ERRATA .

Pa 6 9, l ine 9 from to p, for w r e ad q

ge .

ev ol v ed
”
r ead e r u ni t o f wei g h t
f p
.

a ter

r ead Po
1 1 from to p , for q
P, v
0, q
.

“ 0
r ead
7 from bo ttom, f V0
“
or v
q
m read 1 0f q
6 from , f
botto 1 0 f w .
o r

m d 9 f m b t t om, f
or
“
f to read fq .

70, l in es 5 and
o
9 fr o t o p an r o

P
84, l ine 2 from t op , fo d
“
r P r ea , .

2 ” 8 from top , r ead

1 0 from top, dale th ere .

”
read w
1 4 from t op , for
.
a
3 xi ”
r ead N :i
a
m N
.

p, f
‘

2 1 fr o to or ,

“ tabl e inser t
3 fr om t o p, after
12 fro m m, f
bot too r g r 7 .

m B r ead fl
8 from b ot to , f or

w a l l a“
, M wn fis e

Sc atte e dr ov r e a. n u ri l p umb e r
bli t io i F r
o f se a ca ns n an

ma y n f wo hi h c o t ac c es i
are bl t nt h g r l bo d y s e o e en e a 0

a t i
r l l e ri st s M .
S a rr au wi
. th th t piri t ,f lib r lity W hi a s o e a o

c h r a
a c t i er
s th e t
es r m f c i ue h s m o t ki
an o d ly giv s e nc e , a s n e

me p e r m i s si o t o m ank e us e f hi i v es t ig t io a d i t io t s n a n s, n s
 P R EF A C E .

IN my t r ti
ea se On th e A p c at n of p li io Wire to th e C o nst ru c

of r
p bi
O dnan c e , o h d ligh tly
’
u l sh e d i n 18 8 4 I t , uc e on o n e

or tw qu tio r l ti g t I t r l B lli ti
o es h ns e a n o n e na a s c s, su c as

ch mbe i g low b i g powde r d h t imp rt d

a r n , s -
urn n , an ea a e to

the g un .

hortly ft r w rd I pr t d p p r t th I tit tio

S a e a s e se n e a a e o e ns u n

o f C ivil E gi G n o id d T h rmody mi
n ee rs o n un s c ns e re as e na c

M hi ac wh i h w
ne s, publi h d i th Mi t 1 P
”
c as s e n e nu e s 0 ro

di g vol lxxx 1 8 8 4 8 5 d i 1 8 8 7 I pri t d m ll

’
c ee n s, — an n n e a s a
. .
, ,

p mphl t I t r l B lli ti whi h how v r w o ly

a e on n e na a s c s, c , e e , as n

c ir ul te d mo g f w fri d
c a a n a e en s .

T h ubj t f I t r l B lli ti
e s ec pp r t h v m t with
o n e na a s cs a ea s o a e e

c omp r tiv ly li ttl tt tio i thi o try d ltho gh

a a e e a en n n s c un , an a u

th r e r h f D H tt
e se a c v y v l bl th y o wi g
es o r . u o n are er a ua e, e , n

t tho h ge f o ditio
e c an i ppli bl t gr t xt t
o c n ns, are na ca e o a ea e en

t th e pr
o t ti m e se n e .

T h re s r h
e f F e h till ri t f l t y rs h v h d
ea c es o r nc ar e s s o a e ea a e s e

a flood f ligh t th s bj t f th tio f g powd r

o on e u ec o e ac n o un e ,

an d p i lly tho f M Emil S rr b t th

e s ec a se o . e a au , u e se are

sc a tt r d ove r
e e mb r f ri l p bli tio i F a nu e o se a u ca ns n ran c e ,

m y f whi h
an o t c ibl t th g r l body f
c are no ac e ss e o e ene a o

a rtill ri t M S rr with th t pirit f lib r lity whi h

e s s . . a au, a s o e a c

c h r t ri th tr m f i
a ac e se s h as mo t ki dly giv
e ue an o sc e n c e , s n en

m p rmi io t m k
e e ssf h i i v tig tio s
n o d it i t a e use o s n es a n ,
an s o
vi PREF A CE .

t hi that
s the most va ua l bl p rt e a of the f l o lowi g n tre at i se

i s due .

h v b i fly t te d f Explo iv i g ne r l
i

I n Chap ter I I . a e r e re a o s es n e a .

Ch p ter II tre t mo
a p rti larly f Fi re d G powd r
. a s re a cu o un e ,

th tur
e f th Produ t
na f C omb tio
e o o f Ig i tio d e c s o us n, n n an

Co mbu tio th i fl n s f th For m f G ra m th T mpe r

n, e n ue ce o e o , e e

atu r f C o mb u tio
e th e St
o gth f Powd r th Lo f s n, re n o e , e ss o

T mp e r tur by th
e ooli g tio f th m t l f the g
a e e c n ac n o e e a o un ,

an d th Pr r d Mov m t f th Prod c t f C m
e e ssu e an e en o e u s o o

bustio n .

Chap ter I I I is de v te d to rr i v stig tio s of th

. o M . Sa au s
’
n e a n e

F m l f M u l V loci ty
or u as o r d M xim m P r
zz e e an a u ressu e .

Ch p t I V o t i
a erfe w r m rk . th D ig i g o f
c n a ns a e a s on e es n n

G d
un s, anPr r C rv on essu e u es .

Ch p t V tr ts f G u
a er T h rm dy mi M c hi
. ea o n s as e o na c a ne s .

I m f lly se sibl
a f th
u m y i mpe rf tio n f th e o e an ec ns o e

pr t t ti
ese n d f my w i o mp te y t tr t thi
re a se , an o o n nc e nc o ea s

import t ubj e t i an e xh s tiv m e r bu t I am

c n ant aus e an n ,
no

wi tho ut hop th t i t m y be fo d
e f l d sugg stiv t
a a un us e u an e e o

tho wh se i te r t d i rtill ery q tio s My obj t

o are n es e n a ue s n . ec

h b e t th b t f my bility t ombi e th or ti l
as e n, o e es o a , o c n e e ca

i ve tig tio with p ti l tility

n s a ns rac ca u .

I th R port of th R y l Commi io on W rlik e Sto

n e e e o a ss n a re s

pr id d ov r by Si J m St ph
es e di ti tio
e r a es e e n, a s nc n

i m d
s b twe e wh t is th r
a e e ll d th s i n f a e e ca e e c e nc e o

g ry
un n e d th i, c an f g o st r u tion a n
e d I msc e n e o un c n c ,
a

r pr t d
e l imi g th l tt r s my pe i l c ie
e se n e as c a I
n e a e a s c a s nc e .

ne v did ythi g f th ki d I c rt i ly l im d to
er an n o e n . e a n c a e

h v sp i l k owl dg f th bj t f th ppli tio f

a e a ec a n e e o e su ec o e a ca n o

wir t gu e o struc tio b t I did t d c o l d t p

o n c n n, u no , an u no ,
re re

se nt g n ry un i e d gun o tr u tio
as o n e sc e n c e an oth r c ns c n as an e .

Wh t I tri d t how t th C o mmi io b t pp r tl y

a e o s o e ss n, u a a en

f il d i was th t g
a e n, o t tio sh ould be c o du ted a un c ns ru c n n c on
 FEBEA CE . v ii

and g ided by sc i tifi k owl dg

u d that su h k o w
, en c n e e, an c n

l dg gr tly d pe d d th th oretical c o sid r tio

e e ea e n e ou ese e n e a ns .

T h Commi io e r appe r d t do bt wh ethe r it i po ibl

e ss n s a e o u s ss e

to s at te pr is ly th re l tio i whi h th e ory

ec e d pr ti c
e a n n c an ac e

o gh t t t d t eac h other d i this th y w r p

u o s an o , an n e e e su

por t d by Si Fre d ri k Br mw ll wh gave i t as hi opi io

e r e c a e , o s n n,

th t it wo l d be d ge ro u t giv th ori t c o trol ove r

a u an s o e e s s n

suc h m tte r th e ma uf ct r f gu
a a as n a u e o a n.

I t is gr ve rror t suppos th t th o y and sou d p

a a e o e a e r n rac

ti ce a or be di ve rg t H ypoth esi s a d pr ti
re , c an , my en . n ac ce a ,

an d v ry o ft ed dis gr but th ory e ve r u l

en o, it b a ee , e n , n e ss e a

f l
a se t h ory D e Qu i c y
e y The o y is i f c t o mor
. n e sa s, r
,
n a , n e

th sy t m f l aws ab tr
an a s e ted from e xp ri c ;
o e , s ac e en e c ons

q tly i f y pp re t c o tr dictio shoul d xist be tw

ue n ,
an a a n n a n e e en

th m thi s c o uld only arg ue th t th e th ory h ad be e fal ly

e , a e n se

or i mp f tly bstrac ted ; i whi h

e r ec th e sensibl i f r
a n c c ase e n e

e nc e wo l d be not a su mmo s to for go th e ori s but

u , c ll n e e , a a

fo b tt r or m re e l arge d t he ri A d Ka t i h is s y
”
r e e o n o es . n n , n es a

O th n ommo s yi g that suc h d suc h a thi g m y

e c n a n , an n a

b tr in the ory but do s t hol d goo d i pr c tic say ”

e ue , e no n a e, s,

It is f more tole r bl that a u l eamed p o shoul d

ar a e n n ers n

r pr se t th o y as sup erfluous fo the p u p ose of hi im gi

e e n e r r r s a

na ry pr c tic e tha that hal lo w refin r whilst c o ce di g

a ,
n a s e , n n

th v l ue f th e ory fo spe c ul tive

e a o d sc h olastic us s hould r a an e , s

c oupl with this c o c essi o th e doct i e th t i p ti th

e n n r n , a n rac ce e

c as i oth e r wi se ; and th at upo

e s c omi g o ut f th hool n n o e sc s

i to th world man will be m d

n e , ible o f havi g pu s ed
a a e se n s n r u

me r ph iloso phi c dreams

e I hort that what sou d well . n s , n s

i th e ory i s o t me re ly supe fluo u bu t bsolut ly f l e f

n n r s, a e a s or

practic Now the p ac tical e ginee r who should exp ess

e . r n r

h i mse lf in suc h terms upo th ie c e of mec ha ic or the n e sc n n s,

arti lle ry o fii c e wh o should y f th e doc trine o f p roj ec til s

r sa o e ,

th t th th e ory of it was c o c iv e d i dee d wi th gr t

a e b n e n ea su
viii PREFA CE .

il y b t w s of li ttle prac ti l v l ue because i the a t l

t t ,
u a ca a , n c ua

e xp ri ce f the t i t wa fo
en e o d th t the xp ri me t l
ar s un a e e n a

r l t did t o fo m t th th ory wo ld e xpo th m

esu s no c n r o e e , u se e

s lve t d ri io
es Fo ppo i g th t i t h fir t
e s n . o r, su s n a n e s c ase

s ho ld b p r dd d to th T h ory f M h i th t f
u e su e a e e e o ec an c s a o

F ri tio c d th t i thn, co d t
an th a Th e o y f P
n e se n , o e r o ro

jec ti l w r p
es r dd d th t f th
e e su e a r i t f t hei a o e e s s an c e o e a r

whi h i cff t mo t t thi th t i f i te d f r j e ti g

n e ec a un s o s, a , ns a o e c n

th ory e till m or th ory r

, s w dd d i
— e th t th
e e e a e n a c ase e

r lt f th b tr c t do t i
esu s o e d f th
a s xp rim t l
a c r ne an o e e e en a

p ti wo l d oi i d i v ry re p t
rac ce u c nc e n e e s ec .
”

My o bj t h b t eci t i r movi g th i bu f
as een o ass s n e n e nc u s o

e mpi i i m from rtill y i

r c s d whil t fully o
a ioer sc e n c e , an s c n sc us

o f th i mp rf tio e f my ffort
e ec d f th e oppor t i ty I
n o e s, an o un

h giv t dv r e riti i m I will o ly s y t my i ti

av e en o a e s c c s ,
n a o cr c s,

Si q i d c ti di d imp ti
”
u i ti re us n o v s , c an e er .

J A LONG RID G E
. . .
 C ON T EN T S .

C H APTER I .

EX PL OSI VE SUBST ANC ES I N G ENERAL .

D efin i ti on Exp l osi v e Su bstan ces

of

b
D i sti n c ti on e twe e n Exp l osi on and D etonati on
In stan tan eous reac tion i mp ossi l e b
P erc ussi v e and Stati c Ac ti on o f Gun p o wder
F o rce o f Exp l o s i ves ; Rou x s e xp e ri me nts
’

Be rth el o t s two C l asse s of Exp l o si ve s

’

Pote n ti al o f Exp l osi ves

N i trate an d o th er Po wders
Ph y si c al C h arac ters of G unpo wder— D en sity , &c .

C HAPTER I I .

F I RED G UNP OW D ER .

L iq ui d, Sol id, and G aseous Produc ts

D issoc i ati o n
Ig ni ti o n
b
C om u sti on
b
Effec t o f Rate o f I gni tion and Co m usti on o n Pressure
F o rm o f G rai n and Rate o f Ev ol u ti on o f G as
Sp h eri c al G rai n
b
Cu i c al G rai n
Pri smati c G rain
Di sc , M r .
Q
ui c k s Po wde r
’

Effe c t o f Form on Pre ssure

b
Produc ts o f Co m u sti o n
Vol ume of G as an d Uni ts o f H eat ev olv ed
T e mperature of Com usti on b
Stre n gth o f Powder
Effe c t o f C ooli ng by th e M etal o f th e G u n
M Sarrau s Remarks
.
’

T e nsio n o f G ase s
F orc e o f th e Po wder
Ac tion o f G ases Expan di ng— T wo H yp oth ese s
M Sarrau s Exami nati o n of th e t wo H ypoth e se s
.
’

Comp ari son with Expe rime nt

b
M ov ement of Pro duc ts of Com ustion in a Gun
X C ON TEN TS .

C H APTER I I I .

M SARRAU S F ORM ULA]

.
’
.

M Sarrau s I n ve s tigation s o f Formul ae

’

q
.

D iffe re n ti al E uati on fo r M o ti on o f Proj e c til es

b
I g n i ti on and Co m us ti o n o f a G ra in
b
C o m usti on i n Free Air
Co mb
us ti o n i n a G un

Effe c t o f Si ze o f G rai n
Mr Q
ui c k s D i sc P o wde r
.
’

Sarrau s Coe fi c i en ts a , A, p
’

b
.

Co m us ti o n o f Po wde r as a F unc ti on o f the Ti me

q
G e n e ral E uati o n o f M o ti o n o f a Proj e c til e
Bin omi al Fo rmul a fo r I n i t ial Vel oc i ty

( s?
i
C h arac te ri stic s o f a Po wder an d
3
F o rmul a fo r M axi mu m Pre ss ure on b ase o f Proj ec til e
M aximum Press u re o n Breec h
Po s i tion of Proj ec til e c orres p o n di n g to M aximum P re ssure
M on o mi al F o rmu l a fo r In i ti al Vel oc i ty
T h e o re ti c al M axi mum o f Vel oc ity
7 , v al u e o f fo r M axi mu m
,

M o du l us o f Vi vac i ty o f a Po wde r
F ormul a fo r Initi al Ve l oc i ty as a F unc tion of th e u
M od l us
M axi mum Pressu re as a F unc ti o n of th e M odul us
L imi tati on of th e Bi n omi al Formul a for Vel oc i ty
T a le b of f( ) at

I nfl uen c e of Bal l i sti c El e ments on Vel oc i ty an d

Var iati on of Ve l oc i ty , c orre spo n ding to a cons tant val ue o f maxi

mum p re ssure
A co nstan t, w an d '
r v ari a b le
—
r c o n s tan t w an d A vari a l e b
C ap ac i ty
,

of Ch am b e r c ons tan t, w an d 'r v ari a b le

C omp arativ e Vari atio n o f Ve l oc i ty an d M aximum Pre ssure
Li mi ti n g Val ue o f M o dul us
M argin o f Re cep ti on o f Po wde r to le ranc e —i n Fran ce
Co n stants a an d B i n Sarrau s Formul a
’

V al ue of A and B
D e te rmination o f a an d A
Re l ati on b e twee n th e T i me of Bur n ing and Ph y si c al Prope rti es
A
D ete rmi nati on of Ch arac teristi c s a and B

Ap pl i cation o f Formula Pro lem I b

b
. .

G i ven c al i re an d wei gh t o f p roje c til e , to fin d t he oth er

conditi o ns to re al i se a g i ve n v el oc i ty an d maxi mum

p ressur e
 C ON TEN TS . xi

b
PARA . P AG E

G i ve n th e modul us an d on e o f th e vari a l es 1, w, A, -
r. to
dete rmin e th e o th e r th ree
G i ven th e mo dul us an d A, to determi ne w, l , an d 7
Ta b
l e o f fun c ti o ns of M o dul us
Wi th a g i ve n modul us to find th e re la ti o n s b e twee n to, l, and A
so as to o b tai n th e
,

sa me ve l oci ty and ma ximu m p re s s ure in

two di ffe re nt g uns
Nume ric al Ap p l icati o n to Pro l e m I b In i tia l Vel oc i ty an d M axi
mum Pressure
D i tto to Pro l em II b T o de te rmi n e th e c h arac te ri s ti c s o f a

g i v e n p o wder
D i tto to Pro l e bm e
I II T h an al y sis o f a gi v e n g un
D i tto to Pro l e b m b
I V G i v e n th e c ali re an d weig h t o f pro
.

j e c ti l e , i ni ti al v e l oc i ty an d max imum p re s su re , to fin d th e

i n teri or di men si on s of g u n an d th e c o n diti on s o f l oadi ng

Ditto to Pro l em V b ,
G. i v e n w e i g ht o f p roj e c ti l e , c h a
rac te ri stics o f p o wde r, i n i ti al v e l o c i ty an d maximum

p res sure, to find th e i n terior di me nsi on s an d co ndi ti o ns

of l o adi ng
b
T a le of Ch arac te ri sti c s o f F renc h Po wde 1 s
D e sc ri p ti on o f Fre nc h Po wders
D i me n si ons o f Fren c h G u ns
M odul i o f Fre nc h Powders
F un c ti on s o f th e M o dul i
Ap p l ication to En gl i sh Un i ti es
C h arac teri sti c of En gl ish Po wders
b
T a l e o f di tto
Prin c i p l e o f Simili tude o f G uns

C H APTER I V .

IN T ERNAL BALL I ST I C S I N REL AT ION T O G UN

C ON ST RUCT I ON .

D e si gni n g G un sof

Adv an tage o f th e u se o f W ire

Resi stan c e to Bursti ng Strai n
Pressu re C urv es
b
No l e an d A e l s Curv e b ’

C ur ve of I n iti al Pressure , M ay e wsk i

’
s In ve sti gati ons
b
C ap tain A No l e s i nv e stig ati o ns
.

Po in t o f M axi mum Pre ssu re

A p p l i catio n o f C urve to de te rmi n e T h i ck ness o f Ch ase of G un
Pre ssu re C urv e from Sarrau s F o rmul a
’

Co mparison wi th No bl e an d Abel s Cu rve

’
xii C ON TEN TS .

Lo n gitudi nal Strains b ehi nd T ru nn i on s

i n front o f T runn io ns
A c c i den t to Co ll in g wood G un
to Long ri dge 6 inc h Wi re G un
-

Exami nation o f assumed c ause

Strain due to In erti a and F ric ti o n o f Proj ec til e
Strain due to F ri c ti on o f Produc ts o f Co m usti on b
b
Ch am eri n g
Ri fli ng
Erosio n

CHAPTER V .

G UNS C ONSI DERED AS T H ERM OD YNA M I C M AC HI NES .

. b
C o unt St Ro ert s v ie ws
’

G en eral form o f Eq uati on

D e te rmi nati on of A H

n AV
Appl i c ati o n o f formul a to 1 0 i nc h-
Wool wic h G un
Su mmary o f re sul ts
Pe rce ntag e o f use ful e ffect
Ge neral re marks

CH APT ER VI .

C ONC LUD I NG REM ARK S .

Reduction of p re ssure an d i ncrease of c h arge

Not n ec essary as regards stre ng th o f gun s
Ne w Po wde rs
b
Sta il i ty of Consti tuti on

POST SCRIPT .

Ameri can Powders

 I NTERNAL BALLI STI CS .

C HAPTER I .

ON EX PLOSIV E SUBST AN C ES I N G ENERAL .

1 . By th e te rm
'

bte xpl osi ve su bt

s an c e is me ant a su s an c e

c o mpo d f tw or mor l m t mix d tog th r or h mi

se o o e e e en s e e e c e

ca lly it d d h th t wh thi ffi ity i di t rb d

un e ,
an su c as, a en s a n s s u e ,

a viol t r tio t k pl givi g i t gr t d v lop

en e ac n a es ac e , n r se o a ea e e

m t f h t, d t v rio
en o ea w ompo an d i liquid or
o a us n e c un s n a

g o fo m
ase u s r .

I th l tt r
n th i g e o
e a prod t xp d d by th
e c ase e r as us uc s e an e e

d v lop d h t o tit t
e e e r r oir f rg y whi h i
ea c ns u e a e se v o e ne c s

a ppli bl t m ha i l
ca e o ec n ca u se s .

2 Th . tio n v ri i r pi di ty cc ordi g t th
e re ac at r es n a a n o e na u e

o f th ompo d b t
e c un su s an c e s .

I om n s h f lmi t itroglyc ri & th

e c as e s, su c as u n a e s, n e ne , c .
, e

r tio i xt m ly r pid d i ll d d to tio

e ac n s e re e I a ,
an s ca e e na n .
”
n

o th h ordi y g powd r i t i m h l
e rs , s uc as pid d
n ar un e ,
s uc e ss ra , an

i
s ll d xplo io ; wh il t i oth r u h f
ca e e s n ro k t s n e s, s c as use o r c e

c omp itio i t i till lo w

os n, di l l d o mb tio
s s s e r, an s ca e c us n .

T hi di ti tio
s f t rm f wh t i i tr th o ly
s nc n o e s, or a s n u n o ne

ph om o i t o
en e n n, i tifi d mi l di g d i t
s a nc e u n sc e n c an s ea n , an

h asgiv i t r o o o ptio f th a tio f g

e n r se o e r n e us c nc e ns o e c n o un

powd whi h wil l pr tly b o id r d

e r, c e se n e c ns e e .

3 If by d to tio id th t i t t o ”
. it b e na n e sa a , an n s an an e us

r tio i m t th r ply i th t o h thi g

e ac n s e an ,
e e s, a n su c n as an

R
2 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS .

i t t o r tio xi t
ns an an e us D to tioe ac ll d i
n e s s . e na n, so ca e ,
s

o l y v ry r pid xpl o io
n a e d a pl o io i o ly
“
e s n, an
“
ex s n
”
s n a

v ry pid omb tio

e ra
“
c us n.
”

Th mo t r pi d d o mpo i tio whi h t k

e s a pl wi th ec s n c a es ac e

f l mi t
u or i t ogly i i gr d l p o
na e s n r d th c er ne, s a a ua r c e ss, an e

a tt d t i
en an f p i
r se lo v l owi g t th
o re ss u re n a c se e sse , n o e

e vol tio f h t d g i g d l d t i t
u n o ea an as, s a ra ua ,
an no an n s an

tan e o u s ri T h ph o m o i
se . d th
e m th en en n s o ne an e sa e, e

o ly diff r
n b i gi dg
e e nc e d t i ki d
e n d th r n e re e , an no n n , an e e

fo re i t i d i bl t d ig t i t by
s e s ra et m o ly th t f
o es na e one er n , a o

c omb tio us n .

4 T h di ti tio
. e f t m h s g iv ri t
nc n rio ly o er s as en se o cu us

o o id
e rr n e u s t th tio e asf g po wd r i
as go e ac n o un e n a un .

W h e f th di ti tio b tw
e ar o eth p s iv ff t nc n e een e e r c u ss e
”
e ec

an d th t ti e ff t f s a h g f p wd
c e ec o a c ar e o o e r.

F i t
or M Ly l T hom
n s an c e y S f f o m th
r
. na as sa s, o ar r e

ac tio f th fir d po wd i
n o e g b ie g t h t f o t t er n a un e n a o a c n s an

p r ti m t d t m y t mo ph
r e ss u e es a e i t i vi l tly
a so an a s e re s, s o en

p r iv
e c u ss d v ri bl t
e an i d fi it xt t th p
a a e o an n e n e e en , e er

i
c u ss ve tio t r ti g th proj til wi th
ac n s a fi i t v lo i ty
n e ec e a n e e c ,

an d h dd th t
e a di ti g i h d m t h m ti i
s, a wh a s n u s e a e a c an o

wi t d om
n e ss e f hi xp ri m t
s ed w p o fo m l i s e e en s re u a r u a n

ac c ord wi th th
an c e pe r u iv th o y whi h form l he e
“
c ss e
”
e r , c u a

g iv e s asfollo w s

0
2 = V + 2

V b i g th v loc ity with whi h th hot b gi t m

e n e e c e s e ns o or e .

It i h rdly s ry t i i t th b rdity f body

a n e c e ssa o ns s on e a su o a

1 9 6a
16 t move wi th fi it v lo i ty
o a n e e c .

Ag i C olo l B p T p k
a n, f th p i neff t f o e s ea s o e er cuss ve e ec o

a c h rg f powda d the o t ti q iv l t f p i e r,
”
an e s a c e u a en o er c uss ve

forc e
”
.

Ac ti o n o f Fi red G unpo wde r, by L y nal T h omas, Il l ustrate d Naval and

il i tary M agazi ne, vol i , 1 8 8 4
’
. . .

n c e of G unnery , re ad at th e R U S In st ,
’

t A R e v o l uti o n i n th e Sc i e . . .

23rd Jul y. 1 8 84 .
4 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

ve ry s mall for th e
r o th t th vol m f g prod d
, e as n a e u e o as uc e

and th i ts of h t g r t d both m ll
e un ea en e a e are s a .

6 I ord . t d t r mi
n th r l tiv for
er f x plo iv
o e e ne e e a e ce o e s e s,

M Ro x m d a ri f xp ri m t by firi g giv
. u a e se es o e e en s n a en

q tity i
u an b ol t ly lo d p withi
n an a sl rg blo k u e c se s ac e n a a e c

of l d d h
ea ti m t d th
,
an l tiv for f th plo io
e es a e e re a e ce o e ex s n

by th i f the vi ty form d by th xplo io I thi

e s ze o ca e e e s n . n s

w y h fou d th
a follo wi g r ult
e f th
n omp tiv x e n es s o e c ara e e

plo iv for
s e ce .

Bl ac k g u n p o w de r
Pi c rate o f p otass a
G u n co t to n
Ni tr o g y c e r i n e l
an d fo r a mi xture of ex plo i s ve s he u ses th e ollowi g
f n

ru e l
“
Add the f or
h o mpou d m l tipli d by th c es of e ac c n u e e

fr tio r pr
ac t i g i t pro po tio i th mi xt r
n e ese n n s r n n e u e .

If ho w v ,thi r l b ppli d t mi t
e e r, f o di ry
s u e e a e o a x ure o r na

g po wd r d it ogly i th r l t wil l b fo d m h
un e an n r c er ne, e e su e un uc

l e th th t l r l t f om xp ri m t From thi i t
ss an e ac ua e su r e e en . s

a pp r th t th p
ea s r f th mor r pid xplo io f th
a e re ssu e o e e a e s n o e

n itrogly ri h i r d th for f th bl k p wd r
ce ne as n c e as e e ce o e ac o e ,

an d f om thi i t hr b o l d d th t f bl k powd r
s as een c nc u e , a or ac e

tw o d ro f xplo io m y x i t
r e s Th fi t o d
o e bi g s n a e s . e rs r er e n

th t f d to
a tio ; th
o o d th t f ordi y o mb tio
e na n e se c n , a o n ar c us n

an d i t i t t d by F h tho iti th t ll xplo io

s s a e e re n c au r es a a e s n s ar

ptibl f th tw o d r f xplo io
su sc e e o ordi g t th
ese o r e s o e s n ac c n o e

c ir m t cu u d r whi h th y
s an c e s fir d n e c e are e .

N t th t o b ol t di ti tio a be ho w i
an a s h u e s nc n c an s n n e ac

p rti l r
a b t th t tho
cu a ord r
case , t h li mi t b tw
u a se e s are e s e een

w hic h p ti l r lt m y t k pl
rac ca esu s a a e ac e .

I thi way th for

n f bl k po wd r m y v ry fro m
s e ce o ac e a a

1 to 3 3
°

Ca tain R p o li f th F h Ar till ry giv

u n, o e re n c e , es th e f ollo wi g n

ta bl f r e o e su lt ho wi g th r l tiv for f th
s s n e e a e ce o e t wo ord f e rs o

e xplo io i s n n diff r t xplo iv

e en e s es.
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 5

Expl os i v e . l st order . 2 n d o rde r .

Bl ac k po wder

10 13 °

G un c otto n

Pic rate of p o ta ssa

F ul mi n ate of me rc ury

o d r f th xplo io whi h will t k pl d p d

T he r e o e e s n c a e ac e e en s

u po xt r l o di tio f firi g
n e e na c n ns o n .

D y mi t nad g otto m y b b r t i th op i
e an u nc n a e u n n e en a r

wi tho t y x
uplo io by
an th im fl e o t t f fl m ;
s n e s e c n ac o a e on

th o th r h
e d if th ge ano fi d by ,
v lop f e ase s a re c n ne an en e e o

mor or l e r it or if th m t ri l b pr vio ly h t d
e ss e s s an c e , e a e a e e us ea e

to art i d gr th r will b n xpl io f th 2 d

ce a n e e e, e e e a e os n o e n

ord r f mo or l
e o iol re e ss v e nc e .

I f h ow v,
th xplo io e i ff t d by m
e r, e f a e s n s e ec e e an s o

d to tor
e na h f l mi t f m r ry thi will giv ri
, su c as u na e o e cu , s e se

to a d to tio e xplo io
na f th fi t ord r
n or e s n o e rs e .

7 It i. vid t th for th t th pr ur xi ti g i th
s e en ,
e re e, a e e ss e e s n n e

b r l o f g wi th y p ti l r powde r m y b gr tly
ar e a un an ar cu a a e ea

a ff t d by th
ec e ir m t d r whi h t h ig i tio t k s
e c cu s an c e s u n e c e n n a e

pl d th
ac e , an bj t h m h i t r t s r g rd the
e su ec as uc n e es a e a s so

ca ll d w v pr r i g
e a e e ssu e s n un s .

M B rth lot t t f thi bj t i hi t ti S 1

. e e re a s o s su ec n s r ea se ur a

for m tie xplo iv d p e l T h r mo hi mi

’
d
’
ce es a re s e s es a r s a e c e,

3rd c d , 1 8 8 3 . .

Ac c ordi g t
vi w v ry xplo iv r tio m t b
n o his e s e e e s e e ac n us e

r f rr d t i iti l ri f t mp r tur whi h may b

e e e o an n ed a se o e e a e, c e c aus

by ig itio by ho k or by f i tio
n n, d thi r a tio is c ,
r c n, an s e ac n s

tran smi tt d f om p ti l t p ti l u
e riv ly C rt i ar c e o ar c e s c c e ss e . e a n

e xplo iv m t ri l d ompo
s e po t o ly d lo wly
a e a s ec se s n an e us an s

un d r ordi ry t mp r t r
e w i tho t xplo i o
na whil t th ir
e e a u e s, u e s n, s e

d to tio
e t k
na pla wh th t mp r t r i dd ly
n a es ce en e e e a u e s su en

an d l g ly i d i th e r p po ly or by c i d t
ar e n c re ase e ur se a c en .
6 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI 08 .

M B th lot di ti g i h th prop g tio f th r tio

. er e s n u s es e a a n o e eac n

by t w l o c asse s

l t T h t f o mb tio
s , a o c us n .

2 d Th t f d t
n tio, a o e o na n .

B tw th tw l e theenm y xi t i f e se o c as se s e re a e s a se r e s o

i t rm di t mo d f xplo io I f t th p g from
n e e a e es o e s n. n ac ,
e assa e

l t oth r i
o n e c ass o mp i d by viol t d i g l
o an e s ac c an e en an rre u ar

mov m t f th m t ri l d ri g whi h th p op g tio

e en s o f e a e a , u n c e r a a n o

th omb tio t by vib to y m v m t f i r i g

e c us n ac s a ra r o e en o nc e as n

ampl i t d d wi th mor l
u l it
e an e or e ss v e o v v .

Class o
f Combusti on .

8 . Whe n
plo iv m t i l i gr d lly h t d t
an ex s e a er a s a ua ea e o

a su ffi i t d g po ti f it plod ; i f th g
c en e re e , a r on o ex es e ase s

a re fr t p d th pr r ri
ee lo wly d f h
o ex an , e e ssu e se s s an a re s

po tio f th m t ri l i ig it d d th th i fl mm tio
r n o e a e a s n e ,
an us e n a a n

is prop g t d from p r ti l t p r ti l with v lo i ty

a a e a c e o a c e a e c

d p d t
e enth i mt enf th S h i g
on e c rc u s an c es o e c ase . uc s ene

r lly th o r f tio with o di y g po wd r

a e c u se o ac n r nar un e .

Class o f D eton a ti on .

9 . ho k ffi i tly viol t i prod d i

Whe n a s c su c en en s uc e n one

p t f
ar xplo iv o bt an e d if th p wh i h
s e su s an c e , an e r e s su re s c

l t f o m thi ho k
re s u r t dd t b prop g t d t
s s c are oo su en o e a a e o

th w hol m
e th t fo m tio
e f th i viv i to h t
ass , e ran s r a n o e v s a n ea

wil l t k pl hi fly i th fi t po tio f th m
a e ac e c e n e rs r n o e as s .

T hi m y th s b r i d ta fli i t t mpus t r te a se o a su c en e e ra u e o

d to t
e I f t h fi t pro d tio
na e . f g i r pid th t th
e rs uc n o as s so a a e

m f th m t ri l h
as s o t ti m t b di p l
e d
a e d if th a as n o e o e s ac e ,
an e

eX p w f
an st h g pro d n m oo d m o e iol t as uc e s a re an re v en

s ho k th djoi i g portio f th m t ri l th i viv

c on e a n n n o e a e a , e v s a

of thi w ho k will b ts ne for m d i to h t

s c d th e rans e n ea , an us

giv ri t th d to tio f
e se w po tio
o f th m t r i l
e e na n o a ne r n o e a e a .

Thi lt r t tio f ho k th i viv f whi h i

s a e na e ac n o a s c e v s a o c s

tr fo m d i to h t
an s d prod tio
r e f h t whi h
n i ea , an a uc n o ea c ra s e s

th t mp e t f th
e xt por tio
e ra u re o t p od w e ne n so as o r uc e a ne
 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI CS . 7

de to tio tr mi t th r tio from portio to portio

na n, an s s e eac n n n

th o gho t th
r u tir m u e en e ass .

Th prop g tio e f th i fl mm tio th

a a i thi
n o l ss of e n a a n en n s c a

d to tio m y b
e na omp d t th t f w v f o d
n a e c are o a o a a e o s un ,

th t i ta
y i t
s i t r
o sau w v ,f x plo io t
s a v lli g w i t h e a e o e s n ra e n a

v lo ity i omp r bly g t r th th t f i mpl ig i

e c nc a a re a e an a o a s e n

tio t n mitt d by o t t f o m p rti l t pa ti l

rans e c d
n ac r a c e o r c e, an

wh th
en g fr ly
e xp da se sth y e pro d c d
ee It e an as e ar u e .

m t l o b r m k d th t wh il t th w v
us a s e e ar f o d i e a s e a e o s un s

g t d by
e n e ra e p iodi io f imil r w v th t f
a er c s u c c e ss n o s a a e s, a o

e xplo io i t p rio di
s n b t t kes pl
s no o f ll
e c, u a ac e nc e or a .

10 A x p lo io
. f th
n S d ord r m y b tr
s n o fo m d e se co n e a e an s r e

i ton f t h fir t
o ne o e s .

T h v lo i ty f prop g tio
e e c f r tio i
o s f th a a n o e ac n n a ca e o e

se co d o d r i gr t
n r eth mol
, s l r i t i ty f c
e a e r as e ec u a n ens o re a

tio i g n t r thi b i g d fi d by th q
s re a e , stity f m t ri le n e ne e uan o a e a

t form d i to g
rans e t fix d t mp r t
n d as d r a a e e e a ur e an un e

c o t t pr r
n s an essu e .

It i l o ( 1 ) with
n c reas e s a s i r f th i i ti l t m
, an n c e ase o e n a e

p e ratu re o f t he mass .

( )
2 W it h th e i n c re ase of th e we ight f th h rg o e c a e,

b e c a us e in t hi s c ase th e i fl n ue n c e o f c ooli g i p oportio t ly

n s r na e

le ss .

( )
3 Wi th t he i r
nc ease o f pr e ssu e r u n de r whic h th e g as is
g r
e n e ate d .

Wh plo iv m tt r i o fi d by t mpi g th
en th e ex s e a e s c n ne a a n , e

p will i
re ss ure y r pidly d th v lo ity f prop g
r se v e r a , an e e c o a a

t io m y b
n ffi i tly gr t t giv ri
a e su t pr r or
c en ea o e se o a e ssu e a

sho k p bl f d to ti g po t io f th m
c ca a e o e na n a r n o e ass .

T hi i do bt th
s e i
s no lo g h g f m ll gr i d
u e c as n n c ar es o s a a ne

po wd r ig it d t th r
e T h fo w rd portio
n e a f th h rg e e ar . e r a n o e c a e

i j mm d p g i t th p oj til
s a e u d th r
a tio i
a ns e r ec e , an e eac n s con

v t d f om
er e f th r o dt f th fir t or d r
on e o e se c n o one o e s e ,

givi g i t th
n r sell d l o l w v pr
o e whi h so c a -
e ca a e e s su re s c

h v b ob rv d
a e ee n se e .

I op r ti g w i th
n e axplo iv f whi h th mol
n lr an e s e o c e ec u a

v lo ity f tio i v ry g t h f i t
e c o r e ac nitro s e re a , suc , or n s an c e , as n
8 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

g lyc ri or f l mi t f m r ry t mpi g i e q ir d ;
e ne u na e o e cu ,
no a n s r u e

th g e d v l p d
ase s a re r pidly th t the vi o m t b
e e o e so a a en r n en ,
e

i t olid liq i d
s , g o h u t ti m t b di pl
,
or e v end ase us, as n o e o e s ac e ,

an d oppo i t lf lik fi d w ll t th
s es se tio f th e a xe a o e ac n o e

e xplo iv d i g th i fi it im l l y m ll ti m f tio
s e ur n e n n es a s a e o reac n .

Of the P oten ti a l o
f an Exp losi ve .

11 . By th e “
P te n to
plo iv i me t th m h il a o f an e x s e s an e ec a

i l q iv l t
n ca e ut giva en t by i t omb tio
o f th h e ea en o u s c us n .

Th i f E b th m h i l q iv l t f h t
us e d Q e ec an c a e u a en o ea ,
an

th it f h t d v lop d by th o mb tio f it f
e un s o ea e e e e c us n o un o

w ight E Q i th Pot ti l T hi Po t ti l i i d p “ ”
e , s e en a . s en a s n e en

d t f th m
en o r i whi h th omb tio t k pl
e an n e n c e c us n a es ac e ,

p ovid d th t i t b ompl t
r e d th fi l t t
a f th e c e e an e na s a e o e

prod t th m uc s e sa e .

M ki g a fF h u i ti
n u se o d th F h q iv l t re n c n e s, an e re n c e u a en

o f h t or E ea 4 36 M , S r d Ro d t r mi d , e ssrs . a rau an ux e e ne

th Po t ti l
e f v r l enplo iv a s o gi i th follo wi g
se e a ex s e s as ve n n e n

t bla e
POT ENTI ALS or EXP L OSIVES .

Co mp o si tion .

Deno mi n ati ons .

£2321t

Fre nc h .

Fi n e sp or ti ng p o wder
O rdin ar y co mmo n po wde r
Rifl e p o wde r, B
M in i ng p o wde r
N i tro g l y c e r i n e
G un c o tton
Pi crate o f p o tass a

N obl e and Abe l .

Co co a
Span i sh p el l e t 75 6 12 5 11 5 °

C u rti s an d H arv e v No 6 71 7 10 4 14 0
b
° ° °

.
.

F G W al tha m Ab e y 74 10 1 15
° ° °

H .

EL G 10 1 14 3 °

bb
°
. .

Pe le 10 °
1 l4 2 °

M i n i ng oz 15 2 21 4
 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS . 9

12 . o i l f xplo iv m t t be o fo d d
Th e P te n t a o an e s e us no c n un e

wi th h i l ff t whi h m y b obt i d from it ;

th e me c an ca e ec c a e a ne

ne ith m t i t b o fo d d with the pr r d v lop d

er us e c n un e e ss u e e e e

by xplodi g it i
e lo v l n n a c se e ss e .

I t n t i g h r ft r f th
re a ti o
n of g powd r th
e ea e o e ac n un e e se

di ff will b f lly xpl i d

e re n c e s e u e a ne .

1 3 A r g r d e xplo i
. s disti c tio m y be m d
e a s s ve s, a n n a a e

b tw t w l s
e een o c asse .

F i t m h i l xplo iv
rs ,
i whi h th r g t
ec an c a e s e s, n c e e a e n s a re

un c o mbi d b t intim t ly mix dne , u a e e .

S o d h mi l xplo iv
ec n ,
i w hi h th i gr di t
c e ca e s es n c e n e e n s are

u i t d by
n e mor or l t bl a ffi i ty e e ss u n s a e a n .

I th fi t
n th p ti l
e whi h h v to o mbi
rs case , e ar c es c a e c ne are

se p t d by ppr i bl di t
ara e whil t i
a th o d ec a e s an c es , s n e sec n ,

e ac h mol l o t i wi thi it lf th r g t
ecu e c di i
n a ns n se e e a e n s, an s n

f tac ompl t xplo i p

a c e e e s ve er se .

Th tio i th
e r e ac o d l i th r fore m h mor
n n e se c n c ass s e e uc e

ra pid d the i l , an f th xplo iv proportio t ly

v o enc e o e e s e na e

gr t Mo ov r i m y f th
ea . re o d l th h mi l
e ,
n an o e se c n c ass, e c e ca

un io i x di gly t bl
n s e d ocee qu tly mor ubj t
n un s a e , an c n se en e s ec

t th i fl
o e f xt r l
n tioue nc e o e e na ac n .

Of th fi t l by f th mo t importa t i g powd
e rs c ass, ar e s n s un e r,

c ompo d f it t f pot se ol ph r n d h r o l th
ra e o assa, su u ,
an c a c a , e

u su a l p por tio i thi o try b i g 75 1 0 d 1 5 p

ro ns n s c un e n , , an r es ec

ti ly
ve d th s me propor tio or v ry
, an e rly h f l t
a n, e nea s o, as o a e

y r b
ea s dopt d by F r
een a d B lgi m f l l l rg g
e an c e an e u or a a e un s .

A x
n ptio m t ho w
e ce b m d wi th r g d t
n us , e v e r, e a e e ar o

o o po wd r th ompo itio f whi h i kep t r t

c c a
”
e , e c s n o c s se c e .

It di ff from th o di ry po wd r i th
0

e rs t f th e r na e s n e n a u re o e

c h o l whi h i m d from y tr w i t d f th d g
a rc a , c s a e r e s a ns ea o e o

wood d ld r g an r lly d d i th m ll propo tio

a e e ne a use , an n e s a r n

o f lph su ur .

14 Th . ompo i tio d m f t re f xplo iv s g

e c s n an an u ac u o e s e e ne

r l ly i fo ig t my pr t p po
a , s re g po wd r i w
n o e se n ur se , as un e s no

l iv ly d f r till ry p rpo
e xc us e u se S h powd r i or a f e u se s. uc e s o

th d e ri ptio o mmo ly ll d itr t po wd r th oxidi i g

e sc n c n ca e n a e e , e s n

a
g ent b i g i tr t o f
e n po t n a e assa .
10 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

T h ho w v r oth d ip tio f po wd r whi h

e re are , e e ,
er e sc r ns o e c

m y b bri fly m tio d i
a e e en ne , v z

1 5 ( 1 ) Ni t t
. f Sod Po wd r —
ra e If f itr t f pot
o a e . or n a e o assa,

n it t f od b b t it t d i th m proportio
ra e o s a e su s powd r u e n e sa e n s, a e

i obt i d whi h i
s a ne m wh t l o tly d bo t
c s so thi d e a e ss c s an a u o ne -
r

t o g r th
s r n e th i tr t f pot powd r
an e n a e o assa e .

