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1 2xy
2 2
Minimum principal stress
x y x y
2
2 2xy
2 2
Syt
-σ1 o
+σ1
Syt
Syc
Syc
-σ2
max
σ
σ2= σ3 =0
o
σ1 -σ2 o σ3 =0
+σ1 σ
max
+σ1
-σ1 Syc o Syt
CASE – 3 (Third quadrant) CASE – 4 (Fourth quadrant)
σ1 is -ve and σ2 is more -ve σ1 is +ve and σ2 is -ve ,Then
Syc
,Then
( 2 ) 0 2 σ1=Syc ( 2 ) 1 2 2
max 3 max 1
2 2 2 2 2
S yc -σ2 S yt
Then max Then max
2 2 2
i.e S yc
3. Max. Distortion energy theory (Huber, Von Mises &
Hencky’s theory):
S yt
1
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
• Considering the factor of safety
S yt
FOS
1
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
• For bi – axial stresses (σ3=0),
S yt
FOS
1 2 1 2
2 2
3. Max. Distortion energy theory (Huber, Von Mises &
Hencky’s theory):
o σ
-σ2 σ1
X
Element subjected to pure shear stresses
Mohr’s circle for pure shear stresses
3. Max. Distortion energy theory (Huber, Von Mises &
Hencky’s theory):
2E m
The limiting strain energy per unit volume for
yielding as determined from simple tension test is
2
1 S yt
U2
2 E FOS
Equating the above two equations then we get
2
2 1 2 S yt
1 2
2 2
m FOS
In a biaxial case 1, 2 are calculated based as x, y & xy
It will be checked whether the Left Hand Side of
Equation is less than Right Hand Side of Equation or
not. This theory is used for ductile materials.
5.Max. Principal Strain theory (Saint Venant’s Theory):
σ1 σ 2 Syt
E max
E mE FOS E
A 0.7854 d 2 d2
A 0.7854 d 2 d2
According to maximum principal stress theory
• Maximum principal stress,
2
1 x x 2xy
2 2
x y x y
2
1 2xy
2 2
d2
• According to maximum principal stress
theory, Syt = σ1
15365
100 2
d 12.4mm
d
According to maximum shear stress theory
• Maximum shear stress,
x y
2
max 2xy
2
x
2
max 2xy
2
12.73 2 6.365 2 9 9000
2 2 2 kN / mm 2 N / mm2
2
d d d d
• According to maximum shear stress,
S yt
9000 100
max 2
2 d 2
d 13.42mm
According to maximum principal strain theory
• The maximum principal stress,
x y x y
2
1 2xy
2 2
2
15365
1 x x 2xy
2 2 d2
• And minimum principal stress,
x y x y
2
2 2xy
2 2
x x
2 2 2
12.73 12.73 6.365
2 xy 2
2
2
2
2 2 d 2d d
2635
2 N / mm 2
d2
• And according to maximum principal strain theory,
σ1 σ 2 Syt
E mE E
σ2 15365 2635 0.3
σ1 Syt 2
2
100
m d d
d 12.7mm
• According to maximum strain energy
theory
21 2
1 2 S yt
2 2 2
m
15365 2635 15365 2635
2 2
d2 d2 2 0.3 100 2
2 2
d d
d 12.78mm
• According to maximum distortion theory
S yt
1
2
2 1 2
2
15365 2 2635 2 15365 2635
100 2
d d 2
d 2
d 2
d 13.4mm