite
Custom Painting

Crackle Finish

Tissue Finish
Wall Treatments

Acoustical Wall Panels (For Sound Absorption)

Glass Fiber Panels

Wedge Acoustical Foam Panel

 GLASS WALLS…
Load bearing brick and stone wall had been the principle technologies of
wall construction for centuries. By structural invention, designers have
achieved increasingly larger window openings, and eventually the all glass
wall, in order to enhance the visual quality of the building interior by
means of daylight. In addition, glass has its own material
developments, which bring new aesthetic qualities to
architecture.

Glass wall is a non-load bearing floor

to ceiling system based on an
aluminium framework with sound
reducing panels, erected in a
combination of single glazed panels.
(A double glazed option is also
available.)
 Glass wall is sophisticated and aesthetic. It provides the solution
for those wanting a minimalist workplace environment;
with discreet divisions of office space, suffused with
light. It fulfills the need for privacy yet complements a
feeling of space with visual continuity.

. In the same way the dining area partition

divider stained glass makes you feel
comfortable and also divides the room from the
dining area with ease.

Glass partitions include frameless, acoustic, weather-

resistant, and custom made glass dividers. These glass walls
are offered with a varying degree of acoustical properties
and weather resistance.
 The glazed modules are held together by a clear dry pvc joint, creating
seamless contours. Lighting and creative manifestations, company logos
and corporate colors can all add style to the final design. Any
combination of structural components can be incorporated to produce a
unique, flexible and technologically advanced environment.

The main advantages of glass walls are that they are easily re
locatable and easy to install.
Thus reconstruction costs are reduced as reorganization can be managed
cleanly without disrupting other building services or the working
environment.

The open floor plan is quite popular right now, where the
kitchen, dining room, and living area all flow together
without any walls separating them. Depending on a persons
taste, this may be a little too open.
 We don't necessarily have to wall up the rooms, but could have a little
partition or divider, so there's a degree of separation at least.
Thus we can make use of textured glass partitions.

The texture of the glass makes it less translucent than

regular glass (thus providing some privacy), but the divider
still allows light to get through and sound to
travel around. It's a bit of a compromise between the
open floor plan and the traditional walled-off rooms.

Glass Wall System helps designers create a light spacious environment

with ample scope for visual communication while giving individual
privacy through the effective reduction of sound transmission. In areas
where the emphasis is on security, doors can be specified and a wide
range of accessories are available to increase privacy and
control light.
 Glass Blocks are an up coming construction material.
These are pieces of clear glass, solid or hollow, that
are obtained by pressing of a fussed mass of glass
moulds from which they take their form. They are
used in floors and walls.
These can be:
Single: They consist of a single solid element that
has been constituted in a mould.
Double: Formed by 2 independent elements
that, welded to each other, form a single
piece with an air pocket inside.

Glass Blocks are available in a range of styles, colors

and properties.
 Glass Blocks provide:
• Excellent heat insulation
• Sound insulation
• Varying degrees of privacy
• Natural light
• Atmosphere to any room or
setting

They provide an attractive feature to any commercial premises, but retain

visibility and natural light while providing privacy.
They are ideal as dividing walls, providing extra light without loosing
privacy. Glass blocks are frequently used in a bathroom window or
shower room and sometimes just to create atmosphere in a room.
Glass block has an excellent fire resistant
property.
 Some types of glass blocks:

Brown Tinted Glass Wall Brick Clear Glass Wall Brick

Blue Glass Wall Brick

Black Tinted Wall Brick
· PRESSED-TIN WALL

Pressed tin, topped with a chair

rail, gives a great look. Leave it as is
or paint it, making sure to use oil-
based paint so the tin won't rust.

· CORK-TILE WALL
Create a checkerboard wall
with easy-to-install cork tiles
by using adhesive.
Ceramic wall tile is made from
minerals pressed, shaped and heated in a
kiln. Most wall tile is either vitreous or
glazed, giving it a high resistance to water
absorption. This resistance makes ceramic
wall tile an excellent wall covering in
kitchens and bathrooms

Wainscoting -wooden panelling that

lines the lower part of the walls of a room)
is available in either plank or sheet form,
just like plank paneling and sheet
paneling. The difference is that
wainscoting usually goes only 1/3 of the
way up a wall, where it is capped by chair
rail molding. The area above the
wainscoting is usually painted or covered
in wallpaper.
· TONGUE-AND-GROOVE WAINSCOTING

Tongue-and-groove panels that give the

wall an almost seamless appearance.
Leave the paneling natural, or paint or
stain it to fit your decor.
Rugs of various styles and sizes have been used as wall
coverings for centuries. Heavy cloth tapestries were used to help
keep out heat in ancient dwellings. They are used today to add
texture and as an expression of the decorator's sense of style.
Natural slat Bamboo Half round

Lampac Mats Bamboo smoked

Herringbone board

Shanghai wall covering Bangkok wall

covering
 Faux Painting

Faux painting provides awe-

inspiring alternatives to traditional
paint and wall coverings, as this
sensational foyer and stairwell
demonstrates. Rather than
highlighting the walls with a solid
coat of paint or a standard wall
covering, the faux painting
application has transformed
this space into a majestic
setting amongst the trees
Inlaid Wood Veneer
This type of veneer uses micro-thin
pieces of wood on a paper backing.
The pattern is laser cut and then hand
inlaid using traditional marquetry
(inlaid work made from small pieces
of coloured wood) techniques. It is
flexible and can even be wrapped it
around columns.
Stone Veneer
Stone veneers can be used in
kitchens, living rooms - any room
where you want to use the warmth of
real stone to compliment interior
spaces. It gives a rustic effect to the
interior space as such.
Flexible glass bead Wall covering

Myriads of tiny glass beads

attached to some flexible
base material create an
quartz effect by reflecting
light in all directions of
the spherical beads. Glass
Bead Wall covering is
simply beautiful, and is
suitable for residential and
commercial projects.