It i ho w v s, mo bj t t b orb moi t r ltho gh thi

e e r, re s u ec o a s s u e, a u s

i prob bly d
s at th i mp r f t f bri tio
ue f th
o i tr t f
e e ec a ca n o e n a e o

s od whi h wh p r i t d liq
a, c en t d prob bly o ly
u e s no e u es c e n , an a n

ac q ir th t p o p rty by th p
u es a r f d liqu e t lt e rese n c e o e e sc e n sa s,

su c h hlo id as c r es .

N i t t f o d po wd r w
ra e o sd t v ry gr t xt t i
a e as u se o a e ea e en n

th e e x v tio f th S C l
ca a n o e ue z an a .

1 6 ( 2 ) Nitr t
. f B ry t Po wd r a e — T hi po wde r i
o f a a e . s s o a

s low r omb tio th it t f pot

e c us powd
n d an n ra e o as sa e r, an c o u se

q tly t i th g l
ue n s ra n s v r ly It h how e un th e ss se e e . as , e v e r, e

p op ty f fo li g th g t
r er o u id bl g
n t r xt t
e un o a c ons e ra v re a e e en .

1 7 ( 3) C hlor t
. f Pot Po wd W i th q l w igh t
a e o assa er — . e ua e

t hi l t o t i l oxyg th
s sa c n a ns itr t f pot e ss b t it en an n a e o assa, u

d o mpo
ec mor r dilse s d mo ompl t ly o q tly
e ea y an re c e e , c n se ue n

thi po wd r i mo
s viol t It i l o om wh t d g ro
e s re en . s a s s e a an e u s,

b i g li bl t xplod d
e n a e dd
o eho k d i mo e un e r a su en s c , an s re

er so iv t th i o e o d off iv t th
e r n vi f om th
an ens e o e se r ce r e

c hlo i g wh i h i volv d
r ne as c s e e .

1 8 (4 ) Pi . t f Pot Po wd r
c ra e Po wd oombi d assa e .
— er c ne

o f pi t f p t
c ra e l tp t
o d h r o l w
o a ss a, sa t i d by e i e, an c a c a as r e

M D i g ll i F
. es no i 1 867 e n ran c e n .

T h i po wd s gv g d l t i torp do
er a e d l o i o« 1 r e su s n e es an a s n

g u n s, an d h d th d t g af t v lvi g i th r
e a lph ro
van a e o no e o n e e su u us

ac id or lphid f pot i m b i g f f o id bl
su e o ass u ,
e n so ar o c ns e ra e

a dv t g i an a e hip d mt b t v l
n s s an f pr m c ase a e s, u se e ra c ase s o e a

t u re p lo io h vi g t k pl th
ex s n a f th p w d
n a en ac e , e u se o e o er

d oe s no t pp t h v ba pe ar di oI t i m r ov
a e e en e rs e v e re n . s, o e e r,

c o tly d th m ip l tio f pi t f pot i om wh t

s , an e an u a n o c ra e o as sa ss e a

d g ro
an e us .

1 9 ( 5 ) Pi
. t f Ammo i P wd r
c ra e T hi o lt i l n a o e .
— s sa s e ss

se n s i bl t dd
e h k th th p i r t f po t
o a su en s I oc an e c a e o assa . n
I2 I N TERN AL BALLI S TI CS .

C ra vi metr ic D en si ty .

23 T . hi s te rm h as i
d ffe r e n t me an i g n s, in En g l an d a nd in
Fran c e .

2 4 In En. gl d it i an , s de fine d in the Te xt -

Book of G un n e ry ‘

to be t he r tio f th
ight f h g f powd i th
a o e we o a c ar e o er n e

ch mb a f g t t
er oh w igh t af th t vol m
un , f w t r o e e o a u e o a e

whi h wo l d fill th p b hi d th proj til ”

c u e s ac e e n e ec e .

Th i f g vim tr i d
us i ty 1 t h p o pi d by
ra e c e ns , e s ac e c cu e

1 lb f th . h rg i th
o m e c wo l d b o a pi d by 1 lb
e s e sa e as u e ccu e .

ofw t r i a e bi i h
, . e . i oth r wo d i f th cu c nc e s, o r n e r s, e

ch g b p d
ar es t e l lo ws bi i h t th
ac e so as o a cu c nc es o e

po d f h rg th gr vi m t i d ity i ity
un O c a e s, e a e r c ens s un .

F y ot h
o r anr p i g if b t h mb er f bi
s ac ni h n e e nu e o cu c nc es

allow d t th po d f h g
e o e un o c ar e,

Grav i me tr i c de n S
i ty

T he u su a l ot tion a i n Eng lan d fo r de n t n

n o i g th o ditio e c n n

of a c h g i t ar e s o write first th e we t Of th e c igh h rg th th a e, en e

d ig ti g m rk f th
es na n a o e p wd r d l tly th q oti t f
o e ,
an as e u en o

by th mb r f e nu e O cu bi i h llo w d to th po d
c nc es a e e un .

2 7 73
Th 75 P
us ig i fi s n es 7 5 lb f P powd r p
. o d t 30 e s ac e a
30
cu bi i h p l b
c nc es er .

25 I F . thi i n ll d D ité d Ch rg m t
r an c e , s s ca e e ns e a e en , as

di t i t f om D i té G i mét iq by whi h l tt t m ”
s nc r e ns rav r ue , c a er er

i m
s t th w igh t i k ilo g mm
e an ,
e f 1 bi lit f th
e n ra es o cu c re o e

p wd r t pr d tog th x pt by i t w w ight
o e no e sse e e r, e ce s o n e .

Co q tly D ité G imét i q

n se uen 1 m 1 kilo e ns rav r ue ,
e an s

mm o pyi g p f 1 l it or 1 d i m tr b cu
g
ra e cc u n a s ac e o re ec e e e, o r

i
n i t 2 2 lb f po wd i
o ur un s p f °
bi . O er n a s ac e O cu c

i h
nc 1 1b f po wd r
e s, o r p f 2 7 73
. bi i h
o e In a s ac e o
°
cu c nc e s,

whi h cth m IS
y t m e sa e as i n o u r s s e .

B t it i t b
u t d th t s d i m tr o b f po wd r
e no e ,
a one ec e e cu e o e

do t l w y w igh 1 kilog mm
es n o a a T h w igh t i r
s e ra e . e e n c e as e s

T e xt b o ok of G unne ry , by M ajo r S M ac k in l ay, p 2 2 , 1 8 8 7

’
. . .
 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI 08 13
'
.

ih
w t i th g i
th e th t whil t wi th th
s ze o f m ll e ra n , so a s e s a

g i d po wd r d ig t d F i Fr
ra n e i t i 9 34 t 9 44
e es na e 2 n an c e , s o

g mm
ra w i th th l g A% %
esi t i 1 1 5 0 gr m m d th ee ar e s a e s, an

r l ti d ité g i mét i q
e a ve 9 34
e ns d 1 1 50 s rav r ue s are
°
an .

T hi di ti tio i t m d i E gl d
s s nc d ngr vi s no a e n n an ,
an o ur a

m tri d ity i q iv l t
e c tt
en s D ité G imét iq s e u a en ,
no o en s rav r ue ,
”

b tt
u D ité d Ch rg m t
o e ns e a e en .

For m an d D i men si ons o f Gr a i n .

2 6 As w ill b . e se e n hr e e afte r ,
th e f orm an d s z e Of i gr i a n

ha v ve y i mport
e r an t e ffec ts u po n th e ac tio n of powd r i e n a

g u n .

A fe w y r
po wd r ll d E L G w th o ly
e a s ago th e e ca e . . . as e n

powd r d f rtill y p rpo

e u se or a er u se s .

O wi g t th m ll i n f th g i
o th tim
e s f m
a S ze O e ra n , e e O co

bu ti
s w x
on
edi gl y m ll as d t he t io
ce viol t A
n t s a ,
an e ac n en .

th m ti m o wi g t th m ll p
e sa e b t w th g i
e, n o e s a s ac e e een e ra n s,

th ig i tio w
e low d v y i r g l r d th i
n n as s will b an er r e u a , an s, as e

s how pr tly g v ri t b orm l p

n e se n ,
r ll d a e se o a n a re ss u e , ca e ,

f t d
au e m i a w v cp r by eu r till
,
ri t a e re ss u e our a e s s .

By d g d by or t f t t tiv p o
e re e s, an th i f a s o en a e r c e ss, e s ze o

th gr i
e w i r d tho gh th fo m r m i d mo or
a ns as n c eas e , u e r e a ne re

l i r g l r S h w r th P d P powd
e ss r e u a . uc e e e an , e rs .

S b q u tly mo l d d gr i
se f r g l r form w r i t o
ue n u e a ns O a e u a e e n r

d d
uc e h th ph ri l b i l yli d i l d fi lly
, s uc as e s e ca , cu ca , c n r ca , an na

t h pri m ti
e d q it r s tly M Q i k h
a c , an i t od d u e e cen r . u c as n r uc e

th for m f yli dri l di

e pl d
o c th t p f th
n ca sc s ac e on e on e o o e

oth r p rfo t d with yli d i l hol

e , e ra e d with r di ti g c n r ca es an a a n

or oth r h l eth f c f th di
ann e s o n t f ili t t e ac e o e sc s so as o ac a e

ig itio
n n .

Th i fl ef th di ff r t for m will b
n ue nc e o x mi d e se e en s e e a ne

h r ft r
e ea e .

Hydr oscop ic Q uali ty .

2 7 All gun . po wd r i mo or l e li bl t b orb

s re e ss a e o a s

oi r
m stu e and t h t d t ior t i tr gth by lo g tor g
us o e er a e n s en n s a e,

givi g rin se to co r po di g i r g l rity i b lli ti r l t

r es n n r e u a n a s c e su s,
14 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS .

bu t e ven w h en r
manu fac ture d the re i s c o nsi de rabl e
fi st
difl e re nc e i n th e amo un t o f moi stu re i n diffe re n t powde rs
'

ollowi g t bl giv th p r t g
Th e f n a e es e e cen a e of wate r in
v rio powd
a us d t r mi d by N obl
e rs as e e ne e an d A bl
e in
E gl d
n d MM S rr
an , an d Ro x i Fr c e. a au an u n an

Engl i sh

1 17 1 61

F re nc h

of wate r .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 15

CHAPTER I I .

F I RE D G UNPOW D ER .

P r oduc ts of Combusti on .

28 W he n
po wd i fir d bo t 43 p h g e of
t
'

. a c ar er s e ,
a u er c e n .

i w igh t i o v t d i to p r m
n e s c tg n th t i t
er e y i t o n e an e n ase s, a s o sa , n

g whi h wh
ase s ool d do w t ordi ry t mp r t r
c en c e n o na e e a u es

r t i th ir g o o di tio
e a n e ase us c n n .

Th r m i d e bo t 5 7 p
e a n t by w igh t i
e r, o r a wh u er c en . e ,
s, en

cool d dow e oli d i d b t wh il t th g

n, a s t th re s ue , u s in e un a e

high t mp r t r f ig i tio i i
e e a u e l iq id fo m di ff d
o n n, s n a u r use

th o gh th g
r u Wh th e h rg i fi d i
ase s . lo en e c a e s re n a c se

v l d th g
esse an ft r w r d llo w d t
e p th i
ase s are a e a s a e o e sc a e , s

liq id pidly olidifi

u ra s e s.

29 Th he mi l ompo itio f th p od t f m
. e c ca c s n o e r uc s O co

b tius h t m h i t r t i
on as n o b lli ti poi t f vi w
uc n e es n a a s c n o e ,

an d th ompo d p i lly th olid pp r t v y

e c un s, es ec a e s s, a ea o ar

withi v ry o id r bl li mit
n e T ho wh
c ns i t r ted i
e a e s . se o are n e es n

thi q s tio will fi d i t v ry

ue s nbly di d by M r
n e a sc u sse e ss s .

N obl d Ab l i th ir p pe r p bli h d i th T r
e an e n tio e a s u s e n e an sac ns

o f th Roy l So i ty i
e 1 8 75 d 1 8 79
a d l o i
c e n an ,
an a s n a

r po t by MM Mori
e r d B rth lot i t h A demi d
. n an e e n e ca c es

S i Co mp t R d
’
c e nc es es en us,

Th olid o i t hi fly f ompou d f p t i m with

e s s c ns s c e O c n s o o ass u ,

carbo i lph ri lph o

n c , su d itri u id c , su u r us, an n c ac s .

Th g pproxi m t ly pr t d fol low

e as e s are a a e re ese n e as s

Carbo n i c ac i d 2596
C a rbo n i c o xi de 034 3
Ni tro ge n 1 08 4
Sul p h u ro u s ac id 009 9
M arsh gas °
0003
H y dr o ge n 0007
Oxy g e n 0003
W ate r 01 4 8

0 4 2 8 3 pe r
°
c e n t.
16 I N TERN AL BALLI 8 TI CS .

30 Byom i t i b li v d th t t th v ry high t mp r
. s e s e e e a , a e e e e

t r pr v ili g i
a u e g e th liq i
a d i d
n i i t l f n a un , e u res ue s se c on

v r t d i to th g o form d th t i t giv
e e n e t wo kase us , an a es ou r

d i g it
ur n p io b t i t i m i t i d by Nobl d Ab l
s e x an s n, u s a n a ne e an e ,

th t th work do
a by xp io i d o ly t th g o
e ne e an s n s ue n o e ase us

po tio f th prod t ltho gh th

r n o e t i d d ri g uc s, a u ese are s us a ne u n

th ir e p io by h t imp t d t th m by o t t wi th
ex an s n ea ar e o e c n ac

th p t i l f liq i d difi d thro gho t th ir vol m

'

e ar c es o t u use u u e u e a a

v ry high t mp r t r Thi hypoth i will b di s d

e e e a u e. s es s e sc u se

f th
ur e r on .

At p t it m y b dd d th t v
re se n i f th 5 7 p t
a e a e , a e en e e r c en .

o f oli d b i
s sg o form i t h b e nhow by a ase us , as e en s n

S h i hk fi dB th t th t io f h g m t
'

c sc o an u n se n a e e ns n o su c ase s us

b x
e e di gly m ll
c ee d q it in p bl f prod i g y
s a , an u e nc a a e o uc n an

a ppr i bl ff t th g r l t io f th p rm t
ec a e e ec on e ene a e ns n O e e an e n

g ase s .

31 I t i ho w by Nobl
. d Ab l th t t th t mp r
s s n e an e a a e e e a

tu re f ig itio o th vol m f th 5 7 p
n t n, f i rt e u e o e er cen . o ne

liq id i pp o i m t ly q l to th t f th powd from

u s a r x a e e ua a O e er

w hi h i t i d iv d
c s er e .

D issoci a ti on .

32 . B y om s e au t ho iti r es i t is main tai n e d , t h at altho g h u

th e v io ompo d d t mi d by l y i
ar us c un s e er ne an a s s are fo d i un n

th fi l t t
e na f th prod t s a e th y d t O i t i th e uc s , e o no ex s n e

e ar li t g whil t th
er s a tio esi t ki g pl i s th e ac n s a n ac e n e

proj til ec e .

Th y y th te t h sa o m po d ot axi t t th hig
e se ch un s c ann e s a e

t mp r t r th
e e a u e r ig i g o wi g t th i t f r e f th
e re e n n ,
n o e n e r e e nc o e

ph o m o ll d di o i tio b t
en en n ca o ly i wh
e ss c a n,
”
u c an n ar s e en

th t mp r t
e e h f f ll
e a u re t dmi t f as h so ar a en as o a o su c

se c o d y ombi tio
n ar c na ns .

33 Al tho gh th
. i po i tiv vid
u f Di o i e re s no s e e e nc e o
“
ss c a

t io n i g i t m
n a y b w l l t un, mi w h t w o l d b a e e o e xa ne a u e

th ff t b lli ti lly if i t di d t k pl
e e ec a s ca ,
a e ac e .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 03 . 17

34 It pp r from th t bl
. a 2 9) th t bo t 6 0 p
ea s .
e a e a a u er

cen t f th g. oo s produ t o i t f bo i id ;
e ase u c s c ns s o c ar n c ac as

will b ho w h ft th t mp t
e s n f ig i tio i
e re a bo t e r, e e e ra u re o n n s a u

th t mp t r f di o i tio rbo i
°
2340 C d .
, an as f e e e ra u e O ss c a n o ca n c

ac id i b t 1 8 00 C i t i h ld th t th rbo i id o l d
s a ou
°
.
,
s e a e ca n c ac c u

til th t mp h d f ll t 1 8 00 C
°
no t xi t e s t un e d e e ra u re a a en o .
,
an

th t p t thi ti m o ly
a u rbo i oxid o l d xi t B t
o s e n ca n c e c u e s . u

th q e tio m y w l l b
ue s k d wh y ho ld t th
n a bo i e e as e , s u no e c ar n c

o id b bj t t di o i tio
x e e su w ll ec th rbo i i d ?
o ss c a n as e as e ca n c ac

I f thi w th g
s o p od t f omb tio wo l d b
e re so , e ase us r uc s o c us n u e

c o fi d t th oxyg lib r t d by th d ompo itio f

n ne o e en e a e e ec s n o

th it t f pot h d f o
e n ra e thi wo l d o ly t k
o as , an O c u rse s u n a e

pla t lo w r t mp t r th 1 8 00 C
ce a a e e e ra u e an
0
.

Co q tl v i f th wh l f th
n se u en y bo w r
, e en e o e o e c ar n e e c on

v rt d i to bo i oxid w wo l d h v th vol m f
e e n c ar n c e, e u a e e u e O

thi g s d th vol m
as f th r m i i g oxyg
an e i ti g u e o e e a n n en ex s n

tog th e lo g th t mp t
er so x n d d as d e e e ra ure e c ee e an

thi wo ld giv
s omp ti ly l w pr r
u e til by th
a c ara ve o e ss u e , u n e

f ll f t mp r t r th
a o e ombi t io f th f
e a u e, oxy g wi th e c na n o e re e en

th erbo i oxid w uld giv i t

ca n c dd dv y
e o e r se o a su en an er

l g i
ar e f t mp r t r
n c re ase o d dd l mo t xplo iv e e a u e , an a su en a s e s e

i r
nc f r
e as e o r p e ssu e .

Th r l t wo ld th r for b
e esu l w i i t i l pr u e e e e a o n a e ss u re ,

d i g th h ot tr v ll d tow rd th m l
ec reas n as e d
s a e e a s e uzz e , an

th n e v y dd ri f pr
a er g i f lli g til l th h ot
su en se o e ssu re , a a n a n e s

l ft th gu T hi rt i ly do
e e n. t r pr t th l
s ce a n es no e e se n e re a

c o ditio
n ns .

35 It i tr th t th vol m f q i l t f'

. s ue a e u e O on e e u va e n O

oxyg pl th t f en q iv l t f rbo i o id i
us a o o ne e u a en o ca n c x e s

o ne d h l f ti m gr t r th th t f th r l ti g
an a -
a es ea e an a o e e su n

e q iv l t f rbo i id d th i wo l d i r
u a en o ca th n c ac ,
an s u n c ease e

p r
re ssu e lo g di o i tio took pl b t th dd
as n as ss c a n ac e , u e su en

f pr wh th t mp f ll t 1 8 00
°
i n c re ase o t . esure en e e e ra u re e o

wo l d qu lly t k pl e ua a e ac e .

36 B t it m y f r th r h
. u m rk d th t i t by a m u e e re a e ,
a no e an s

follow th t b s, rbo i id m y b di o i t d t
a e c ause ca n c ac a e ss c a e a a

t enp t u x
e ra di g re d tm
e o ph r i
c ee pr r n un er a s e c e s su e ,

0
18 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

th e sa me woul d t k pl a e ac e u n de r th e en ormo us pr essu e s r

i i gi
e x st n n a g un.

37 An t . o he r rg a u me nt gi
a a nst diss oc i tioa n may be th us

s tate d .

If a c l gth f in a g un , th e en O

whi h i r pr
c t d by A G
s e d th proj til b
ese n e t llo w d ,
an e ec e e no a e

t mov
o ti l th whol
e un f th h rg i b ur t th p
e e o e c a e s n , e re ssure

m y b r pr
a e t d by
e rv B C D whi h i Nobl d
ese n e a cu e c s e an

Ab l urv ffi i tly l g th
’
e s d if th gu b
c e , an e d th n e su c en en en e , e

pr r woul d f ll t ro t poi t X th m rv
e ssu e a o ze a a n on e sa e cu e.

I f ho w v
,
th proj til b
e e r, llow d t mov th p
e ec r e e a e o e, e re ss u e

cu rv wi ll be a
e di g rv Up t th poi t f m xi
n asc e n n cu e o e n O a

m m pr
u r C wh ll th powd r i b r t ft r whi h
e ss u e en a e e s u n , a e c

i t will d c d as b for t X
e s en e e o .

T h work do ee th p oj tile will th for b

n on e r ec , e re e, e

r pr t d by th ar A C D G
e ese n e e ea .

N w i f from di o i tio or oth r wi se th poi t f m x i

o ss c a n e , e n o a

m m pr
u r b r mov d f rth r f w rd t E th pr r
e ssu e e e e u e or a o , e ess u e

c ur v will be A E F X f lli g t
e e ro t th m poi t Xa n o z a e sa e n ,

an d th work do e th proj til will b A E F G

ne o n e ec e e .

N w the ar ea A C D X mu t b
o qu l t A E F X b u e s e e a o ec a s

th whol
e f th e h t i
e o xp d d i th t w ea B t
s e en e n e o c ase s . u

F G X is gre te r th D G X th e re fore A C D G must be

a an ,

greate r than A E F G .
20 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

42 . r h r fo d th t i f t i f powd r
Pi o be rt fu t e un ,
a a ra n o e ,

i t d f b i g imply l id
ns e a o fl t rf i l id i
e n s a on a a su ac e , s a n a

groov d ov r d wi th
e an light pl k th v lo ity f
c e e a an , e e c o

tr mi io i
an s bo t do bl d wh th groov i ti ly
ss n s a u u e en e e s en re

fill d with powd r

e e .

I f ho w v r i t i o ly h lf fill d th v lo i ty i
, e e ,
till s n a e , e e c s s

f r th r i r
u d by bo t
e h lf
n c e ase a u on e -
a .

O firi g t i
n i t b h fou d
n logo r l t
ra n s i n u es e n an a us e su s, as s

show i th follo wi g t bl
n n e n a e

Wg ei h t of
p o w de r p e r trans mi s o f same
Formatio n of T rain .

li ne al foo t s i o mn tu e trai n i n
lb .
. b
fee t p e r sec Op en ai r
.

. .

Tu b e i n dia m . 1 th i c k ne ss
.

16
of a
p p ,
e r fu l l
ful l
°
08064
0806 4 1 2 1 37
16 h al f f ul l °
0436 8
0 78 5 16 full 21 168 1 3 78 0

43 F . rom
v y m ro h is d r f lly o d t d
er nu e us an ca e u c n uc e

e xp ri m e t Pi b t rriv d t th follo wi g o l io
e n s, o er a e a e n c n c us ns

( ) Ta h v lo i ty e f I g iet io vcri v ry orly i th n n a es e ne a n e

i v r r tio f th fo r th root f th di m t or q i
n e se a o e u o e a e e r, e u

v l t di m t r f th gr i
a en a e e , o e a n.

( )
b I t d r w i t h t h
e c e ase s i r f d i ty d t h e n c e ase o e ns an e

d gre f gl i g
ees o az n .

() Tch o m po i tioe ( dc g ) d l gtsh f t i t n t o f

osa e an en o r u ra i n o

th po wd r d
e t pp r t h v
e o no y ppr i abl ff ea
c t o a e an a ec a e e e on

th v lo i ty f Ig itio
e e c o n n.

Co mbusti on .

44 By th e C m ust
. o b io f gr i n o a a n is meant the ,
gr d l a ua

b ri g o
u n n d wnwards f ro m th rf e su ac e unt il th e whol i e s

co s md n u e .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 21

45 . hi
On t s su e c t Pi obe rt al s bj o made many e Xpe ri men ts
an d co l n c ude d as f ws ollo
( ) h a v lo ity f Comb tion v ri
T at cwter is p ar i bus, the e c o us a es

i v ly
n e rse th d i ty f th g i or 8
as e e ns o t t o e ra n , 1; a , a c ns an

whi h d p c d po th t r f th powd
e en s u n d d ot
e na u e o e e r, an en es

th w ight
e f powd r b r t p
e o o dp e i t f rfu n er se c n e r un o su ac e .

( )
b T h v lo i ty d
e r e r pi d
cly w i th i r
ec e ase s f a an n c e ase o

h mi di ty i th po wd r
u n e e .

() I t i
a r wi th t h m o
n c e ase s t f t ri t r t io p t e a un o u a n u o a

cer t i limit
a n .

d
( ) W i th t h m d i t y m e tri t
sa tio e d me ns , sa e ura n, an sa e

h midity th gr t t v lo ity f C omb tio was obt i d

u ,
e ea e s e c o us n a ne

f om po wd r o mpo d f
r a e c se o

Sal t p e tre
C a r bo n
Su l p h u r

() r
e i th v
In flo i ty f Co m
eeb tio v ri
a r, d i th e e c o us n a e ,
n e

diff r t po wd
e en d by Pi b t f o m 0 4 i h pe rs u se o er ,
r
°

nc er

se co dt 0 6 i h p
n o d
o nc e r se c n .

46 W h powd r b
. d r pr
en i g or
e u rn s un e e ss ure, as n a un

clo v l th v lo ity f Comb tio i v ry g tly

se e sse ,
e e c o us n s e re a

i r d Aft r
n c eas e f l x mi tio
. f th r elt obt i d
c are u e a na n o e e su s a ne

by hi m lf d oth r rtill ri t Mo S
se an dopt th e a e s s, ns . arrau a s e

follo wi g form l n u a

wh e r e

l
v e oc i ty o f Co mbus ti on at p r e s s u re
p .

at mosp h e ri c p ressu re p o .

T h at i s to y
sa , th at the v lo ity v ri
e c a es as th e q r root
s ua e

of th e pr e ssu e r .

h T powd r whi h i th op i wo l d b r with

u s, a e c n e en a r u u n a

v lo ity f
e c i hp o d wo l d b with v lo i ty
o nc e r se c n ,
u urn a e c

of bo t 33 i h
a u
p o d d r a pr e r e f
nc3000 es er se c n un e s u
s o

atmo ph e r s es .
22 I N TERNAL B ALLIS TI CS .

Ef eat of Rate of Ig ni ti on an d Combu sti on on Pr essure .

47 Fr. o m wh t pr d it i obvio th t th tw ph a ec e e s, s us a e o e

no m ena of Ig i t io d C omb tio h v

n n an h di ti t p rt us n a e e ac a s nc a

i th
n o v r io f h rg f po wd r i to i t prod t
e c n e s n o a c a e o e n s uc s ,

th ir joi t tio th t th fi t f fi i g th
'

an d th t i t i a s on e n ac ns a e e ec o r n e

c h g dp d
ar e e en s.

4 8 Wh . h rg f powd r pl d b hi d proj til

en a c a e o e , ac e e n a ec e,

i ig i t d t th r r
s n e d th I g i tio
a e o mm ea wi th th
en , e n n c e nc e s e

g i ra ns t th t d
a d g d lly a t d thro gho t th
en ,
an ra ua e x en s u u e

c h rg If th e r t f Co mb tio b gr t d t h i f
a e . a e o us n e ea an e s ze o

th e g i m ll i t m y b t h t th g i
ra ns s a ,
t th b k a e, a e
"

ra n s a e ac

are e n ti ly o m d b fo th o i fro t
re c nsu e ig i t d d e re se n n are n e ,
an

thi i l i k ly t t k
s s pl wi th m ll g i d po wd r
e o a e ac e a s a -
r a ne e

c lo l y p k d i lo g t b th t i t y i lo g h rg
se ac e n a n u e, a s o sa ,
n a n c a e

o f fi gr i d po wd r
ne -
a ne e .

T hi pid d v lopm t f g t th r r d f th
s ra e e en o as a e ea en o e

c h rg wo ld giv i t
a e u o i d r bl lo l pe r se d o a c ns e a e ca re ssu re an

c o mpr th po wd e ss xt th e proj til w dgi g it p i t

er n e e ec e, e n u as

w r i to
e e mn f high gr vi m t i d
a ass o i ty befor th pro a e r c e ns , e e

jec t i l h
e d mov d at y o i d bl e xt t o an c ns e ra e e en .

O th oth r h d i f th
n e rtridg did t q it fil l th
e an , e ca e no u e e

c h mb r th Ig i tio w o l d p
a e , e pidly th o gh th v t
n n u ass ra r u e ac an

s p ac e , and th C o mb tio wo l d t k pl e lmo t im l

us n u a e ac e a s s u

t l y t bo th
an e o u s d af th t ri dg Th
en l t f thi
s o e c ar e . e re s u o s

wo l d b th
u rly di pl m t f th proj til d
e e ea s ac e en o e ec e an an

i rn c e ase o f p f th volvi g g
s ac e givi g i t lo w
or e e n ase s, n r se o a er

p r b hi d th proj til
re s s u e e n e ec e .

Th m e ff t wo l d t k pl
sa e e if
ec l g g i d u a e ac e a ar e -
ra n e

po wd r w r e d i thi
e e th
use i t r ti b tw
, as n s c ase e n e s c es e een

th e gr i b i g l g th I g itio wo l d p r pidly d
a ns e n ar e , e n n u ass a , an

th e ea rly tio f th p ac r nth b o f th proj til e re ssu e o n e ase o e ec e

wo l d mov i t fo w r d
u di r
e th p
r a an n c e ase e s ac e .

49 R pi di ty f Ig i tio t h o gho t t h
. a o h rg i th r
n n r u u e c a e s e e

for m tt r f o i d r bl i mpor t
e a a e o c s pr vns ti g lo l e a e an c e a e en n ca

v i tio f p
ar a ns o re ss ure .

It m y b pro mo t d i v rio
a e w y i by i r ei g n a us a s, v z . n c e as n
 INTERNA L BA LLIS TI 08 . 23

th e si ze of th e gr i a n s, by p rfor tio e a ns hrought th e mas s o f

e ac h gr i i tha n , as f th n d e c as e o e c yli d i n r c an prismatic
powd r by l vi g e s, p b tw ea th n rt i dg a d s ac e e e en e ca r e an

t h t p f th
e o h mb by omm i g th i g i tio t th
o e c a e r, c enc n e n n a e

t
c e n re f th h rg or by ig iti g i t i m l t o ly t
o e c a e, n n s u an e u s a

se v r l pl
e a Of o rac e s th mo . i m lt o th I g i
c u se e re s u an e us e n

tio n, th mor r pid i th d v lop m t f g a d the

e e a s e e e en o as, n

mor r pid th ri
e a f pr r e se o essu e .

5 0 T h r t f C omb tio h
. e a e o gr t r ff t as r g rd us n as a ea e e ec e a s

th p e r th th r t f I g itio I t i
re ssu e an ei t th t th
a e o n n . s on a e

t
ra e o f vol tio m i ly d p d b t th form f th gr i
e u n a n e en s, u e o e a n

h l o v y i mport t ff t d it i th r t f l
as a s a er an e ec , an s e a e o evo u

tio n of th g whi h hi fly ff t th pr
e as rc c e a ec s e e ss u e .

5 1 Th r t
. f vol tio i
e a e o f tio f th r t
e uf n s a un c n o e a e o

C o mb tio us d f th n rf an d Ig i tio
o W my
e su ac e un er n n . e a

th fo
e re y th t
re s ath pr r ,
i f t
a io f t h e r t f e ssu e s a un c n o e a e o

C o mb tio us d f th n f an joi tly B t th o t

e f s ur ac e n . u e ra e o

C omb tio i i t l f f
us t io
n sf th pr se r th t i f t
a un c n o e e ssu e , so a n ac ,

th pre r i f tio f th ig it d u f a d m ki g
e ss u e s a un c n o e n e s r ac e , n a n

th e ti m t h i d p d t v i bl th q tity f g
e e n e en en ar a e, e uan o as

e vol v d d th p e an f tio
e f t h form f g ai
re s su re a re un c ns o e o r n

on whi h th v i t io
c f th e f d p d
ar a n o e su r ac e e en s .

5 2 Th . i how v r i t h
e re s, f g e f rth
e , n e c ase o a un a u er

c ompli tio T h p i l o v i bl
ca n . d thi
e s f o r
ac e s a s ar a e , an s o c u se

a ff t th pr
ec s r b hi d th proj til
e essu e e n e ec e .

5 3 W i th
. v ry q i k b r i g po wd r th proj til h
a e u c u n n e e ec e as

mov d v y littl
e er t th ti m wh th e h rg i tir ly
a e e en e c a e s en e

c o m d whil wi th lo w vol tio f g i t h mov d

n su e ,
e a s e u n o as, as e

a c o id bl di t
ns e ra th gr tly i r i g th p
e s an c e , us ea nc eas n e s ac e

an dd i g th m xim m pr r
e c re as n e a u e ssu e .

Th r i e e t t goi g
s a c on e s b tw th r pidly i r i g n on e een e a n c e as n

sp ac e d th i an i g vol tio f g e n c re as nT h for m r e u n o as . e e

i r
nc i
e as e s i i g r tio wi th th ti m whil t the
n an n c re as n a e e, s

l tt tho gh it i r
a e r, u do i d i g r tio with
n c e ase s , e s so n a e c re as n a

th ti m b
e e, th i g i t de c au s e f i v ry ordi y fo m
e n e s u r ace n e e n ar r

o f g i d r
ra n th b i g go
e c e as e s as Th g i th e urn n e s on . e n a a n, e

e vol tio u fg i r
n o wi th th pr as r d i th s
n c e ases e e ssu e , an s u an
24 INTERNA L BALLI S TI 08 .

i i g r tio p t th p oi t f m xi m m pre ur d a
n c reas n a u o e n o a u ss e , an

d r e c e as ni g r tio a r g rd th ti m ft ra s e a s e e, a e .

54 I f t th ti m
.
, a f th m xi m m pr
e r th whol
e o e a u e ssu e , e e

c h rg i o m d th b q t pr
a e s c n su e b hi d th pro
, e s u se ue n e ss u re s e n e

j t
ec il w ill
e b r p t d bye di
e b ti rv
re se n e d th work an a a a c cu e , an e

do ne o n th proj til eily rt i bl b t r g d th

ec e eas asc e a na e, u as e ar s e

work pr io ly do ev i t i obvio
us fro m wh t i ne , id bo ve s us, a s sa a ,

th t th p obl m i
a e r x di gly ompli t d
e s an e cee n c ca e o ne .

5 5 If th c h rg b n t
. e ti ly o a m d t th ti m f
e e o en re c n su e a e e o

th m xi m m pr
e a u f t w thi g m y t k pl
e ss ure , one o o n s a a e ac e

e i th th m xi m m pr
er e a my b t i df
u p iod
e s su re a e s us a n e or a er ,

o wi g to th ff t f th i r i g p b i g x tly m
n e e ec o e nc eas n s ac e e n e ac co

p t
e n sa e d by th i i g vol tio
e f g ( whi h
nc re as n h w i e u n o as c , o e v e r, s

no t po ibl wi th ss y or d
ei ry f m f gr ian
) or t h pr r na or o a n , e e ssu e

m y go a f lli g b t lon a pidly th th di b ti r

n ,
u e ss ra an e a a a c cu ve,

o wi g t th o ti d vol tio f h t a d g by th
n o e c n n ue e u n o ea n as e

re mi i g a n n o m d powd r unc n su e e .

I thi n it i vid t th t t th tim wh th whol

s c as e s e en , a a e e en e e

o f th h rg i o m d th p
e c a e s c wil l b th
nsu m e , e re ss u re e e sa e as

i thn f th o th r po wd r
e c ase o d th e b q t pr
e r e an e s u se ue n e s su e s

fol lo w th m l w Up t thi poi t th p

e sa e a . r m t o s n e re ss u e s us

a lw y b l a s d th r fo
e th wh l work do
e ss, an e e th p re e o e ne o n e ro

j t
ec i l m u teb l w i ths lo w eth wi t h
e ssq i k po w d r a sd an a u c e ,
an

t obt i
o q l b lli ti ff t l g r h rg m t b
a n an e ua a s c e ec ar e c a es us e

u se d .

T hi
o fir m d i pr ti
s is d it i
c l o i o for mity
n e n ac c e an s a s n c n

w i th th th r mody mi l w e th t y et h rm l m hi na c a , a an e a ac ne

whi h work b tw
c gi li mi t f t mp t r giv th
s e e en ve n s o e e ra u e es e

m xi m m ff t wh
a l l th h t i
u e iv d t th e high t
ec en a e ea s re c e e a es

t mpe ratur d r j t d t th e lo w t
”
e e an e ec e a es .

For m of Gr ai n .

i fl
56 . Th e n ue n c e o f o m f gr i po th pr ur
th e f r o a n u n e e ss e

and vol tio e u n of

g as is very g t d ltho gh th r l ti
re a , an a u e e a on

b t w th m
e ee n e and the di t mov d by th proj til i
s a nc e e e ec e s
 INTERNA L BA LLIS TI 08 . 25

v ry ompli t d
e c ppro i m t id f the i fl ce f
ca e , an a x a e ea o n ue n o

form m y b obt i d by o i d ri g th e vol tio

a e a nefg i c ns e n e u n o as n

a c lo v l se f tio f th ti m
e ss e as a un c n o e e .

57 L t i t b. m d th t th o mpo itio d ity

e e assu d e , a e c s n, e ns ,
an

deg f h mi di ty
re e o th m th o ly di ff r
u b i gi
are e sa e, e n e en c e e n n

th f m f th
e gr i L t thr form f gr i b
or o e a n . e ee s o a n e c on

s id d th
e re ph ri l bi l d pri m ti
,
e s e yli d i
ca , cu ca ,
an s a c or c n r c,

wi th tral hol
a c en F r th r th t th we igh t f th gr i
e. u e , a e o e a ns

i th
s m e d th t th whol
sa e, rf e is sim lt o ly
an a e e su ac u an e us

ig it d n e .

58 Si th
. p c e i o t t th pr r i f tio
nc e e s a s c n s an ,
e e ssu e s a un c n

o f th tim ed my b o id r d
e, anqu l t om a e c ns e e as e a o s e

un k o w po w r f i t
n n e o .

Th r t ef b r i g i
a e t t d b for
o prop rtion l
u n n s, as s a e e e, o a

t oo m pow f th pr r W m y th r for
s e er o m e e ss u e . e a e e e ass u e

th v lo ity f b r i g proportio l t
e e c o ome f tio f the
u n n na o s unc n o

ti m or e,

wh r i th t f bu i g i free i t th ti m
e e n s a
e ra e o rn n n a r, e e , on n

unk o w po w f i t
n n er o .

O th i mptio th vol m f po wde r o

n s assu mdmy n e u e o c nsu e a

be fo d f c tio
un f th ti m follo ws
as a un n o e e , as

Sp her i ca l Gr ai n .

59 . Le t d i
d ame te r ofg i ; the ra n

s di t s an c e f om th origi l
r e na su rf c e b r
a u n t at

th e t im t ; e

S ac tua l rf
su ac e u n de r ig itio n n at t;

S= 1r
( d
ds
v
T he e l o c ity o f bu r n i n g at s
dt
’

w hic h by assu mpt io n

fl
( 1
th e refor e

( 1 to.
26 INTERNA L BALLIS TI OS .

an d i n te gr ti g
a n an d ob rvi g that wh
se n en t 0s 0,

( m

Su b t t uti g th
s i n is in

{ d
z

i
i )(
n
( m z?
2 ( m 1) p “ .

( m ?

an d as hi k the t c n e ss b r u nt i n d t is u ( 1 ”
t ) d t, ma ki g V
n

th e vol me b r t u u n ,

+ 1
+ s ( 1
r

m
( + 1

+ 2 (m t or

In te gr ting
a an d observi g th n at w h en t 0 V 0, we g e t
fin a lly
t
ml ' '
l
4 dn z
m+ l
(
7r
_ t2
+ t
m+ 1 2
i s an
t
-
fa fl an am-f l )
t
3

Cubteal Gr ai n .

6 0 In th
. i s c ase l e t at be th e s id e of th e c ube , s as b for
e e,

t h en d l gth f th id t t d 6 (d
2 8 is th e en o e s e a an

th e su rf c d r ig itio T hi o ly diff r f om th
a e un e n n . s n e s r e c ase

of th e ph ri l gr i by b tit ti g 6 f W d m ki g
s e ca a n su s u n or , an a n

d; the id f th c b i t d f th di met r f th
s e o e u e ns e a o e a e o e

s ph re e .
28 INTERNA L BA LLI S TI 08 .

{ ( T 4 p)
2
” 2 7r

18 8

{ R
-
6 1r
} .

6 3 I n th e f
. orm
bov d l t with th fs of f g i ra n a e ea , e su r ace o

Ig itio d r
n n th C o mb t io pro
ec e ase s as d I th p i e us n c ee s . n e r s

m ti form ho w v r w ith t h
a c ,
t l hol epo tio f
e , e c e n ra e , o ne r n o

th e rf su i th d d o t id d
ac e , v z . whil th e en s an u s e, e c re ase s, e e

t l h l i
c e n ra o e n c rease s .

64 Th . i how r oth r fo m p t t d by M Q i k
e re s, e ve ,
an e r a en e r . u c ,

i whi h h h
n co ght t giv g t r p opo t io t th
e as s u o e a re a e r r n o e

i r i g rf by m ki g th po wd i to di
n c e as n su ac e f th a n e er n sc s o e

sa m di m t
e th ch mb r f th g
a e e r as d pi r i g i t wi t h
e a e o e un an e c n

a nu mb r f y li dri l hol
e o d th
c di n o td ca e s , an e se sc s are so c n ne c e

t g th
o e th t wh er mb r f th m
a m d en p i to a nu e o e are a e u n a

ca rtridg th yli d i hol will b o ti o th o gho t

e, e c n r c
'

es e c n n u us r u u

t h w hol
e l gth T h fl t di
e en mo ov r di h d t
. e a sc s are re e s e ou

on f th i
o ne f o t m k th
e r rf lo
su r aces, so as o a e e se su ac e s a s

f f C omb tio
s u r ac es o us n .

I f th R en r di f di a us o sc

p r di f t h hol a us o e es

mb r f th hol ; v nu e o e es

T th thi k f di e c n e ss o sc

th i r
e i g f i
n c e as n s u r ac e s

2 v T,

the de c r i g
e as n surfac e ,

2 7r RT 2 1r
( R 2
v p
z
) ,

an d i f a:be the d stan c e i b r

u nt at th e end o f t, th e i n c re as
i ng su rf ac e is
2 7r v
(p a
) ( T

th e de c r i g rf
e as n su ac e ,

R —
( )
2
2 1r x
 IN TERNA L BA LLIS TI 08 . 29

or th tot l urf c
e a s a e un de r i g i tio n n at t

— 2 w) R — R —
( ) ( ( )
2
-
a T az

V
(P
an d as was s how b for n e e,

l !
t
ut - »

a : n
( t
m 1

we ge t
ow - l )
B m
—
1 m
p
2
c
( m 3 m+ 3

( 2 m 3) t “ +3 i 3 'H
—
'
3

+
2 m+ 3 3 iTz r 3
whr
m
e e
A .

B : 2 7r n 2
{ T( v 1) 4 (R
0= 2m 3
{ (
3 1 n} .

6 5 Th e
. rate o f b
i g h i l l th
urn n b md as n a e se c ase s e e n assu e

to be a fun c t io f th ti m r pr
n o t d by u e
( 1 e e e se n e n

w hr
e e u is th e r t fb i g i fr ai d th it f tim
a e o u rn n n ee r, an e un o e

is t k
a e n as th t tho
e dth f
en -
o d th r for
usa n o a se c n , e e e

15 0004 i n .

To ill str
u ate the f or m l u a I w ill assu me hr
t ee vl a ue s

of m .

m cc
g i v in
g v u o r u n i fo r m r ate .

m g g i v in
g V : u ( l t*
) i n c re as i n g ’
as t .

m 1 v u ( +1 3
1
) i n c r e asi n g as t .

66 . T he f oml r u a th en b o me ec s

Fo r s ph ri l
e ca an d c u bi l gr ica a n

w hen m - oc V = At

1 5 2 2 5 s

V t
° °

t £ t
A B

s 3 5 4 5
t
'

t t
‘
-
1 25
30 INTERNA L BALLI S TI 08 .

w h en m= 1,

i f
+ 0 + 1
Fo r pri s matic gr i a n,

w h en m

w h en m
3 3 5 4 4 5
’ °

t t £ t
I 0 I I I ;
§ 1 5 H
2 25 1 0 1 25
-

w h en m

i
Fo r d sc p wde o r ,

w h en m

” 3
t ‘
w h en m v .

(
A tI
l -
s
I B “ ‘

2
I
1 5
I '

7
I 6
4 ‘"

(§
s s
t $ t
+ C I I I
T
I

’
-
5 2 25 1 0 1 25
-

(
w h en m —
V = A + i

I
Z ; I
2

il
I t w l be se en by o p ri g h
c m a n pr io
t ese e x ess ns th at t e hy
on ly i r o i B h
d ffe i n th e c e ffic e nts, A, , an d C, an d t at th e te ms r
i volvi
n n
g th e po rw e o f t fo r an ygiv v l
e n a ue o f m, are

i i l ho g o i p po
de nt ca , s wi n that th e c e ffic e nts de e nd u n th e f rm o
of gr i a n .

6 7 T he follo wi g tabl e gi ves th e v l e f th ese c o

. n a u o i
e ffic e nts,

f th e four forms f grai above c onsi de red

or o n .
 INTERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

Prismatic wi th on e h ol e . Di sc wi th v h ol es .

”
4 1 11 3 Gn S ’ -
p) i -
p)
Sw n R
{ { 4 (R - }
’
’
2 4 11 s’
u 2 1r ( T - 4 p) 21 n
’
T ( v -
l ) - v
p)
S
4t —
} i (
’
u -
6 1r 2r u
'
3 l - r )}

w hr e e 91 0004
R r di
ph r or di or i th
a us o f s f pris e e, sc , n e case o

m ti th r di s f th i rib d i l ;
a c, e a u o e n sc e c rc e

p r di f p rfor ti g hol
a s ; us o e a n e

S id f ub or h x go i pri m ti po wd r ;
s e o c e e a n n s a c e

T thi k f pri m ti g i or di ;
c ness o s a c ra n sc

mb r f hol i di
v nu e o es n sc .

6 8 Th rel ti ve e vol tio

. e fg a i fl ed by th form u n o as, as n ue n c e

of g i m y be show gr phi lly by di gr ms o t ruc te d

ra n , a n a ca a a c ns

fro m th bov formul e a e a.

L t it b ume d th t i
e h f th thr fir t form f
e as s ,
a n e ac o e ee s s o

gr i th gr i i f th m w ight d th t h o t i
a n, e a n s o e sa e e ,
an a eac c n a ns

1 5 72 bi i he f powd r orr po di g t th follo wing

cu c nc s o e , c es n n o e

di m io e ns
y ns, sa ,

di ame ter
l e n gth o f si de
2R ac r o ss fl ats
2 p di ame te r o f o l es h
S side o f h e xag on
T thi c kn es s
R o ute r radi u s

p r adiu s o f h ol e s
v n u mbe r o f h o l e s

T th i c kn ess

an d l et the d sc i powd r be of the follo wing dimen io

e s ns

Outer radi us o f di s c
Radi u s o f h ol e s
Thi c kn e ss o f di sc
Numbe o f h o es r l
32 INTERNAL BALLI 8 TI US .

As th e vol
hi di i fo rt u me of t s sc s u een i m gr t r
t es ea e

t hanth t f af th bov
o gr i f th
o ne o e a e a ns, or e sa k f o mp i
e o c ar

th vol m giv
s o n, e by th form l m
u e en e u a us t b divi d d b
e e v

fo t h h r b do
ur ee n , as as e e e en ne .

q . - ‘
q - cu
p n o

Q - Q - O - -
t
‘ n u

- 0

\
l \
o
l
I
c
l s
o
l
0

6 9 Fi g
. . 1 r pre ese n ts vol m f powd r o v rt
t he u e o e c n e ed

i to
n g as as a fun c tio f th n ti m th os mptio e e, on e as u n of

m cc , or a un ifor m r t f b r i g a e o u n n .
 INTERNA L BALLI S TI 08 . 33

F IG . 2 .

l 3
A A
I
[ I I t ,
I i )
I u I ,

I /
I
.
I ,
I
I
’
9 '
I , I
l [
I I /
I I I 1
I I I
1
I
, I
1

- L

F igs . 2 an d 3 r prese t th e s
e n a me on th e hypothese s that ,

m i , and m 1 resp c tiv ly e e .

‘

F ro 3 . .

Absc i ss ae 1 i n c h Q
mooUth sfi -
o f a sec o n d.

Or di n ate s 1 i n c h 1 c ub . i n c h p ow der .

Th e f ollowi g t bl ho w i
n h a es s ,
n e ac c ase , th e t im
e o f c on

su mi n g 1 5 7 2 bi i h f
cupo wd r i c nc o e , n te n th-
o h
usan dt s o f a

se c o n d.

I n th e se diagrams th e c urv e 1 rep rese n ts Prismati c 2 : re p rese nts D i sc ;

b
3 re p rese n ts C u ical G rai n ; 4 re prese nts Sph eri cal G rain .
34 I NTERNA L BALLI 8 TI 08 .

T ime mp ti on
o f con s u
b
1 5 72 c u ic i nc h
°
.
of

V al ue of m .
at

70 F rom thi it pp s th t wh t ve r b th form f

. s a e ar ,
a a e e e o

gr i th pri m ti i th t whi h b r q i k t d
a n, e s a c s a c u ns u c es ,
an c o n se

q tly f
uen ,
m as for m i ar as o r d it o ght t giv e re s c nce ne , u o e

th high t pr
e r es e ssu e .

B tp u ti lly thi i
rac t thca p rtly b pri m ti cs s no e c ase , a e ca use s a

powd i g er l ly f s high r d ity but hi fly b

e n e ra o a e e ns , c e e c au se

th ig i tio
e i
n l o w t fir t owi g t th high gl i g
n s s a d s ,
n o e az n an

th m ll rf
e s a su ac e .

Th rt ridg
e ca e b ilt up th t th gr i fit i to
e s ar so u , a e a ns n

e ac h oth r th t p ti lly th i i ti l rf
e , so a f i g i tio
rac ca e n a su ac e o n n

is a lmo t limi t d t th t f th
s etr l hol Th fi t
o a o e c en a es . e rs evo

l ti
u fg
on o i th r for as m ll s d th i i ti l pre e ri e e s a , an e n a e ssu re s s

s lo wly d oo , an it i as sffi i t t ov om th f i tio

n as s su c en o e rc e e r c n

o f th proj til e d th r i t
ec e anf th b ri g th pro e es s an c e o e ase n , e

jec ti l m ov
e w y d byes t h ti
a m th avol t io , f gan e e e e u n o as

b om r pid th proj til i l dy om di t

ec es a , e ec e s a re a s e s an c e

a lo g th bor
n d th
e i r d p k p dow th
e, an e n c e ase s ac e ee s n e

p re ssu er .

7 1 It wi l l b
. from th di gr m th t th
e see n vol tio f e a a s, a e e u n o

g as i m s h m o uc ifor m w i t h t h d i
re u n d pri m t i po w d e sc an s a c e rs

th an wi th ph i l d s bi l T hi i
er c a do b t d
an cu ca . s s no u an a v a n

t g a b t i t i i o i t t wi th wh t i oft
e, u s nc rt d i
n s s en a s en ass e e , v z .

th t wi th pri m ti po wd r th
a s omb tio o ti
a c lo g e , e c us n c n nue s a n

w y dow th bo
a n e thi fo m i th t
re . s r s a

whi l t th s vol tio e e u n t th o e

li mit d rf e f omb tio i t i r

su ac e o v ry r pidly th
c us n, n c e ase s e a as e

c o mb tio go us d th
n tho gh th m xi m m p
e s o n , an r us, u e a u re ssu e
36 INTERNA L BALLI S TI CS .

on e -
h lf a th e d stan c e i b e t we e n th e hol e s, an d c al li g thin s A
we mu st mak e
— 1
A T ( v )
— 1
2 6 ( v
)
I n th e i po wd bov o id r d A 08
case o f th e d sc er a e c ns e e , ,

v 19 R 3 p O l m ki g
, ,
f whi h v l w '

, a n u se o c a u es e

fidT n 3 49 i h th r q ir d thi k
‘
nc e s, e e u e c n e ss .

7 5 Th th or ti lly i t i
. u s, l w y po ibl t r g l t
e e ca ,
s a a s ss e o e u a e

th thi ke f th dic n e ss ot h v lw y i e i g sc s o as o a e an a a s n c re as n

f
su r ac e o f omb tio b t prob bly thi will
c us t b po ibl n, u a s no e ss e

i npr ti acou t f th diffi l ty f obt i i g i

c e, on ac c n o e cu o a n n un

fo mi ty f d
r i ty i thi k di
o ens n c sc s .

It i how v r p opo d by Mr Q i k t
s, e e ,
it r mb r se . u c o un e a nu e

o f th di by m
ese f v y i fl mm bl m t d I
sc s e an s o a er n a a e ce en ,
an

b l i v h h h d o i d r bl
e e e e as with thi m thod
a c ns e a e su c c e ss s e .

I f thi b ompli h d I h v
s c an dou b t th t
e ac c t idg s e ,
a e no a c ar r es

m d a
pe f d i u t h i to d w il l giv sc s ll t l t us u n e , e e xc e en r e su s,

c ombi i g v ry r pid b q t vol tio f g wi th

n n a e a su se ue n e u n o as a

c omp tiv ly l w m i m m i iti l p

ara e o r d h ax u n a re ssu e , an s uc

c ar tri dg m d p wi th es v lop f f ibl m t l will b

a e u an e n e e o us e e a e

fo d v ry o v i t
un e p i lly f q i k fi i g g th
c n en en , es ec a or u c -
r n un s, e

c artri dg di pp i g with th prod t f ombu tio

e c ase sa e ar n e uc s o c s n

an d q i i gre xtr tio

u r n no e ac n .

P r oducts f
o Combusti on .

76 In . bo t 43 p
2 8 ) i t was t state d t h at a u er c en .

o f th e we ight f th p od t o i t f p rm t g o e r uc s c ns s o e an e n ase s ,

an d 57 p t f o mpo d wh i h oli di fy t ordi

e r c en . y o c un s c s a n ar

t mp r t
e A th
e a ures b lli ti ff t f g po wd r i
. s e a s c e ec o un e s

si mply o v r io f portio f th h t volv d i to

a c n e s n o a n o e ea e e n

m h i l for
ec by m
an c a f th xp i ce,tio f th e an s o e e an s ve ac n o e

p rm t g
e an e ng i j t s muc h t h r m
ase s, a l m hi un s us a a e a ac ne

as i t m or
s a s ea i gi an a r e n ne .

I f th th i iti l d fi l te mpe r ture f th g

en e n c o ld
a an na a s o e ase s u
 INTERNA L BALLI S TI CS . 37

be rt i d th f l l f t mp r t r ubj t t ert i
asc e a ne ,
e a o e e a u e, s ec o c a n

d d tio
e uc wo ld giv th
n s, rgy f th proj til T h
u e e ene o e ec e. e se

d d tio
e uc th gy f th prod t f omb tio th
n s are , e en e r o e uc s o c us n, e

e nergy f r oil f th g o d
ec rri g th for o q ir d e un an ca a e, e ce re u e

t giv rot tio

o e i rifl d gu a d th fri tio
n f th pro
n e n s, an e c n o e

ject il d t h
e an p i g g e e sc a n ase s .

77 T hi m thod f tr tm t f th b lli ti probl m i

. s e o ea en o e a s c e s

d ue t Co t St Rob rt wh d vot
o un om p t it i hi
. e o e es s e s ac e o n s

Tr ité d T h rmody miq T ri 1 8 7 0 h pt r iii d

’
a e e na ue , u n, , c a e .
, an

an a tt mpt t f rth r d v lop i t for m d th

e o u bj t f e e e e e e su ec o a

p p r pr t d by my lf t th I tit tio f Civil

a e e se n e se o e ns u n o

E gin i 1 8 84
n e e rs d p bli h d i th Mi t
n f P ,
an u s e n e nu e s o ro

c eedi g vol x x p t ii
n s, It i f rth r d l t wi th i
. x .
, ar . s u e ea n a

b q t h pt r f th pr t work
su se ue n c a e o e e se n .

7 8 T h vol m f p r m
. e t g u d th it f h t
e o e an e n as es, an e un s o ea

e volv d from th omb tio f giv w i ght f po wd r

e e c us n o a en e o e

are f d m t l d t i b l l i ti p obl m
un a en a d th followi g a a n a s c r e s, an e n

t bl giv s th e
a e f v l d riptio f powd r d t r
e se o r se e ra e sc ns o e , as e e

mi d by M r Nobl
ne d Ab l e ss s . e an e .

7 9 T bl . f bi
a ti m tr
e o f g d cui ts f h e t c c en e es o as an un o a

e volv d p g mm f powd
e er ra e o er

Desc ri pti on of Powder .

Coc o a— Brown p rismati c

Sp an i sh p e ll e t
C urt is and H arve y No 6 .

W al th am A bb ey , F G . .

ELG . . .

Pe bb le
M i ni ng p o wde r

8 0 It w
. ill be at o n ce ob rv d th t tho e po wd r whi h
se e , a s e s c

e volv e the most gas giv t the l ast h t whi h i

e ou e ea , c s no
38 I N TERNAL BALLI STI 08 .

d o bt d t th di pp r
u ue o fs eibl h at i gi i g the
sa e a an c e o e ns e e ,
n v n

g o
ase for m t
us t h pr d t o e o uc s .

A th pr s r wh o fi d i
e e ssu e lo v l i f tio en c n ne n a c se esse s a un c n

o f th t mp r t re e d f th vol m joi tly th fig r

e a u e an o e u e n , e u es

g iv i
en th l t n ol m e pr t
as t t
c i xt t t
u h n re e se n o a c er a n e en e

r l tiv pr r fromth bov powd Th th W l th m

e a e e ss u e s e a e e rs . us e a a

Abb y powd e pr tty ly qu l whil t th mi i g

e rs a re e n e ar e a , s e n n

p o wd r S p ei h , d C rt ian s d H v,
y N
ano 6 o m wh t u s an ar e . are s e a

le ss, an d th o o th l t f l l T h C ti d H rv y
e c c a e e as o a . e ur s an
’

a e

N 6 o . d th mi i g po wd
an e ly th m ltho gh
n n e r are n ear e sa e, a u

th e pr p ti o f g or d u it
o ns f h t di ff r by
o rly
as an n s o ea e nea

50 pe r c e nt .

81 proportio by w igh t
. T he ns e of th e g o ase us an d s olid or
liq id por tio f th p od t
u ns o e r uc s are how
s n i n th e follo wi g n

t bla l o d t M r Nobl
e, a s ue o e ss s . e an d Ab l e .

So l i d or
Gaseous .

Coc o a— Bro wn p ris ma ti c

Sp an is h p e ll e t
C urtis an d H arv e y No 6 .

W al th am A bb ey , FG . .

ELG . . .

Temp eratur e f
o Combusti on .

8 3 If th e
. s p ifi h
v io pr d t f m ec c e ats of th e ar us o uc s o co

b tius w r k on w it wo l d b e e y t obt i th t mp r
no n, u e e as o a n e e e a

t u re f o mb tio o b t fort
c t ly thius p ifi h t n, u un u na e s s ec c ea ,

tho gh urt i bl t ordi y t mp r t

asc e a na i r s w it h e a n ar e e a u re s, n c ea es

th t mp
e t r e ordi g t u k ow
e ra u e l w C ac c n o an n n n a . on

se q tly th t mp t r
uen d d d from t h
e p ifi
e e ra u e s as e uc e e s ec c

h t t o di ary t mp r t r c a o ly b t k
ea s a r n p rior e e a u es n n e a en as su e

l i mit s.
 INTERNA L BALLI S TI CS . 39

Th y will how v r pproxi m t ly re pr t th l tiv

e , e e , a a e e se n e re a e

te mp r t r f co mb tio wh i h m y be fou d as fol low

e a u es o us n, c a n s

0) L t W b th w ight f po wd ;
e e e e o er

H t it f h t volv d p
he u n it f w ight ;
s o ea e e e r un o e

th m p ifi h t f th produ t
3 e ean s e c c ea o e c s

T th t mp t r f th produ t ;
e e e ra u e o e c s

= w s T, or T

And i f w be ta k en 1 gr amme

84 T h e . mean spe c ific

h t t o t t vol um of th ea a c ns a n e, e

prod t uc s o f c o mbust ion at

ordi ry t mp tu h v b na e e ra res a e een

d t r mi d by M ssr Nobl
e e ne d Ab l d the follo wi g
e s. e an e ,
an n

t bl
a hows th orr po di g t mp r ture th
e s e it fc es n n e e a s, e un s o

h t volv d be ing t k from th t bl

ea e e a en e a e

85 .

Coc oa Bro wn p ri smati c

M ini ng po wde r

86 . T h littl do bt th t these
e re c an be bov e u a are a e

th e t l te mp r t re
ac ua i g b t t
e a uh y prob bl y s n a un , u e a

re p t th e r l tiv
re se n t mp r t Th re i
e a how v re e e a ure s . e s, e e ,

an oth r m thod f l ul tio whi h prob bly giv pr tty

e e o ca c a n c a es e

a ly th
ne r tual te mp r tur
e ac It is ob tai d fro m e a e s. ne a

formul g iv h e r afte r
a en e ,
40 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

w h en b ol ut t mp r t t k from 273 b low

T o is the a s e e e a ure a en
°
e

ze ro f th o C tigr d el en a e sc a e .

f i t h pr
sessu r f t h
e g i i g f ro m 1ek i l g f
o e ases ar s n o . o

po wd r o pyi g t th t mp r t r f c omb u tio 1 ti

e cc u n a e e e a u e o s n, c en

mt b f p
e re c u e o s ac e .

p t mo ph ri a pr u r or 1s 0 3 3 e ki l g p c q r e ss e o . er s ua e

c en ti mtr e e .

u ovol m f g f om it f w ight
u e o ases r un o e .

N w f p bbl po wd r
o or d E L G th v l
e e ff i bo t e an . . . e a ue o s a u

2 6 1 5 ki l g p ti m tr
o . d er cen e e , an v0

Th r for e e e,

2 73 X 2 6 1 5
b l t
°
2 5 04 a so u e ,
X 276

or by th C tig ad th mom t r 2 5 04 273 22 31 C

e en r e er e e
°
.

whi h i prob bly pp o xi m t ly tr e

c s a a r a e u .

8 7 If thi b
. th m p ifi h t m y b d t rmi d
s e so e e an s ec c ea s a e e e ne

by dividi g th u it f h t volv d by i t f w ight by

n e n s o ea e e un o e ,

th t mp r t re j ust fo
e e d Th i giv
e a u f p bbl po wd r un . s es or e e e

72 1 4 °

O 322’
2 231
w hi ch is a bo ut 75 pe r ce nt . high r th e an th e s p ifi h
ec c eat

made use o f i n th e ta e bl
I f th e p i fi h t d i th t t bl b i r
s ec c ea s use n a a e e n c ease d i n th e
sa me proportio th r lti g t mp r t r will b
n, e esu n e e a u es e

Desc ri p ti o n of Po wder . T emp erature .

Coc o a— Bro wn p ri smati c 2 39 0 0 °

.

Sp ani s h p e l l e t
C urti s an d H arvey No 6
b
.

Wal th am A b ey , F G . .

EL G

M i ni ng po wder
pe
.

bb .

le

ollowi g table i given by C pt in R a

Th e f n s a a o of th e
Fre h Artil l e ry and is d riv d from the e xp rim
nc , e e e e n ts of

Mess s Noble and Abel a d Messrs Roux and S r

r .
, n . a rau .
 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS . 41

G ramme o l u me o f V T emp erature

De sc ri p tion of Powde r .
un i ts o f h ea t
e v o l ved p e r
gas e vo l v ed,
c u ic b o f co mb us

g ramme o f
p ow de r
c en ti me tre s

p e r ramme
. g .
ti o n .

Pe bb le

F G . .

Sp an is h p e l l e t
Cu rti s an d H ar ve y No 6
M i n in g po wde r
F i n e p o udre de c h asse
Ordi n ary can n on p o wde r
M uske t p o wde r A
M i ni n g p o wde r

88 high t mp r t r f omb tio f o powd

. Th e e e a u e o c us n o c c oa e r,

ac comp i d it i by i an e d w igh t f th olid or

as s an n c r eas e e o e s

l iq id uid d l o by th i r
re s d h rg r q ir d t
u e , an a s e n c e as e c a es e u e o

k p p th b lli ti ff t m y prob bly h v good d l

ee u e a s c e ec , a a a e a ea

t d wi th th r pid ro io
o o f th bor i mo d r rtill ry
e a e s n o e e n e n a e

p tirac ce .

Str ength o
f P owde r .

89 . B y th e te rm r g th i d ot d th pr r p
“
st e n s en e e e ssu e er

un it o f su rf ac e w hi h th p od t f omb ti x rt
c e r uc s o c us on e e on

th e id f s es o a c lo v l whi h i fill d with th powd r

se t e sse c s e e e a

g r vi m
a tri d e c en s ity 1 or f i h p po d nc es er un o

po wd r e .

Th b ol t tr gth d th
e a s ir m t
u e s h ent un er e se c cu s an c es as n o

y te b t
eeni d b i l l x p ri m
as c e r a n et m d t , e c ause n a e e en s a e o

th t a d en rt i mo t f th h t volv d p
,
a ce a n a i to un o e ea e e asse s n

th ebt su f th o t i i g v l d o q tly i
s an c e o e c n a n n e sse , an c n se ue n s

lo t r g d b lli ti po w r Th pro po tio th lo t

s as e ar s a s c e . e r n us s

c an no t b o t t r tio b whil t th h t
e a c ns an t lly a , e c au se s e ea ac u a

e volv d i dir tly th w ight

e s th b f th li e l
ec as e e , o r as e cu e o e n a

di m io f th v l th rf
en s ns o xpo d v i e th e sse , e su ac e e se ar e s as e

li l dim io
n ea r g rd th id e ns d th q r f
n s, as e a s e s e s, an as e s ua e o

th li
e l di m io
ne a r g rd t h d Coe ns q tly ns as e a s e en s . n se ue n ,

th lo
e f h t i gr t r i proportio
ss o iea m ll v s l ea e n n n a s a esse

th an i l rg n a a e o ne .
42 I N TERNAL BALLI8 TI CS .

90 M h
. rt i ty xi t wi th r g d t th t l
uc u nc e a n e s s e ar o e ac ua

a m t f ooli g i
o un o g c d t th
n t r min io af h t un ue o e an s ss n o ea

t th m t l
o e e a .

C o t St Rob rt by h i
un . xp ri m t e ,m ll rm s e e e n s on s a a s, c o n

l d d th t bo t
c u e a thi d f th whol h t volv d w
a u o ne -
r o e e ea e e as

th b b d or bo t 2 50 it p kilo f powd
us a so r e , a u un s er . o er .

M Nobl
e ss rs d Ab l wh p rim nt d with 1 2
e an e o ex e e e a

p o und ti m t
e r, d th es lo t bo t
a e 1 0 0 i t ed i ss a a u un s, an n a

10i h g
-
nc t t mor th
un a 25 it p kil g f powd r
no e an un s er o . o e ,

b i g bo t 1 4 p
e n a t
u d 3s p t r p tiv ly
er c en . an e r c en . es ec e .

9 1 O thi . bj t M S
n h
s su m d om i t r t g
ec . arrau as a e s e n e es i n

re m rk whi h m y b t t d
a s c fo llow a e s a e as s .

9 2 L t w b th w igh t f po wd
. e e b rt ie lo
e o er u n n a c se

v l e sse .

T th i iti l t mp r t r o
f omb tio
e n a e e a u e o c us n .

T th t mp r t r f th prod t t e e
y ti m t
e a u e o e uc s a an e .

th f f th v
a
“

l e sur ac e o e e sse .

th t f fl w f h t i u it p
v e ra e it f
o o o ea n n s er u n o

rf d i t f ti msu ac e an un o e .

U iti : d im t kilogr mm
n es ec o d Fr h it f
e re , a e, s ec n ,
enc un o

h t d gr C tig d
ea , e ee en ra e .

9 3 Th c ombu tio i
. e t in t t o b t p ogr i
s n s no s an an e us u r e ss ve ,

an d t th a d f e
y t i m t
enth q u oti ty b anr t w ill b e e an u n e

s om f tio f t L t thi b d ot d by F (t)

e un c n o . e s e en e .

At th ti m t th h e t b o be d may be prese te d by
e e e a a s r re n

On th e oth r h e an d, the heat lo t by th prod s e u c ts i n fa lli g

n

f rom T o to T 1 is

c F ( t) ( T , T ),

a bei g the spe

n cific h e at un de r o c nstant v ol ume , th eref ore

c F ( t) ( T o T)
44 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

a nd de v lopi g
e n z in th e sa me form , or maki ng

a n d su b tit ti g i ( 6 ) th o ffi i t m y b d t rmi d
s u n n e c e c en s a e e e ne .

9 7 At p. t w will ppo th t th l w f b r i g i
re se n ,
e su se a e a o u n n s

un i form th if b th tim f tot l omb tio f g i

, en 7 e e e o a c us n o a ra n

an d f th
o h rg e c a e

maki n g

( )
8 b om ec es

w hi h c is sat sfied i by att rib ti g t

u n o z a vl
a ue i n de p e n de nt o f

z
t s uc h th at w
"

x a -
,
7

98 hypoth i f
. T he iform r t f omb tio i es s o a un a e o c us n s as

w k ow i o
e t bn i nc lo v l th pr
rr e c ,
e c a u se n a c se e sse e e ssu re

i r th ti m
nc e ase s as d th t f b r i g i r
e e , an e ra e o u n n nc e ase s as

th p e ; t h o th h d th r f
re s s ure on f th gr i e er an , e su ac e o e a ns

g l ly d
e n e ra t h ti m i r t h t th r m y
e c re ase s as e e n c e ase s, so a e e a

po ibly b g t o i th hypot h i f i fo mity

ss e no re a e rr r n e es s o un r .

9 9 Th q tio ( 11) i
. e il
e olv d wh
ua i k o wnn s eas v s e en It s n ,

f t ki g th log ith m
or a n e ar s

l og s + z log a l og x + l og -
r l og u ,

H
'

(
ee
T
log z + z l og a log G O T
c
 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS . 45

log l og H l og log e l og T o l og l og
'
x
+ e + <r
+ a c .
( )
1 4

li g with high t mp r t
I n de a n th t rm T l g i e e a u re s e e O o a s

v y l rg wh o mp r d with th oth r t rm o q tly

er a e en c a e e e e s, c nse ue n

a c o id bl rror i th tim tio f or will t m h

ns e ra e e n e es a n o e e
'
no uc

a ff t th
ec lt e re s u s .

1 00 N w th v l
. f th
o mi iv po w r f th prod t
e a ue o e e e ss e e o e uc s

i b ol t ly u k ow b t th p od t o i t t
s a s u e n n n, u as e se r uc s c ns s o a

l rga t t f olid or li q id m tt r i
e ex en o highly i d
s u a e n a n c an es

c en t t t th mi iv po w r i
s a e, doubt v ry g
e e t d
ss e e s no e re a ,
an

th will prob bly b

e re gr t ror i t ki g a 1 e no ea er n a n e .

T v l f dp d a ue o th t r d t t e
'
f th e en s on e na u e an s a e o e

m t ri a e f th v a l M S rr giv t th v l
o e f
e sse . . a au es o e
’
e a ue o

d t th sp i fi h t th
an o v lu 0 1 8 5 H
c e ec c ea e a e . e

t k 4080 th th or ti v l obt i d by T °
a Tes e e e c a ue a ne O

2 74
g wh Q 7 05
i i t d H en m ki g un s, an a n

u f whi h v l
se o h fid c a ue s e n s

Th is H is deduw d by M Sarrau fro m an e xpe rime nt made by

v al ue o f .

D ul ong and Pe ti t J ournal de I E col e Po l y te c h ni que , cah i er xv i i i

’ ’
p
b b
. .

o n th e c o ol i n g o f th e ul of a merc u ri al th ermo me te r co vered w i th l am

b l ac k in a medi u m at 0 C , or a so l ute te mp e ratu re T

° 0
b
, as fo ll o ws
p
m
q
.

Le t h be th e u an tity o f h eat p assi n g i n uni t o f ti me and surfac e Hee

'

( aT aT l ) .

T h e n in 8 t, th e h eat passi ng h a 8 t, an d if 10 be th e we i gh t of th e c o o l i n g

b ody , c i ts spe c ific h e at, th en th e de c rea se of te mp erature 6 T

g 8 t, an d

th e th ermo me tri c v e l oc i ty of cool i ng

$2 1
'
h

Su bstitutin g for 11 i ts val ue H ec

’
( aT aT i ), we g et
'
H e e or
aT — aT i
we

p radi u s o f b b
ul in dec i me tre s, A densi ty of merc u ry ,

”
4 1r p an d w
a Wp '
A, th ere fore
 46 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

l og H l og : l og o T o l og a l og
'
l og n l og e o

l o g 0002 37 °
log 1 log 1 5 408 0 l o g
°

log 1 85 l og 0
°

l og o ,

an d ( )
1 3 be c om es

l og s z log a l og r
+ l og
s
-

0
.

v lb
1 01 . b
I f t h e n th e e sse e a cu e of 1 dec i m tr
e 6 e, a ,

d givi g v rio
an vl t yn a us a ue s o an d w th e c o po di g
rre s n n

vl f m b
a u es o l ltd 2 a e ca cu a e .

f mi g follo w
r A dw
’
ssu n an as s

0 001 se c on ds,
"
c 0 1 00
°
0 01 °

l 10 0 1 0 5 1 00 ki l o g ramme s ,

th e v l f th
a ue o 2, e fa ll of te m p rat r
e u e, w ill be f o u n d as in
th e follo wi g t bl n a e .

so in k i l ogrammes .

difiere nce o f te mp e rature 6 T T,

'

an d if 9 or

aT i
'
Be e
h =H
'

( a0 1)
c p A

D ul o n g to ok e = 0 8, °
e
’ = uni ty , T, 2 73, c
°
0333, A = l 3 5 96 ,
°

an d th e v el oc i ty of c oo l i n g was foun d to be re p rese nted by

p
h
’ .
0339 5 ( as E q uati ng th e se two

H 3e e aT 1
0339 5
( WA
°
0339 5 c p A °
0339 5 x
3 x 0 8 x l x l 0077 m
'
3 c e aT 1 ° °
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 47

rom thi M S r o l d th t it i t imp

1 02 . F s . ar au c nc u e s, a s no ro

b bl th t r d tio f t mp r t
a e a a ppro hi g t 2 000
e uc n o e e a u re a ac n o
°

m y t k pl
a a i lo v l d th t x pt f th
e ac e n a c se e sse , an a e ce or e

cooli g i fl n f th v n l th th o ti t mp r t r
ue n c e o e e sse , e e re c e e a u e

f 4 08 0 migh t b r li d
°
o e ea se .

B t h u lr dy b ob rv d th v l
as as a 0 1 85 i
ea e en se e e a ue c s

prob bly t l w f th p ifi h t f th prod t t th

a oo o or e s ec c ea o e uc s a e

high t mp t r f omb tio

e d t ki g i t t 0 32 2
e ra u e o c us n, an a n a
‘

as

obt i d ia ne tio th v l f wo l d b
n se c how
n e a ue o 2 u e as s n

i th e follo wi g t bl f
n o o d p bbl po wd r
n a e, or c c a an e e e .

w i n ki l ogrammes .

F rom thi s ta bl
lo f t mp r t r i
e it is see n , t h at the ss o e e a u e n

l
r o on
f ood wh 1 kil g f p bbl b r t i 1 d i
a se c n en o . o e e u n n ec

m tr e b ewith g vi m tri d
cu e ity 1 wo ld b o ly
or ra e c en s , u e n

1 6 C whi h or po d t 1 6 x 3 32 it f h t
°
. c c re s n s o un s o ea ,

bo t T h p t f th h t volv d
or a u ar o e ea e e .

1 03 I th bov l l tio th f ll f te mp t r i
. n e a e ca cu a n e a o e ra u e 2 s

H T°
'
e e r a 0
obt i d from th for m l whi h giv
‘
a ne e u a za c es
5 c

' “
H e e r a
log z z l og a l og
C
 48 INTERNA L BALLI S TI CS .

an d in the c ase o f c o o brow pri m ti

c a n s a c w t ih r

l og + z x 0033 6 7 6 32 + l og
z
° °
z

In th e c ase abov e, if 1 ki lo g . is burnt i n 1 de c im tr e e

cu b e w 1 and a 6 , wh i h giv
c es

2
2 4 3“ -
1 45 4 5 7 ,
0
an d z 25 0 .

but i n th e c a se o f a 12 -
i h
nc
g un i g 29 5 lb
fir n . of

a c ha mbe r w ho se su rf ac e is 1 8 5 6 d i m tr ec e es

hv a e a 1 8 5 6 dec im tr e e s an d w 133 8 ki l o g .

T h r fo e e re

0 14 206 .

C o n se q ue n t ly
log 2
°
6 76 32 °
1 4206 °
8 1 2 38 ,

fr o m wh i o d
ch 2 is f wh i h orr po d t
un lo c c es n s o a ss

o f 2 15 it p kilog mm f powd r or o ly bo t 5 1 m
un s er ra e o e n a u

p t f th h t volv d
ar o e ea e e .

1 04 T h bov l l tio
. e a b d th
e ca cu a mptio ns are ase on e assu n s,

o f ifor m r t f b i g th t D l g l w ppli t
a un a e o urn n ,
a u on
’
s a a es o

th v ry high t mp r t r d l t wi th
e e e d th t th v l
e a u e f
ea , an a e a ue o

e w hi h i u k ow
c s i n q lt n nity th fir t f whi h i
s e ua o un , e s o c s

ce rt i ly t t
a n no d th oth ru e tw an rt i y t e or er o u nc e a n, e one

t w i mpo t t o l io
o r an m y b dr w from th r
c n c us ns lt a e a n e e su s

arr iv d t e a .

( ) T
a h t t h e t m
a p r t f eo m b u t io i
e a ur e s o
x ti g i c s n e s n n a

g un rt
ar e i ly f
ce ba nlo w tho giv ar i th efi r t t b l se en n e s a e

d prob bly mor

an are rly r pr t d by
a e n ea e e se n e

t bl
a e

( )
b T h t t h ppro
a xi m t e a m v l f t h pa e i fi h t e an a ue o e s ec c ea

o f th prod ts f omb tio

e uc o t th c t mp r t r us f m n, a e e e a u e o co

b tius i on, t f from 03 2 2

s no ar .

() T
c h t t h ai t f h t
e un b t r t d
s o by th w ll ea f th a s ac e e a s o e

g un ch m b r a v ry ei i
areg i fi t e t x nsd i g p nr t f c an , no e c ee n a o

th h t volv d i
e ea e m ll g e w i th p bbl powd r
n a s a d 3 26 un e e e , an
 BALLIS TI 08 49 I N TERNAL .

p rt i 1 2 i h c h mbe r d gu with oc oa powder i

a n a -
nc h a e n c , n e ac

c ase d ri g rooo f
l u o d
n ‘ '
o a se c n .

1 05 I t i th r for prob bl th t th t mp r t r
. s f
e e e a e a e e e a u es o

comb tio giv i t bl

us 8 7) m y b adopte d i f t
n en n a e a e n u u re

l l tio
ca c u a d th t th ff t f ooli g
ns, an p i lly i a e e ec o c n , es e c a n

l rg g m y be e gl t d Thi i v tig tio th r for

a e uns, a n ec e . s n es a n e e e,

h o w v r t dio
e i t m y tho gh t t h
e e giv r l t f
us a u o e, es e su s o

co i d r bl v l u
ns e a e a e .

Tensi on o f Gases .

1 06 . M r
obl a d Ab l dopt th hypoth i th t t
e ss s . N e n e a e e s s, a a

th mom t f o mb tio
e en portio f th pr d t mo t
o c us n, a n o e o uc s a un

i g t
n bo t 05 7 f th tot l w igh t
o a u t g ifi d b t o e a e , are no as e , u

diff di li q id form thro gho t th g

use n a d th t th y
u u u e ase s, an a e

r m i thro gho t t th m t mp t r
e a n u th g u a e sa e e e ra u e as e ase s,

an d v if i t b
, e dmitt d th t th i portio
en m e a e a s n assu es a

g o fo m t xtr m t mp t r th y m i t i with
ase us r a e e e e e ra u es, e a n a n

B d S hi h k fi th t th t
u n se n an io f u h g
c i t
sc o
'

, a e ens n o s c ase s s oo

f bl t
ee x rt e y ibl i
o e fl e th pr su
anr se n s e n ue n c e o n e es e.

Th y l o m i t i th t th pr
e a s r f th p rm t
a n a n, a e e ssu e o e e an e n

g my b
ase s l l t d by th or di ry l w f
a e g o
ca c u a e e na a s or ase us

m tt r d d ti g from th vol m f th o t i i g v
a e ,
e uc n l e u e o e c n a n n esse

th t f th
a o g ou m tt r t th t mp r t r f m
e n on -
as e s a e a e e e a u e o co

bus tio n .

Le t th e n
C vol m f o t i i g v l
u e o c n a n n esse .

10 w igh t f powd r
e o e .

To b ol t t mp r t r f omb stio
a s u e e e a u e o c u n .

a vol me f u g o m tt r i i g from u i t
o n on -
ase us a e ar s n n

f w igh t f powd r t t mp r t r T
o e o e a e e a u e o.

volum f th p rm t g e o ri i g f om i t e e an e n ase s a s n r un

f w ight o f powd r t t mp r t re
o e ro d e a e e a u ze an

tmo phe ri pr
a r s c e ssu e .

p ,
atmo ph ri p s 1 03 33 kil g p
e q r
c re ss ure
°
o . er s ua e

d i m tr ) ec e e .

p pr ur fte r explo io
e ss e a s n .

T h en 0 w l f p rm
a t g s tT vo . o e ane n a es a o,
50 I N R ENAL BALLI S 1 7 C S .

T
2
and
m3
'

” C -
a w

p = f ( )
1
0 _

1 07 If th e . vesse l be no t en ti re l y fil l d with p wd th e o e r, e

densi t y of c ha g r e
( g ravi me tr ic d i ty ) m t b t k
e ns i t us e a en n o

ac co un t Le t th i s be re p rese n e t d by A th A Q en
10

6 , ,
.

1
( ) bec om es

19 =f '

1 08 y mb l f i wh t i l l d by M S
. Th e s o th s a s ca e . arrau e

fo f th p wd r b t i t m t
rce o t b e fo d d wi th
o e ,
u us no e con un e

th b ol t p
e a s or t io f p owd r pl d d i
u e ress ur e e ns n o e ex o e n a

clo v l o igi lly fill d with p wd

se ess e r d wh i h w
na e o e r, an c as

d t mi d by Nobl
e er ne d Ab l t b bo t 43 to p e an e o e a u ns er

sq i h
. or 6 56
nc8 ki l g p q t i m tr o . er s . cen e e .

By force f th p o wd r M S r d oto th pr e e . a rau en es e es

u
s re o f th p m tg ri i g from 1 kil g f powd r
e er an e n ase s a s n o . o e

at th te mp tur T
e f C omb t io wh e ra o pyi g i ty
e o o us n en c cu n un ,

i 1 dec i m tr b or 1 li tr f p th t i t y
. e . e e cu e e o s ac e , a s o sa ,

wh xplod d i
en ev l who p it y i 1
e n a ess e se ca ac s a, a

be i g th volum occ pi d by th
n e g o m tt r
e u e e n on -
ase us a e .

T
Th v l p m po wd r
1
f f d f th
°

$
°
e a ue o an or e sa e e
2 3
T°
9° v,
1 iso t t d i d p d t th
as su med to be c ns an , an n e en en on e
2 73
g rav i m tri d i ty of th
e h rg c e ns e c a e .

s i s th e vol um
o f p rm tg t t mp t r
e o ro d e an e n ases a e e ra u e z e , an

i n p o wd rs o f th s m eompo itio m y b o id r d e a e c s n a e c ns e e as

co nst t I ord r th t T
an . ho ld be n ta t i t i
e a o s u co n s n , s ne c es

sary first that the e xt rior work b

, , i l whi h i f o e e n , c s o c u rse

Here the unities are the ki logramme and dec imetre , an d si nce 1 kil og . of

w
powder occ upies 1 A
6
52 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

pote ti l n a is n ea rly 40 p e r c ent . g re ate r ,

w hil t s th e ac tua l
e ffe c t ly th m
is n e ar e sa e .

1 1 1 T hi l t r m k w . o fi m d by s as e ar as c n r e ac tu a l e xpe r i

m t by M r Nobl
en d Ab l wh fo e ss s . e an e , o un d th e ac tua l
p r fi di
r e ss u e lo v l t b re n a c se esse o e

W l th m Abb y p w d 43 t p q
a a e o er, on s er s u ar e i n ch
M i n i n g p o w de r 44

an d om thi th y o l d th t th p ity f p rformi g

fr s e c nc u e a e c a ac or e n

wor k f th v rio d iptio f powd r i

o e a t v ry
us e sc r ns o e s no e

diff r t e T hi
en o l i i t bor
. s t by th
c l ln c us o n s no ne ou e ca cu a

t io th r
n s, l t f whi he giv i th l t t bl
e su s o c a re en n e as a e .

It i t th t o o po wd
s rue w t ia t th ti m
c cf a er as n o n u se a e e o

th ese p rim t b t l di g it th
ex e pp r t b
en s, u e xc u n ,
e re a ea s o e a

di ff b t w Sp i h p ll t d mi i g po wd r f
e re n c e e ee n an s e e an n n e o

a bo t 1 2 p
u t i f vo r f th l tt
er c en wh i l t t h p t
. n a u o e a e r, s e o en

ti l w
a 50 p as t g te r i th fo m r
e r c en . re a n e r e .

1 1 2 I f th . bov r lt v o ly pproxim t ly
e a e e su s ar e e en n a a e

tr ue, th di dv t g e f o o po wd r
sa m pp r t : t
an a es o c c a e se e a a en no

o ly i i t v ry w k powd i volvi g m h h vi r
n s a e ea e r, n n uc ea e

c h gar f esq l b lli ti ff t b t i t i

or e ua m h mor a s c e ec , u s a uc e

e xp iv powd r d mor diffi lt t m f t r

e ns e e an e cu o an u ac u e .

I th n vid giv by th S p i t d t f th R y l
e e enc e en e u er n en en o e o a

F t ory b for Lo d Mo l y C ommi tt i 1 8 8 7 it w

’
G un ac e e r r e s ee n as

t t d th t th
s a e o t w r follow
a e c s s e e as s

P bbl m f t e d t W l th m Abb y
e 46
an u ac u re 4 a a a e
b gh t f m th t d ou 60 0 ro e ra e

C p i m b w W
oc o a l t h m Abb r s
y 8 5 7 , ro n, a a e
W tph li C mp y es 1 09 7} a a o an

Ro th w e i l l Co mp an y 1 10 5
Ch il w o r th C o mp an y 1 23 9

1 13 . Wh e n
bor i mi d th t th o o powd r iit i s ne n n a e c c a e s

24 p t l pow f l th th p bbl i t i pp r t
e r c en . e ss er u an e e e, s a a en

h w di dv t g o
o sait m t b i o o mi l poi t f
an a e us us e n an ec n ca n o

i w B t th di dv t g do
v e . u t t p h r T he
e sa an a e es no s 0 e e .

i r d b l k f th
n c e ase h rg i volv l g h mb r i
u o e c a e s, n es ar er c a e s n

th ge l r g r
un s,t i dg d l g r mag i N
er c a i r es an ar e a az n e s . or s

thi l l th i r
s a d bul k f th prod t
,
e f o mb tio
nc e ase o e uc s o c us n,
 INTERNA L B ALLI S TI CS . 53

an d i r d t mp r t r f o mb tio m t i
th e n c e ase e e a u e o c us n, us n c re ase

th o io f th bo
e er s d i t i prob bl th t m h f th
n o e re , an s a e a uc o e

e ro io whi h i b omi g v ry rio s i

s n c s mod ec n so e se u n o ur e rn

a rtill ry i d t the , s ue o e se c ause s .

T h pr m d dv t g
e e suf o o po wd re i th l w
a an a es o c c a e ,
v z . e o

pr obt i d
e ss u re s d hi fly if t tir ly t th
a ne , are ue c e , no en e , o e

s m ll rf
a d low r t
su f ig itio
ac e an d th o q t s a e o n n , an e c n se uen

di pl s m t f th proj til b for th whol h rg i

ac e en o e ec e e e e e c a e s con

su m d th k p i g do w th m xi m m pr
e ,
us ee r i th g
n n e a u e ssu e n e un .

1 1 4 Th i .di ff r f opi io
e re mo g rt ill i t
s a e e nc e o n n a n a e r s s,

wi th r p t t th es tio ecf th prod t o f o mb tio e ac n o e uc s o c us n

whil t p di g i g
s e x an n n a un .

T h fir t hypoth i whi h i th t f M
e s r Nobl d e s s, c s a o e ss s . e an

Ab l i th t th
e ,
s g o portio f th h rg i
a e n on -
ase us n o e c a e n a

liq id t t i v ry fi ly difi d thro gho t th g

u s a e s e d ne
'

us e u u e ase s, an

i l w y t th ir t mp r t r th givi g ut h t whil t
s a a s a e e e a u e, us n o ea s

t h y xp d
e e d o q tly t th t xt t pr v ti g th
an , an c n se u en o a e en e en n e

f ll f p
a o r re ss u e .

Th o d hyp th i th t f M r B
e se c n d o e s s, a o e ss s . u n se n an

S hi h k fi i th t th t mp r t r f th g o
'

c sc o , s a e e e a u e o e n on -
ase us

portio r m i o t t or rly
ns e a ns cd t h t wh t rh t ns an ne a so , an a a e ve ea

i t gi ff i
ve s imply r di t d t th w ll f th h mb
o s s a a e o e a s o e c a e r,

wi tho t ff ti g th t mp r t r
u a ec f th g n e e e a u e o e ases .

l st Hyp othesis .

. by C p t i Nobl 3 d Ap i l 1 8 8 4
1 1 5 I n a le c tu re r e ad a a n e on r r , ,

t th I ti t tio f C ivil E gi r H t A ti o f
’

a e ns u n o n n e e s, on ea c n o

Explo iv y I th h m d by Si F
”
h s es , e sa s, n e re se a rc es a e r .

Ab l ed my lf wh an w fo d th t th p e se i th , en e un a e r s sur e s n e

bor f g es d th o gi g r t d by g powd r
un s, an e e ne r es e ne a e un e ,

w f i
e re x s f tho
ar d d d f om B
n e d S hi h
c es o se e uc e r un s e n an c sc

k fl th o y w m t th o l io t h t thi di ff
'
o s e r ,
e ca e o e c n c us n a s e re n c e

w asd t th h t to d p i th s lid or th r th
ue o e ea s re u n e o ,
ra e e

li q id prod t f omb tio

u I f t th
uc sprod t o c us n. n ac e se uc s,

fo mi g
r th y d
n rly thr fifth f th w igh t f th
as e o ne a ee -
s o e e o e

powd b i g l o ie r, t t f v y mi t divi io
e n a s n a s a e o er nu e s n , c on

sti t t r f h t f v ry p rf t h r t r d
u e a so u c e o ea o a e e ec c a ac e ,
an are
54 I N TERNA L B ALL I S TI 08 .

a a v il bl
a e fo r c omp e n sat n i g th e ooli g c n e ffe c t due to th e
e xp io
ans n of the gase s on th e p od tio
r uc n of w ok r .

116 p i Nobl do
. Ca ta t t t i
n wh t w y th g t
e e s no s a e n a a e re a

x pok f w d t mi d b t it i t b pr m d
c e sse s s en o e re e er ne ,
u s o e e su e

th t h
a i omp i g th t l
e s c l t obt i d f o m th
ar n e ac ua re su s a ne r e

e ne rgy i mp rt d t th proj til wi th th

a e l t whi h
o e ec e, e r e su s c

wo l d b d d
u d f om
e pe r
uc e v fo m d B r a r e ss u e c ur e r e on u n se n

d S h i h k fi th o y I m q it bl t pt
’
an c sc If o s e r . so a u e un a e o ac c e

hi s o l io
c Th
n c us rgy ns m . r d f om p e e ne as e asu e r re s su re

cu rv i l w y gr t r th th t l
e s, s a a s gy imp rt d t
ea e an e ac u a ene r a e o

th proj ti l
e v io oth r i t
ec e , as h v t b ov ar us er es s a nc e s a e o e er

com will b
e , as h r ft r d l it e b ho w
se e n e ea e , an u n e ss can e s n

th t th
a r ite se gr t r th th bov di ff r
e s s an c e s are ea e an e a e e e nc es ,

th r i
e e d t
s no k f o
n ee f h t i tho se e or a s urce o ea n e no n

g ou prod t
ase s uc s .

1 1 7 M S rr
. h i v tig t d thi poi t by l l ti g
. a au as n es a e s n ca cu a n

th b lli ti r
e a lt o di g t th tw hypoth i thr
s c e su ,
ac c r n o e o e se s n ee

di ff r t g
e en d o mp ri g th
un s, an wi th th t l r c lt a n e se e ac ua es u s

obt i d by firi g
a ne n .

T h followi g i h i m tho d f pro d r

e n s s e o ce u e

l st Hyp othesi s .

W rio wo k do
e xte r r ne .

E m h i l q iv l t f h
ec an c a e u a en o e at .

0 m p ifi h t f prod
e an s e c c ea o u c ts o f c o mb ust i n o
t o t t vol m
a c n s an u e .

3
; F (t) w ight f th prod e o e se uc ts at an
y t im e t
.

T th ir b ol t t mp r t r
e a s u e e e a u e at sa me t im e .

T, i iti l b ol t t mp
n a a s u e
”
e e ratu e r of co m
busti on .

p , at mospheri c
pr essu e r .

p pr ur f gess ime t e o ase s at t .

v, spe i fi volum
c f g se fro m
c it e o a s un of we ight
( 1 ki l g) f po wd r t or . o e a ze o an d a tmo
ph ri pr ss r
s e c e u e .

V vol me f th g
u t t o e ase s a .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 55

T) ;

E li minati g n T be twee ( 1 ) d (2) n an an d obse rvi ng that

p ve To p ”
d wr t g 2 0 f
a o

f 273
an i in
273 E
or
0

p v + 29 W =f y .

mass of proj c til e

th e e .

r
a ea o f bor or tr sve r
e an se se c t io n of
pro e c
j
il
t e .

i
d stan ce move d by
pr j e til e t t o c a .

l gth f i iti l void or l gth f bore whi h

en o n a , en o c

wo l d giv th
u m p ity b hi d th
e e sa e c a ac e n e

proj til th va t sp b for th

ec e as e c an ac e e e e

proj til b g to mov nd c o se q e tly

ec e e an e a n u n

V i th s us made up o f

( ) a i i t i
V.,al sp ac e ni th e c h amb r t fi ll e d w
n i th e no

the c h arg e.

( ) y
6 i t r s,ti es b
n ee t w e th e gcra i s f p o wd e e n n o r

whi h b r t tt c are un u n a .

() l c th e co c yli d ri c vol m g nr t d by t h u e e ne a e e

motio f th proj til t time t n o e ec e a .

W h e th whol of th
n e h rge i b r t th re h o ld be
e e c a s u n e s u

add d th origi l vol me f th po wde r le th e vol ume f

e , e na u o e , ss o

th e e i du
r s f egase ous m tte r t th temp r tur f
o n on -
a a e e a e o

combustio but s this i pr ti al ly qu l t the origi l

n, a s ac c e a o na

vol me f th powde r thi it m i redu e d t

u o e , s o e s c o ze r .

Conse que tly n

56 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

but, b for as e e,
V w ( l
T h re for
e e
I
an d z =
= -

No w ppo i g th i g itio
su d omb tio t b i
s n e n n an c us n o e n stan

i b for th proj til mov V y i c o

ta n eo us , . e . e e e ec e e s, , , s ns tan t

an d th r for i o t t i thi
e e e z s c n s an n s c ase .

C lli g thi p rt i ul r v l f it v l u i

:
a n so s a c a a ue o z, s a e s

l
< x
z(
in w hi h c I, i s the l gth en of a c yli d r who
n e se di ame te i s th e r
sa me b r w d who
as th e m th t f
o e ,
an s e c a ac p ity i th s e sa e as a o

th h mb r I t m y b ll d th R d ed L gt h or
e c a e . a e ca e e e uc en

th e Eq iv l t L gth uf th C h mb r a en en o e a e .

A i th gr vim t i d
s ity D ité d Ch rg m nt
e a e r c e ns e ns e a e e

8 the b ol t d
, i ty f th powd r
a s u e ens o e e .

w w i gh t f th
, h rg
e o e c a e .

U iti kilogr mm
n d d i m tr
es, a e s an ec e es .

T h e q tio of mo tio of th proj til i

e ua n n e ec e s

hypoth i f omb tio b for th proj til

“

119 . On the es s o c us n e e e ec e

mov thi q tio i imm di t ly i t g bl

e s, s d the ua n s e a e n e ra e, an e

r lti g v lo ity tho gh t xa t wi ll b th pe rior

esu n e c ,
u no e c , e e su

limi t f th r li bl v lo ity
o e ea sa e e c .

T here for e

i l
l i
No w, as was sh o w bov
n a e,

Po v
o
T o ”
Po 0
an d 9
27s 2 x 27 3 xE c
’

th re for
e e

2 Ec To
 I N TERNAL BALLI S T1 018 57

The v lu
a es o f 0 fo r th e po wd r e us e d by M . Sa rr au we r e

Fo r th e s mal l g u n 0 65 cali b r e , s p o rti n

g p o w de r
gu n 1 53 c an on

g un 2 42°
W e tte r e n { 5}

12 0 . By thi hyp th i s o es s th e n o n- g o ase us matte r imparts

no h e at to th e g ase s .

Le t t e n 6 h we ight f g seou produ t from 1 kil g

o n on -
a s c s o .

an d T , T o, an d y b fore as e .

cl s ecp ifi h t t o t t vol me f gase ous pr du t

c ea a c n s an u o o c s .

T h e n , as b for e e,

T)

w hi h o ly di ff r from ( 1 ) by h gi g
c n e s c an n cl 6 to 0 .

T h e r fore e ,

i
an d s n c e 110 i s th e vol u me o f a we ight of
gas 6, th e p ifi
s ec c

volume 2 9
; and i f (3 1
s p c ifi
e c he t a at c n stano t pr ssu r
e e
6

Po ”0
1
2 73 G (0 01 )
an d if
n :
 58 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI 08 .

No w by ( 1 1 )
”
Po o
2 X 2 73 E € 01

2 c ol ET

wh ihv l
c a ue s i nse rt e d in ( )
8 giv e

0
3
— 2 e 2
c
E
1
Q
m{
if ,
1
2
0
3
)}
6

121 . T he e q uat io n s are th r for e e e,

2 l
i (1 1 q
0
l st H y p o th es i s , 0
2
2 E To c
m 7/
0
4

)
z
o
2 ud
m
fo r W e tte re n p o w de r, i n bo th c ases .

Th e v lu
a es o f c and 0, u sed by Sa rr au are t hos give by
e n

B un se n an d Sc h isc h ko fi,
'

v iz .

mean s pe c i fic
h eat o f al l p r o du c ts
sp e c i fic h eat o f gas es o n l y

0 887 .

pThe he s e c ific ats as de te rmi ned by Noble and Abe l for

p bbl powd r re
e e e a

h refor
t e e

0 918 .
60 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI OS .

e xc es s of v lo ity d t
e c ue o
‘

the i mp rt d t th
e xc ess h ea t a e o e

g o as e us prod t by Nobl uc s e an d Ab l hypoth i is bo t

e
’
s es s a u

7 8 per
°
c en t . an d 51 p e r c en t . r p tiv ly
es ec e .

On the Mov ement o f the Pr oduc ts f

o Combu sti on .

1 25 . I t is h t f th r l t t f the
usu al ly assu me d t a or e ea s a e o

prod t f C omb tio

uc s o id l t t m y b b tit t d ; us n , an ea s a e a e su s u e

i whi h th whol m
n c hould t a h i t t h v
e e i as s s a e c n s an a e a un

fo m d r ity d t mp t r q l t th m d ity d
ens an e e ra u e e ua o e e an e ns an

t mp r t r
e f th mixt r
e a u e d thi
o hypoth i th e u e, an on s es s e

mov m t f th prod t h
e en o b ly d from th
e uc s as ee n an a se e

pri ipl f th motio f p r m t g

nc es o e n o e an e n as e s .

1 2 6 M S rr . tr t thi q . tio
a follow
au ea s s ue s n as s

L ty w igh t f p od t
e f Co mb tio
e t y ti mo t r uc s o us n a an e .

W xt rior wo k do e e r ne .

p t ot l m s, f t h h rg a as o e c a e

8p m s f , l m t f th mixt r f g ou
as o an e e en o e u e o ase s

d g o d u o m d portio
an n on -
ase us an nc ns u e ns

f th h g t th tim t o e c ar e a e e .

: di t n a f 8 p f om br h at t
s a ce o . r eac .

T m t mp r t f p od t f C omb tio
e an e e a u re o r uc s o us n .

p ifi h t f p od t t o t t vol m
0 s ec c ea o r uc s a c n s an u e .

T b l t t mp r t f Comb tio
, a so u e e e a ure o us n .

1 2 7 I f th pro d t
. f C omb tio w r form d wi thout
e uc s o us n e e e

a ny ibl i t r l mov m t f th ir w
se n s e n e na d witho t e en s o e o n an u

prod tio f ext r al work th y wo ld r m i t th

uc n o e n , e u e a n a e

t mp r t r T
e e a u e B t by r o f th ir prop r motio
, . d
u eas n o e e n an

th work do
e i xp di g i th bor th t mp r t r
ne n e an n n e e, e e e a u e

f l l f om T t T
a s r d th work d , t thi f ll f t mp r
o , an e ue o s a o e e a

tu r i e q l t h lf th i viv f th h rg pl th
s e ua o a e v s a o e c a e us e

ext r l wo k do
e na r ne.

Co q tly equ tio

n se ue n p 55 W E y ( T T ) a n .
, c ,

b omec es

E c y (T,
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 61

No w by 2
( )
or p V

be omc es

i i
El m n at i gyTb
n e t wee n ( )
1 5 an d ( )
2

Gi
gg
— ap - -
l 29 W
( + ( )
1 7

1 28 . No w l et i b l, he th e d s tan c e
f p i of th e ase o ro

jec t i le o b
fr m th ee h 1 th origi
re l di t
c or, , bi g
e n e na s an c e

i l t di t d l t h t v l
s an c e , f p oj t
anil T h e ra e o r ec e e

g vid tly l th 1 l d th v lo ity d

u va
e q .

di ts an c s e en ess an ,, an e e c an

l r ti o f th l m t 8 p l th those f the p
ac c e e a n o e e e en . ess an o ro

jec t il e, th r for e e e,
d ?
a: d ! z

BIA 1
- 01
“

a. an d a, bi g o
e n c e ffic e nts i l
h u ity
e ss t an n .

1 29 . If m be th e mas s f th o proj ec tile e ,

z, th e re duc e d l e gth f the i iti l void eq ual

n o n a to

we l
p V =

l to
B fo r
0 o

an d wr 1t1ng
l z

d’
x
( )
1 8 b c om
e es $
372
8 ”

an d ( 1 7) be c o m es

f”
.
62 I N TERNA L BALLI S TI CS .

w hi h i c s io f motio f the proj til

the e q uat n o d difl n o ec e , an
'

e rs

from th t pr viou ly obt i d ( 7) o ly by th

a e s fli i e t f
a ne n e c oe c n s o

the tw t m f th fir t m mb r
o er s o e s e e .

1 30 T h . o ffi ie t r d
e se c e eibly to ity wh th
c n s e uc e s ns un en e

ma ss o f th h rg i m ll omp r d with th t f th p
e c a e s s a c a e a o e ro

je c t i l T
e.hi o d it io hosw v cr i n t lly
n, r l i d i e e , s no u sua ea se n

pr ti th r io i oft or
ac c e as t
51 e a 5 d th
1,
c fi s i t en ,
an e oe c en s

th r for v ry o id r bly from u ity

e e e a c ns e a n .

T o t i th ir
as c e r a n t l v l it woul d b
e ac ua s ry t a ue e n ec e sa o

k ow th l w f v ri tio f th v lo i ti
n e a o a a d v rio n o e e c es an a us

ac c e le tio f th l m t f th h rg T his l w h
ra ns o e e e en s o e c a e . a as

b th bj t f m y r
een e su ec h by L gr ge Poi o
o an e se arc es a an , ss n ,

an d Pi b t b t th probl m i
o er ,
u v ry difli lt
e d th
e s a e cu o n e , an e

s ol tio t ompl x d th b t u rt i t m k it
u ns oo c e an e ase s oo nc e a n o a e

o f pr ti l tility
ac ca u .

1 31 M S . how v r r m rk th t h ppily it import

. arr au e e e a s, a a s

an c e i o ly s o d ry d th t th q tio (7 ) r lly
n sec n a ,
an a e e ua n ea

r d r o t f th mo t
en e s ac c un ti l l m t f th probl m
o e s e s se n a e e en s o e e .

I thi poi t f vi w h r m rk
n s n o th t e d hv e e a s, a a an a, a e

v l l th i f th whol h rg w r i t nt o ly
a ues e ss an e e c a e e e ns a ane us

g asi fi d e A t .
y gi m o m ant f t i m t h
ve n g o en o e, e n on - ase u s

prod t d th b r t g
uc s an e undifl d thro gho t th
u n ase s are
'

use u u e

whol m e f th g ass o d rro d d by th m th t th

e ase s, an so s u un e e a e

p r
re ssu e o n th whol f fe h p r ti l i pr ti lly
e s ur ac e o e ac a c e s ac ca

e q ua l T.h ir l t ioe d v lo i
ac c e e rat i e t h r for v
n s anry e c s are e e e e

s m ll a o q tly th or po di g l m t f th
, c ns e uen e c re s n n e e en s o e

i t gr l i (1 8 ) d ( 1 9 ) wo ld h v
n e a s n an i ibl v l u a e an nse n s e a ue ,

an d o q tly th i t g l
c n se ue n di mi i h d T hi h w
e n e ra s are n s e . s, o

e v r wo ld t b
e ,
u i f th ti m
no f I g i tio w
e so , gr t e e o n n as ea e r

th an th t f th a omb tio f th gr i whi h might b t h

o e c us n o e a n, c e e

ca se i f th gr i f th powd w m ll d th l gth f
e a n o e er as s a an e en o

th e h rg v ry gr t i whi h
c a e e th fro t p rt f th
ea ,
n c c ase e n a o e

c h rg migh t b driv
a e fo w rd wi th th v lo ity f th pro
e en r a e e c o e

jec ti l ore, v l w ed gi g
en th po w
es s,d r i t he fro t p r t
n f e e n e n a o

th e c h mb a er .

1 32 If th whol . f th e h rg b o m d wh th e o e c a e e c n su e en e
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .
63

p oj til b gi t mov th
r ec e e l r tio
ns d v lo iti
o f e e ac c e e a n s an e c es o

th mi xt r
e f prod t m y b d t rmi d
u e o foll o w uc s a e e e ne as s

L t th m e f prod t be divid d i to
e ass o i fi it mb r uc s e n an n n e nu e

of thi li t ri gh t
n s gl to th xi f th bo
c es a d an es e a s o e re , an

su ppo th whol f th p rti l f h li t h v th

se e e o e a c es o e ac s ce o a e e

sam v lo ity d
e e l r tio p r ll l t th xi
c an ac c e e a n a a e o e a s .

L tp th d
e it y f y li
e ens o an one s ce

d i t thi kas ; s c n es s

r f th bor
or a ea o e e

th enp i m i th m
to a f t h li s d ( )
1 8 ed ( )
1 9 ass o e s ce an an

bec om e

to i n te g t whi h i t i
ra e ry t k o w th l w o
c s n ec e ssa o n e a c n n ec t n
g i
th e v lo ity d
e c l r tio with th po itio
an ac c e e a ns e s n o f th e

s li ce .

1 34 . Pi o be rt su ppo se d th e v lo ity
e c o f an y s li t ce o be pro
portio l t na o i
i ts d stanc e fr om th e e nd o f th e bor or e,

th e a : dl
dt l + lo di

D ffe i r ti ti g wi th r p
en a n es ec t to t,

d’
1 ax
a+ z : an : a t
(d )
c a a
,
'

as 1 + z, dt dt z+ z, dt z
i

ci as
an d r pl i g d t by i t v l
e ac n __
s a ue from
d a
te a : (1
2
1

fro m whi h i t pp r th t th l w f th cc el r tio i th

c a ea s a e a o e a e a ns s e

s m
a th t f th v lo iti
e as a o e e c e s.

1 35 T h d ity p v ri thro gho t th m

. e e ns ordi g a es u u e ass ac c n

t
o an u k ow l w but th
n ri tio i prob bly t gr t
n n a , e va a n s a no ea ,
64 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS .

an dmay be n e gl ec te d i n th e l l io ca c u at n of te rm s w ho se

n ume ri c al i mpor tan c e i s r l tiv ly m ll

e a e s a .

U n de r thi hypoth is es s

t1 a
2
: p to
"
3
217 2
1 + 1, d z

2 dl 2

(l )
p to
8“ —
”
2
d”
1
( + c t

The i nte gr l a
”
as d a :is to be ta k en w ti hi n the limit s

( l l, ) 3

l I, an d vl
0 and l ts a ue 1 s t h r for
e e e
3
Substl tutl ng

w hi ch , an d ob rvi g thse n at

P w ( I 10) [
1 0

we ge t
1
P( l lo)
5

t h r for
e e e we g e t

T hi s va ue l i s th e su p ior li mit
er , an d o ly bo
as n a ut

e th s o f th e c a
1 o
h rg e is r e du c e d to gas, th e r lv l my
ea a ue a no t

e xc e e d 4
15 0
‘

1 36 . Wh e n th e r e duc t io n to gas i s t ta o l ,
t he c o i
e ffic e n t

1 1°
is r e du c e d i ty to un .

l 2

W h e n th e re duc tio is p rti l

n a a an d progr i e ss ve Bapp ro ac h
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 65

to ity wi th i r i g v l
un f l d m y till b nc e as n a ue s o ,
an a s e co n

s id d
e re 1 wi tho t i o
as i u nc n v e n e n ce .

Wh I i v y m ll B difl f om i ty b t i thi '

en s er s a , e rs r un , u n s c ase

a an d v ry m ll d th i fl
a , a re f th et rm s a , an e n ue n c e o e se e s is
ne gligibl e .

1 37 . If in ( 2 3) a a, be made if we g e t

d i z
di z

a
s

so t h
i l form f ( 3) r m i th m th r
at th e esse n t a o e a ns e sa e, e e

b i g
e nligh t h g i th a s o d id o ly d thi m y c an e n e se c n s e n ,
an s a

b tr t d
e i r
ea e f th m f th p oj ti l by
as an n c e ase o e as s o e r ec e

g .

If fi r th e mass o f t he p oj til
r ec e may be c o id
ns e re d as

i r nc e ase d by o n e -
n n th i .

M . Sa r rau
p o i t t t h t w
n si t hi t h u l
ou li mi t , a n e us a s of

i tio do t v ry m h h
p rac t c e , th e ra
a d i es no a uc , an n suc cas e

th e e ffe c t o f it i t od tio i ( 2 7) i vir t lly t r d

s n r uc n n s ua o e uc e

th e v l ff a ue o .

I lik m n r h y th t th ff t f ooli g by tr
e an n e , e sa s a e e ec o c n an s

mi io f h t t th m t l f th g
ss n o m y b t k i to
ea o e e a o e un, a e a en n

ac c o t i ti m ti g t h v l f f T hi i
un n es do bt tr a n e a ue o . s s no u ue ,

an d it l d t v y m l l rror provid d th v l f f
c an ea o er s a e , e e a ue o

as e s ti m t d i ppli d t b l li ti l m t t t wid l v
a e s a e o a s c e e en s no oo e

diff i g f o m tho
er n f it ti m t io r se o s es a n .

1 38 It i v y tr ly ob
. v d by M S r th t th p i i
s er u se r e . ar au , a e a. r or

d t r mi tio
e e f f by t h na m thod b v giv n l mo t o ,
e e s a o e e n, a s

l i t pr ti l v l i m h w
ose s s t i
ac po i ti ca a ue , nas uc as e are n o n a s on

t pply t it th p op r r d tio d t th v io
o a o e r e , e uc ns ue o e ar u s c a us e s

o f lo f workss o .

O th th
n h d t m h i mport
e o m t t b
er an , oo uc an c e us no e

a tt h d t thi
ac H e y It wo l d b v y difli l t d
o s . e sa s, u e er cu , an

s
66 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

o f no gr
pr ti l tility t obt i fo m l whi h wo ld
e at ac ca u o a n a r u a c u

p er m i t t h l l t io pe i i f l
ca c u a l t h f
f t w inth o t a r or o a e e e c s, u

bo rowi g from xp ri m t t i pr ti l d t ; b t
r n e e en ce r a n ac ca a a u a

th o y whi h by obt i i g f o m
e r c f wp ti l p im t
a n n r a e rac ca ex er en s

ce rt i fli i t
a n c oe d whi h wo l d th
c e n s, an rv t l l t c u e n se e o c a cu a e

th e e ff t r li bl i oth r o ditio
ec s ea sa th tho
e nf th e c n ns an se o e

t l xp ri m t wo l d vi d tly b
ac ua e e f
en s , gr t pr t i l u e en e o no ea ac ca

u se W h t i r lly r q i d i t
. a s t bli h th f m f th
ea e u re s o es a s e or o e

r l tio whi h bi d tog th th ff t obt i d t th

e a ns c n e er e e ec s a ne , o e

B lli ti El m t
a s c d th t e void th
e n s,
”
f p an ly us o a e u se o ur e

e mp i i l form l
r ca whi h i th b u ae, f y t r l c n e a se n c e o an na u a

g idu m y b fo d i omp tibl with th

an c e , a e t un f th nc a e e n a u re o e

ph om whi h th y
en e na i t ddt r p c t e are n en e o e r e se n .

1 39 Th fo m l g . el ly g iv i tr ti
r u a
e f B lli ti e n e ra en n ea se s o a s cs

are p ly mpi i l th y mbody th l w whi h ombi

u re e r ca e e e a s c c ne

tog th r th v lo i ty f th
e e p oj til with t i b lli ti
e e c o e r ec e cer a n a s c

e el m t h th w ight f h g
e n s, suc as d p oj tile th e s o c ar e s an r ec e s, e

l gt h d libr f th g
en an ca b t th y d e o t t k et u n s, u e o no a e ac c o u n

i n
y w
an y f th p a li prop o ti f th poe wd ec u ar er es o e er

it l f
se .

I t i h r th t M S rr s e e h t pp d i a d by th
. a au as s e e n an e

g id
u f th or ti l o i d r tio
an c e o e h e d dica v ryc ns e a n s, as su c c e e e n a e

r m rk bl d gr i obt i i g for m l f v lo ity d

e a a e e ee n a n n u ae or e c an

pr essu re , i to whi h th p i l h r t r d t
n c f th e s ec a c a ac e an n a u re o e

p wd i t for th r t f it omb tio

o e r, s ce, d th form f
e a e o s c us n , an e o

th g i e l l i trod
ra n are a d d th th di nio f th uc e , an us e sc uss n o e se

form l h l d t v ry impo t t o l io
u ae as e r l tiv ly t
o e r an c n c us ns e a e o

th o ditio f l di g d th t
e c n ns o f th po wd r
oa n it , an e n a ure o e e su

a bl i v ry
e n e e c ase .

Th follo wi g h pt r i d vot d t
e n cxpl a tio f th
e s e e o an e a na n o e

m thod follow d by M S rr
e s d i t i i d d li ttl mor
e . a au, an s n ee e e

th an b tr t f h i w writi g whi h by h i ki d
an a s ac o s o n n s, c , s n

lib r lity I m p rmitt d t m k

e a a f e e o a e u se o .
68 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

ble bso rbi g pow r d h b pr viou ly how

fe e a n e , an , as as een e s s n,

th i e re d fii y i h t wh th t l r lt
s no e c enc n ea , en e ac ua e su s are

comp d wi th l l tio t
are it t y h oll t r
ca cu a n, o n e c e ss a e an suc c a e al

o fh t
s u rc e o i pp o d by N
ea obl d Ab
asl s su se e an e .

D if eren ti al Equatio n o f Mo ti on of P r oj ec ti le .

1 42 Le t g. ight f powd r b r t t th we d f o e u n a e en o

ti m t e .

di t p d thro g h by proj til t d

a s an c e asse u ec e a o .

P m pr r f g
, i ki l g p q
e an e ss u e o as es n o . er s .

m tr e e .

V vol m f th p b hi d th proj til

, u e o e s ac e e n e ec e

l th o igi l vol m f th h g i e ss e r na u e o e c ar e n

bi m tr cu c e e s.

11 v lo ity f p oj til e c o r ec e.

1 43 I f t th ti m t th
. a h g d t b r th g e
e e ,
e c ar e c e ase o u n, e as s

alr dy form d wo ld o ti
ea t
e xp d di b ti lly
u c n n ue o e an a a a ca ,

an d i f P b th m pr r d V th vol m t tim
e e e an e s su e an e u e a a e

t gr t r th ea e t an
V
1
PI "
,

whr e e n io f p ifi h t t o t t pr ur t
i s th e rat o s ec c ea a c n s an ess e o

C 2 324 ’

th t t o t t vol um 1 31 9 ,
a a c n s an e
0 1 762 .

L t W e xt rior work do t th ti m t th
e e th work ne a e e ,, en e

do t d t wi ll b d W
ne a d1 e .
, an

d W P dV .

I trodu i g th e v l
n f P from ( 1 ) nd i te g ti g
c n a ue o a n ra n

( )
3

but w h en t 13
1, V V 1, an d W 5 m ( ne gl ec t n i g the
v is v iv f tha o e c h rg ) th r
a e , e e fo re

C = § m v +
2

No l e b an d A b e l, 2 nd M e moi r .
 I N TERN AL BALLI S TI OS .

If now the g un be su ppo se d i n de fin tei ly lo g n , a nd V

Of V
te nds to i fin t i y Wt d t i I 5 V
1
an d
i te nds to
1"
n , en s o
r

zer o i , s nc e n i gr t r th
s ea e an u n i ty .

T h r for
e e e

l Of g
1 44 T h at W te n ds to t h ho w
m
18 us s
?
.

n l l .
‘
y ( 4 1

be th e we g t i h f h rg bu o a c a e rn t, th e g ase s

w ill o cc u py
at the r o igi vol um n a e

th e re fo re P, V, P, :q
1 .

T heprod t P i o t t whil t v ri
uc , v lo g s c n s an ,
s u a e s, so n as

t h t mp t r T i o t t b t wh 0 001 bi °
e e e ra u e , s c n s an , u en u cu c

m t th pr
e re r i wh t M S r
e essu e ll th for f th
s a . a rau ca s e ce o e

powd d d ot
er by fan en es

I f th fo f b xpr
e re d i rekilogr mm p
e q r
e e ss e n a es er s ua e

c enti m tr d P i for m l ( 4) i kilogr mm p

e e , an , sq
n e u a n a es er uar

m tre e
P, v 10, 000f x °
001 _ l Of ;
U
or makin g v
Y
/ l; C
P0V 0 : Wh o
/
A d

When th e g un i s prolo g n e d i
n de fin it ly
e
$ l
te nds to ze ro ,

W te nds to i L
an d h for
t e re e
i I
q
as state d in the pre c e din
g
p r gr ph
a a a .
 I N TERNA L BA LL] 8 TI 08 .

1 45 . E q u at io n
( )
5 may be t r an s po se d t h us
al so
Sin c e v
dt
an d V, m (w z ) an d P, w di fl e rs
'

v ry e

l ttl
i e fr om th e mo v mg forc e ,
01 m
d as “
dy .

d1 2
y
I n se t r i g thn vl
e se a ue s in 5
( )
N R a z
j z

n — l “ z
7“

or i l di g th f tor 1 0 i f whi h i o ly h gi g th
nc u n e ac n , c s n c an n e

un ity f m r f f whi h th b om h togr mm p

o e asu e o , c en ec es ec a es er

sq ti m t r
u are c e n e e,

a
“

146 . T hi fo s r mu l a , w ich hi s th e rriv d t by

sa me as t h at a e a

M S . h b dd
a rra u, as een e uc e d by om wh t ho t r m thod
a s e a s r e e

by C pt i Ro li f th
a a n u n o e F h A till y fro m whom th
re n c r er , e

abov i bo ro w d
e s r e .

It i t rigoro ly
s no t b i d d i g it vrl
us e xac e c ause n e uc n se e a

l m t f mi or i mpo t
e e en s o hv b gl t d b t w
n r an c e a e ee n n e ec e , u as e

p o d t ho w l l th m y b t k i to ount i th
r c ee o s , a e se a e a en n ac c n e

f tor f whi h i
ac p r ly m ri l f tor
,
c rt i bl by
s a u e nu e ca ac as c e a na e

exp im t er en .

1 47 ( ) Th g . a t o m t t ool d by o t t
e as e s ar e o s e ex e n c e c n ac

wi th th w ll f the h mb a d th r fo
s o th wo k do e c a e r, an e e re e r ne

i l s th e ss
”
f
i b
l
by q tity d p di g
an thi ool i g a uan e en n on s c n

ac tio d th i q
n , an tity i d p di g s th w igh t f
uan s on e e en n on e e o

po wd b r t er omp r d with th mo t f ooli g

u n as c a e e a un o c n

f
s ur ac e W t hi d t mi
. d th rror might b mp
e re s e er ne , e e e co en

t d by l t ri g th v l
sa e a ff e n e a ue o .

m ”
b
( ) A t y t i m t th w o k
an do i t tri tly e b t, e r ne s no s c
y
u
2
h l f th i viv f th whol y t m i l di g th p oj til
a e v s ao e e s s e ,
nc u n e r ec e,

th h g th g it l f d th rri g C o s q tly
e c ar e, e un se ,
an e ca a e . n e ue n

th v l e f mi i r
a ue o d s n c e ase .
 I N TERN AL B ALLI S TI CS . 71

Th e re a lvl a ue o f t hi s te rm i s i n fac t

w hre e

M mass o f g un an d car riage .

pt mass of th e c harge .

p i f gy t io f proj t il ra d us o ra n o ec e .

R r di f th bor a us o e e .

0 gl f ifli g an e o r n .

v lo ity f oil f
v
‘
e c o re c .

Th v le f th f tor withi th br k ts i g
a ue o e ac n e ac e s e ne ar lly
no t m h gr t r th
uc u i ty b
ea e g e r lly an n , e c ause en a

tan 9 °
005 ,

°
1 666

an d in an y c as e h
t ese te rm s are i
n de pe d n e nt of th e t im e,

an d c o n se ue nt q ly m y b a e made to en e t r i to n th e vl a ue o f m
mu “

m
2
( )0 h i
S n ce t p ss i i te re oppoare d t t h a ve res s an c e s se o e
“
motio f th proj til P i gr as
n o t
e m b th
ec at
e, co s no — u as a e er
lt
7
3
c

vl o q tly thi v l e f th
a ue , c n se ue n o d t rm i to s a u o e se c n e s o

sm ll a dt m k
, anp f th op iv r ai ta i
e u t i or e ass e es s n c es s n ec e s

sar yt i r o i thi t r m
nc ease 771 n s e .

1 47 Co q u tly i ord r t m k q tio ( 6 ) c orr t

a . nse en ,
n e o a e e ua n ec

it i ry
s n e c e ssa

l t T di mi i h f
s . o ou t f ool i g
n s o n ac c n o c n .

2 d T i r
n . m i th tw te m f th 2 d m mb r
o n c e ase n e o r s o e n e e ,

or wh t om a t rly th m thi g
c es o ne a ou t f th e sa e n on acc n o e
72 I N TERNAL B ALL] 8 TI 08 .

f orm of q tio th e e ua n, d i mi i h till f th r th

n s s ur e e va ue o f l f in
t he fir t m mb r
s e e .

H en c e o tio r l tiv t th
al l th e
g l t d c rrec ns e a e o e ne ec e

l m t m y b i l d d i th v l fj ; d thi q ti ty
e e en s a e nc u e n e a ue o an s uan

i th r for
s i mply
e e m i l e ffi i t th
s vl f a nu er ca c oe c en , e a ue o

whi h m t b fo
c d by xp i m tus e un e er en .

1 48 T h i t gr tio . f ( 6) i ll gi
e th fo m f t h r l
n e a n o 11 ve e r o e e a

ti on whi h i t th ff t i v lo ity d p
c un r t th
es e e e c s, v z . e c an re ssu e , o e

v rio
a d v ri bl b lli t i
us an lm t a a e a s c e e en s .

W ri ti g 0 E 1 b o
( )
6 m
t
—
q tn e u a 1o n ec es

a d w z
(l a :2
( x
) 7172
z 0
(l —
l t
.

0 bi g e n a c o im t d t
n s tan t , n b t was f o r me rl y e st a e a u

th e mo r t e ti m t by Nobl
re e c en d A b l i 1 3ls a e e an e s
°

l 48 B f p o di g f r th r it i
a . e o re y t mk
r c ee n u e s n e c e s sa r o a e

a f w e m k r p ti g th C mb tio f th h g
re ar s es ec n e o us n o e c ar e .

1 49 L t b t h w ig h t f th
. e i t) h rg d q th w igh t
e e e o e c a e an e e

o f th po wd b r t t t h t i m t th
e er
g i
u n f t ioa f t e e , en s a un c n o

an d m y b r pr a t d by w e ( t)
e e e se n e .

l ()t
« » d p d t h fo
e m f
engr i d s onth t f b re r o a n an on e ra e o u n

i g f th po wd i fr
n o e i d b for pro er di g wi th t h
n e e a r, an e e cee n e

i t g tio
n e raf (7) i t i n o y t d t rmi th form f s n e c e s sa r o e e ne e o

t hi f s t ioun c n .

1 50 A w p vio ly r m k d di ti tio m t b
. s as re us e ar e , a s nc n us e

m d b tw
a e I g i tio
e d C o mb tio
e en di n v y n an if us n , an n e er c ase ,

a high b lli ti ff t i o g ht f ig itio ho ld b

a s c e ec s s u o r, n n s u e as

n e ar ly im l t o s po ibl th o gho t th h rg
u an e us as ss e r u u e c a e .

W ith l rg gr i d po wd thi i obt i d by th fr q

a e -
a ne y e rs s s a ne e e ue n c

an d i f th i t r t i
s ze o b tw th gr i wh il t with
e n e s c es e e en e a n s, s

fi gr i d po wd
ne -
a ne t m y b obt i d by hollo w p
er 1 a e a ne a s ac e

suc h p rfo t d t b xt di g th o g ho t th f ll
as a e ra e u e e en n r u u e u

l gth f th rtridg With very l rg h rg i t m y

en o e ca e . a e c a es a

h ppa th t th
en I g i tio a f th f o t p t f th
e n h rg n o e r n ar o e c a e

t k
a pl
es t l t p riod th t m y f th gr i l v
ac e a so a e a e a an o e a ns ea e

th m e l of th g lo g b for th y c um d It i
u zz e e un n e e e are on s e . s

n ee dl e to y t h
ss at thi i i
sa m ply had ,r till e ry pr c ti c d s s s a a e an
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

it w o ld i t b folly t
u kf y b lli
e t i for m l i t bl o se e o r an a s c u a su a e

f h
o r s uc ; h t hi b t
c as est m p t d by
no r M S r as s ee n a e e . a rau .

H m th t th p iod f I g it io i v ry m ll ‘

e a ss u es a e er o n n s e s a

co mp d with th t f C o mb tio
a re mptio wh i h I
a o us n, an ass u n c

beli v o ght t b r li d i l l
e e u o e ea se n a c ase s .

1 5 1 It i th r fore wi th Co mb tio th t w h v
. s e e w t us n a e a e no o

de aL
Le t t i i h enr hi h i ppo d t
S be the g n te d su face , w c s su se o be
hol r g i ;
th e w e su fac e o f th e ra n

V th l o i ty f o mb tio t
, y t i m te ve c o c us n a an e

8 th b ol t d ity f th powd ;
,
e a s u e e ns o e er

n th r t f mi io fg
, e a e o e ss n o as

T h vol m b r t i d i SV dt e d u e u n n ,
an

T h w igh t dt SV 8 tt e e a .

Co qu tly th r t f mi io
n se en th v l m vl e a e o e ss n 1 e . e o u e e o ve d
S “
zf
‘
i n cl t sva .

1 52 . It was f o d by Pi
un h t th o be r t s
’
ex e p ri m e nts t a e

v lo ity f b
e c o r ly th d ity
u rn n i g v ri d i a e n v e se as e e ns ,
c o n se

q t
ue nly V 8 i o t t d th r t
sc f m i io
n s an i p o p o,t io
an l e a e o e ss n s r r na

t tho f i mply b t thi r f i o t tly v yi g

e s ur ac e s ,
u s su ac e s c n s an ar n

a d th
n i tio d p d
e v ar a th form f th g i n e en s on e o e ra n .

1 53 T h . f Co mb tio i fr
e c as e o i will fir t b us n n ee a r s e c on

s id d
e re Th g i . b i g ho mog o
e d ph ri l
ra n s d
e n e ne us an s e ca ,
an

th mb tio b i g i fr
e co us i f o r
n th
e n p n i ee a r, o c u se e re ss ure s

c o t t ns an .

N w th v lo it y f omb ti o
o e e d th d
c it y b i g
o c us n an e e ns e n c on

t t t h v lo i ty f mi io imply th
m
s an , e e i c o f e d ss n s s as e s u r a c e , an

t his f i p opo tio l t th

s ur ac e s q r f th r di r na o e s u ar e o e a us, a

as th di d r
e ra if r mly th mi io f g i
us e c ease s un o , e e ss n o as s

i ve ly th q r f th ti m
n r se as e s ua e o e e .

4 R 3

lr d vol rr
If R b th o g e the g rl l ml na a i u s, e o r1 1 na u e 18
3
4
at th e e nd o f th e t im e t, i t i s rd e uc e d to
;
T
( R V t) 3
and

th e we ight of po wd b er u rn t will b e

p ?
n
a ( rt -
v i )
74 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS .

If 1 be th e t ta t o l im e of c o mb tio us n of th e gr i a n

I
T V = R or V } .
,
1

m t t
li
3

l
3
°

i ( l 1 = w° 1
i ( 1
z

w hr e e w, i s the origi l w igh t na e of th e gr i a n .

Th e v lo ity f mi io
e c o e ss n at t is

i
-

V h en
V
g r i t x t ly
th e ph ri l f a ns are no e ac s e ca , nor o

ex tly th
ac m dim io th m for m l m y b
e sa d e e ns n s, e sa e u a a e u se ,

t ki g th
a r di f th m
n ph ri l g i t l l t
e a us o e e an s e ca ra n o ca cu a e

7 If f i t
. N b thor mb r f g i i 1 kilog mm
n s an c e e e nu e o ra n s n ra e

of po wd r R th di ef th m ,
ph ri l g i
, e ra us o e e an s e ca ra n

g w Rfi SN l ,

1 54 . When
po wd i b t i g t h m l w f er s u rn n a un , e sa e a o

e mi io wo l d hol d i f th v lo ity f o mb tio w r

ss n u e e c o c us n e e

un ifo m b t thi i
r v r th
, ui r lity i th
s s ne e e case n ea , s nc e e

v lo ity f o mbu tio d p d

e c o th p u Nw
c s n e en s on e re ss re . o as

th volvi g g
e e o fi d by th proj til
n d th
as es are c n ne e ec e , an as e

e mi io f g i v ry r pi d t fir t
ss n o ast f th l rg
s e a a s o n ac c o u n o e a e

su rf it fol low th t th pr r ri r pidly t fir t d

ac e , s a e e ssu e se s a a s ,
an

t hi g i by i r i g th v lo i ty f omb tio f th r
s a a n n c e as n e e c o c us n, ur e

i r th
n c e ase s mi io f g d th e lt i th t b for
e ss n o as, an e re s u s a e e

th proj til h mov d f

e ec v ry high pr
e i
as e ar, a e e ssure s

t bli h d b t
es a th p oj til
s e r pidly q i v lo ity
,
u as e r ec e a ac u re s e c

an di r th p b hi d it th pr
n c e ase s b g i t f ll
e s ac e e n ,
e e ssu re e ns o a ,

an d i t f ll r pi dly t o ly
a o t f th i r i g
s a , no n on ac c un o e n c e as n

s p bt ac e o t f th lo f t mp t i th g
u on ac c un o e ss o e e ra u re n e as es

d t th
ue o v r io f h t i to rgy d l o t th
o e c n e s n o ea n e ne ,
an a s o e

d f th v lo ity f mi io d
e c re ase o both t th r pidly
e e c o e ss n ue , o e a
 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI CS .

a re a o f O M B b yoo di t d th r for th
e nd th e sa me r n a e , an e e e e

p rt 0 N C m t be l th 0 M B
a us e ss an .

Fro m thi i t i vid t th t th s ll d p ogr iv

s e en a e ao ca -
e r ess e

po wd r v i f th ir m f t r w re po ibl m t giv
e s, e en e an u ac u e e ss e, us e

a low r b lli ti ff t th ordi ry po wd r ltho gh f

e a s c e ec an na e s, a u o

co r th y t i the g l ; but th m r l t m y b
u se e s ra n un e ss e sa e e su a e

ac co mpli h d m h mor s ily by tte di g t th form

e uc e e as a n n o e

an d di m io f gr i en s ns o a n .

1 5 6 Wh th
. i f gr i i i r d th i iti l urf
en e s ze o a n s n c ease e n a s ac e

of th h ge c ard t h r t f de r anf th v lo i ty f e a e o e c e as e o e e c o

emi io i fr
ss i n both d r d
n ee a r are e c e ase .

F l t th r b t w
or e h g f th m w ight f bi l
e e e o c ar e s o e sa e e o cu ca

gr i powd r d l t th l gth f th id h
a n e , an d th
e e en o e s e e a an e

nu mb r f gr i N i
e o h rg d th l g th f th i d
a ns n o ne c a e , an e en o e s e

N
2 i th oth r th
a n the mb f gr i will b
e , en e nu er o a ns e
8
Th th f
us f th fir t h rg
e su r a c eN x G d f o e s c a e
”
a , an o

N x 6 a
2

th o d x 6 x (2 )
e sec n
2
a
i —

or j t us h l f f th one f-
o f th
a fir t o e sur ac e e s .

Al o if V b th ve lo i ty f omb tio i fr
s e i th
e c o c us n n ee a r, en

at th d f th ti m t th dim
e en o io f th gr i f th
e e , e e ns ns o e a ns o e

fir t h rg will b
s c a 2 Vt e d f th o d 2 2 Vt d
e a , an o e se c n a , an

th tot l ti m
e fb a i g will b f th fir t t 2 7 d f
e o u rn n e, or e s ,
— an or

th e sec o n d, t,
a

V
2 ‘

t
C o n se q ue n t ly
v lo ity f mis io f th th e co d e c o e s n o e se n

c h rg
a i l t fi t
e sdd r e ss a mor lo wly th i th
rs , an e c e ases e s an n e

c ase o f th fir t h arg wi th m ll
e gr i s c e s a er a ns .

1 57 T h m r
. l t f d r i g th v lo ity f
e sa e e su o e c e as n e e c o

e mi i o migh t b att i d by i
ss n, i g th d i ty d e a ne n c re as n e en s , an

as a m tt r f f t th
a e l m thod f obt i i g wh t
o ac , e us ua e o a n n a ar e

ca ll d low po wd r i both t i r
e s th d it y d th
e s s, o n c e ase e en s an e

i f gr i
s ze o I t m st ho w v r b r m mb r d th t i
a ns . u , e e , e e e e e a n

d i g th e lo ity f ombu tio

e c re as n e d th v ob t i i g
c o c s n an us a n n

slo w p wd r w i r
o th ti m
e s, f b r i g f th
e h rg
n c e ase e e o u n n o e c a e,

an dm y d s t a h xt o t th t c onsi d rabl
o o su cportion an e en a a e e
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 77

of it may be blow n o u t un br u nt . T hi s of c o rse

u n e c e ss itate s

an i r n c e asei th l gth f th gu n e wi th l l it
en tt d to e n, a s a en an

pr ti l i o v i
ac ca nc n e n en c es .

1 58 A .
p pro h t
n i
a for m i ty f
ac m i io o f un o e ss n so ar as

th t d p d rf i m d i ll d di po wd r
°
a e en s o n su ac e , s a e n so c a -
e sc e s,

th t i t
a sy i po w d
o sa r pr nd i t o t hi die s
scs f i for m e sse n n o un

thi k c n ess, d f th e m di m t r
an o th g sa h mb r e a e e as e un c a e ,

so ass embl d tog th r e t p mi t i mu l ta oe e as ig itio o er s ne us n n

b tw
e een dj t di a I thi
ac e n th sc s .rf b i g n s c ase e su ac e e n

nea rl o t t th v lo iti f mi io i f
y c n s an ,
e e i wo l d
c es o e ss n n re e a r u

b e ne a rly iform d th ti m f tot l o mbu tio d p d t

un an e e o a c s n e en en

on th t hi k e f th dic n e ss o e sc s .

M Q i k h r . p t t d thi d riptio f powd r d

u c as a en e s e sc n o e an

is a p p r tly g tti g v ry x ll t r lt i 4 i ch g
a en e n e e ce en es u s n a -
n un .

T h di ffi lty th t h
e cu b m t with by oth i th t f
a as e en e ers s a o

th b e ki g p f th di d ri g omb ti o th givi g
re a n u o e s cs u n c us n, us n

ri t irr g l ity f i fl m d f
se o e u ar od o n q t irr a e su r ac e an c n se ue n e

g l
u ar i t y f m i io fo g e I t i prob
ss bl n o t h t thi asp . ti l s a e a s rac ca

di ffi lty will b ov r om
cu d th t di
e po wd r will b
e c e, an a sc e e

fo d v ry dva t g o
un e i ga f l rg
n a e w ll us f m ll n un s o a e as e as o s a

ca l ib re .

1 5 9 I F r ce . n ppro h t th dva t g f di
an an a ac o e a n a es o sc

p o w d r h e f o m y asr b or ob t
s i n d
e by th ea s f een a e e u se o

pri m ti g i i whi h th thi k

s a c ra ns n i m ll r l tiv t
c e c n e ss s s a e a e o

th l gth
e en d br dth an ea .

F i t c l t th gr i b f the form show i th

or n s an e , e e a n e o n n e

d i gr
a m o f th e line al dimension s a B and y o f whi c h a i s
a , , , , .

th e small e st In thi s c ase the ti me o f to tal c o mb ustio n

.

T
 I N TERNAL B A LLI S TI 08 .

If S 6N a
2
be th e su rf ac e h rg o mpo
of th e c a e c se d o f

cu bi l gr i
ca a ns w ho se s ides a thi h rg wi ll b o
s c a e e c n su me d
me ti me
a
i n th e sa 7
77
°

Fo r th e fl at g i ra n s th e o igi l
r na su rf ac e of th e sa me
we ight of c h rga e is

S = N x
l

2
an d makin g
5 as an d y we g e t

T he s u r fac e at th e e n d of th e t im e T w ill b e

Sn l = N x 2 { (B — 2 V f
) (7 -
2 V f
)l;

o r , s nc e i 1

2
S
—
St 2 k (B ) (y ) (
v

y) ,
]
.
_ a x l

i
an d s n c e a an d y are e a c : i ty we h v S l thhl e ss t h an u n a e
I
e ss an

S an d S, I
g r t r t h
ea e S ; t h fo w i t h t
an h fl t g i th e re re e a ra ns e

v e l oc 1 t
y o f mi io i l
e ss t th b gi
n i g d gr t r t
s e ss a e e nn n , an ea e a

the end o f th ombutio th t i t y i t d r

e c s l n, a s o sa e c ease s e ss

ra
p i dly .

I t is t h r for
vid tly dv t ge o t m k th tio
e e e e en a an a us o a e e ra s

as and y m ll po ibl o i t t with th gr i

as s a as t ss e c ns s en e a ns no

b i g b ok p d r th pr
e n r en uf th g iun
g e e es s u re o e as e s n a un .

I Fr nwi th powd r f high d

an c e , ity ( bo t 1 78 t e s o en s a u
°

1 8 ) th v l
°
f e d y v y f om g t i
a ue s o d i f th v l
as an ar r o ,
an e a ue

a y g b dop t d w fi,
d f o m
e th f
ao goi g e , e n r e re n

fo m l r u a

SI 7
S, an d SI ] “

97
1 Sr 01
‘
S1 1
 I N TERNA L BA LLI S TI 08 . 79

so t h at th e ad an tav g e of th e fl at g i ra n is v er y o id c ns er

a bl e .

ght f powd b t t th d f th ti m
1 6 0 T h e we i
. o er u rn a e en o e e

t i obt i d
s follo w L t
a ne b for V b th v lo i ty f
as s . e , as e e, e e e c o

comb tio d r pr r p d l t B d 7 b th l gth

us n un e es su e , an e a an e e en

o f th id f th gr i
e s es o e a ns .

At th d f i i th b om
e en o ( e se ec e

2 t , B 2t , 7 2t ,

a n d at th e e nd o f t h e t ime t

’ ’

J J
2 d t — 2 t
-
, s -
z , r ,

0 0

th e vol u me o f th e gr ain w ill b e

"
( a. 2
Jo ) ( i s 2 t
)( 7 2 d
)
,

an d the vol u me o f po wde r b ur n t w ill b e

a
By v.

Ca lli g q n » ( ) th e
t r tio f th powd r b
a o e e u rn t

th e ti m t t e , o th e tot l w igh t f th
a h rg e o e c a e,

—
(1
37 0 0

a
Br
an d r pl ing by it v l
e ac u s a ue f o un d a bov e

( ) i “)
a f 1

161 . In f re e ai r V is c o nstan t, an d i f i t i s de n te d o by
=
( )
b 1 t ()
t l 1

If 1 be th e t ta d u o l r tio a n of c o mb tio us n of th e g i ra n

a. 2 V0 T 0,
80 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

wh en c e

us n i g whi h i c n b
( )
1

an d maki n g
a
x _
’

B r

1 <>
t = 1

wh i hmy
c a be p u t i to th fo
n e r m

or if w e w te ri
a + y + ay
a ,
1 + z + y
2
t t t

7
- 2

ight f powd r b r
T h e we o e u nt w ill b e w . « »
l ()
t an d th e v eloc ity
of e mi io ss n or

Wi th cu bi l gr
ca ai n s as y 1, an d

W 1th fl at gra1 n s, 1 f
az = y = 3 ‘

A = l

2
7 32 t 4 1
_
4
-

3 i
° °
9 7
2
52 3
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

1 62 T h e f
. ormul ( )
ppli d t a a 1 6 0) may be a e o th e co m
bu ti is on
'
f g n o ly th
i th mb r
hi e c a e o a un , n n s c ase V is no

l o g r o ta t b t i
n e f
c nstio f th e pr ss re n , u s a un c n o e u .

M S r au rriv d t th
. a r c l s io th t th
a e a e co n u n, a e re atil o n

mi ght b xpressed by th formul

e e e a

V ==K p a ,
'

and t h v l ue f w
at th e a o a
'
as 5 , he r for
t e e i f V, be th e v loc ity
e

at a tmo ph ri c pressure
s e
p,

5
V = .

h r for p b take
If t e e e e n as the pressur e i n th e c hambe r , the
a bove form l b c ome u a e s

w hi c h, pro c e e din g as be for e, may be p u t unde r the form

»
'
A z

( { )
a

( )
a 1 0)
11 J ’
dz 1
.

2 a r e
; a,

In lik e mann e r for an y othe r form of grain the c omb ustion ,

un d r pr
e e ssu re may be deduc e d fro m th e c omb ust ion i n th e

o p e n ai r by ubstituti g f
s n or t th e de fin te i integral

1 6 3 In th e
. pri m ti po wde r wi th ce
case of s a c a ntra l hole
the c l ul tio
a c i as followa n s s

Le t p b th e r dius f th c e tr l hol e ;
e a o e n a

B th me r di s f th i ribe d a d c ir
, e an a u o e n sc n cu msc ribed
irc l whi h f impli ity is used i te
c e, c or s c ns ad o f th e
r l pe riphe ry ea .

h the h e ight of th prism e s .

82 I N TERNA L BA LL I S TI CS .

T h e n th e origi l vol na u me 71 h (3 2
and at the e nd

of th e t im e t i t will b e

11 11
°

{( R V ,
t) 2
(p ( h 2 Ve t),

and the vol u me of powd r bur e nt w ill b e

w a
s
p
2
) h v,

and th e fu nc t io n

( 3 p ) h
2 2
7r v

(R ) h
' 2 2
71 p

Usually R p h,

2 Vo r = R -
p , or V ,

wh r e e r i s th e t ta t o l im e of bu r i g n n , b it ti g thi
an d su st u n s

fo r u,

f
«
( a s -
p
2
) ( i i h
g ) t

m e
s h
es -

w e) ;
84 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI OS .

N o w mb e i ng th e mass o f th e proj ec t il e, w th e a e a o f th e r bo re ,

m d— m z
.
”

cl I
V

t h r for
e e e
3
m d2
:a
3
’

) (
0 a

o
2 0
=
w po

an d maki ng use o f hi i
t s n ste ad o f t in 1t
11 we g e t

(3
2 d ,

9 w 4! ( t) w
; n

(51 W )
A m m 20
M 2 !

(m)
a

(
.

p
“
.

dt +
w

:
1
°

T he r fo
e re c o mbi i g ( 7 n n an d ( )
8 we
g e t

d z w

)
a
( w z
) d (3 7
(1

A
1 W
5) ]
2
’
a 20

55)
,

fi r <)
9
—

w hi c h 1s q io f motio f th p oj til
th e e uat n o n o e r ec e .

1 6 9 Th prob l m th . for i t fi d
e f tio ef t e re e s, o n a un c n a o

s uc h t ti fy qu tio
as o sa d h th t it w ll
s e a n an s uc a , as e as

i t fir t di ff r ti l o ffi i t b om
s s e en ro wh t Oa c e c en , ec e ze en .

M S rr h ff t d thi by th
. a au f
as ert i xili y ec e s e u se o ce a n au ar

f tio
u nc p r ly m i l d i d p d t f th v i bl
n s, u e nu er c a an n e en en o e ar a e

b lli ti l m t él é m t v i bl d ti
a s c e e en s Mor ov r th en s ar a es u r e e e

g r l pr io f th v lo i ty d pr ur m y b p t
ene a ex e ss ns or e e c an e ss e a e u

i to th fo m f r pidly o v rgi g ri d fi d by th
n e r o a c n e n se e s, e ne e se

au xili ry f tio
a th t by gl ti g th t rm followi g
un c n s, so a ne ec n e e s n

th tw fir t
e bi omi l form l i ob t i d f th v l o ity
o s , a n a u a s a ne or e e c ,

whi h f c y v l f t h t
o r anr v l f th proj til
a ue o giv s a, e a e o e ec e, e

ve ry pproxim t ly th v lo ity d by m ki g q l th
a a e e e c , an a n as e ua e

tot l l g th o f th tr v l th m
a en l v lo ity i obt i d
e a e , e uz z e e c s a ne .

A r g d th m x i m m pr su r th
s e ar s ri i e h th ta u es e, e se es s suc a

it i ffi ie tly
s su r t t r t i th fir t t rm o ly
c n ac c u a e o e a n e s e n .

1 7 0 T ho wh wi h t m k th ms lv
. se q i t d w i th
o s o a e e e es ac ua n e

th d t il f M S rr ly i will fi d it f lly go e ’
e e a s o . a au s an a s s, n u n

i to i Mémori l do l A till i de l Mari e vol iv d

n n
‘
a
’
r er e a n ,
’
. . an
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 85

b q t vol
s u se ue n u me s , an d th r for I will t t r i to d t il
e e e no en e n e a s

h r b t pro
e e, u c ee d to th e r lt obt i d by M S r
e su s a ne . ar au .

Bi n omi a l For mu la f or Veloci ty .

1 71 . M Sa . rr
opt 5 f th v l f th i d x
au ad s or e a ue o a
'
,
e n e of

hi h v lo i y r i g p
th e te

th e
rm
re s u
5 w th
0
t
on f b

l ti g for m l f th v l ity f th p j til

n
d

u a
d
c

or
e e

e
c

e oc
o

o
u n n

e ro e c
e e n s, an d

e 18

6 )
3 2

{ tis )f wn ,
, ( )
a

w h r l i th tr v l f th p oj til e d
e e s e a e o e r ec an a th e re duc e d
le n gth f th i i ti l void d fi d bov
o e n a as e ne a e

172 M S r . how th t wh r l i l rg
. a rau s s a e e s a e

A
c) ¢1
( i
-

hr
w e e A, an d A, are n u me ri cal c o i
e ffic e n ts .

Let (8 ) 1 7 1 ) be wr tte n i
j w m
( )( ) )
a
1
mp 0

l
No w r ordi ry o dition th r tio i l rg whil t
un de na c n s, e a _ s a e s
:
.

th eo d t rm f th q ti ty wi thi th br k t i i
se c n e o e u an n e ac e s s n

g r l m ll f tio f ity Co q tly th re m y

en e a a s a rac n o un . n se ue n e a

b s b ti t t d f th r tio
e u s
P th v l
u e t whi h i t t d
or e a
( l
, e a ue o c en s
(
P

C
A1
fo r i nc re as in gv l a ue s o f —
AO

B id es
:
ly v ryi g b
e s,
2
u sual a n e t we e n re at l iv ly rro w li mite na s
,

i t i p mbl
s t r pl th
os e o e ac e e u n kn ow f tio t by
n un c n c , a

fun ctio Q( 05 provi

n d d ,

z
7
, e th e c o e fli c i e nt Q an d t he

i d x 7 b i t bly ho
n e e su a c se n .
86 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

M ki g th
a n e se su b ti t tio
s u ns ( )
9 b omec es

(m y ” i

l i? l -
i
“

Re pl i g by it v l
ac n z s a ue 1 1 8)
”
w w
A 8
1 000 w

V
Y
2

an d ob rvi g th
se n at m 7
hr
6
w e e c i s the ca l ibr e of
9 4
th e g u n , an d W th e we ight of th e proj til ec e, we g e t

f 5 7

( l i l
a
v =1 l ’ l
x
“

A an d Bbi g e n nu me ri c al c o i
e ffic e n t s v iz .

f“
i i
1 000 p
o ( f) -

v
an d B

d ffei r v y l ittl s er e fro m }

a, fo r w hi h v lc a ue

atta ns i i ts maximu m 4; t h r for

e e e we may

1
“
A 4 A

i tr
n o duc i g whi h i to ( 1 1 ) w
n c n e g e t

A( W l) é
"
2 7
8 7
'

i l
1 _ B
; c i
b
It h as how by th xp rim t f C l D bord
een s n e e e en s o o . es es

M é mori l d l A ti l l i d l M i l vii p th t
’ ’
a e r er e e a ar n e , vo . . . a

th v lo ity v i
e e c th % th po w r f th w igh t f t h
ar e s as e e o e e o e

ch rg wh th g vim t i d ity de ité d h rg

a e en e ra e r c e ns ns e c a e

m t en i o t t d
s c th i th po w r f th gr vim tri
n s an , an as e e o e a e c

d ity wh th w igh t f h rg i o t t
en s en e e o c a e s c ns an .

C qu ntly w mu t m k 7 g
o n se e e s a e .

T h e di vis i o n 1 000 is i n tro duc e d to b ri ng th e un i ty o f v o l u me of z into

cu b i c dec i me tres .
88 INTERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

t he su sc b ript m denoti g th n e maxi mum v alue of th e func tion

d 3
2
11
dE 2

T h e fun c t io
ly m ric l fu ctio f E d f
n go i s a p ure nu e a n n o , an o
z
d y
so th t th e maxi mum v l f th i fu c tio is mb r
o
a a ue o s n n a nu e
”
dE
whi h may b d ot d by N
c e en e .

Re pl c i g K nd B by th ir v l
a n d wri ti g
a e a u es , an n a

f m
P = N .

( Z ("
Po
an d s mc e
1
m
w
1
1 0000, A a

W ritin g
8 N x 1 0? 1

11
(9 1 3
0
105

an d si n ce
'

85 is v ry
e ne a rly o c nstan t, i cl
n udin g i t in K we
fina lly
Q
g e t
l %
P K A
( )
w
an d s i n c e
2
0

= 2
P K a A ( )
1 5

w hi h c is MSa . rrau form l

’
s u a for the maximum pre ssure on

th b e ase o f th e proj til e

ec .

Mc ai rn/um Pr essure on Br eech f

o Gun .

1 75 Th e . bove form l d d d from the ac l ratio f

a u a e u ce ce e n o

the p roj tile giv ec th m x i m m pr s u r

, es it b e a u e s e on s ase .

From it m y be d d c d th maxi mum pr u re

a e th
u e e e ss on e

bre e h a follo ws
c s

Le t M m a d P b th e m, , f th e g
n wi th it c rri g
e asse s o un s a a e,

th e proj c tile and th e harge respec tivel y d c th

,
e c , an l , 0 e

vel oc i ti e s of the two forme r ,

 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI CS . 89

As r g rd
v lo i ty
e a s th e e c of th e c h rg
a e, it i s e vi d tly l
en e ss

th an th t f
th proj til a o e ec e , an d it may be de n ote d by 6 1
0

wh r 0 i c o ffi i t le h ity
1
e e s a e c en ss t an un .

Co q tly m M u
n se u en u , 6 1
mu O , and i r tiati g
d ffe en n

w i th p t t t h ti m
re s ec o e e,

wh e n c e

an d de n t o i g by P n
0
and P th epr r p it e s su e s e r un o f su rf ac e

on th e br h d beec an ase o f proj til r p tiv ly

ec e es ec e ,

po = P
( 1 + o l

i f 0 be ta 1
k en 4 .

1 76 . T he vl a ue o f 6 1
g i s b ase d u po n two hypothese s of

G e ne r l Pi b t a o er

( ) T h at t h d i ty ad t m p r t r
e f th
e nspro d t s an e e a u e o e uc are

un iform thro gho t th p b tw th b h d th u u e s ac e e een e re e c an e

proj til ec e .

()
b T h t i f th w hol m
a b divi d d ie t o i fi i t ly thi e ass e e n n n e n

sli t righ t
c es a gl to th xi th v lo ity f h slic i
an es e a s, e e c o e ac e s

proportio t t i t di t na efro m the br e h

o s s an c e e c .

N ith r e f th e hypoth o i ex c t Moreov r i

e se e se s s a . e ,
n

l
m ki g Pa n
g il ;—1 i t v l e i c rt i ly o me wh t too s a u s e a n s a

sm ll s th r
a e c rt i
a s m l l pa iv
e e arre i t e whic h e a n a ss e s s anc s

hv ba e gl t d s h fri tio & T h r i pro

ee n ne ec e , uc as c n, c . e e s

b bly l o
a rt i mo t f i viv lo t d ri g th
a s a ce a n a un o v s a s ,
u n e

pro f ombu tio

c es s o by th g c triki g g i t th
s n, e ases s n a a ns e

w lla f th s h mb r H vi g reg rd to th
o e c a d oth r
e . a n a e se an e

co id r tio M S r a c o clud s th t th tr v l f
ns e a ns, . a r u n e a e ue a ue o

0 i 3
1
sd th , bov for m l be c omes P P ( 1
an e a e u a 0

whi h ppe t gre v ery w ll with th res lts o f

c a ars o a e e e u

1
,

[QJ J J
U / LQA ) ‘
90 I N TERN AL BALLI S TI 08 .

ex p ri
e enc e ly t obt i
. C o nse q u e n t , o a n th e maxi mum pre ss ure
on th b e h th pr r
re e c th b , e e ss u e o n e ase o f th e proj e c t il e mu st

3 w
be mul tipli d by th f tor 1 e e ac a nd we ge t
2 W

fo r the h pr r br eec e ssu e .

1 77 F pr ti l u
. mo omi l form l i mor
or ac ca se , a n a u a s e

c o v i t d thi m y b obt i d by ob rvi g th t y

n en en , an s a e a ne se n a an

i i g f c tio m y wi thi rt i limi t b o id d

n c re as n un n a ,
n ce a n s, e c ns e re

p oportio l t ome po iti pow r f i t v i bl the

r na o s s ve e o s ar a e, re

fo m ki g
re a n

we g e t
J3 ( w W fi
‘

( ) 12 7
A
.

W 7
'

or maki n g RI K Ko an d 7 i ,
w hi h h b
c fo as een u nd

s u ffic e n t i ly t gr o a ee wt i h pr ti l r ac ca esu lt w ge t fi lly

s, e na

A (w W )%
K0 2
0

w hi h i M
c s . Sa rr au s
’
form l u a fo r th e maxi mum pr e ssu re on

th b e h
e re c .

P osi ti on o
f Pr oj ecti le c orr esp on di ng to Maai mum P r essu r e .

1 78 . In 1 74) th e s ymbol e was i trodu

n c ed

l mz 03

No w it i s show by M Sarr n . au Mé mori l d l A ti ll i d a e

’
r er e e la
M ri a ne ,
’
vol iv p 1 8 9) th
. . . at e i g e r lly v y m ll
s ne a er s a ,
and
92 I N TERNAL B ALLI 8 TI 08 .

and if a

a nd e q uat i n o ( @
1 b ec o me s
d y z
(1 C d— y g z

)
2
10
3
o gi zg

1 81 l ho gh thi q tio i t di tly i t g bl

. At u s e ua n s no re c n e ra e,

i t i po ibl
s i m r followi g t l l t th v l
ss e , as n ann e n , o ca c u a e e a ue s

o f th f tio ye d it u nc iv di ff ti l o ffi i t
n o an s s uc c e ss e e re n a c e c en s

f prog iv ly i r i g v l
or r e ss f th v ri bl
e n c e as n a ue s o e a a es .

F thi p rpo
or m s u se ass u e

d 902

dc g

an d i nte gr tia n
g

i,
f" “
“ “ &c
m c c .

an d i nte grati g g i n a a n

a b
+2 +9
+ + &c .

Int rodu i g th c n e se vl
a ue s i to n th e o ffi i t c e c e n s an d

expo t n e n s are de te rm n e d, i an d ri se e s are obt i d whi h a ne c are

v y o v rg
er c n e e n t, w h en g 1 or K t
3
1 th t i t
, y a s o sa ,
fo r

1, or ta ki g n a
'
3
1 t hi s c ome s to K é t 1 or
t or 95 7 1 t <
1
l og 1,
‘
°

1
th at i s to sa
y, fo r val u e s of t l e ss t h an
95 7 1
o f a se co d n .

Fo r vl a ue s o f C 1 r co
e urse must be had to d v lop m
e e e n ts

by T a y lo r s
’
ho m
t e re .

1 8 2 Ha . vi g l l
n c a c u ate d by means o f th e p re c e d n i g se ri e s

d yo d 3/z

yo dg dC 2

fo r al ( va u e 1 of C l ess t h an ity w
un , e must l l c a c u ate

su c ce siv ly by
s e me an s o f t h e se thr vl ee a u e s, the di ff r ti le en a
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS . 93

c o fi
e f c ie n ts o f y high
o,
r
ofor d f C e e rs or C1 mak i
,
ng use o f

th e se ri es o f e q tio obt i d by
ua ns a ne su c c e ss ive diff r e e nt at i io n

of th e io
e q uat n

M ki g th
a n en

i el H
f fi M
[8 1W
an d i n te
g r ti
a g t wine b c e twe e n th e limit C s an d C1 .

d3/ a 3
!
s
(Z ( 1)
; C ( 1) i
-

1 {1 2
an 21
d " ”
]
d
z 2

g]
0 0 5 l
y. [g l d
o
-

(z 2
fi
d ye 61
’
s fo r vl
we may l l
c a c u ate
yo d a a ue C o f Cg re ate r
,

C dC , ,

t h an C1 .

h obt i by m
W e may tf q tio
us d du d bya n e an s o e ua ns e ce

di ff r ti tio
e en f q tio a th di ff r ti l o ffi i t
n o e ua f n e e en a c e c en s o

y o
fot h high r d gr
e f C C d by
e m f f
e or m lee s or 2, an e an s o a u a

an a logo t ( 2 1 ) p t v l C gr t r th C d
us o ass o a a ue 3 ea e an 2, an so o n .

1 83 I thi w y th follo wi g t bl w
. n s obt i d a e n a e as a ne .

F rom thi s it a ppear th s at th e maximum val ue o f

d 3
z
10
0 709
d( 2

h orr spo di g v l
w e n th e c e n n a ue of yo is 0 6 6 8 , but 3
1 z ,

wh enc e a z y :
9
y o ze y l &c .
, an d a pproxim t ly a e

( glne ti g th l
ec n e atte r te rms o f th e de v lop m
e en t as i s v e ry e

small )
a: 668 z,
94 I N T ERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

w 1 1
z _
1 000 w ( A 6
th e r for
e e

at", 0 6 68
°

1 84 S . i n c e co is ex pr e sse d in s q r
ua e metre s ,
i
th e d stan c e
a” is giv en in metres ;
or i s nc e

(0 :

0008 4 w 1
2
1
c A

an d i f c be i n dec i m tr e e s an d am in me tres

08 4 5 w 1 1
0
2
A S ;

or i f c and be both i n de c i m tr e e s,

8 45 m 1 l
°

0
2
A 8

Monomi a l Formula f or Veloci ty .

i v stig ti g thi form l M S rr pro d

1 8 5 In . n e a n s u a, . a au ce e s on

th mptio th t th v lo i ty i
e as su n,
g w i th a
g iv ki e e c n a un a en nd

of powd r i f tio
e f th fi followi g v i bl s :
, s a un c n o e ve n ar a e

w w igh t f h rg ; e o c a e

A gr vim tri d ity (de ité d c h rgem t) ;

a e c e ns ns e a en

l l gth f tr v l f proj til ;

en o a e o ec e

c libr ; ca e

W w igh t f p roj til ;

e o ec e
96 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI 08 .

monomi al expr io r pr ti g pproxim t ly th i iti l

e ss n e e se n n a a e e n a

v lo ity i
e c s n ec rily f th form
e s sa o e

" ’

f ) t ) G)
f f
B
.

whe re

an d s n c e i m i trod c i g th
n u n e se vl a ues an d

t h at o f z

M bi g e n a c o n stan t i n de
p e n de n t of al l th e b lli ti
a s c

orm l ( 24) i r d d t mor i mpl form

1 9 0 Th e f
. u a s e uc e o a e s e

by th o id r tio th t th v l
e c ns f
e a f tio r mi
n a e a ue o a un c n e a ns

se ns ibly o t t i th vi i ity f it m xi m m
c n s an n e c n o s a u .

N w i o di ry c o ditio s f pr c ti c e th r tio 9
o , n r na n n o a ,
e a
8
di fi
'

v ry littl from g whi h v l giv t th fu tio

e rs e e , c a ue es o e
'

nc n

‘
; g
I
( 1 — is m ximum val f i C o se que tly we g t
a ue o . n n , e

a pproxim t ly a e
 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 97

and h avi g r n e ga rd to t hi s a pproximate i

re l at on, we may
1
a 5
su b ti t te f A 8
s u th proor 1 — - 2 e
B
duc t o f A 8 2 by a
nu m ri l f tor whi h may b i l d d i n the c o
e ca ac c e nc u e nstan tM .

A d m ki g
n a n

M m eff -

we g e t th e f orm l u a of 1 8 6) or
V = H

H bi g o t t d p di g
e n a th powd r
c n s an e en n on e e , an d th e
e xpo t h vi g th v l
ne n s give i a n e a ue s n n

Th xpo
e se t e ix i
e mb r d e f
n e n s ar s n nu e an ar o
un c ti ns o f

and
’
q «
y .

191 . If, i n ac c ord an c e w t i h th e ex e p ri m e n ts o f Ga vr e, we

mak e a
3 , we ge t f rom ( 2 5 )

que tly B 2 y 7 }
Co n se n «
’
1 hi h gw c a rees w th i
th e e mpiri l d t rmi tio by th ca e e na n e C ommi io d ss n e Ga vr e .

Moreo v r th r l tio 2 y 7e , e e a n «
’
2 giv
, es

2% 2 7’ fl nd = —
-
f
t -
v % 7 ;

c o n se qu e ntl y th form l e u a 2
( )6 b om ec es

and o ly r
it n e mai ns to find 7 to de te rmi ne th e f ormul a

c ompl t ly e e .

1 92 . lr dy b t t d th t the v l
It h as a ea e en s a e a i r
a ue o f «7 n c e ases

as th e powd r b om s low r Th v l s
e ec e s e . e a ue 5 and
i we r e

H
 '

I N TERNAL BALLI S TI c s .

o
f u nd, r om v ry q i k powd r th sec ond f om
th e fi st fr a e u c e , e r a

v ry low powd r ( i
e s r l tiv ly t th gu )
e . e . e a e o e ns .

Th m e v l 7 1 6 m y th r fo b o i d r d
3
e an a ue a e e re e c ns e e as

approxi m t ly tr f a el o ditio f fi d dmitti g

ue o r u su a c n ns o re , an a n

t hi v l u th e form l b om
s a e, u a ec es

V =H

and the v lu a e of the o

c n stant H, i s

H =M6

1 93 . U
ordi ry o ditio
n de r na c n ns 8 v i ar e s v ry li ttl
e e , so

h
t at 8 5 m y b o id r d
“

a o e c ns e e as c n stan t, an d r duc d t
, e e o i ts
mean v l m y b i l d di H
a ue , a e nc u e n ,
so t h at

E = M

r t k e 1 oth r formul orr po di g t

1 94 I f 7 we
.
! e a n an e a, c es n n o

a v ry low powd r wo ld b obt i d i whi h do

e s e t ,
u e a ne , n c 0 es no

app r iea , v z .

V H

In t his case 7 ’

1 an d

H Ms

and finally i c l udi g

n n 8 5 in
"

M
H M

g er l formula (2 7) i ppli bl
1 95 In
. en a , s a ca e , and i t h as b e en

ve rifi d by M S r by th tu l r ult
e . ar au, e ac a es s of fi n wt ri g i h
diff r t po wd d i di fi t g r
'

d u n de di fie ri n
'

e en e rs, an n e re n un s, an
g
c o ditio
n f fii g T eff c t thi s ve i fic tio
ns o r n . o e r a n i t i s ne c e s se ry
 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

t h at i s to say if th e c omb tio us n of th e c ha rge we r e in stan ta

n e ns o .

h r for
I f, t bov xpr s io gi
e e e, th e m xi m m f a e e e s n ves a a u or a

fi it v l
n ef it i b
a ue othe form l i o ly pp xi
r, s e cause u a s n a ro

mt a eI t w obt i d by
.
g l ast i g l l t h t r m
a ne f ne ec n a e e s o a c on

v rgi ge ri ft r th fir t tw Th v l
n se es a e f or e s o . e a ue o r c r e

ps ondi g t tho finr t t w ot m h ho w

se v i m por
s t t o er s as, e e r, an an

ig ifi tio It i li mit b low whi h th v i tio f h

s n ca n. s a e c e ar a n o 7 as

o ly i n anibl i fl n sen s th v lo ity e d whi h i t i s

n u en c e o n e e c , an c

th di dv t g o
e re sat x d b
an a whi l t th v lo ity
e us o e c ee , e c ause , s e e c

i nc re ase s v ry lightly th m i m m pr r i r
e s , e ax u e ssu e n c e ase s

r pi dly i th i v
a r tio f th ti m f omb tio
n e n e rse a o e e o c us n.

Co q tly
n se t h o i
ue nd t io f t hi, p t i el r v cl u ns e ra n o s ar cu a a e

o f ll d by M S rr
7 , ca e th d r tio f t h m xi m m
. a au
“
e u a n o e a u

d ré d m x i m m
u e i fg
u t i mpo t
a i th pr
u t s o re a r an c e n e e se n

q tio ue s n .

1 98 Eq ti g t . ro th diff r ti l o ffi i t f V with
ua n o ze e e en a c e c en o

r p t t obt i d from q tio

es ec o 7 , a ned d o ti g by e ua n an en n 7 1

th v l e f
e a uorr po di g t th m xim m f V w g t
o 7
'

c es n n o e a u o , e e

A(W l)’
3B
6

He r e it may be ob rv se ed th at fo r a de te m n ate f r i orm of

gr i a n, A is c o p d o ly th
n s tan t an d th e l
v a ue o f 7 1 de en s n on e

calibr th w igh t
e, d th t v l f th p oj til
e e , d i
an e ra e o e r ec e, an s

i dpn d t f th w igh t f h rg
e en en o d g vi me tri de it y e o c a e an ra c en s .

1 9 9 Wh it i
. id it en oft i th t powd r s sa , as so en s, a a e

i s lo w or q i k thi xpr io do
s
“
t r lly
u c ,
”
s e e ss n es no ea

d oten y q li t
e any i t h po w d r i t ual f I t d p d h i fl
n y e e se . e en s c e

on th o ditioe d r whi h it i
c n d I
ns f t i un e c s u se . n ac , n a

g iv g en th po wd i
un , lo w w h e th d r tio f th er s s ,
”
en e u a n o e

c omb tio f th gr i i ot bly p rior t th t d r tio

us n o e a n s n a su e o a u a n

whi h i c th t p r ti l r g
, n orr po d t th th or ti
a a cu a un , c es n s o e e e c

m xi m m f v lo i ty
a u d i
o u d Mor ov r tw
e c , an r ce er s . e e , o

powd r fir d i diff r t g
e s, e ho l d b o id r d f th
n e en u n s, s u e c ns e e o e

sa me viv c i ty whe the ir du ations of c ombustio

a ,
n r n are
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 1 01

proportio l t th d ratio f th maximum relative ly

na o e u ns o e ,

t th t w g
o s d
e o un s u e .

2 00 L t th th r tio f th
. e duration f th e maxi
, en , e a o e o

m m rel ti g t
u give g t th e d r tio f ombu tio
a n o a n un, o u a n o c s n

of po wd r i th t g
a b c ll d th
e Mod lus f Viv c ity
n a un e a e e u o a ,
”

or i mply th Modul
s d be de ot d bye ; th e us,
”
an n e as n

Fro m thi poi t s n of vi w M S rr

e , . a au ad opts th e f ollowi g n

s ca e ol f c l assifi atio c n o f powd rs e

modul us to .
p owder .

2 01 . Acc ordi gly from

n ,
i
s nc e a :
5

W t
w = 3 133
( e

For mul a for I ni tia l Veloci ty as a Functi on f

o the Modul us .

201 Int odu c

. r i g a:in the pl
n ac e of r in f ormul a ( 1 3) f or

th e ve loc ity , a new e xpr ssio e n is obtai ne d whi h will be c

o
f un d o f great use . Sinc e 7; 3 B “ (W W(5 198) ( 13) m y a
c

be wr tten t i hus
1 02 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

w hic h makin g a

i
V i A
t
(W )
A
?
i 3
(
an d if 7 1 be r pl
e ac e d by it v l
s dw
a ue an e take

ft) M
w 3 w)
the f ormul a for th e ve lo ity b ec om
c es

f( )x .
( )
37

Maai mum P r essu re on Base f

o P r oj ecti l e as a Func ti on f
o the
M odulus .

202 Th e
. maxi mum pressure o n th e base o f th e proj til
ec e

as a fun c tion o f th e mo dul us i s thu s obtain ed

Expression ( 1 5) above may be writte n

f a A ( w m )§
P = K 3
c

and makin g as an d r{ pl c i g
e a n r, in th e den omi n at or by

i ts vl
a ue 3B
5
P K sB
“
1 ff -
’ Aw
38
A s
2 03 T he
. maxi mum pres sure on bree h i d d
th e c s e uc ed

i
d r plac i g K by K
(Tn
a
from thi by writi g
s n Po fo r P an e n 0
;

th e re fore

P. a
ma m
1 04 IN TERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

we get final ly
i ; I i —n
w A c

W t

2 06 . T hi formul
i h th t i t y with th
s a va ri es wt n, a s o sa , e

mod l u u i s as ot wh i h
l te d by (40) or i
é 2 c n s re a n f

It m y b d pp oxim t ly by tt hi g t
a e use , a r a e ,
a ac n o n a c on

t t v l
s an i o ditio f lo ding h th t th m d l
a ue , n c n ns o a suc a e o u us

r m i withi
e a ns t i li mit n ce r a n s .

2 07 Amo g th .di ff r t forms whi h th

n mo omi l e e en c e n a

fo m l f
r th v l o ity m y t k th
u a or d e rv p i l e c a a e, ose e se e s ec a

att t ioenwhi h orr po d t th

n vl f th
c mod l c es n o e a ue o e u us
P an d 5
{ T 1 5 .

orm
In th e f e r case n
i an d i n th e l atte r n an d th e
fo mul b c om
r a e es w h e n as g ,

t
w Al i 1
3

V
71

M c ;
W ,

and w he n as

V M

w hi hc e xp e ssr io ns a gree wt i h thos previously obt i e a ne d

2 08 . T he f orm r f th e xpr s ioo i ppli bl e se e e s ns s a ca e to

w h at are c a lled q ic k and th e l tter to low powd r i
u , a s e s n th e
sca e l
2 09 . i
loc ity in c re ases c o tinu l ly as d
S n c e the ve n a 7 e

cr th v l
e ase s, n whi h g ive e m xim m o gh t t b
a ue , c s a a u , u o e

co id red as the superior limit for th se of th B i omi l

ns e e u e n a

formu l a.
Co quently this formula should ot be used f r po wders
nse , n o

quic ke r th th powde r o f the m xim m Thi t k

an e a u . s a es
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 05

1
0 )
2
1
pl ac e w h en the se c nd o te rm io
of th e func t n 1 B3 is

gr e ate r th an th e v al ue 4 whi h orre po c c s nds to th e maxi

mu m .

It is pr ti lly
g o t li mit th
ac ca e v
ad anta e u s
f th o e us o e

form l t c u a wh e r th mo d l
o ase s i b lo w l ess li mit
e e u us s e a

th ity F h igh r v l
an u n . b e omi g rly q l to
or e a ue s, 7 c n ne a e ua

T 1, th th or ti l xpr
e e io b o m t r pidly t tio ry
e ca e e ss n ec es oo a s a na ,

an d ce s t r pr
a es t x tly th o r l v ri tio f th
e e se n e ac e ea a a n o e

v lo ity
e c .

If { it b dopt d th e p rior limit f th mod l

a e as e su e o e u u s,

th e bi omi l fo m l ho ld
n a t b us d wh
r u a th e
s u c e ase o e e en

( “
o d t rm B B l i fo d to b gr t r
l ’
v l f th
a ue o e
)
se c n e s un e ea e

th an f
}, 1 1
9
a gr
o t r th 3 o r 3 ea e an .

2 1 0 Wh .th modul i gr t r th a { th mo o mi l
en e us s ea e n i
f e n a

form l i u a ppli bl s a ca e.

I f t th i formul
n ac gr ibly wi th th oth r f
s a a e es se ns e e , or

vl
a ues o f th modul ppro hi g f a d i r se gr d lly
e us a ac n r, n n c ea s a ua

w i th th mod l i t d f p i g thro gh m xi m m
e u u s, n s ea o ass n u a a u .

It m y th r for r p
a , t x tly th v lo ity i
e e e, e ll ca
r e se n e ac e e c ,
n a ses

wh r th po wd r
e e d
e t q i k powd r d thi h
e s us e ac as u c e s, an s as

b v rifi d xp ri m tally by M S r by omp ri g th

een e e e e en . a rau, c a n e

c l c ul t d v lo i ti s wi th tho
a a e e c tu lly ob t i
c e d de r v ry se a a a ne un e

v ryi g o ditio f lo di g
a n c n ns o a n .

2 1 1 M ki g u. f th a harac t ri tics a d B the

n se o e c e s a n

for mul ( 42 ) m y b writt

a a e en

s
I ’ i
w A c l ‘"
=
V M
” a
B 1
W W

an d obt i the v al u f M it i s
to a n e o , s uffic ent i obs rve to e the
velo ity giv by powd r f wh i h
c en a e o c th e c h ara t ri ti s c e s c are

k ow u d r g ive c o ditio s f fi e
n n, n e n n n o r .
1 06 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

Table f
o the Fu nction f( ) as .

2 1 2 Th e funct
. io n
f( ) h hase rv s w ic
to e x pr es t h r l s e s e e a

t io n of th e velo ity c as a f tio f th e mod l

un c i r pr n o u us, s e o

se n te d by f( ) as } (3
as ) w h i s l e s t has f en as s an i
r,

an d by Nm w
i h e n as is g t r thre a e a
an T r .

o st t N
The c n an i d t rmi d by e q ti g th
s e e ne tw ua n ese o

xpr
e io m ki g n f
e ss n s, a n r .

Th followi g t bl giv
e the v l n a e es a ue of f( ) as fo r mc reasmg
vl f from 0 5 t 1 2
a ue s o as
°
o
°
.

2 13 .

Lo g f ( 0)

1 035 2 °

2 1 4 Fr. om (37) it i s see n h r ti o f m

th at w e n th e du a n o co

bustio n o f powde r i
a s a l t d l l othe r b lli tic l m t
e re , a a s e e en s

r e maini n g u ch g d n an e , th v lo ity v rie dir tly f ( )

e e c a s ec as a
s ,

a nd rom (38) a d
f n
( )
39 d r lik irc umun t t
e h e c s an ce s, e

pr r th e br e
essu e o n e c h d the proj c tile v ri
an on th e a e s as e

mo d l i t lfu us se .

Co se q tly th e pr di g t bl e afi d th m
'

n u en f ece n a or s e e an s o

comp i g the c orr po di g v lues of th p essur a d

ar n es n n a e r e n

v l o ity ; d it how th t th i c rease f v l ity i v y

e c an s s, a e n o e oc s er

sm l l amp red with th i rea e f pre u

co a e nc s o ss re .

Fo i tan ce c omp ri g
r ns powde r f mod lus 0 6 wi th
,
a n a o u
°

anoth r f modul us 1 2 th p r s re i s do bl d whil t th

e o ,
e e su u e s e

v lo ity i o ly i c reased by bout 5th part

e c s n n a .
1 08 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI 08 .

un de r c o i d r tio orr po
ns e a n c es n ds to the maxi mum ve loc ity ,

we hv x
a e wh re i i e r, s p
n de e n de nt o f w an d A t her e
r

or dx

M ki g
a n use o f hi h i
w c n
( )
44 an d and making as b efor e

m
M )
a
s x 205 )

we g e t

dw dA
l
8 + 1
A

dw dA dr
To A 1

by 207)
No w wh th mo d l u i n en e u s s f r, an d it
i g iv
s by (40) whe it i l th f
en n s ess an r.

I t i re ncwh t em
h o d l d
ase s r b lo
en wfi u us ec e ase s e r, i t i s q l e ua

t 1 wh e
o th e modul n i o re po di g t us rg c r s n n o a ve ry low s

powd r e .

Vari ati on f
o Veloc i ty cor resp ondi ng to a Constant Val ue

f
o Maxi mu m P r essur e .

21 8 . bov q tio s (47) and (48 ) w

By means of th e a e e ua n e

m y x mi h w th v loc ity v i s by th v i tio f th e

a e a ne o e e ar e , e ar a n o

w ight f h rg
e gr vim t i d ity nd tim f m
o c a e, a e r c e ns , a e o co

b ti
us wh il t t th e sam time th maximum pressu re
on , s a e e

m in u h g d
re a s nc an e .

219 ( ) L et
. the wei
a ght of c harg e b e cons ta nt, g r avi metr ic
densi ty and ti me of combusti on vari a ble .
 "
71 l i tt
l N
'
Cu t
7 we t w “
u t e» u n s e
c
d; A k i k
c L C; a] d
L L QL L x
/ x
v

1 09

é
u V (b u ( /
Ev Uu L
”
u { AA /b ’
l
‘
/ L ;
i
S nc e ( ) 0
48 P 18 o
c nstan t - ! 0, a l o d w = 0 th r fo e
s e e r
T ) ,

(i f dA
T A
su b tit ti g whi h m ( 47)
s u n c

i T _ 'n — —
V A
(i n
)
o l
If th e m du n 1 d i i po i
ustiv th r e rc an n s s e, e

for th evelo ity i r e wi th th gr vim t i d ity

c n c e ase s e a e r c en s .

From whi h th fol lowi g propo itio i d ri d

c e n s n s e ve .

When the weight of mai ns the same a n d the c ha rge re ,

gr a vi metr i c den si tythe ti me of c ombusti on i n cr ease so

an d ,

tha t the maxi mum p ressur e r emai ns u na lter ed the v eloci ty i s ,

i ncreased an d the mor e so as the modulus of the p owder i s

,

gr eate r, or the p owder qui cker .

F ro m w c it f hi h
ws, t at ollo h by i g v ry q i k powd r us n a e u c e ,

an d at th e sa me tim d r ei g i t gr vi m tri d ity th

e c e as n s a e c en s , e

v lo i ty m y b
e c a e i r d wi tho t i r i g th pr r
n c e ase u n c e as n e e ss u e .

22 0 b L r avi metr i c den si ty A be con sta n t, a nd the

( ) e
.t g
weight of charge, an d ti me of c ombu stio n var i able .

i
S n c e d P, an d d A i n (4 7 an d (4 8 ) are e ac 0 h
dV dw
—
V ss u w

No w fro m (4 0) it i s se e n t ht a n y fo r x 0, an d n h
ly Q i l w y
.

fo r oth r v l e
an y e a u of x, c o q n se ue n t n s a a s

po itiv fro m whi h i

s e, c s de du c e d th e fol lo wi g propo i tio
n s n

W he n th e g r a vi m e tr i c d en s i ty i s co n sta n t , a nd th e w e ig ht of
cha g ,
r e a n d t i m e of c om b u st i on i n cr ea se so as to kee
p the ma xi
mump r ess u r e c o n sta n t,
th e v e lo c i ty i s i n c r eas e d .

22 1 ( c) Let 7 be con stant, w a n d A vari able

. .

T en hd P o an d d r O,
a n d
8V
V
as

T h r for
e e e, Whe n ,
wi th the sa me p owder ,
the weight of cha rge
1 10 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

22 2 . d
( ) When the c a ac it o
p y f the c ha mber consta nt, and

w and r variable .

Le t S ca ac p ity o f c ha mbe r ,
t h en

01 A dw
3
1

S A w

t h r for
e e e ( )
4 7 an d 48
( ) be om c e

dV
V
d P0
Po

I t no w w an d r v ry
a so t h at Po r e mai ns o
c n stan t, we g e t

f rom whi h c

"
a ( fir ( )
5 1

No w in or i ry o i io
d na c nd t ns o f pr ti ac ce n 9
1 ; so th at V
inc r e ase s w i th th r for
10, e e e

In g i va
en
gu n whe n the c ha r ge a n d du r a ti o n o
f co mbu stio n

i nc r ease so that the p r essure r emai ns constan t, the veloc ity i s

i ncr ea sed .

C o n se q
ly with i f h mb r ffi i tly l rg th
ue n t , a s ze o c a e su c en a e, e

v lo ity m y b i r d wi th ut l t i g th pr r by
e c a e n c e ase o
'

a er n e e ss u e

i r i g th h rg f powd r f whi h i gr t r
nc e as n e c a e o a e or c 1
°

s ea e .

2 23 ( ) F ro m ( 5 0) w m y d t rmi
. e th v ri tio f e a e e ne e a a n o

v lo ity c orr po di g t
e c m ll v ri tio f th d tio
es n n o a s a a a n o e ura n

of omb u tio
c s n .

S pp uw r m i ns c onsta t th
ose e a n , en

dV dr
V r

n i c reas s as th mod l d r
n e th e r for the u us e c e ase s, e e, e sa me
r l ti v ri tio f the d r tio f omb tio h
e a ve a a n o u a n o c us n as an

i fl n th e v e loc ity th e gre t r

ue n c e o n th e ti m o f , a e as e co m
bu tio i les
s n s s.
1 12 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

w hi h th mod l i gr t r th
c e ity b t M S rr
u us s ea e an un , u . a au

co id r ns h o ditio
e s s uc f vo r bl i g cl It i n ns un a u a e n e n e ra . s,

how v obvio th t thi i

e e r, q tio whi h d p d us a s s a ue s n c e en s

chi fly th t gth f th g
e on d th r for by i
e s re n o e un, an e e e n

r i g thi high b lli t i fl t will b obt i d with

c eas n s, er a s c e
'

ec s e a ne

q i k th with low p owd r

u c an s e s .

2 27 I th r ptio f powd r i Fr n
. n e rt i
ec e n o e n a ce a ce a n

m gi i llo w d whi h i
ar n ll d tol r
s a e c s ca e e an c e .
”

I th m n f t r f po wd
e om irr g l riti
anu ac u e o er s e e u a es are

una void bl th t difl at lot f th

e , so m po wd r giv a
’

e re n s o e sa e e e

di ff r t v lo iti
e en t pr o f T h li mi t f th
e c v lo iti i
es a o . e o e se e c es s

d i d ig t d by th t r m tol r
”
fix d e an s es na e e e e anc e .

By th fo goi g form l th i fl e re whi h thi n u ae, e n uenc e c s

tol i
e ran c e th v lo ity m y b ti m t d
e xe rc s e s on e e c a e es a e .

S ppo u f x mpl th t th
se irr g l rity i d t
or e a e a e e u a s ue o a

v i tio i th d tio f omb tio

ar a n n d l t e b th u ra n o c us n , an e 7 e e

d r tio
u a f omb tio n whi h f
o g iv
c for m f gr i
us n, c or a en o a n,

giv th orm l v lo ity t proof th t i t y th m

es e n a e c a ,
a s o sa e ean

of g a t mb f fir
re a d pp nu th t with p rti l r
er o e s, an su o se a a a cu a

l t f powd
o o thi d r tio r iv v ri tio f d th
e r, s u a n ec e es a a a n o r, en

th orr po di g v ri tio f v lo ity i

e c es n y g n i giv a a n o e c n an un s en

by form l u a

L t b th v l
e f
no i th é pro v tt
e d V th
e a ue o n n e u e e an 0 e

m a v lo i ty f
e n ptio th
e c o rec e n, en

d V,
Vo
c o n se q u e nt ly ,

d V n d V ,

v n,
’

v ,

Su ppo
h th t d V r pr t th m xim m d vi tio
se t en a , e e se n s e a u e a n

allo w d t r ptio th r l tio (5 5) g iv th diff r

e a ec e n, e e a n es e e en c e

of v lo ity whi h r
e l t from it i
c oth r g I f thc e su s n an e un . e n Go

d oten th diff r es f th li mit f r ep tio d th e enc e o e s o ece n , an e e

m xim m diff r c e f v lo i ti i
a u y g w h v e en o e c es n an un , e a e

5 :
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 1 13

I t i s to be r e me mb e re d that n is expressed i n func t io n of

th e modu l us ac c ordin g to an d a en the u us th t wh mod l

i w e mu st ac c or di ng to 4 2 t ak e n
{ f ( )
2 2 8 Suppo se fo r e xampl e that the F re nc h p owde r Wi
i
.
, ,

i s r e c e ive d fo r the gun o f 24 mm i nc hes) with the c o n .

di tio n s f ollowi g n

o 44 1 m s 50 9 m . no

I f th e sa me powde r be use d i n a gu n o f 1 0mm . 4 i h

)
nc es

W 1 2 ki lo g .
, l 2 2 6 dm , to . obt i a n a v lo ity
e c of 4 8 5 m .

We h av e

V 48 5 as n

t h r fore by ( 5 6) w
e e e find
6 20 ” °
2

w hi h i th diff n from th v lo ity 4 8 5

c s e e re ce e e c due to th e
ir g l rity whi h i th 24 mm g o ly g v
re u a c n e . un n a e a de vi tio
a n

o f 9 m from 441 m tre

. e s
.

On the Con stants c on tai n ed i n the Equa tions f or Veloci ty a nd

229 . Th e e q uat io n fo r v lo ity i

e c s

v A a ( w l)
( sJ {
i
‘
-
1
v

If t h v l f th h r t ri ti
en th e a ue o dB k ow e c a ac e s cs a an are n n

f y
o r anp r ti l r po wad th o
cu a t t A d B ilye r, e c n s an s an are e as

obt i d by fi i g tw ro d with th
a ne r n m po wd r b t
o un s, e sa e e , u

wi th v ri tio i th b lli ti l m t f i thi w y t w

a a a n n e a s c e e e n s, or n s a o

e q tio wo ld b obt i d o t i i g th tw
ua ns u e k ow a ne c n a n n e o un n n

q titi
u an es .

230 N w i t i e vi d t fro m th for m f th

. o s bv q
en e o e a o e e ua

tio th t w m y
n a m rbi t ily v l
e a f
assu d B from e a rar a ue s o a an

an y po w d
o ne r w h i h m y b e ll d t h T yp
c po wd
‘

a e ca e e e e r,
”

an d f y o t
o r an h r po wd r m y fi d teh r l tiv v l f e a n e e a e a ues o
114 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

a B
an d . hi
r h do e d h h
T s ht M
is w a . Sa rau as n , an e as

cho f th se n or th po wd k ow i F
e T yp po wd r e e e er n n n ran c e as

th t i t y aW tt po wdsr f whioh th t hi
sa k a e e re n e o c e c

i 1 0 mm
n e ss s d th id f th ba e 1 3 d 1 6 mm
. an e s es o e s s an .

r sp tiv ly The d i ty 8 1 794 d th

e ec e . mb r f e ns
°

, an e nu e o

gr i t th kilog mm or N 330 t 385 d f thi

a ns o e ra e o , an or s

powd r h e m th v l f
e assu 1 1 T h o m p
es i e a ue s , 7 . e c os

tio f thi po wd r i
n o s e s

Sal tpe tre 75 0

Sul ph ur 12 5
Charc o al 12 5

2 31As w . be ill se e n hr e eafte r, th e vl a ue s o f a an d A fo r

t s hi po r
wde are a 2 A . O“
851 , vl a ue s de p e nd

i ly ri 3 31
i n g e n t re o n th e a n .

7
An d by Tabl e 31 9 )
l og 0 . 0 2 05 1 3
l og 3 1 9 2 9 93
-

M ki g
2 32 . f th avl d f th m
n ob rv d
use o e se a u e s an o e e an se e

v lo iti obt i d with thi po wd r d r th rvi

e c es a ne s e un e e se ce con

di ti f firi g i
on s o 1 0 m (4 i h ) d 19 m
n i h)
n a c . nc an c . nc

g un,i th q nt io f th v l
e o i ty ( )
e1 3 th v l
ua f A n or e e c e a ue s o

an d B w r fo d t b e e un o e

l og A 3 1 6 767
-

l og B 2 1 837 3
-

ollo wi g
The f n are th e b lli ti
a s c e e l ments f rom whi h c th e
a bov v l w r
e a ue s e e de te rm n e d i .

N ature of gun .

19 c m gu n
. 0 8 70

1 0 c m g un .

Uni ti e s kil o g ramme s

, and dec i metres .

v l of
T he a ue r I assu me d is , t h at o f th e l ti m
ac tu a e of

c omb stion of o
u ne gr i a n of W1 3 at
1 the ve lo ity f b r i
c o u n ng

of 1 0 mm p er . se c o nd .
1 16 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

Co m pa i g whi h wi th th g
r n c e ene ar l form l u a

s)

Cu bi ca l Grai n .

2 35 . He re as in the fi st r pl ace a B y
«
, an d th or
e re f e

a 3 A 1 ;

2 36 T .h m y b o id d ph rical grai
e se a e c ns e re as s e ns o f w hi ch

th e m eanr di i fo d fol lo w
a us s un as s .

N mb r f g i p kilogr mm
nu e o ra n s er a e .

8 b ol t d ity f po wd r
a s u e e ns o e .

R m r di f g i
e an a us o ra n .

g w R 8N = 1
°
or R

an d c ons q e u e nt ly as bove a

a 3; A 1;

2 37 Flat Gr ai n, Di mensions a, B , and 7 , f

o whi ch
a i s the least .

Su ppose the n
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 1 17

b i t ti
s u st u n g w hi h v lu
c a es we ge t

a
°
8 502 ; °
241 9 .

Cy li n dr i ca l Grai n wi th Roun d Hole .

238 . Le t R l r di e xte rn a a us o f gr ia n .

r di f hol
r a us o e .

h h i ght f gr i e o a n .

T he n, origi l vol m
na u e

2 “
1r
( B . r
) h
.

V ol ume b urn t at t

—
(
—
rr
( R 2
r
‘
) h — 1r
( R 2 2
) h 1

an d if R r be l ess t h an h

2 v I (R — r
)
”t or
R — r h r h

an d w t ri i g n

vol ume b r u nt at t

(R o R
( 2) ( 5)
s s
” } . rr
(
' ’
r
) h 1 1 x 1 ,

an d th e r tio
a of h
t i s to the origi l vol na ume is

X 9
t t t
“
1 “
2

a = l + w;

2 39 . T ish
may be tre ate d as a c yli dri l gr i u i g
n ca a n, s n

i nstead o f R the mean radius , of th e i c ribed an d i

ns c r

cu msc ribed c i rc l es of th e h exago n.

118 I N TERNA L B ALLI S TI CS .

On the Re la ti on between the D ur ati on o

f Bur n i ng o f a

P owder and i ts Phy si c al P r op ert i es .

240 I f e . an d 1 be th e t hi k c d ti m ne ss an e of b ri g u n n of a

g r i a n of powd r e , an d v th e or po di g r t
c re s n n a e o fb r i g u n n

an d s n c e i
or di g t Pi b t ac c n o o er
’
s ex p rim t th v lo ity i
e en s e e c s

i v r ly th b ol t d ity
n e se as e a s u e ens ,
we h v f gr i di ff i g
a e or a ns er n

o ly i thi k
n dd
n i ty c n e ss an e ns

it bi ge n a c o n stan t .

M Sr
241 . dop ti g thi r l tio h
. a rau, ppli d i t t
a n s e a n, as a e o

th l l tio
e ca c u a f th Ch t i ti f v rio
n o powd r e arac e r s cs o a us e s,

b t u omp i o f th v l
a c f th obt i d with tho
ar s n o e a ue s o 7 us a ne ,
se

obt i d by t l p rim t how th t th bov fo m l

a ne ac ua ex e e n s, s s a e a e r u a

do t x tly r pr
e s no t th l w
e aco di g t w hi h the e se n e a ac c r n o c e

ti m fb r i g d p d
e o th thi k
u n n dd i ty
e en s on e c n e ss an ens .

I f t i thn f tw powd
ac , W§% d
n e c ase o f th o e rs an o e

sa m o mpo i tio
e cd ly th m d i ty th tio f
s n an n e ar e sa e e ns , e ra o

th thi k
e bi g c th t f th ti m
n e ss f o mb tio i
e n a o e e o c us n s

1 25 °

d f ,
tw oth an powd SP d SF f th m
or o er e rs 3 an 2, o e sa e

compo itio th r tio f th thi k

s n, w 1 8 4 whil t th t
e a o e c n e ss as
°

,
s a

of th tim f omb tio w

e 1 53
e o c us n as
°
.

Ag i i f th d r tio
a n, f omb tio w e x tly propor
u a n o c us n as e ac

ti l t th d
o na ity th v l o iti giv by diff t powd r
o e en s , e e c es en e re n e s

wo l d b u i v ly th 4th pow r f th d ity b t

e n e rse as e 4 e o e ens ,
u

ex p i how th t th v ri tio f th v lo i ty i
e r e nc e s s a e a a n o e e c s

co id bly gr t r th wo l d b giv by th i l w
ns e ra ea e an u e en s a .

Co q tl y
n se w l d t t
ue nh pi io th ,t th t l
e ar e e o e O n n a e ac u a

d r tio
u a f o mb tio n i r o mor r pidly th
c us th n n c eas e s e a an e

d ity d l r pidl y th th thi k

en s ,
an e ss a an e c n e ss .

242 I t i y t p iv th t th i m y b d i gr t
. s e as o e rc e e a s a e ue n ea

m r t th p o
e asu e f m o f t r Ie om th
r c e ss o an u ac u e . n s e c ase s, e

amo t f o mp un io m y bo ch t re ss r n a e suc as o e n su r e a ne a

pp h t i f mi ty f d ity th o gho t th k
”

a ro ac o un or o e ns r u u e ca e
1 20 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS
. .

246 . i re
o id rabl e x pt f th
T he d ffe nc e s are in c ns e e ce or e

WH} d C and o t d f by M S rr
l , an d tare ac c un e or . a au as ue o

s om diff r e i th mod f m f ct r
e e nc e Th form l
n e e o an u a u e . e u a

th for
e re giv v y pp o i m t r l t b t ho ld b
e es er a r x a e e su s, u s u e

a ppli d t oth r po wd r d r r rve i th b

e o e f e s un e ese ,
n e a se n c e o

f rth r v ri fi t io
u e e ca n .

247 Al tho gh th fo m l
. :8 i k owl dg d t b
u e r u a 1 c s ac n e e o e

i t it h
n e x ac v rth l gi e ti f tory r lt wh
,
as ne e e ess v n sa s ac e su s en

c o mp r d wi th tho
a e t lly obt i d by firi g se ac ua a ne n .

It i ho w v r pr f r bl
s i d t r mi i g
e e from th e e a e, n e e n n 7 e

phy i l prope rtie f

s ca po wd r t m ke use f th s o a e , o a o e

taki g th v l f fro m th t bl giv

n e bov ; b t
a ue o x e a e en a e u as

ev thi form l i
en s t i o wi g t th u a t i ty fs u nc e r a n n o e un c e r a n o

th el w whi h o
a t wit h t h
c ompo ition d mod f
c nn e c s x e c s an e o

m f t r it i
an u ac u e , l w y b t t d duc th v lu f f om
s a a s es o e e e a e o 7 r

b lli ti r ult t lly ob v d

a s c es s ac ua se r e .

f thi i t
or ffi t m s r th v loc ity obt i d d r
su c es o eas u e e e a ne un e

ce rt i b lli tic ditio

a n a s con ns .

F i t
or th l f H i
n s an ce , obtain d from th e v a ue o s e e

mo omi l r latio
n a e n

i I
Hw A l
!
l ‘
c %

an d t h en 7 is obtained f om r

H = M

or o i g by th e flix
de n t n su o
the data r e l at iv e to the t yp e

p o wd r W He th e r e l atio , n of
T
is gi ven by th e re l tion
a s

(3 (if
“
-

t
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 21

248 . I n th i s l atte r o m l r pl i g
f r u a, e ac n th e fac t or s of th e
t yp powd r W{ %
e e by th i m ri l v l e r nu e ca a u e s, we ge t

Na h ‘ 3
11 8
-

w h e nc e
l og N 2 7 9 5 399 .

how v r b bor i mi d th t th bov for m l

It mu st e e e ne n n ,
a e a e u a

f
or V t b ppl i bl wh th powd
c e ase s t i th o e a ca e en e e r ac s n e

é pro tt lo w powd r ; i whi h

uve e o r m t
as a s e n c case re c u se us

b h d t th bi omi l for m l f th v l o i ty
e a o e n a u a or e e c .

The D eter mi nati on f

o the Char ac ter i stics f
o a Powder .

249 . T he c h r a ac te ri ti s c s of a po wd r e are r pr
e esen te d by
"
f
e)
a
m

It h as yb a lr
ho w th t f powd r f p p xi
e ad een s n a or e s o a ro

m t ly th
a e m o mpo itio th v le sa f f do ee t v ry
c s n e a ue o s no a

m h ucd th r for i f
, an y po wd b le e
e t d type an one er e se c e as a e

po wd r w m y f th t po wd m k f q l ity i t
e , e a or a er a e e ua un , s

t l
ac ua m ri l val nub i g i l d d i th o t t
e ca ue e n nc u e n e c n s an s

A dM an .

F t h typ po wd r ho
or e by M S r e th thi k e c se n . ar au , e c

n e ss f th g i o i 1 0 mm e d t ki g th v lo i ty f
ra n s .
,
an a n e e c o

comb tio d t rmi d by Pi be t to be i fr e i 1 0 mm

us n as e e ne o r n e a r .

p o d w
e r se c g t 1 n ,
e e 1 .

N w d 7»
o d t rmi d by the f orm f gr i
a an are e e ne o a n as

show bov ( 5n a e

2 50 Co tly f th typ powd r w h v e f

Q
ue n 1 or e e e e a
q
. n se , , ,

= l
H 8 50
7
'
7 ? a
°

1 i l

i
,
"
r t
2
F y o th
o r an wd e
g t
ab v l f m y eb obt i eod e a ue o 7 a e a n

th us ma k i g,f = n

(é) « » a
(a? { 1 3
202s —
1 22 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

i i i
w A c l
V M
G
se c o nd o f t h e se i s e as ily olv s ed fo r 7 ; w r t ii g n

t lt t t
Mw A a a

Vp l
‘ f

we g e t

7 :

T h e first e q uat io n is no t i
d re c t ly ol bl s u e, but i t may be
p ut u n de r th form e

XY
h
w e re

A
(W )
x l
A a ( w l)

an d fr om thi obt i d by pproxi m tio

s 7 may be a ne a a n .

2 52 B t w d
. t k ow
u
p i i ew hi h o f th bov
no n a r or ,
c o e a e

eq tio i ppli bl wh w fi
ua ns s a powd r whoca e en e re a e se

ch t i ti
arac e r s k ow i giv g
c s ar e un T obvi t thi n n, n a en un . o a e s

diffi l ty th follo wi g m thod m y b

cu e d n e a e u se .

253 Th . mo omi l fo m l i
e ppl i bl wh
n a7 r u a s a ca e en 1

(25
1
B E '
i gr t th 2 73 ; i f 7s 2 73 th bi
ea e r an e
7

nomi l fo m l i t b
a r d u a s o e use .

Mo ov r th tw fo m l will give
re e e ly th m o r u ae n e ar e sa e

r e sul t i th vi i ity f o ditio whi h m k 7

s n e c n 2 73 o c n ns c a e
°
.

T hi b i g s pply fir t th fo m l
e n so , a s e r u a

°
a
‘
X 8

7
A 3

an d i h th v l f
w t e a ue o 7
'

t h us obt i d fi d th v l
a ne n e a u e of 7
1 .

I f thi v l b
s a ue e th e mo omi l for m l i
n a u a s ac tu a lly
a ppl i blca d th v e, an e al u e o f th 7 ob t i d i us a ne s to be
a dmi tt d e .
1 24 I N TERNAL BA LLI S TI CS .

App li cati on f
o For mula to the D esi gni ng f
o Gun s .

PRO BL EM I .

2 55 G . iv en th e ca libr e an d we ight of proj ti l t d t ec e, o e er

min e o di tio t b dopt d t

th e c n ns o e a e o r liea giv i iti l
se a en n a

ve l o i ty c d g iv m im m p
an a en ax u r e ss u re .

25 6 Th m im m p
. e r llo w bl i fi d by th
ax u re ss u e a a e s xe e

it
re s s an ce o f th g d i th p r t th br h It i
e u n , an s e r e ss u e a e eec . s

th fo
e re thi p re r whi h m t b i t od d i t th
s re ss u e c us e n r uc e n o e

for m l u a .

O o t how v r f th g t r impli ity f th f

n ac c un ,
e e , o e re a e s c o e or

m l obt i d M S r
u a r olv th p obl m wi th r g rd
a ne , . ar au es es e r e e a

t th m xi m m pr
o e a th b u f th p oj til d
e ss ure o n e ase o e r ec e , an

th ten fo m t h
ran s lt r t i trod s th m xim m
e re s u s, s o as o n uc e e a u

pr r th br
e ssu e o n h e eec .

2 57 T h .libr d w igh t f proj til b i g giv

e ca e an e o ec e e n en,

th ri bl di po bl t obt i th i t l v l o ity V
e va a es s sa e o a n e n e rn a e c 2

an d m xi m m pr a r p oj til P
u l w Af A
e ssu e o n r ec e , are , , , ,
a, ,
r,

th fir t th
e s f whi h r l t t th g
re e o d th l t thr c e a e o e u n , an e as ee

t th po wd
o e er .

If th f i d t r
en mi d by t h m so d f f bri
e e tio f t h ne e e o a ca n o e

po wd d A by th fo m f gr i th n mb r f v ri bl
e r, a an e r o a n, e u e o a a es

i r d
s ed t fo r l w A
uc e d o u , , , , an

No w

v A
ef u ( ai l l -
B

& A ( W w)
P = K 9
c

an d i V dP s nc e an are gv i en we hv a e two e q u at io ns fo r
r olvi g th p obl m
es n e r e .

2 58 If tw f th v ri
. o o e a a bl es w, l, A, 7 be assu me d th e ,
oth r e

tw m y b d t rmi d
o a e e e ne so as t h at th e v lo ity
e c an d pr r e ssu e

m y h v th
a q i dv a e e re u re l
a ue s .

2 5 9 T h tw q tio
. e o e ua ns a bov e , are o l y ol bl
n s u e w h en l an d

r a rem d or k ow as su e n n, an d w an d A are the un k ow n n

q ti
u an ti es .
 INTERNA} BALLISTI CS , . 1 25

how v r po ible i ll
It i s, e s t p t
e t
,
h e k o w ss n a c ase o u un n n

q titi
uan d r xpli it form by t ki g th mod l
e s un e an e f c a n e u us o

th po wd r
e x ili ry v
e i bl as an au a ar a e .

F this it i
or y t o id r th r l tio (37 d
,
s n e c e s sar o c ns e e e a ns an

( )
38 whi h g iv V dc P i f ti f th m o
e d l d t
anh n un c on o e u us a, an e

v ri bl l w A d dd th r l tio ( 35 ) whi h xi t
a a es , , , an a e e a n c e s s

b tw th modul
e ee n d t h v ri bl
e l d u s an e a a es an 7 .

Th th rus th q tio
e e are re e e ua ns

sw s H
f“
* f
f
“, A

( )
a a,

m= 3 B

w hi h giv
c e th e s ol tio
u n of th e probl e m .

Havi ng gi ven the modu lus an d one of the fowr var i ables

l, w, A, an d r , to de te rmi ne the other thr ee, so tha t the i n i tia l

v eloci ty an d maai mu mp r essur e ha v e the r equi r ed values .

i lly th g vi m t i d ity A i fix d withi

Prac t ca ,
e ra e r c e ns s e n

na rrow limits it i ffi i t th t o id r thi v i bl

, s su c en en o c ns e s ar a e as

giv I
en o q c th probl m fi lly r olv it lf
. n c nse ue n e e e na es es se

i to thi
n s

2 6 1 Havi ng gi ven the

. modu l us and the gravi metri c densi ty of
the c harge to deter mi ne the wei ght of the cha r ge the length of
, ,

travel of the p r oj ectile and the ti me of c ombu sti on of the gr ai n

, ,

so that the i n i ti a l veloci ty and maai mu/ m p r essure may have

I t is to be r
h t i th e bov th mod luse marked t a n a e e u

a pp r giv with
e a s as rbitr ry v l en It m y th r for an a a a ue . a ,
e e e,

b ho
e c p i r i t h
se n a t i t v l h
r o ll be wi t hi
, soi t bl e a s a ue s a n su a

li mit m tio d i
s as en ne n

2 6 2 T h probl m b i g th
. e fix d as bov i t e l tio ie n us e a e, s so u n s

eas i ly obt i d fro m a ne d an

Th tw fi t q tio
e ogiv w d l T eli mi t l it
rs e ua ns e an . o na e

suffi t m l tiply toge th r ( 37 )

ces o u d ( 38 ) r i d r sp tiv ly e an a se e ec e
1 26 INTERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

to th e p we o r s 2 an d Th e vl
a ue of w is t h us obt i d
a ne .

F rom ( )
38 we t h en ge t th e vl
a ue of l, an d fina lly from
7

T h us,

7 : H3

w hre e

11 1
i
x l
g a a y
s n
-
r
-

H, A 2
B 5 K%
( )
-

g 3
-

11 3 33

w a
s )
- 2

"
u ) se
f ( )
w

T he vl a ue s o f A, B , an d K hv b
a e ee n pr vio ly giv
e us en .

l og A 3 1 6767
°

log B 2 1 8373
°

l og K
fr om whi h c are de ri ve d

log H1 1 0 02 7 1 3
-

l og H2 o 6 29 37
~

log H , 2 6 6 08 5
-

2 6 3 Su . ppo se n o w h ti t a n ste ad o f maximum pre ssu re

P th e
on th e b as e o f th e p oj til
r ec e, Po the maxi mum pre ss ure o n th e
b h i giv
re e c s en .

I thin th for m l d riv d fro m th pr

s c ase , e u ae are e e e ece d n i g
by r pla i g P by P d K by K fgY d w g t i
e c n an
( an e e
-

0, 0
[
l 28 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

26 7 . pr io
The ex d ( 5 9 ) giv th v l
e ss ns an e e a ue s

o fw l , d ,
f
an tio 7 as
'

fV P un c d A ; it r m i ns o t d , ,
a , an e a ns o e

t mi
er th l w
ne i ti g th k o w with th k o w q
e a s un n e un n n e n n uan

titi es Th
. lw e se v y i mpl wh th m im m
a s are er s e en e ax u

p r t
re ss u e o nh br h i m o g
e t t h l tt
e ecr ; t h y s a o m n s e a e e a re s e

wh t l a wh it i th m i m m p
e ss so en s th b e h ax u re ss ur e o n e re e c

whi h i giv
c ; b
s t i b
ent h t h g
u r ln d i ft fo t h c as e s e ene a r o e

form l i t h u a m s d w m y th
e sa fo o fi o lv
e , an e a e re re c n ne u rs e es

t th
o fir t
e i ord
s to t dy t h
c ase n prt i fl er f s u e se a a e n ue n c e o

e ac h v i bl ar a e .

F t hi p rpo
or s i th u xpr io se , n d ( 59)e e ess ns an

su b ti t ti g th v l
s u n f l i th
e q tio f
a ue o d n e e ua n or r, an

w i ti g
r n
"
l

3 A ( )
3 B K

xc ) w h e) n

we obt i a n

ti wv e
rt
w = Hl
(
‘
-

f W t Y A 2

(
a
I : H, _ _ _

Q
2
0 P
w y
—

( Ch
“
f H X( a ) .
( )
7 0
2
0 P 0

2 6 8 Henc e i t
. app r th ea s, at in a gun of a g iv e n c al ibr e,

fo r giv v l fen a ue s o th e maximum pr e ssu re , mod l u u s, an d

g r vi
a m t i d i t y e r c ens ,

( ) a T h e w ei ght of cha r e, an d the len th o

g g f tr a v el f
o the
r oj ec ti le ar e p r op or ti onal to the vi s v i va of the p r oj ecti le
p .

Th at i n a gu n o f g i v en ca libr e an d fo r fixe d vl a ue s o f th e
w ei ght of p oj til
r ec e, modulu s ,
an d g vim tri
ra e c de n s t iy ,

b
( ) T h e w ei ght of c ha r
g e i s
p p
r o o r ti o n a l to the s u ar e
q
r oo t of the ma a i mwm p r esswre .

The len gth f o tr av el i s i n v er sel y as the 3 p o wer of the

maai mum p ressu re .

The du r a ti on of c ombusti on of a
g r ai n i s i nver sely as

the fith p ower of the p r essur e .

 I N TERNAL BALLI8 TI 08 .

2 69 . F rom thi
ollow l tl y th t i c r se i th
s it f s, s ,
a an n ea n e

s tr gth f th eg
en op rmi tti g high m xi m m pr
un , e n a er a u e ssu re ,

e na bl with
e s u s, powd r f th m mod l a d th m e o e sa e u us , an e sa e

g vim tri d ity t obt i th m v lo ity by di mi i h

ra e c ens ,
o a n e sa e e c ,
n s

i g th l gth f th g
n e en i e i g th w ight f h g
o e un , n c r as n e e o c ar e,

an d i g q i k r po wd r
us n a u c e e .

2 7 0 2 dl y T h t i
. n
g f,
giv libr
a d w
n ai th fix d un o en ca e , an e

vl a ues o f th w igh t f p oj til v lo ity m xi m m pr

e e o rr ec e, e c , a u e ss u e ,

an d mo d l u u s,

Th w ight f h g i i v r ly
e e th g vi m tri
o c ar e s n e se as e ra e c

d ity ens .

Th l gth f tr v l i dir tly

e en th o gr vim tri a e s ec as e a e c

d sity en .

Th d r tio e f omb tio

u a f gr i i a th q r
n o c us n o a a n s s e s ua e

root f th g vi m tri d ity

o e ra e c e ns .

Co q tly by l gi g th powd h mb r w
n se ue n ,
e n ar n e er c a e ,
e

c an r li with th m mod l th m b lli ti ff t

ea se , e sa e u us , e sa e a s c e ec ,

by d r i g th l gth f t v l i
e c e as n e i g th h rg d
en o ra e , n c reas n e c a e , an

i g q i k p wd r
us n a u c er o e .

2 72 W h . ll t h b lli ti l m t r m i o t t
en a e a s c e e en s e a n c n s an

e xc e pt th mod l th w igh t f th h g th l gth f

e u u s, e e o e c ar e, e en o

tr v l d th d r tio f o mb tio v y dir tly

‘

a e , an e u a thn o c us n ar ec as e

fun c tio g ( ) I( )
b ns d x( ) t
ah v ri t
« fio f wh
a i h i
an ho w a e a a n o c s s n

i t h followi g t bl
n e n a e .

2 73 .

2 74 No w,
. i
s nc e th e we g t i h of t he c ha rg e is as ( ) a and

th e t r v l p( )
a e as « a , an d s n c e i a (a) i r
n c ease s an d
X( a d
) c
e r e ase s

as th mo dul
e d r us e c ease s, i t is e vid e nt t h at th e sa me b lli tia s c
1 30 INTERNAL BALLI8 TI 08 .

e ffe c t ob t i d with low r powd r th t i t

may be a ne a s e e , a s o say

a powd f low r mod l by i m lt o i

er o a e u us, a s u an e u s ncr ease o f

th w i gh t f c h rg
e e dd f th l gth f tr v l
o a e , an ecr ease o e en o a e .

I nfl uen ce f
o the Na tur e f
o the P owder and the For m
o
f Gr a i n .

275 . T he we ight of c ha rg e an d t rvl

a e of th e proj til ec e

de p e nd o n the n atu e o f r th e powd r e an d f orm o f th g i

e ra n ,

h
t at 13 to on th e fac t or f a
sa
y ,

ight f th h g i
T he we o e c ar e s n e se
f
i v r ly as the 3 pow r o f x e
a
,

an d th l gth f tr v l di
e ently th q r root f th
o a e re c as e s ua e o e

m Co tly by w h t v
n se m f b
ue ni r d
a
sa e. q , a e er e ans c an e n c e ase ,

th m b lli ti r
e sa l t m y b obt i d with m l l r
e a s c e su a e a ne a s a e

ch rg d i
a e and l g th f t v l mployi g t th
n c rease m en o ra e , e n a e sa e

tim l w powd r
e a s o er e .

276 T h .
f
l f 7“ m y b i r d ith by dopti g
e va ue o
a
a e n c ease e er a n

a powd r f di ff t ompo itio

e o h th pi t by
e re n c s n , suc as e c ra e s , o r

th f fo m f g i g iv i g
e u se o high r v l t
r s o d ra n n a e a ue o a, an a

l w r v l t 7x h
o e a ue fl t or pi r d yli dri gr i
o ,
su c as a a e ce c n c a n .

Havi n g gi ven two difi fin d the r el a ti on s n ec es

’

er en t gu n s, to

s a r y between the wei gh t of c harg e, the len th o l

g f tr a ve ,

an d the g r avi metr i c den si ty, i n the two g un s, so a s to

o btai n wi th gi ven modu li , the sa me v eloc i t a n d ma xi mu m
y
p r essur e wi th the sa me p o wder .

2 77 Let Po be the max mu m e ssu e o n th e re e c h , an d

. i pr r b
V th e e c t v lo i y
T e n Po an d V must be th e same i n th e two
. h
uns
g
1 32 INTERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

F rom (73)
W f W t
( o ( a
'

' ’
c a n
c a

from whic h we g et th e v l u es
a of

w hi h r l tio give th ol tio

c e a ns e s u n of the probl e m
.

2 78 Th. q tio (79) giv

e e ua n es

1 W
1 W '

and givi g tn
g it v l e from (78)
o s a u an d ta king co
a c unt of

th e rel atio (77) we h v

n a e

at);
bu t by ( ) p( )
6 1 u a a
” )
d ( ) a
, t h r for
e e e

an d ( )
8 1 becomes

Combi ing (77n a d n ollowi g formul

th e f n e are
a

o btai e d whi h giv e th

n csol utio e n of th e probl em .

I
f

c
'
Wc '

l
E
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 133

gu i mil
'

2 79 If th e two
. ns are s ar and th e

above rel tions become

a

M Sarrau proc e ds to apply these f rmulas to the

2 80 . . e o

followi g probl e ms
n

1 C l l tio
. a cu af i iti l v loc ity
n o d maxi mum pres ur
n a e an s e

i
n giv
a e g u u n
nd r giv en, c o d i tio s ef firi g w i
n th n n o n , a

p wd r of whi h th e Ch r t ris ti c ar k ow
o e c a ac e s e n n.

2 D te mi tio
. e rf the Ch rac t ri sti c s f a p owd r
na n o a e o e .

3 A ly i s o f
. na e xi ti g g
s an s n un .

4 D e.t rmi tio

e f t h nai t rior dime sio s f th e c n
n o e n e n n , o o

dti i o f lo
o ns d i g an d f
a t he po
n w d
, r t be adopte d to obtai
o e o , n
1 34 INTERNAL RALLI s TI CS .

a give i iti l lo ity d m xi mum pre ure with giv

n n a ve c ,
an a ss , en

calibre d w ight f proj til

an e o ec e.

5 D t mi tio
. f th i t rior dim
e er na io n od o ditio e n e ens n s an c n ns

of lo di g i o d r t obt i with th
a n n r m powd
e o giv a n, e sa e e r, a en

i i ti l v lo i ty
n a d m xim m pr
e c re i g
an f di ff r t
a u e ssu ,
n un s o e en

calibre .

2 8 1 Th . e th e pri ip l proble m f i t r l b lli tic

e se ar nc a s o n e na a s s,

an d the follo wi g i é mé of th ot tio mploy d

n s a r su e n a n, e e .

0li br f gu ca e o n .

W w igh t f proj til e e o ec .

l gth f tr v l en o a e .

vol m f powd r c h mb r
3 u e o e a e .

w w igh t f h rg e o c a e .

A gr vim t i d ity d ité d h ge me t

a e r c e ns e ns e c ar n

a,B C h ,r t i t i f th e po wd r
a ac e r s cs o e .

V i iti l v lo i ty n a e c .

P m ximu m pr r a b f proj e c til e ss u e o n ase o e .

P 0 t br h a e ec .

U i ti d i metr kilogr mm e o d
n e s, ec e, a e, s c n .

ollowi g l ul tio f i t k
28 2 I n th e f
. 1 n ca c a ns s a en .

Wh the probl m i volv

en th d te mi tio f th e n es e e r na n o e

powd r t b u d M S r u dOpt the bi l form f

e o e se . a ra a s cu ca o

g r i i
a n,whi c h as n c e

i
( )
f ?

a
wh e re a 3
.
1

wh e r e A 1,

and t he value
r tio f th omb stio f gr i
of r , the du a n o e c u n o a a n

i fr e ai is th e u k o w whi c h i t b d t r mi d
n e r, n n n s o e e e ne .

2 83 Wh th fo m i
. t ubi l th for m l giv
en e r s no c ca , e u a es a

val e diff r t from b t i t i g e lly s l ss t l

u - '
r e en T, u s e n ra u e e o ca

di ec tly wh en a prev ious c lc l tio has giv e

'
cul te
a 7 r , a u a n n 7.
1 36 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

286 , Adm tt i i ng hi r l tio

t s e a n th e t hi k c n e ss o f the gr i a n

is g iv by th
en e fo m l r u a

7
( 1 8 7 5
-
s)

Wh e n
po wd r d do s t difie m h from '

287 . th e e u se e no r uc

th ty p
e t lly i esrvi th follo wi g m thod m y
ac ua n se ce, e n e a

be dop t d
a H v ing fo d th v l
e . f f abi l un e a ue o r or a cu ca

g i fi d th o r po ding v l
ra n , n f th e h t ri ti
c r es n a ue o e c arac e s c

1
g omp r thi i h th v l l
( )
’
a an d c a e s wt e a u e s o f a o f th e u s ua
T

po wd e rs as gi ve n ri ti fo
in c ol . 4 of th e ta bl e of C h arac te s cs r

difi t po wd r giv If th v l f obt i d

'

e re n i e s en n e a ue o a a ne

is o t i d b tw
c n a ne
y t w v l fe th i t bl
een th an o a ue s o s a e, e

powd r t b dopt d will b i t rm di t b tw th tw

e o e a e e n e e a e e een e o

powd r t whi h th ir v l b lo g d this will g

e s o c elly a ue e n s, an e n e ra

b ffi i t t d te rmi
e su c en t h po wd r t b u d
o e ne e e o e se .

PR OBLEM I .

G iv en

a th e cali br f th g e o e un ,

I the l gth f t v l f th proj til

en o ra e o e ec e,

W th e w igh t f proj til

e o ec e,

w the w igh t f h rg
e o c a e,

A the gr vim tri d ity

a e c ens ,

T o fin d
V th ei itial v loc ity
n e ,

P th press ree th b se f proj e t il

u on e a o c e,

P th pr sur
o e th bre h
es e on e ec .

Le t a an d B be th e Ch r c te ri stic s f th powd r a a o e e .
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI GS . 1 37

2 89 . T he n we hv
a e

t
)
t
V = A ( 1 7)
We
Yv l

l og A 3 1 6767
-

l og B 2 8 373
1 .

290 Th e . vl
a ue ofy m u
cst fi rst be c al c ul ate d I f i t be .

l
e ss ht an the abo ve fo rmu l a i s applic abl e but i f ,

gr eate r w e must use the mon o mi al for mu l a

a
%
w A ‘ l
c l
l
f‘
V = M B
'

a B
Z
W YE

l og M

SP1 powd r ie n 9 0 mm gun . .

c 0 91 ,
-
I : I G 7, °
2 8 00,
0
w s,
w A 0 8 57
’
.

1 95 904 3 9 1 6 38

3 7 014 5

502 9 '
me tres p e r s e c o nd
.
1 38 INTERNAL BALLI8 TI US .

Cl powd r i e n 95 mm gun . .

c = 0 96 ,
°
l = 19 6, °
s = 2 6 40,
°
W = 1 0 9, °

w = 2 1, °
A = O 7 95 °
.

3 6 l 9 76
°

1 9 8 2 27 4 1 0230

l og 7 3 6 37 49
°
45 8 2 5
7
°
4 3400
mo n omi al formul a l og V 3 6 4405
°

must be use d . V 4406 dm .

44 0 6 °
me tr e s p e r se co n d
.

Ca lcu lati on o f Maxi mu m P r ess ur e .

P p re ssu e o n r b ase o f p oj til

r ec e .

P, p re ssu e o n r br ee c h .

T he f omlr u ae fo r th e pr essu re are th e f ollo wi g n

A ( W m)i
P = K a
2

0
2
on bas e of p ro ec tj
il e

on breec h

l og K
1 40 INTERNAL BALLI8 TI 08 .

T h en ro m th bov
f e a e we fin d

l og X
or
°
1 1

or
y

hi b i g gre te r th
T s e n a an th e v lu
a e of 1
°

m y b dmi tt d
a e a e .

2n d Eaamp le .

295 . To dete rm i ne a an d B fo r th e same powd r fir e ed in

9 0 mm gun . . He r
e the c o ditio
n ns are

c = 0 91, °
W = 8,
w A

V me tre s 5 02 2 dm .

Fr om whi h w c e find
1, g x
or 7, 0 68 8
-

1 38 2 47
-
7 0 24 1 25
-

w hi h b i g l s th 02 73 th method f 2 54) m st b
c e n e s an , e o u e

adopt d e .

Fir t th e v lu
s f V m t b obt i ed by for m l a
a e o
0
us e a n u

m ki g
a n f th v l f
use od 7 j t fou d e a ue o T o an us n .

T hi i th
s, pr t ng iv V 5
e 05 8 t h e by e se n case , es o , n

for m l u a

( I 7)
2
“
Vo ( 1 3 7) ( v v,)

we find

To

w hi h i s the s
c a me as fo u nd in th e fi st r exa mple .
 IN TERNAL BA LLI 8 TI 08 . 1 41

PRO B LEM III .

2 96 . Analy si s of an eai sti n

g Gu n .

U dr n l o ditio th h mb r i t tir ly fill d

e u su a c n ns e c a e s no en e e

wi th th h g e c ar e .

Th h g m y th r fo
e c ar b i r
e ed d ombini g
a e e re e n c e as , an c n

thi i r
s wi th
nc e ase lo w r po wd r th v lo ity m y b a s e e e e c a e

i r d witho t i r i g th p
nc e ase r u n c e as n e re ssu e .

Th mo t f thi i r
e a un i ho w v r li mit d by th
O s nc e ase s e e e e

vl a ue f th mod l
O whi h f e r o lr dy giv u us , c , or e as n s a ea en

ho l d t x d s u no e c ee

297 T pp i t th b ll i ti fi t p ibl t b
. O a re c a e e a s c e
'

ec os s e o e

re ali d i se x i ti g g wi th
n an e fix d m i m m p s r n un a e ax u re ss u e ,

and with th bov limit f mod l th follo wi g m thod

e a e O u us, e n e

i t b
s o dop t de a e .

L t P b th pr
e , r th bre h whi h m t
e e t b e ss u e o n e ec c us no e

ex d d
c ee d whi h i o ly bo d d by th tr gth f th
e ,
an c s n un e e s en O e

gu n T.h r l t io ( )
39 egiv e a n es

Su b tit ti g 3 f A g iv w
mod l
s

u us a
u n

.
:
f c tio f P d th
or es as a un n o , an e

G ivi g n i v l d r i g by
a d b
su c c e ss ve a ue s e c e as n an e

g i i
nn ng fro m th p rior li mi t f 1 2 w fi d
e su ri e O a , e n a se es

Of we ights f h g r li i g th s m maxi m m pr
O c arr e ea s n e a e u e ssu e

wi th po wd r fi r i g low e s O n c e as n s ne ss .

Th by for m l (37)
en u a

I wI A i c i l l
f
’

l
V 3 A 8 B
A
a

wt

we ge t c orre pondi g velo iti

s n c es . And i
s nce by (34)
A(W l) t
a : 3B
6
'
1

-
r th e c o rresp o nd ng i im
t e of c ombu tio s n is f ou nd .
1 42 INTERNAL BALLI s TI os .

29 8 . l t v l to b gi
Th e e as t th mod l i
a ue e v en o e u us s

e i th or th t v l
er 1 , 5 ior t w hi h r po
a ue s u d t er o 1 , 9 c c o re s n s o
p a

th maxi m m f g
e im t i d ity wh i h m y b t k
u O rav e r c e ns , c a e a en

as u i ty
n .

29 9 T h e fo rmul as to be
. use d are

l l
Al c e l W P, -

l
a g
Av AI l i
f
l

v
'

‘
a c
A.
W ,

whe re

the values f f ( o a ) and

5b i g giv e n en i n t he ta bl e 323 .

24 c m Naval gu n Of 1 8 7 0
. .

s 35 , W 1 44 ,
2 5 00 kil o g pe r . a 3, A 1 .

.o lo i g t bl giv s th e v l e f w V
301 Th e f l w n a e e a u s O -

, , an d 7 ,

l l bov f v l s f d r i g by
c a c u ate d as a e, or a ue o a e c e as n 0 1
do w w rds from 1 2
n a
1 44 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

PRO B LE M IV .

Gi ven the ca li br e a nd wei ght f

o
p r o ec ti le, j the i n itia l
vel oci ty , a nd ma xi mu m p r essur e , to fi nd the i n ter i or
di men si on s of the gu n , the co n di ti on s o f loa di ng an d

the p owder to be used .

Th e f rmu o l a to be use d a re

Z “
N
"

e E
f ) —
P M

(3
2

K2
(it)
W l %
K3 A
( ) i
‘

7
c

w h re e

Th e vl a u e s Of < ;
1( ) i ( ) 2 bl
a ,
ar a , a nd are giv en i n th e ta e .

307 T m k . f th
O fo m l
a eth followi g
u se O e se r u a ,
e n are

a ssumd k ow W V P A ;
e as n d 7x d p di g
n , o, , , ,, a an e en n on

th form f gr i
e df O al d dt
a n , an ity as u su re uc e o un .

Thi b i g s l t di ff
e n t v l f th mod l
so , e b e re n a ue s O e u us e

md
as su y 0e 9 ,
sa d or °
po di,
g t q i k an c re s n n o a u c ,

a m di m e d ulow powd
, an p tiv ly
a s e r re s ec e .

F h f th v l
o r e ac f th mo d l
o o po di g
e se a ue s O e u us c r re s n n

w l
vl f
a ue s
W
O d will b’ b t i d by m
0
an f th 7 e O a ne e an s o e

abov q tio e e d from th th

ua ol tio th bt i d
n s, an e re e s u ns us O a ne

th t will b l t d whi h i mo t i t bl
,

a one e se e c e c s s su a e .

l st Eaa mp le .

9 0 c m g un . .

308 T h e. po wd i ppo er s su se d to be cu bi l ca , but we may

p ass to an y o th for m f gr
eri o a n as s ho w n a bov e

Le t c W 8, V 45 0m , P, . 2 000, A
 INTERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 45

Fr om wh i h th followi g v l
c e n a u e s are obt i a ne d

309 . The ol tio wh

s u n en x 09 g iv es th e low e st c h g
ar e ,

an d i f it be a dopt d w g e e et

w kil og .
, l dm .

omp ri g th v l
an d c a n e a ue of log with th t bl ( 5
a e a e we
fi d th t th po wd r C
n a e e .
, pproxim t v ry rly
a a es e nea to th e
q ir d powd r
re u e e .

2 n d Examp le .

42 c m gu n . .

3 10 H e r e c = 4 2, °

W = 7 8 0, V 5 00 m .
,
P,
°

9 5 0, an d the f ollowi ng vl
a ue s are O bt ain e d .

Su p p o i g th powd t
s n e er o be a me diu m p o wde rw e ad opt
th e s ol tio or po di g t
u n c re s n n o x 0 8, an d we ge t

w 2 05 ki l o g .
,
l dm .

31 1 Th e ta
. ble 31 9 )i c o
powd r i t bl d r
n ta n s n o e su a e un e

these o ditio
c n ns . W m t th r fo i q i wh t thi k
e us e e re n u re a c n e ss

o f gr i will b
a n e n ec e ssa ry f it bl po wd r
o r a su a e e .

31 2 . Le t th e n a u re Ot f th po wd b th t f Ae d er e a o an

the a s b ol ute de n s ity b 1 8 30 T h by th t bl 2 8 5 ) w

e . en e a e e

ta k e x an d i 3 306 w g t
s nc e 7
“

,
e e

2 2
T
= ( 1 8 7 5 045
W
e “

e
1 46 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

and th e un i ty b i g e n the de c im tre e, t hi s c orr po es n ds to a

t hi k c n e ss Of 66 4 mm .

Co nse q tly u en , a
po wder Of s i mil r m f t r
a an u ac u e to
ASfi, wi th thi a c kn e ss Of g i ra n o f a bo t 6 6 mm will b
u .
, e the
po wd er r q ir d
e u e .

PR O BLE M V .

Gi ven the Weight of Pr oj ec ti le, the Char ac te ri sti cs of the P owder ,

the I n i ti a l Veloci ty , an d M axi mu m P r essu r e to fin d the ,

I n ter i or D imen s ion s an d Condi tions of Loa di ng i n Gu ns

o f D iffer en t Ca li br es .

31 3 Le t. 0 an d c
’
libr
be the ca e .

W d W th w i ght p oj l
'
an e e Of r e c ti e .

V an d P th v lo ity
, e e c an d maxi mu m pre ssu re .

I n th e first pl ac e we must assu me

fo r th e fi st gun c a e r libr
c, g vi m t i d i ty
th e ra o l e r c e ns A, and th e m du u s x, an d fin d by

m f for m
e an s o l t h vl f 3 f d
u a e a ues o an r
W
, ,
e

whi h giv f
c th g th ol ti o f th probl m W
e or e se un s e s u n O e e . e

th hoo f th libr v l f th mod l x d ' '

en c se or e ca e c a a ue O e u us , an

fi d th
n o r po di g v l
e f
zc A by th for m l
r es n n a ues o
W '
e u a

( )
8 6
31 4 Th e. v l ho
a ue c se n ho l d i
fo r th e mo dul us s u n c re ase

i
w t h t he ca lib L t
re . e c
’
th i th w igh t f pro
c, e n s nc e e e o

j ec ti l e is se n s ibly propo ti r l t th b f th lib th

ona o e cu e O e ca re , e

form l u a an d ( 8 9) g r l l y ppl
are i bl d i f ene a a ca e, an

w ppo
e su se a x th e s e
’
for m l b om u a ec e
'
l w
'

W
(H
'

)
e

1
c W
an d th e se giv e fo r th e vl ca libr e c
’
a a ue of ot bly l
A,
'
n a e ss

t han A an d a v l f W ot bly gr
a ue o " n a ea e t r th whi h an
W c

w ould l e ad in g r
ene a l t e x iv i o an c e ss e s ze Of h mb rc a e .
 INTERNAL BALLI8 TI 08 .

c
'
8
Si nc e
5 7
n e a1 ly we may ta k e x 0 7 an d

x
'
08 an d fix i gA
n at
°
9 5 0 fo r th e 2 7 c m gun
. we find by
th e a ppli tio
ca n Of the a bov fo e r mul a

Fo r the 2 7 c m g un
. .

w
A
W
w = 6 9 6, °
s = 7 3 30 °
.

Fo r th e 32 c m gun
. .

'
A

1 72 4
'
w 1 26 6, s
-
.

ppo i g th gr i t b bi l
Su s n e a n o e cu ca r

If th po wd r b
e f i mil r me f t e O s a an u ac u re to Asgg, -
an d th e
d ity 1 8 2 0 th thi k
ens
°
f th gr i
,
e c n e ss o e a n as g iv en by form l u a

2 86 ) i bo t 42 mm
s a u .
 INTERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 49

T ABLE I .

CHARACT ERIST ICS or FRENC H P o wuus s .

log B log B g l og s
'

a a

T ABLE II .

D EsomP n ON
'
o r T HE n ova PowD ERs .

Den si ty .

Compo si ti on
.

Gravi metrl c . Abso l ute .

330 to t385 -
to 1 1 33 1 794
-

1 04 t0 1 1 6 1 05 to 1 1 5 -
l 7 87
- °

5 5 to 6 0 1 14-
1 8 09

18 1 15-
1 8 00
°

6 2 to 6 8 8 to < 1 9 00 > l 7 38
“

6 2 5 to 65 0 l 76 0
°
Sal tp etre, 75

( 360 > l 78 5
°

1 10 > l 8 00
°
Ch arcoal , 1 5
20 > o 91-
1 8 15
°

Sal tpe tre, 75 5

1 8 to 1 4 l 800
°

Ch arcoal ,
1 50 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

T ABLE I II .

D n m sxoxs or FBEROB G uns .

T rav el Wei gh t of

Proj ec ti le .
Chamb er
.

1 0 c m for th e Mari ne ( 1 870)

.

8 0 mm Ld
’

n d G un ,
.

Fi e l d

i f po wd r t gr vi metri d
S nc e 1 ki lo g . O ity d ité
e a a c en s en s

d c h arg m t
e q l
e en o pi 1 dm b th fig r
e ua one c cu es . cu e, e u es

i c ol m 4 r pr e t th w ight f c harg wh
n u n e es n th e h mb r
e e O e en c a e

1 fill ed t A
8 1a .
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

T ABLE V — F UNCT I ON S
. o r T HE M o D ULus .

l o s f ( w) 108 v ( as)

RE D UC T ION TO ENG LI SH W E IG H T S AND M E ASURE S .

Value o f Constan ts .

324 I n . M
g tio th . i ti Sa thrr au s
’
i v
n esti a ns e un es are e

kilogr mm d im tr d o d I ord t m k s f
a e, ec e e , an se c n . n er o a e u e o

hi for m l wi th th E gli h
s u a iti f f t lb d ec o d e n s un es O ee , s .
, an s n s

i t i ths for ary t

e re h g th v l f th c o st ts
e n e c e ss o c an e e a ue o e n an

A B K M &
, , , , c .

T h e follo wi g t ble h th r for b np p d whi h a as e e e e en re are c

give t s vi w th v l s f th
a on e o t t i both e e a ue o e se c ns an s n

n ot tio
a ns .

T ABLE VI .

Formula w h ere used. sm og . 151mm .

43
( ) (5 2 1 1 )
( )
1 7 1 7 7)

( ) (5
1 3 1 7 2 )

60
( ) 26 2 )

6
( )4 ( 5 26 3)

( 90) 29 9 )
l og A:

P and P, . w and w.

{T5332 JE}
T

Engli sh un i ti e s o ns p er s q . in . Pounds
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS . 1 53

Charac teri stics o f English Powder .

325 . F or ordi ry
gl i h powd r it b i g Of th m
na En s e , e n e sa e

compo itio th C
s d SP F r
n as h powd r the v l f f
e an e nc e , a ue O

m y b o i d r d th
a e c m ns d d 71 b i g o ly d p
e e e sa e , an a an . e n n e en

d t en th form f gr i
On th v l
e f od th r for f a n, e a u es o an e e e o

a. and B m y b d te mi d f, a h powd r i th m r
e e r ne o r e ac e n e ann e

d rib d bov
e sc e a e .

326 A r g rd pri sm ti po wd r it i prob bl th t o m

. s e a s a c e , s a e a s e

modi fi tio will b r q ir d T h ti m f bu r i g d p d

ca n e e u e . e e o n n e en s

u po th l t thi k s f th g i whi c h i p i m ti
n e e as c ne s o e ra n , n a r s a c

po wd r i th di ff r
e b tw th r di us ro th fl t
s e e e nc e e e en e a ac ss e a s

an d th r di f th
e e t l hol
a us o A th ese gr i fit lo
e c n ra e . s a ns c se

tog th r i th c rt i dg
e e nth fir t ig i tio is lm t o fi d
e a r e s, e s n n a os c n ne

t th s rf
o e Of t h u tr l hol
ac e b t soo th p j
e c en a e s, u as n as e ro e c

til mov
e th gr i s p t
es , ed th th e whol
a ns rf e ara e , an en e su ac e

b om s ig it d It i prob bl th t thi s t k pl b for

ec e n e . s a e a a es ac e e e

an y o i d r bl
c ns propor tio f
e a th h rg
e i s b r t d if n o e c a e u n ,
an so

th d r tio
e u af will o ly b v ry lightly ff t d i oth r
n o 7 n e e s a ec e ,
n e

word th s, tu l v l ef will b
ac lightly gr t r th
a a ue o 7 e s ea e an

giv by th pr vious method f cal l tio

en e e s O cu a n.

327 Th v l e f f f pri m t i bro w po wd r

. e a u O d o o or s a c n e an c c a

powd r will prob bly diff r from th t fo th bla k powde r

e a e a r e c s .

The v l f f i gi v
a ue O ( 5 1 0 6 ) by th r l stio en e e a n

” T
Po 0 o
2 73

If t h
values f
en th e o r , an d v, as give i 87 n n an d 7
(5 )9
be admi tte d we houl d h v s a e fo r p bbl po wde r
e e

x x 2 2 30
2 73

an d fo r coco a powd r e

x 1 98 x 2 390
1 54 INTERNAL BALLISTI CS .

Co q tly th v l
n se ue n , e a ue Of f o mp
,
r as c a ed w ith un ity dopt a ed

by M S rr will be f
. a au, or c o o powder
c a

7 6 35 .

328 If th . i
o l d pp r th t ll othe r o ditio
s be so , it w u a ea ,
a a c n ns

b i g th
e n m th v lo ity with c o o po wde r will b
e sa e, e e c c a e

87 3 2 p t f th e v lo ity with
e r c en lik h rg f bl k
. o e c , a e c a e o ac

powd f th m si
er O d form Of gr i
e sa e ze an a n .

I o d r th r for t obt i th e
n r e ,
m v lo ity i t will b
e e e, o a n sa e e c ,
e

n ec essary t i r th h g nd th v lo i ty i pro
o n c e ase e c ar e, a as e e c s

portio l t th % th pow r f th h rg th h g f o o
na o e e o e c a e, e c ar e o c c a

powd r wo ld b t th t f bl k powd r 1 4 37 t 1
e u e o a O ac e , as o , or

an i f 43 7 p e
n c re as e O t
°
r c en .

329 T h r m rk m t b t ke with g t r e rv
. e se e a s us e a n re a es e , as

th t l f t with r g d t th e t mp r t
e ac ua ac s f c ombu tio e ar o e e a u re O s n

Of o o powd r
c c v ry i mp rf tly k o w
a e ar e e e ec n n .

330 T h h r t ri ti
. d B h v b
e c car f lly
a ac e s cs a an a e ee n e u

d t r mi d f
e e th e Fr ne h powd r th t by m
or s f en c e s, so a ,
ean o

M S rr formul th b lli tic r s l t m y b pr di t d

. a au s
’
a, e a s e u s a e e c e

fo r an y g f whi h th d im
un O sio th o di tio s f fi ri g c e en ns, e c n n O n ,

an d th powd r k ow
e e are n n .

fM S r work s i s giv t bl ho wi g ’
331 I . n on e o . a rau s en a a e s n

th r s lts f
e e u t l firi g o mp r d wi th tho
o f l l tio
ac ua n c a e se O ca cu a ns

m d by th Bi omi l form l f
a e low powd r from l v
e n a u a or s e s, e e en

di ff r t g
e en v yi g from 1 2 2 to u n s, i h libr wi th
ar n nc e s ca e,

l v diff r t powd r v ryi g from 1 3 gr i to 8 00

e e en e en e s, a n a ns

gr i s t th l b or fro m bo t 1 i h c b t 1 3 i h b
a n o e .
, a u nc u e o nc c u e s,

an d with gr vi metric d n iti s v ryi g from 0 6 2 7 t

a e s e a n o

Out o f 4 0 ro
he re th i iti l v lo i ti v ri d f om
unds w e n a e c es a e r

8 6 0 t 1 9 6 0 f t pe
o o d 20 ro d v r g d by l ul
ee r sec n , un s a e a e ca c a

tio 11 f t p
n, o d b low 1 4 rou d 1 2 f t p se o d
ee e r se c n e , n s ee er c n

abov d 6 rounds x tly agreed with th e Ob se rv d

e, an e ac e

v lo iti s
e c e .

332 Ag i c lc ulati g by th Monomi l for mul a fo qui k

. a n, a n e a r c

po wd s h g iv s a tabl f 8 1 rou d fir d wi th te diff r nt

er , e e e o n s e n e e
1 56 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 1 57

338 pec i lly with r g rd t brow pris m ti powd r

. It is es a e a o n a c e

th t th
a bov fig r m t b t k with r
e a e th u es us e a en e se rv e , as e

d t i my po
a a io
n v ry ty d th r i
sse ss ddi n are e scan , an e e s an a

ti l o
ona f rt i ty r g di g th v l f f th
s u rc e O un c e a n e ar n e a ue o , as e

compo itio f th powd r di ffer from th t of th bl c k

s n O ese e s s a e a

powd r e s .

Si mi li tude f
o Guns .

339 . rm d i mi l wh th ir li l dim io
G un s are te e s ar en e nea en s ns

are i thn m propor tio e sa d th y e id t b i mil ly n , an e are sa o e s ar

lo d d wh th w igh t f th h rg
a e en e d proj til
e s o e c a e s an ec e s are as

th e cub f th libr es O d wh th g i
e ca f po wd h
e , an en e ra n O er as

th e m form i f th am ompo itio

sa e , s o d h it l e st e c s n , an as s e as

li l di m t r proportio l to th libr
nea a e e na e ca e .

340 U d r t h . ir m t c th i iti l v lo iti

n e e se c d
cu s an e s, e n a e c e s an

m xi m m pr
a r will be the m i ll h g
u essu e sa e n a s uc u ns .

34 1 T h tr th f thi propo i tio follow from

. e u O x mi
s s n s an e a

na tio f th fo m l ( 1 3)
n O d ( 1 5)
e rd i t wo ld b i goro ly
u a an an u e r us

e x act ,pt f e xc e Th lo f h t f om t h
o r o n e c ause . b p e ss o ea r e a so r

tio by th w ll
n f th g ei prop rt io l t th
a s o q r fe un s o na o e s ua e o

th e calibr d t t th be d i t m y b o id r d
e , an no o e cu , an as a e c ns e e

as a r du tio i th v l f th h rg it will l rly b

e c n n e a ue o e c a e, c ea e

r l tiv ly gr te r i m ll h rg th i l rg o
e a e ea n s Th
a c a es an n a e nes . e

tot l mo
a a t i how v r t v y gre t d th r for th
un s, e e , no er a ,
an e e e e

g l pri ipl f imili tud m y b o id r d tr

e n e ra nc e O s e a e c ns e e as ue ,

with th r s rv tio eth t it i e e t d ir bl t

a n pply it t
a s no es a e o a o

g difi i g v ry l rg ly i libr
un s
'

er n e a e n ca e .

342 I t i worthy f r m rk th t i th
. s o tr tio f
O e a , a n e c ns uc n O

g d p i lly f Wi r g
un s, an e s ec aa i how by th form l
o e u n s, s s s n e u a

giv i my T ti
en n th Ap pli tio re a f W ir t th
se on e ca n o e o e

Co tr tio f Ord m pri ipl f i milit d ’

ns uc thn o n an c e, e sa e nc e O s u e

e xi t th t th dim
s s , so io ad l yi g o t e io will be ns n s an a n -
u e ns ns e

simil r i a g f l 2
n i h a a libr t
un tho O f gu n f-
nc c e, o se O a O

9 i h or 6 i h
nc nc .

343 I p k i g f th l yi g
. n s ea t io b i g imil r it
n o e a n -
ou e ns ns e n s a ,
1 58 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

must be unde rstood th at the te nsions Of l ay i n g o n are the

s ame at si mil ar radii
,
. Fo r in stan c e i f we hav e two g un s o f
,

c alibr e c an d c , an d if c , mc and i f the te nsion at p be t i n

,

th e first gun th e n th e same te nsion wi l l be appl i c abl e at a

,

radius mp in the sec ond and the st rains in the two guns unde r
,

fire and at re st will be th e same whe n th e gun s are si mil arly

c on s tr uc te d and si mil arly loade d .
160 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

Whe n gun mak e rs h y fr q e tly d th t th i g

say , as t e e u n o, a e r un s

will prod cert i fl t provi d d th t it bl powd '

uc e a a n e ec ,
e a a su a e er

b fo d f it th y m provid d th t th tr gth f
’
e un or , e e an e a e s en O

the po wd r b r str i d e ribb d bi d d o fi d

e e a ne , c e , ca ne , an c n ne ,

s it th e w k es f th gu W o m ti m i
’
t o u ea n s O e n. e s e es see n

h m lif gr t d tro g pirit t r t pi

u an e a ea an f bl s n s ea o ec e s a ee e

fr m whi h
a e t i it c dw d co n a n st y W h t pi ty t
,
h ant e o no sa a a a

th pi it i
e s r tro g b t r th r H w
s so s d th t th body i
n ,
’
u a e , o sa a e s

so w k ea .
’

I thn cas f rtill ry w are l w y

e e o bd i g d
a e e a a s su u n an

t mi g th
a n piri t i t d f tr gth i g th body Thi
e s ns ea o s en en n e . s

m y be a c y u d r
n e e ssar
e x i t i g ir m t n b t if e s n c cu s an c e s, u so ,

th ir m t e
e c cu u for t t
s an c s ar e d t d i th w y f n un a e an s an n e a o

g tti g th mo t v l
e n e t f th s Spiri t f A till ry
a ue o u O e o r e .
’

A gr t d l h ea b id f r t y
ea as bout th
e en sa o ec e n ears a e

g r t eai mprov m t i po w d e d i
ent i h l d th
n t th i e r, an s e a s

c o i ts hi fly i i t low b r i g d th t till furth r

ns s c e n s s u n n , an a s e

i mprov m t m y b look d f i thi di tio I d d

e en s a e e or n s rec n . n ee

G r l M itl d f w y r g w
en e a a an , a mo r d with
e ea s a o, as so ena u e

thi vi w f th
s e bj t th t h id W fi d i th tr ggl
O e su ec a e sa ,
’
e n n e s u e

for e xi t th g
s e nc e, growi g lo g r d lo g r t g t th
e u ns n n e an n e o e e

b t ff t f om th lo w po wd r whil th po wd r t d to
es e ec s r e s e , e e e en s

g ro w lo w r s d lo w r e t m an t th w t s f t h g e i o ee e an s O e un s, n

ac c ord with th
an c e t r l pri ipl f vol tio ; d e e e na nc e O e u n an so

i mpr d w b with thi vi w th t h i d f rth r A

e sse as e s e ,
a e sa u e ,

l w m xim m pr
o a r lo g u t i d i th gr t d id r
u e ssu e n s s a ne s e ea es e a

t m f th
u o rtill ri t d e a will tt i
e s y ,
m an r f n o one a a n an e asu e o

b l li ti
a s s c wh f il t r og i
su c c e s thi f d m t l
o a s o ec n se s un a en a

m xi m a .
”

Ag i C p t i Nobl
a n, f El wi k i
a a n l t r t th e I ti e, o s c , n a ec u e a ns

t tiu f Civil E gi
on O r i April 1 884 id Wh I dd n ne e s n , sa , en a

th t wi th
a giv w ight f g a high r eff t
en e b o un a e ec c an e

O bt i d i f th m xi m m p
a ne , er h k p t withi mod r t
a u re ssu e e e n e a e

li mit I tr t I h v id o gh t vi di t th o r t
s, us a e sa en u o n ca e e c r ec n e ss

L ec ture at th e R U S In st . . . . on the H eavy G u n s Of 1 8 8 4, 2 oth J u ne ,

1 8 8 4, b y Co l o n e l M ai tl an d, R A . .
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS . 16 1

of o r whic h th g m kers f the world have so far

the c u se e un a O ,

as I k o w wi tho ut ex e p tio
n , follow d c n e .

347 N w i f by mod rat li mi t

. o Captai n Nobl me a s e e s e n

a m xi m m pr a re o f bo t 1 7 to s p q r i h
u ess u a u n er s ua e nc ,

I wo l d ob rv t h t th
u mod tiose m t h v r fer
e a e e ra n us a e e

enc e t th tr ngt h f th e g
o e d I h v
s e h i t tio o un, an a e no es a n

in sayi th t by th f t l wir m b m d
g n s , a ,g u y e u e o
a e s ee e, a n a e

wi th the sam m gi f f y t d re p ress ar

u r O f 30
n oto n sa e , un e a e s,

as a forg d t l gu o f th e m w ight u d r a p ssure of

s ee n e sa e e n e re

1 7 to p q r
ns in h n d t h t th
e r s ua e s m b lli ti ff cct , a a e a e a s c e e

ca b
n bt i d f om the wir gu wi th muc h l ess c harge
e O a ne r e n a

Of p wd r o e .

Resis tance to Bursti ng Str ai n .

348 . M . Sa rr au s
’
formul a e na bles us to de te rmi th ne e

maxi mu m pr ss re P i g f
e giv eun , n a un O ca libr with e, a

g iv h rg
en c d r e q uir d i it i l v l oc i ty
a e an a e n a e .

By th B i omi l form l e ppli bl t low i l rg

n a u a, a ca e o s , . e. a e

g ari d ponew d i t pp t h t r g
e rs, d s th fi at t r m th
ears e a as e ar e rs e ,

vel oc i ty i c r as dire tl y as the quare oot f whil t i

n e es c s r O r, s n

th se o d t rm whi h i
e c n ubt etiv i t vari
, i v r ly s
c s s rac e, es n e se a

the 3 po w r f o th t th e ff t of i c r si g
o r, s i s to a e e ec n ea n 7

de re c both t rm but th e ond whic h i subt ctive

ase e s, e s c , s ra ,

more r pidly th the fir t whil t by the Mo omi l formul

a an s , s n a a

th e v lo i ty i r se i v r l y
e c th
n c ea ighth p w r f
s n e se as e o n e-e o e o

Co se q n tly wi th th sam w ight f h rg e th v lo ity

ue n e e e o c a e e c

must al way b l ss f r a g eat r v l ue fs e e th t is to say

o r e a O a

for a l rge gr i d p owd r

a -
d th v el c ity must be made
a ne e ,
an e o

up b a
y i c r ase d w igh t f
n nh rg
e e r by a gre ate r
e l n g th o c a , o e

of gun .

349 reg rds the maximum pre ssure it in reas s as

. As a ,
c e

a
“
ie , . o q u tly th i e a e f pr ssure is
. as r, c n se en e nc r s o e

r l ativ ly great r th an that f ve loc ity

e e e o .

But the m xi mum pressure is nly li mited by th e safe

a o

I
1 62 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

r it f th g u
e s s an c e d th r for i t i
O l r th t the
e n, an e e e s c ea a

high t b lli ti fl t m t b obt i bl fro m th tro g t

es a s c e
'

ec us e a na e e s n es

g whil
un , t t th m t i
s m th g a ( i f w i g )
e sa d e e e un a re un ne e

not b s t i de l ti ly m or
ra n et h th w k r fo
re a g d t l ve e an e ea e r e s ee

nu
g .

35 0 M S r . h ho w t h
. t t h r i d
a rau i ff w hi h
as s n a e e s a e re n c e , c

m y b v ry o i d r bl b tw
a e e th m xi m m pr
c ns r e a e, e e en e a u e ssu e

a g i t th b h d th t g i t th b
a ns e re e cf th e p an a a a ns e ase O ro

je c ti l d or
e , an di g t h i for m l acc n o s u a

K0 5
AW wt i

2
c

P = K

w hr e e P, an d r i tn
P are p q th e pr e ss u e s n o s as er s uare i h
nc

on th e br h d b e ec f proj til r p tiv ly ;

an as e O ec e es ec e

A th gr vi m tri d
,
e i ty ; a e c e ns

0,th libr i i h ;
e ca e n nc es

w d W th w ight f h rg
an ,d proj til e e O c a e an ec e re sp ec

ti v e l y ;
K an d K, c o n sta nts ;
a, a fac t or de p end n i g po u n th e nat u e r and form
g i f th po wd Of ra n o e e r.

Co s q tly th
n e m i m m tr iue n e ax u s a n on th e powd er

c h mb r d t rmi d by th fo mul
a e ,
e e ne e r a

Q
Ko a A W tfi
I
’
c

( hr
w e e K, i s th e ri
st a n to be provided f o r at th e
br h ee c e n d Of th e c h mb r
a e .

35 1 . T he st ri a n P is n ot th e stra n a a n sti gi th e b ase o f th e

p oj
r t il i
ec i t origi l
e po i t io
n b t st h tr i wh th
na s n, u e s a n en e

p roj til h
ec m ov d e r t i d iast t w hi he th e m x i m
a ce m a n s an c e a c a u

i tt i d
s a a ne .

T his di t i t r t ly d t r mi bl b t i t m y
s an c e s no ac c u a e e e na e, u a

be pproxi m tely fo d as will h r ft r b

a a how It iun e ea e e s n . s
 1 64 INTERNAL BALLI s TI os .

ih io
P, be fired i n a gun w t due atte nt n to s mu tane us i l o
ig i io
n t n , an d th e po h p oi g o k o
r du c ts t e n e x an d d n w r u p n th e
proj il pr r ill ri v ry r pi ly
e c t e , th e essu e w se e a ill
d , an d w iatta n

i b or
i ts max mu m e f e th e p oj il
r ov
e c t e h as m e d an y co n

i
side rabl e d stan c e i h h po r
W t suc prob bl h
wde s i t i s
. a e t at

th e w hol h rg
e O f th e c a e is b i
urn t at th e t me Of maxi mum

pr r h
e ssu e , an d t at th e w r ok o p oj il p vio
d n e o n th e r e c t e r e us

to th t i b t
a ,
sm ll p opor tio f th tot l wo k do
u a s a r n O e a r ne .

S b q
u se t to th tim
u en f m xi m m pr ere th rv e O a u ess u , e cu e

will b th t fe g o fl id xp di g d doi g work

a O a ase us u ,
e an n an n ,

su bj t ho w v r t modi fi tio by th b tr tio f h t

ec ,
e e , o ca n e a s ac n o ea

by th c ooli g i fl
e n f th w ll n f th g
ue n c e L vi g o e a s o e un . ea n

o ut thi modifi tio f th p

s t th
ca q tio t th
n or e re se n , e e ua n o e

p r r
e ssu
e c u ve wi l l br giv e n by N obl d A b e l
e f e an
’
s or

ml u a

( )
z
1
;
v, a p +flk
p pa v + sa ’
v a ”o

w here p pre ssure c orre pondi g to vol me v ;

is th e s n u

t he maximum pressur in lo e vess l o f vol me e a c s e u

fi d t gr vi metri d nsity
vo re a 1; a c e

O th e p c i fi h at at co tant pr
p, s e c r ;e ns essu e

C th p ifi h eat at c o t t v ol m ;
,, e s ec c n s an u e

tha, tio f th vol u m

e ra fn o g ou produ ts t
e e o on -
ase s c o

th volum f th powd r or ;
e e O e e v

B th r t
,io b e t
ew e th
a w igh t f t h g
en a o u e e s o e n on -
se s

d g e ou prod t o f omb u tio ;

an as s uc s c s n

A th e pe i fi h e t Of th
,
s c g o prod t
c a e no n -
ase us uc s .

Th e v l ues f th a o st ts giv by Nobl d Ab l

o ese c n an en e an e are

p 4 3 t p e s q u r e i n
o ns h “
6 5 5 4 t
rmo ph r es ; a c a s e

5 7;
B 1 2957 ;
Op o
2 32 4 ;
Ch °

1 762 ;
A .
'
45 ;

bb
Th i s i s pro a ly greater wh en th e wei gh t of th e c h arge i s greater in
p p
ro orti o n to th e surface of th e v esse l in wh i c h th e c h arg e i s u r nt I t may b
b
.

al so proba l y be i n som e degree de pendent on the com p osi ti o n of th e p owder .

 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 1 65

an d the a bove equ tio be c ome a n s

P M“

A cu rv e o r
o m th i formul I c ll Nobl and
c nst uc te d fr s a, a e

Ab l r v d if poi t b t ke i t orr po di g t
’
e s cu e , an a n e a n on c es n n o

th m im m pr
e ax r th ordi t f thi rv b yo d
u essu e , e na e s o s cu e e n

thi poi t will r pr

s n t th pr
, r th b s
e f th
e s en e essu e on e a e o e

proj til t th mom t wh th proj til p e the

ec e a e en en e ec e ass s se

o di t
r n a e s.

A r g rd th pr
s e r a v pr io t th ti m f th e
s e ess u e c u r e ev us o e e o

m xim m i t q tio i
a u , k ow s ed h
ua l dy b e n s un n n , an as as a re a e n

poi t d t whe tr ti g f ig i tio it d t rmi tio

n e ou n ea n o n n, s e e na n

wo l d bu f gr t pr ti l
e o no ea ac ca u se .

35 5 G r l M y w ki t di d th q tio from xp i
. en e a a e s s u e e ues n e er

m t l d t obt i d t K pp work i 1 8 6 7 Th tim s

en a a a a ne a ru
’
s s n . e e

c orr spo di g t th u
e n iv p g f th proj til
n o e s c c e ss e assa e o e ec e

thro gh urt i poi t i th h w r m u d From

ce a n n s n e c ase e e e as re .

th form l
ese aw obt i d xpr i g th p
u a as a ne e e ss n e S ac e as a

f
un c tio f th ti m
n F o m thi by twi
o e di ff re ti ti g
e. r s ce e n a n

th l r tio d mo i g for w r d t rmi d

e ac c e e a n an v n ce e e e e ne .

35 6 G r l M y ew ki
. ene am d form l f th form a s assu e a u a o e

an d r i
de te m n e d th e c oe ffi i c e nts so as to a gre e wt i h the mean
r l p ri
e su ts o f e x e me n t .

Th by di ff r
en e e n t at i io n, h e got

a nd by a s c o e nd i
d ffe rent at i io n

s;
i
¢ = acc el . forc e

T he l
v a ue o f a
t c orr po di es n n
g to t h e maxi mum pressur e

was g ive by thn e r l tio

e a n

d ’
a:
0 6 0 + 24 D t = 0
717 3
1 66 I N Z ERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

h s h fou d t
T u 001 8 d : 4} i h s or th e
e n
'
an a nc e ,

po itio f m xi mum pr s u e w fte th proj til h d

s n o a e s r as a r e ec e a

mov d 4} i h e nc es.

T h es xp i m t h owe r w r o ly m d with
e e er en s, ve , e e n a e a

4 poun d r gu
-
d with v lo iti
e of bo t 78 0 f t p
n, an e c es a u ee er

se c o d n .

357 C pt i Nobl e f El wi k made use o f

. a so me wh t
a n , o s c , a a

di ff re t method
e n .

H assum d f nc tio
e f th form f e a u n o e o

m a t
a + fl t + 7 t’

and om the obse rve d val

fr f d t h ue s o as an e de te rm ned, by i
th e m tho d f l st q re th prob bl v l
e o ea s ua s, e a e a ue o f a , ,
an d y, B r

t ki g f
a niti th f o d dfi
o r un es n n
i
o a se c n an t} ; of a f oot .

Th fo m l r iv d t w
e r u a a r e a as

3 31 076 t 1 378
En gl i sh un i ti e s
’
°
f
Pe bbl e
{:
°
at .

W d 1 009 1 t 1 '
378 Fre n c h uni ti es
PO e r a .

: 5 7 8 37 En gl i sh un i ti e s .

{
°
a
B L G
as 1 76 3 1534 2302 “
9333“ Fre n c h un i ti e s .

358 T . h by di ff r ti tio
en e en a n, th e ve lo ity c an d acc e erat n l i g
it
2
“
for c e are de t rmin d If thi l
e e . s r b 4:
atte thi e s i s th e ac
2

o d th r for th l r io

:
c e l e ratio n fo r mc 5
i th -
o f a se c n , e e e e ac c e e at n

i s 1 000 an d if W be the w i ght f p oj til

e o r ec e an d P th e
V
o l pre ur ov r th bas P
t ta ss 1 000 e e e e,

F o m thi form l
r urv hv b tr t d ho wi g
s u a c es a e e en c o ns uc e s n

th v lo i ty
e d pr
e r d ri g th rly p rt f th motio
c an e ss u e u n e ea a o e n

o f p oj til of 300 lb fir d f om 1 0 i h g with

a r ec e s . e r a -
nc un ,

c h rg f 7 0 lb P d 6 0 l b E L G r p tiv ly d it
a es o s. an s . . . . es ec e , an

is sa id th t th rv r pr t v ry pproxim t ly th
a e se cu es e ese n e a a e e

a t l
c ua l t obt i d re su s a ne .

Th y ho w th t whil t th m xi m m pr ur i
e s q ir d
a s e a u e ss e s ac u e

wi th E L G i 0 001 f . d . d wh . th proj til h s

n o a se co n , an en e ec e a

mov d bo t 05 o f foot i th as f th P powd r th

e a u a ,
n e c e o e . e , e

t i m w s abo t 0 0044
e a d th e di t mov d 0 45 f foo t
u ,
an s an ce e o a .
168 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI US .

he i n th e case of th e c h mb r b i g
a e e n fil l e d at g avi m tri
r e c

dens t iy I .

proj til b immov bl d th h rg fir d

T he n , i f t h e ec e e a e an e c a e e

th pr e will b
e ssu re ordi g t Nobl d Ab l bo t e, ac c n o e an e , a u

4 3 to p q
ns i h
er s M k A F t h o di
uare t t A qu l nc . a e e r na e a e a

t 43
o d th ,
an divi di g A B i to xp en io f wh i h A C n n e an s ns o c

i th
s i t t ff lo g it o di t
e un , se h D E Y Y B0
o a n r n a e s s uc as , ,

rp
e ti g th
re se n o po di g pr r
n egiv by Noblc rres n n e ssu e s as en e

d Ab l form l rv F E Y C i wh t I ll Nobl
’
an e Th
s u a . e cu e 1 s a ca e

d Ab l u v
’
an e s c r e .

By S rr form l l ul t P d P d t ff 0 0
’
a au s u a ca c a e o an , an se o ,

P d t k th poi t E
0, an a th
e v o r po di g t P
e n on e c ur e c r es n n o

an d joi 0 E Th
n C E Y G i th
1 . rv f m xim m en I s e cu e o a u

pr d i t ordi t
e ssu re , an giv th v l s rdi g t whi h na e s e e a ue s ac co n o c

th e st gth f th g m t b c l ul t d fa r g rd
re n o e un us e a c a e , so r as e a s

b ti g t i
u rs n s ra n .

36 1 I d .t r t th t th tu l pr ur i th g a e
o no asse a e ac a e ss es n e un r

tho how by th c rv b t th t th urv give th up

se s n e u e, u a e c e s e s e

rior limit d i o q tly s f g id T h t l

, an s c n se ue n a a e u e . e ac ua

p i th
re ssur e s h will l w y b l th tho how by
n e c ase a a s e ess an se s n

th rve th r i l w y lo f pr r d t th
e cu ,
as e e s a a s a ss o e ssu e ue o e

c ooli g i fl e f th w ll f th g
n n ue n c o e a s o e un .

36 2 T h r i I thi k
. e e o i d r bl mi ppr he io s, n ,
c ns e a e sa e ns n on

th i poi t t whi h it i
s n , o y t ll d c s n ec e ssar o a u e .

Owi g pr b bly t n , i d t whi h h v h pp d t lo g

o a , o ac c en s c a e a ene o n

g fi
un s i g l g r n h rg f pri m t i
ar po w d i
e t h b c a es o s a c e r, as e en

assu m d th t th p e r i th forw rd p rt f th h
a e ressu es n e a a o e c ase

are mu h high wi th low th wi th q i k b r i g powd r

c er s an u c -
u n n e ,

an d thi i i d t b d t th o ti d b i g f th
s s sa o e ue o e c n n ue u rn n o e

powd l l or th gr t r p rt f th tim th proj til i

er a ,
e ea e a , o e e e ec e s

i n th e g u n .

T e re is h i m thi do t k pl no d o b t th
u at at t es s es a e ac e ,

an d th t i m a o id bl portio f th h g
n so e c ase s a c ns e ra e n o e c ar e

i blo w
s t f th gu bu t b t thi i b d b lli ti
n ou o e n un rn , u s s a a s c

p r t i ac d I h v lr e dy
c e , an ho w wh tr ti g f th a e a a s n en ea n o e

ig itio d o mb tio f p wd r th t i v ry
n n an f lo w
c us n o o e , a n e e c ase o s

o ti o b r i g the pr ssur t y poi t b for th whol

c n n u us u n n , e e a an n e e e e
 I N TERNAL RALLI S TI 08 . 1 69

ch rge i c o m d mu t b l th the p
a s nsu r e t th
e , s e ess an re ss u a e

corre po di g poi t i Nobl d Ab l u v

s n n n n e an e
’
s c r e .

Nodo bt th pr u e i t h for w rd p rt f th
u e h a
e ss r s n e a a o e c ase re

m h gr t r o w th th y w
uc ea e i th d ys f q i k p wd rs
n an e e re n e a o u c o e

an d horte r g s b t thi i e tir ly d e to th

un s , or mou ly
u s s n e u e en s

i re d h g whe r by v
nc ase c v ry lo g g b c omes
ar e s, e e en a e n un e

virtu lly hort g that i t y gun f f w Xp io

a a s un , s o sa ,
a o e e ans n s,

an d i t has othi g t d with th n te f b r i g f th

n o o e ra o u n n o e

p o wd r w hi h
e o ly ,fl ec ts t h cm ax i m um pr
n r i n th a
'

e e ssu e e

vi i ity f th h mb r
c n o e c a e .

36 3 T hi m tt r i
. import t th t t th ri k f
s a e s so an ,
a ,
a e s o

re p ti tio it m y b w ll o e mor t xpl i it

e n a e e nc e o e a n .

Le t A 0 r pr t the h g f po wde fir d t gr vi
e e se n c ar e o r e a a

m tric d i ty 1
e d A B th l gth f the h
e ns , an dF E F G e en o c ase , an I

Noble d Ab l rv as d c ri be d With q uic k

’
an e s cu e, es . a

powde r th whole f th powd r would b b rnt whe the

,
e o e e e u n

proj til rriv d t D a d th m xi mum pr r woul d b

ec e a e a ,
n e a e ss u e e

r pr e t d by D E d th pr r orr po di g t th
e es n e , an e essu e s c es n n o e

motio f th e proj til from D t B wo uld b r pr e t d by

n o ec e o e e es n e

th ordi t
e f th e u rve E G
na es o c .

W i th v ry lo w po wd r th wh ole of th e h rg migh t
a e s e , e c a e

no t be b ur t till th proj til h d rriv d t F wh

n th e ec e a a e a en e

p re ss ure wo l d b F F x tly th
u me as th pr ure from
e , e ac e sa e e ss
1 70 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

th e q i k p wde r t th
u c m poi t C o se qu tly th e
o a e sa e n . n en

pr r th
e ss u e o n h b tw F d B wo ld b th m i
e c ase e een an u e e sa e n

both e It do c as s t follo w t h t F F
. wo l d b th es no a , u e e

m xim m pr
a r with th low po wd r Th t might b t
u e s su e e s e . a e a

a p oi t K wnh r th i r i g vol u
e e ti o f g w x t ley n c e as n e n o as as e ac

b l d by th i r i g p b hi d th proj til b t t
a an ce e n c e as n s ac e e n e ec e, u a

thi poi t
s d t v y poi t b tw
n , an K a d F th pr er er n e een an , e e ssu e s

mu t s rily b l th with th q i k powd r f th

n e c e ssa e e ss an e u c e or e

s impl r o th t th r i l q tity f p wd r gas i

e e as n a e e s a e ss u an o o e n

th m p
e sa e s ac e .

36 4 I t follo w th r for
. d thi i th import t poi t
s, e e e , an s s e an n as

re g rd g o tr t io th t with q l h g th pr r
a s un c ns uc n, a e ua c ar es e e ssu e s

fro m slow po wd r m t g lly b l d

e s v rb us e n e ra e e s s, an c an n e e e

gre t r th f om q i k powd r
a e an r d th t o q tly u c e s, an a c n se ue n

Nobl d Ab l v i f g i d t th g u o tr tor
’
e an e s c ur e s a sa e u e o e n c ns uc

as f th b
ar as ti g tr i i o r d
e urs n s a n s c nc e n e .

36 5 Si th o di
. t nce f th p r rv
e d riv d r na e s o e re ss u e cu e s as e e

from Nobl d Ab l rv r pr t th pr r p ’
e an e s cu e, e e se n e e ss u e er

s q r i h th b s f th proj til th r f h
ua e nc on e a e o e ec e, e a ea o su c

c v m ltipli d by th r f th b
ur e s u e f th proj til e a ea o e ase o e ec e

will gi v th e rgy f th e hot d if th r w r

e ne lo s by o e s , an e e e e no s

c ooli g d othi g xp d d i th fri tio d xp l io

n an n n e en e n e c n an e u s n

o f th g e & th m le v lo i ty would b obt i bl

ases, c .
, e uzz e c e a na e

from th form l e u a

36 6 T h e l p ess r rv
. gard th proj til
ac tua r u e cu e as re s e ec e

m y b obt i d from S rr
a e for mul f i i ti l v lo ity ;
a ne a au s
’
a or n a e c

f if b th i i ti l v lo ity ;
or v e e n a e c

4 th l r ti g for
) e ac ce e a n ce,

W th w ight f th proj til i l b

e e o e ec e n s .
,

th r f it b
or e a ea o s ase ,

I th t r v l f th proj til ee a e o e ec ,

V dV
dl 4”
 I N TERNAL RALLI S TI 08 .

°
2 1 31 6 l og ,8 1 9 38 43
-

c c ali bre 6 in c h es
W 1 00

rom whi h we fi d
f c n

a 1 1 59 an d b 1 023
V 1 1 5 9 li 1 1 8 ll

and mak i ng I th e t tao l v l f proj ec tile w fi d

t ra e o e n

V 1 8 75 f t p ec o d ee er s n , wh i h wac v y e rly th s er n a e

ob rv d v lo ity
se e e c .

368 F th pr s
. e pe q r i ch
or e e sur r s ua e n at an y inte rm die ate

p art w h v
as m ki g I e a e, a n as

24 78 5
43 :
81 : 13i
wt

rom whi h th
F ve i th followi g di gr m (Fig
c e c ur n e n a a . 1)
ha b obt i d X
s e en a ne .

T h pre s r l l t d from S rr u formul (1 7) ’

e su es c a c u a e a a s as and

( )
1 5 are
P0 tons p e r sq i n c h . .

th e lr orre po di g to tr v l f P oj til f 1 } i h
atte c s n n a a e o r ec e o nc es .

Th t l pr
e ac uau r gi ve by th ru h r g g was bo t
ess e n e c s e au e a u

2 5 to p q
ns r i h e r s ua e nc .

Th f th
e are a o rve is 8 3 3 whi h m l ti pli d by 2 8
e cu , c u e

th e f the proj til e giv

are a o th e e rgy 2 332 foot t s ec es e n -
on
,

th r for
e e e

1 834 fee t p e r se con d,

whi h gr v ry
c a rly with th cal l ted d th e
ees e n ea e cu a an

ob r d v lo iti
se v e e c es .

36 9 T h pp r dotte d l i in the di gr m how th

. e u e ne a a s s e

pr c urv e c c ordi g to Nobl e a d Ab l s fo mul

ess ure a d it n n e
’
r a, an

wi ll be th at it i s througho t high e r th
se e n th c urv f om u an e e r

S rr formul a T kin g t he r o f th e u ppe r c urv

’
a au s . a
as a ea e

repre ti g th e tot l e ergy th t f the lowe r o th

se n n a n , a o ne e
 I N TERNAL RALLI S TI CS . 1 73

rgy xpe d d th p oj til i gi i g v loc ity it will b

e ne e n e on e r ec e n v n e ,
e

fo d th t th l tt r i
un a bo t 7 6 ; p
e t
a f th for m r
e s a u e r c en . o e e ,

showi g th t bo t 2 3; p c e t i xpe ded i xp lli g th

n a a u er n . s e n n e e n e

gases, ion &c whic h s will be

fri c t ,
i th e l t h p te r
.
, ,
a see n n as c a

of th i s boo k is p ob bl y v ry e
,
th t th r a e n ar e ru .

370 As . o d x mple I will t k l O in h gu with

a se c n e a a e a -
c n

a pr j c til o f 5 00 l b
o e e a d h rg f 300l b pri matic bro w
s . n c a e o s. s n

p o wde r .
1 74 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

In th is case

s
an d we find
v 75 2 13 -
19 17 3 ,

an d w h en l
V 2 1 2 5 fee t p e r sec o n d .

Th e v lo i y ob rv
ac t ual e c t se e d was 2 1 00fe e t
p e r se c n d. o The
e qu tio fo th pr r
a n o r e essu e is f un d to be

p 1 6 -
fl 0 28 9 E ,

f rom whi h th foll owi g di gr m (Fi g 2) i obtai d

c e n a a . s ne .

T h m ximumpr ur l l t d by Sarr u s formul ’

e a ess es c a c u a e a a are

P0 1 7 80
P 1 0 50 .

The pr by th e c ru h r g g w 1 8 to s Th
essure rgy s e au e as n . e e ne

l
c a cu a e lt
d from th e urv i foo t to s whi h orr c e s -
n , c c e

s
p don t v
s lo i ty f 2
o a083 fe t p e c o d cw hi c h ow v ry e e r se n , as e

ne a rly th ob rv d v lo ity e se e e c .

37 1 T h pp r dott d l i how the c urve f om Nobl

. e u e e ne s s r e

nd Ab l for mul f pr I t will b obs r d th t

’
a e s a or essur e . e e ve a

to w d th mu le i t f l l
ar s elightly b low the oth r v
zz a s s e e c ur e .

T hi i evid c ag i t th tr th o f Nobl d Ab l
’
s s no en e a ns e u e an e s

cu rv I t ris s from th v l
e . a med f th i d x 9 i
e e a ue assu or e n e
”
n

1 9 2 ) be i g me v lu pproxim ti g from th ordi ry

n a an a e a a n e na

o di tio f fi ; d wh th w ight f h rg w bo t
c n ns o re an en e e o c a e as a u

5 dr f toh w igh t f p oj
e ti l Th e fo m l a i oth f or r ec e . e r u s e re e

on l y pp ximate u d r th
a ro o ditio f th c o d e x mpl n e e c n ns o e se n a e

wh th
en h rg w gth f th w ight f proj til Thi
e c a e as s o e e o ec e . s

l d t a c ha ge f th form f c u rv lthough it do
ea s o n o e t o e, a es n o

a pp r t cause any imp rt t r or i its to t l ar

ea o C l o an e r n a ea. a cu

l ti g the ergy from th e rv it i s fou d t be

a n en cu e n o

f ot to
o - th t i thi
n s, th p rce tage o f e
so a n rgy p t s c ase e e n ne s en

on th proj til e is 8 1 1 5 p
e ec t d o th xp l io e r c en .
,
an n e e u s n

of gase fric tio and co oli g

s, bo t n,p e c e t n , a u r n .
 I N TERNAL RALLI S TI 08 .

obse rved muz l e v loc i ty t th e proj til z w ll as t e o ec e, as e o

ove om the oth r i t l i t e

rc e d th oli g e n e rna re s s an c s an e co n

ac tio f th w ll
n f th gu
o d equ tly g a s o e n, an c o n se en a un

who tr gt h t
se s h port io f th h
en or po d t
a e ac n o e c as e c re s n s o

th pr r
e se d t th m x i m m pr
e ss u es, r i th an o e a u e ss u e n e

ch mb r d t rmi d by S rr
a e as fo mul a wi l l l w y b
e e ne a au s
’
r , a a s e

f gu as r g rd th bur ti g t i
a sa e n e a s e s n s ra n .

Longi tudi na l Str ai n .

h r i how v r oth r tr i t be pro id d f

37 3 T . e e s, e e , an e s a n o v e o r,

th Lo gi t di
e l Str i
n u na a n .

S f o I know th o ly lo gi tudi l t i whi h h

ar as , e n n na s ra n c as

b een co id r d import t by rtill ri t d gu m ke r i

ns e e an a e s s an n- a s s

th tr i b tw
e s th br
a n h d th tru io
e ee n e eec an e nn ns .

T h m xim m v l
e a f thi tr i
u i t th obt r t r
a ue o s s a n s a e u a o

d if th g b pp d t be fix d t th tr io
e un e su ose o e a e unn ns so as

to h v r oil th mo t f thi t i i P m wh r P
a e no ec , e a un o s s ra n s o
e e (,

i s th m xi mum pr ss r
e a d th tio l r e f th u e an a) e se c na a ea o e

c h mb ra d i th e , e an ppo d f r oil th m
n e c as su se o no ec , e sa e

s tr i xt
a n e d t th tr io
en s o e un n ns .

If ho w v r th g
,
i f
e e t r oil th
, tr i
e w ill b
un s ree o ec , e s a n e

gr d lly di mi i h d by th for r q ir d t giv

a ua n s e l r tio e ce e u e o e acc e e a n

t th m
o b hi d th poi t t whi h the tr i i l l t d
e ass e n e n a c s a n s ca c u a e ,

an d i thi n th tr i will be
s c ase g r du lly d r
e s a s i g a n o ne a a ec e n

from th obtur tor t th tr e io s a o e un n n .

374 Th . l w y f d l i g with this tr i i to

e usua a um o ea n s a n s ass e

th t i t i
a iformly di trib t d ov r th ro
s un tio l r a s u e e e c ss se c -
na a e

o f th g e T hi mptio i
un . tir ly wro gs assuTh tr i n s en e n . e s a n

a t th obtu tor i bor

e q lly ordi g t om l w
ra s n e un e ua ac c n o s e a

wh i h i c t t ly k o w
s no b t th r i goo d r
ac c ura e o t n n, u e e s e as n o

b li v th t it i
e e e logou to th l w whi h gov r th
a s ana s e a c e ns e

b r ti g tr i
u s n d th t it v ri i v
s a n , an ly th q r f th a a e s n e rse as e s ua e o e

di t from th
s an c e xi f th gun Thi b i g
e a th i s or e . s e n so , e nn e

su rf i t i d v ry muc h more th th av r ge st ai n
ac e s s ra n e e an e e a r

on th whol e c ross sec tio

e -
n .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 1 77

Fo r man y y
g rd d by g m k r d
e ars t hi s was di sre a e un -
a e s, an

th il w ggr v t d by thro wi g th i t i di tly

e ev as a a a e n s s ra n re c on

th i e r t b f th g
nn e u d f o m th t t th b
e o h oil
e u n , an r a o e re e c c

or j k t thro gh whi h g i i t w
ac e , u ri d t th t c a a n as c ar e o e r un

n io ns Th . o ditio w till f rth r ggr v t d by th

e c n n as s u e a a a e e

f t th t th i po t io
ac a f th m t i l f th g
s r h d l o t
n o e a er a o e un a a s o

t i
s us a n th b ti g tr i Th w r
e urs q n t ly t ws a n . e re e e c o n se ue n o

c oj gt t i
n u h f gr t i t ity t th i r rf
a e s ra n s, e ac o ea n e ns a e n ne su ac e

e ac h t b bor by th m m t ri l
o e ne e sa e a e a .

37 5 S lo g g . o 1 8 6 0 I d w tt tio t th i
n a o d
as re a en n o s, an

a dvo t d th ca e tir p r tio f th e en tr i b t e se a a n o e se s a ns, u no

re g rd w p id t th m tt r d it i o ly wi thi th l t
a as a o e a e , an s n n e as

fo r or fi y r th t my vi w h v b
u ve ea s p rti lly dop t da e s a e e en a a a e

i b
n h lo di g g
ree c by m ki g th b h r w t k
-
a n un s a n e re e c sc e a e

i to th j k t i t d f b for i t th t b Thi i
n e ac e ns e a o as e e n o e u e . s s,

h ow v e v ry p rti l improv m t i m h
e r, a e a o wi g a e en , n as uc as n

t tho t hi e f th i r t b t th b h d th
n n e ss o e nn e u e a e re e c en , e

j k t h t r i t v ry h vy b r ti g t i
ac e as o es s a e ea u s n s ra n .

376 My op i io h. l w y b th t th whol f t h
n n as a a s een a e e o e

b rsti g tr i ho ld b
u n s l iv ly b
a n s by th t b d u e e xc us e o rn e e u e an

it s i fo
re n m t d th whol
rc e f th lo git di l t i
en ,
an e e o e n u na s ra n

e x l iv ly by th j k t ; d i my v y fi t p p r i 1 8 60
c us e e ac e an n er rs a e n

I ho w d h w thi migh t b do
s e o i th sf wi g d e ne n e c ase o re u n s, an

y t
e till w i thi t h l t f w y i
n t h b p er i t astly e e ars as een e s s en

t d th t th i w
ass e r e th gr t t diffi l ty
a s r g d th as e ea e s cu as e ar s e

c o tr tio f wir g
ns uc T h f t th t I h d h o w h w
n o e un s . e ac a a s n o

t h lo gitudi
e n l tr i w t b provi d d f th t I h d
na s a n as o e e o r, a a

ac tua ll ydone i t i n a gun of whi ch the i n ne r tu be wa s of cast

i r on and only half an i nch thi ck, was qui etly i gn or ed, an d i t
is st ill o
c ns tant r h gr i ly
asse te d t at th e ly
ir
e at d ffic u t in w e

g u n c ns tio
ruoc t provi
n i s to d lo gi i l r i
e fo r th e n tu d na st a n .

It h b id by o m th t my y t m i volv xtr
as e e n sa s e a s s e n es e a

w igh t th t th j k t forms
e ,
o id r bl p t f th
a e ac e a c ns e a e ar o e

w ight f th g
e d th t th r for i t m t i l o gh t t
o e u n , an a e e e s a er a u o

b utili d i i r
e i g th r i t
se t b r ti g t i
n n c eas n e e s s an ce o u s n s ra n ,

j t if th m t ri l wo ld r i t th tio f tw o j g t
us as e a e a u es s e ac n o o c n u a e

str i f q l mo t t it t
a ns o ile t g th !
e ua a un o s ens s re n
1 78 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI 08 .

W hen th e
ri k pt p r t th pr c i mo t fst a n s are e se a a e, e e se a un o

h b i g k o w th provi io by di ti t m mb r i
e ac e n n n, e s n s nc e e s s

r t ly d t rmi bl b t wh th y
ac c u a e mi d p
e e na e, u en e are xe u so as

t t o joi tly
o ac d th
c n m m n f m t ri l t o n o n e an e sa e ass o a e a , as a

th br eh d f g th probl m i x di gly difli lt

e ec en o a un , e e s e cee n cu ,

d p rh p pr ti lly i ol bl
e a s ac ca ns u e .

Th pri ipl f th p r tio f the tw tr i i

e nc e o e se a a n o o s a ns s

th r fore ei my opi io f p im ry i mpor t

e, n n n , one o r a an c e .

Longi tudi nal Str ai n bef ore the Tr unni ons .

377 Th e lo git di l tr i b t w th t
. n io d
u na s a n e e en e run n n s an

th m e l douzz e t pp r t h v b o id d f m h
e s no a ea o a e ee n c ns e re o uc

i mport dy t fl t y
an c e , an m y h v h pp d e o a e e ars an c ase s a e a ene

i whi h
n portio f th h i fro t f th tr io h
c a n o e c ase n n o e un n n as

b f t d
e en rac u r e .

37 8 F i t . th 1 2 i h
or C ol l i g wood g
n s an c e , whi h e -
nc n un , c

on l 0th M y 1 8 8 6 bl w w y bo t 8 f t f th f o t or
a , , e a a a u ee o e r n

m l u zz e e nd f th h o e c ase .

A C o mmi tt f I v tig tio w ppoi t d o i ti g

ee o n es a n as a n e , c ns s n

o f th Ord e C ommi tt with whom w r

nan c e o i t d th ee , e e ass c a e e

S p i t d t f th Roy l G
u e r n en F tory
en d m mb o f e a un ac an e e rs o

th El wi k d Whi tw th O d F to i Aft r lo g
'

e s c an or r n an c e ac r es . e a n

i v tig tio th y o l d d th t th
n es a n id t w d t
e c nc u e a e ac c en as ue o

l t W t f
s . iformity i th m t l
an o un n e e a .

2 d Ab n . f li g ft r forgi g d h rd i g
se n c e o an n e a n a e n an a en n ,

an dr lti g i t r l tr i
e su n n e na s a ns .

3d I t r i fi ti
. f
n e ns h tr i by fi i g t proof d ca on o suc s a ns r n a ,
an

f rth r
u lf d v lopm t d ri g th i te v l f ight
e se -
e e en u n e n r a o e e en

mo th b tw n firi g t proof
s e d th ee n id t n a an e ac c en .

4th T h w t f h . hoopi g
e an o c ase -
n .

T h y r omm d d th t i th
e ec d l l o th r g u
en f e a n e se an a e ns o

6 i h
-
nc libr d p w rd th h mbe r ho ld b r d d
ca e an u a s e c a s s u e e uc e ,

th rvi h rg r d d o th t th m xim m pr s u
e se ce c a es e uc e , s a e a u e s re

i th
n h mb r ho ld t x d 1 5 t p q r i h
e c a e s u no e cee o ns er s u a e nc ,

an d th t th h a ho ld b hoop d ll lo g to th m l
e c ase s u e e a a n e uzz e .

37 9 Fro m th . r omm d tio it would pp r th t e se ec en a ns a ea a

1 80 I N TERNAL RALLI STI 08 .

be se e n t h
b d oil w r tir ly fre t mov
at th e tu e an c e e en e e o e

lo git di lly i th j k t
n u na n e ac e .

Th j k t w e f
ac t iro e d t th m as ol d t l c as n, an a e uzz e e n a s ee

ri g w
n rwd as whi h h d
sc e d p fl g p oj ti g
e on , c a a ee an e r ec n

i w rd
n a g i t whi h th t l t b d oi l b tt d It
s, a a ns c e s ee u e an c a u e .

w as thi fl g lo whi h p v t d th t b movi g

s an e a ne c re en e e u e n

forw r d a d o ,
q tly y lo git di l forw d for
an c n se ue n an n u na ar ce

a c ti g n th t b w on bor by thi fl g
e ud th et as ne s an e , an us ran s

mitt d to t h j k t t th poi t A
e e ac e a e n .

At th br h d f th t b
e e ec d b tw it d th
en o e u e , an e ee n an e

br h ri g s r w d i to th j k t w
eec n c e ix t pi
e k pt n e ac e , e re s se n s, e

up g i t th fl g f th t b by B lvill p i g w ith
a a ns e an e o e u e e e s r n s,

a forw rd tr i a f th sfo r to a n o th t whil t th t b re e o r u n s, so a s e u e

w as a lw y k pt p t th fl g t th m l i t w fr
a s e u o e an e a e uz z e as ee

to e xp d b k w d g i t th
an ac pi g ar s a a ns e s r n s.

T h br h blo k i t will b
e e ec i ti l y i d p d t f
c , e s e en , s en re n e en en o

th e t b d oil
u e th t th b r ti g t i
an c i ,ti ly so a e u s n s ra n s en re

pro id d f r by th t b
v e o d oi l d th lo git di l e u e an c , an e n u na

t i by th j k t
s ra n e ac e .

38 1 I d ig i g thi g
. n I did
es t lo ight f th
n n s un no se s o e

f c t th t
a o id bl lo git di l tr i wo l d b throw
a a c ns e ra e n u na s a n u e n

on th j k t b tw
e th m
ac e l d th t io I th e ee n e u zz e an e ru n n ns . n e

fir t pl
s th r w s th p
ac e r f th po wd r g
e e a th e re ssu e o e e ase s o n e

difl f r b tw th h mb r d th h bo t
'

e re n c e o a ea e e en e c a e an e c as e , a u

1 ; sq u r i h T h a e th r w nc th f i tio . f th proj til en e e as e r c n o e ec e

on t h groov e or r th r it r l t t i th di tio f th
e s, a e s e su an n e rec n o e

a xi sf th g o d l tly th r w
e th i rti
un , f th
an as ,
e e as e ne a o e

t b
u e d wiran oil whi h h d t b t i motio b k w d
e c c a o e se n n ac ar s

as th gun r oil d T h e whol e f th e s

e ec tr i I h d
e l
. o e s a ns a c a cu

l t d d mply pro id d f
a e an a d y t wh th g w v e o r, an e en e un as

fir d th j k t w
e e tor ac d r t th e poi t A
e d th as n asun e a n , an e

s te el m l ri g proj t d viole tly t th b tt

uzz e n ec e n o e u s .

38 2 Th .tio l r f the j k t at A was 5 5 8 quare

e se c na a ea o ac e
°
s

i h s and th t st pi c
nc e ,
t fro m i t g ve
e t il str gth
e e es cu a a e ns e en

a t r pt u f 1 6 to s p
ure o squ r e i h If how v r o l y n er a nc .
, e e , n one

h l f f thi b t k th r pt ri g for mu t h v b
a o s e a e n, e u u n ce s a e e en

446 to s As will b
n . ho w h r ft r th utmo t t i e s n e ea e , e s s ra n
 I N TERNAL BALLI 8 TI 08 . 1 81

t h at c ould rise from the so rc e s bov m tione d would t

a u a e en no

e xc e e d 28 4 ton l e v i g a forc e of t l ast 1 6 2 to s to be

s, a n a e n

acc o u nte d fo r .

Whe re his fo c e om from O x mi i g the g

di d t r c e n e a n n un

an d proj til it w fo d th t th r h ad b
ec e o j mmi g
as un a e e ee n n a n ,

i f t th proj til h d be
n ac e p d thro gh th gu by
ec e a en asse u e n

h d pre viou to firi g d wh fir d i t w t tr i ght to

an s n , an en e en s a

th bu tt with
e v lo ity f bo t 1 8 70 f t p
, a e o d thc o a u ee e r se c n , e

f ll v lo i ty
u e lc ul t d f the h rge f 34 l b P po wd r
c ca a e or c a o s. . e .

T h t b wase u i j re d but it h d mov d bodily fo w rd

e un n u , a e r a

ne a rly i h i the j k t It w s th r for vid t that

an nc n ac e . a e e e e en

it w the forw rd mo tio

as f th e t b whi h r p tu r d th
a n o u e c u e e

j a k t d th t th t forward motio r l ativ t the j k t h d

c e , an a a n e e o ac e a

bro ght i to pl y a forc f t l east 446 to s of whi h I

u n a e o a n , c

c o l d o ly c c o t for 284
u n a un .

383 Aft r littl e c onsid r tion I c me to th e o l io

. e a e a a c n c us n,

w hi h c b q t x mi tio f th bj t o ly c o firm
su se uen e a na n o e su ec n n s,

th t a v ry i mpor ta t forw rd lo git di l tr i hith t

a e n a n u na s a n, er o

a l tog th r ppr i t d w
e e un a d by th fri tio
ec a e f th , as c au se e c n o e

prod t f o mb tio g i t th i r rf f th t b
uc s o c us n a a ns e n ne su ac e o e u e .

S t o g w
o s r n my o vi tio f thi th t a f w d y ft r th
as c n c n o s a e a s a e e

ac c i d t I wrot t th W Oflic e propo i g th t th gu

en e o e ar s n a e n

s ho l d b u t b k to th e m k r t b r p ir d
e se n ac d th t I a e s o e e a e , an a

s ho ld h v u i t rvi w with the Ord

a e an C ommitt e t
n e e nan c e e o

e xpl i t th m my v i w
a n o dr eo b for th y re ported e s an eas n s, e e e

on th id t I l o gg t d th t e xp ri m ts th e
e ac c en . a s su es e a e en ,

t r
na u e o f whi h I w pr p r d t xpl i hould be mad
c as e a e o e a n, s e

to t th e q
se tio t re t whi h w
ues the mor d sirabl e
n a s , c as e e ,

i m h s it pp r d t m t h ve i mpor t t b ari g
n as uc a a ea e o e o a an an e n

o nth f tu r e f th Col li gwood

u e o d other g e n an u ns.

N oti was t k f my l tte r I w s t llowed

'

o n ce a en o e . a no a

t
o th
se e Ord Commi tt
e but ft r about two
nanc e ee , a e

mo th h vi g h rd priv t ly th at th y h d r porte d
n s, a n ea a e e a e

on th id t I wrot g i to th W Ofii e ki g
e ac c en ,
e a a n e ar c , as n

wh t w a goi g t b do e with the g

as n d th t I migh t
o e n un , an a

hv a e opy f or b informe d f th r so s giv by

a c o ,
e o e ea n en

th e Ordn a e Committe e f nc th a i den t i thei r re port or e cc n .

 1 82 I N TERNAL B ALLI S TI CS .

Th e re ply t thi o s was th at no furt he r ex en

p me nt w u do l be
made wi th th g e u n , an d t h at th e r po
e rt was a c o n fide n t a i l
doc ume n t o ld t b llow d t k ow i t o t t !
, and I c u no e a e o n s c n en s

I h v how l r t th t th O d
a e, Co mmitt
e v e r, ea n a e r n an c e ee

e tin ly j t d my vi w r g rdi g th fri tio f th

re re e c e e e a n e c n o e

produ t of omb tio c s d I h r o t ppo

c us n, an ave 11 0 e as n o su se

t h t my sugg tio
a f xp ri m ts b i g m d i li k l y t
es n o e e en e n a e s e o

b t rt i d
e en e a ne .

38 4 U d r th .ir m t n d with d p o vi tio

e e se c cu s an c e s, an a ee c n c n

o f th i mport e o f th q tio I w b mit th fol lowi g

an ce e ue s n, no su e n

i v tigatio
n es t ol tio of th probl m but i th
n s, no as a s u n e e ,
n e

h p th t i t m y b th m
O e a f dir t i g th att tio
a f e e e an s o ec n e en n o

oth t th bj t wh m y b mu h mo omp t t t
e rs o e su ec , o a e c re c e en o

deal with it th my lf d wh m y h v th m an f se , an o a a e e e an s o

u d r t ki g
n e h xp rim t (wh i h
a n s uct f di ffi l t
e e en s c are n o o a cu

na tu r ) as t
e rtai pr ti lly wh t i th r l ff t
,
so o asc e n ac ca a s e ea e ec

an d mou t f th fri tio

a f th prod t
n o f omb tio e c n o e uc s o c us n on

th rf f th h
e su f g ac e o e c ase o a un .

38 5 In th fir t pl c I wi ll m k
. f w bri f r m rk
e s a e a e a e e e a s,

wh i h wi ll p rh p s b
c admi tt d t o t i p i mi f i
e a e e o c n a n r a ac e

evid ce th t the amou t f thi fri t io m y b v ry co

en a n o s c n a e e n

si de rabl e .

38 6 Th ero io f g
. i th e work o f th e produ ts f
e s n o uns s c o

c ombusti o T h e pro du ts n . t l tog th r g o

es c are no a e e ase us, a

l rg proportio i g e lly dmitt d t b liq id i

a e n v ry
s e n ra a e o e u n a e

di ff se d t te but h o w ve r t hi m y b th re i s
u s a ,
do bt th t e s a e, e no u a

th mi xe d pr d t do c t lly c ut w y p rti c l s f oli d

e o uc s a ua a a a e o s

t l
s ee tho gh th y the ms lv
as w ru olid T hi ot b
e e es e e s . s c an n e

do e witho ut x r i in g for ward for upo th xpo d u

n e e c s a ce n e e se s r

f
ac es, b ca th se prod ts th m lve movi g forw rd
e use e uc are e se s n a .

38 7 L t th gun b o s id r d at th mome t f m xi
. e e e c n e e e n o a

m m pr s ure
u At thi mo men t th proj til will h v
e s . s e ec e a e

mov d for ward bout 1 0i h

e Th u f e e xpo a d wo l d nc es . e s r ac se u

b 6 36 sq are i h e s n d th pre ssur 25 to s p

e u nc q r , a e e n er s ua e

i h There i th r for m f mixe d g s

nc . s d liq u i d
e e e a ass o a e s an

pr i g
ess n rf f st l with pr
o n a su r f to
ac e o ee , a e s su e o ns .

At th br ec h e d th mi x d m e i t t but g i t t h
en e e ass s a re s , a a ns e
184 I NTERNAL RALLI S TI CS .

or
f wards . Ei th e r c ase is q it po ssibl
u e e , an d, i n fac t, c hae r
v atio n s ho w th t i me a th r oi l i tu
te nd to s a n so c ses e ec s ac a lly
p r ev t ed
en t il t h p rojun
ec ti l l eav e s th e m
e zl e uz e .

390 I . i t r ting p p r by Mr H J Butte r f th

n an n e es a e . . .
, o e

Roy l G u F tory C rri g D p rt m t r d at th I ti

a n ac , a a e e a en , ea e ns

t ti
u f Civil E gi
on o s 2 2 d Nov mb r 1 8 8 1 i t i
n ne e r t t d ,
n e e , , s s a e

th ta From result obt i d by i t ta ou photogr phy s a ne n s an ne s a

in c o tio with the firi g f 25 t g u i g E L G

nn e c n n o a -
on un , s n . . .

powd it was how th t th hot w j u t l r f th

e r, s n a e s as s c ea o e

m l b for th gu move d More r

u zz e e e e tly i t w n r . ec e n as aso e

t i
a ne d by l t i i ty th t i th e c s
e ec r c f th 6 i h B L g u a ,
n a e o e -
nc . . n

us ni g p bbl po wd r th hot was withi 2 i hes f q itti g

e e e , e s n nc o u n

th m e l wh th fir t mov me t f th gu o rr d
uzz e en e s e n o e n cc u e .
”

391 N w if th re we r n oppo i g for

. o ,
e th re c o l d b e o s n c e, e u e

no do bt th t th g
u wo ld b gin t mov v ry
a e un rly t u e o e e n ea a

th e sa m i t t e th hot d tti g id th fri tio f

ns an as e s , an se n as e e c n o

th r i g i th slid
e ca r a e th e
n e h de d th fri tio e, on on an , an e c n

f th p oj e til th oth r th e v eloc ity of th r oil wo l d

'

o e r c e on e e , e ec u

b t th t f th shot i v r ly as th e r pe tiv m
e o a o e ,
n e se es c e asses

mov d ; d i f th
e an be f x mpl e se1 00 t l d th e
,
or e a e, as o , an

m l v lo i ty 1 8 00 f t p
uz z e e c e c o d th g u m t h vee er s n , e n us a e

ac q ir d v lo ity f 1 8 f t p s o d b kw d wh
u e a e c o ee er ec n ac ar s en

th proj til e l ft th e mu l
e ec But we a e i fo m d th t in
e zz e . r n r e a

r lity it h d t moved at ll
ea a no a .

39 2 Ag i it i state d by M jor Mac ki l y R A i hi

. a n, s a n a , , n s

T xt boo k f Gu ry 1 8 87 th t by F h xp ri m t ’
e -
o nn e , , a a re n c e e en

it w fo nd th t
as 24 m
u i h) g h d o ly r oil d
a a -
c .
-
nc un a n ec e

i c h during the ti m th t i t h d t k
n f th pro e a a a en or e

jec t il t t
erav l l l oth w y d o
e w t h
a bor ; t h v loe i ty o f a n e e e e c

re c oil w th as fee t us d i t att i d i t maxi mum , an a ne s

v lo ity f 17 f t t a pe riod
e c o ee ec o d l ate r
a I th is s n .
”
n

c ase th g w s e omp r tiv ly hort

un a a c wi th mo d r te a a e s o ne, a e a

c h g ar f po wd r
e o th t th ff c t f fric tion i produc i g
e ,
so a e e e o n n

the i mm di t re oil w s n t so gr at
e a e c a o e

Mr Bu tter s s tate me nt
’
be taken with res erve must q
It i s ui te possi l e b
b
. .

th at th e re are c ase s i n wh i c h th e g u n does n ot mo ve ac k wards un til th e

roj ec ti l e l e aves th e muz zl e , bu t th at i s no t al way s th e c as e

p .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 185

Mr Will i m A d o ob rv d th t i th ca f
393 . . a n e rs n se e a n e se o

l Oi h g fir d from M i fl di pp ri g rri g '

a -
nc un e a o nc r e sa ea n ca a e

th g e did t move t l l till th proj til l ft th m

un no a l a e ec e e e u zz e .

394 T h r i th r for I t h i k v y tro g p

. e e s e empt iv e, n ,
er s n re su e

evid f th xi t
e nc e f i mport t lo gi t di l for w rd
o e e s e nc e o an n u na a

str i b tw th tr io
a ns e d th me en l th m g it d
e un n n s an e uz z e , e a n u e

an d p h p th erxi t a s f whi h h v t h i t h rto b

e e s enc e o c a e no e ee n

sus p td ec e .

39 5 I w proc ee d to th e in ve tig tio

. no f th s strains s a n o e e

as follo w s

1 Strai ns due to I nertia f

o M a ss i n f r o nt of Tr un ni ons .

39 6 Le t . M to ta l ms a s of
g u n and re oili g p rt
c n a of

ca rri g a e ;
m mass o f th e portion of th e g un in fr ont of
an y sec t io n at a ;
out r r di f h se at a ;R e a us o c a

p r di f bor ; a us o e

P m xi mum i t r l po wd r pr s u e a n e na e e s r .

T he th e movi g for e i s P p
n M
3
5
2
3 d the movi g
n c vr
2
, an n

for e ac ting
c at the s t io t w ill b ec n a a e

and ki g th e weights W
ta n an d W1 , and o se b rving th at the
tio l area at a ( R 2
se c na '
11
'

we get

Str mp
a er sq. mc h et a :
W ; P P 2

W ( R p
2
)
°

Forw a rd Strai n due to the D ifi

'

2 erenc es betwee n the Area

.
f
o

the Obturation and that of the Bor e .

397 T s is e. hi qual to the maximum pre ssure multiplie d

by th e difl e renc e
'

o f a e a, r and it may be tak e n u

p at th e .

tr io un n ns, i n whi c h c ase it o ly

n ac ts as eas n i g the re oil c .
186 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

3 For war d Str ai ns du e to the Pr oj ec ti le

. .

39 8 . T hi
hr fold Fi t th i th tr i
s stra n i is t ee . rs , e re s e s a n

re q ir d t for th rot ti g ri g i to th g oov

u e o ce It e a n n n e r es . s

amo t d p d f ou
un e u po enth di m is, o dm t i l c rs e , n e e n s o n s an a er a

of th rot ti g i g b t i t i p ob bly f
e a n g t mo t
r n ,
u s r a o no re a a un ,

an d o ly t fn h ort tim t th b gi i g f th motio

ac s or a s e a e e nn n o e n

of th proj til e r t di g i t motio ec d i r

e, i g th e ar n s n an n c e as n e

m im m pr
ax u It ff t m y t h for b
e ss ure o id d. s e ec a e re e e c ns e re

as i l d d i th t f th pr r
nc u e n a o e e ss u e .

Th x t p r t f th
e ne tr i i th t da t f i tio
o Th e s a n s a ue o r c n . e

fri tio
c f th proj til
n o th h e o id r d li di g
ec e on e c as e c ns e e as a s n

f i tio i i mpl y th w ig h t f th p oj til m ltipli d by

r c n s s e e o e r ec e u e

th e o ffi i t f fri tio
c e c en d i m ll th t it m y b
o c n , an s so s a a a e

ne gl t d Th i how v th fri tio ri i g f om th

ec e . e re s, e e r, e c n a s n r e

r tio f th ifl g oov g i t th proj til whi h

e ac n o e r e r es a a ns e ec e, c

myb a ti m t d by th w ll k o w for mul

e es a e e e -
n n a .

Str ai n ar isi ng f m F
ror i c ti on of P r oduc ts o f Combusti on .

h
39 9 T . e re are two hypoth e ses by whi h this s bj c u ect may
b i v tig
e n es ate d.

Fi t t h rs ,
at th e r es istan c e due to fr c t i io v ri dir tlyn a es ec as

th e de n s t iy an d as th e s q u are f t h v lo i ty f th
o e e c o e

p ro d t uc s .

S o d th
ec n ,
at it i s i dpn e e n de n t o n th e v lo ity
e c and v ri
a es

di r tly ec as th e pr r e ssu e .

l st Hyp othesi s .

400 Le t i t be
.
assu med th at
1 88 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI GS .

No w the de ns t iy at

an d th e su rf
ac e is 2 vr d
p y, c o n se q u e nt ly
2 1r d 1 + “
g )
p y 1
3
-
s
v
zg w

an d w t ri i g
n

R =fB t r/+
011 !
3
c

1 i ’
( 1 ) J
{5 }
w "

t w,
+ 1 3, Constant ( )
6
( L a
W he n y 0 th e r it es s an c e htd is t a ue to th e su rfac e of

th e l gth
en I, bu t th en th v lo ity
e e c is ze ro th r fo
,
e e re

R 0, an d C o nstan t 0, an d wh y en a

R =f B ( x

an dw h en a L

Secon d Hyp othe si s .

pi g
Ado t n th e sa me n ot tio
a n and makin g use of

Nobl b o
an d A e l s f rmu l if p be th e pr r th e b
’
e a, , essu e on ase

of th proj til
e t ec e a an y poi t n a

4 31
P
i:
a
°
57 l l
but th e pr r
e ssu e at t he bre h i l w y s gr
ec s a a e ate r th an h
t at o n
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 89

th e proj til the r fore

ec e, e l e t it be de n te d o by a
p ,” t h en th e
mean pr r e s su e

2
( )

T he are a o f su rfa e c ex po se d 2 71 p a, and if 4 ; be th e

c oe ffi i
c en t o f fri c tio n,

R = 2 1r p wp £

°
43 l
p 3 =P
cc
°
57 l

No w P i s a maxi mum for so me vl a ue o f a a, gr e ate r th an I

w hi h will b fo
c e u nd by th e r l ti o
e a n

°
43 l
P’ = P
wl °
57 l

Wh e re P1 i s th e maxi mum powd r pr ssur i th g e e e n e un , an d

P th e pr r
e ss u e in a c lo v l 43 to from whi h w
se e sse n s, c e g e t
m
(gy 4 31 + a7 l
o

rod i g whi h val u

in t uc n c e of a i to (3) w
n e g e t th e maxi mum
r ites s anc e

57 1
} 5
( )
-

App li cati on to 6 -i nch Gun .

l st Hyp othesi s .

L fee t .

I 2 8 33

C 0 55 1
°
c ubi c feet .

34
w : 34 l bs =
224o
f rom wh h 1c
6 656
an d by formula (7 )
R 4746 f .
1 90 I N TERNAL BALLISTI CS .

403 No w, i f we ta
. k th r pt ri g for
e e u u n c e as 44 6 t o n s, as

ho
s wn i n 5 38 2, we a hv e

( )
a St ri a n ri i g from i r ti f th e t b
a s n ne a o
"

u e an d c oil ,
as

follo w s

VV’ 2
Pn p -

2 2 7 to n s
°
.

O
N5 ton s p e r s q i n c h . .

O8 s
(
q i n che s . .

T h r for
e e e,

Strai n x 25 x 2 8 2 44 ton s .

404 .
()
b St ri a ns a ri i g from di ff r
s n e e n c e o f a e a o fo r bturato r
an d bor e

2 5 to n s 38 to n s .

()
4 05 or.w r d tr
0 i d F
t proj til a s a n ue o ec e .

I th i
n th p oj til h d
s c ase rot ti g b d th
e r ec e a no a n an , e

rot tio b i g g iv by rib d th twi t w

a n e n i for m
en s, an e s as a un

t wi t f 1 i 30
s o n .

Th o ffi i t f fri tio i t k
e c e c en §th d tho w ork c n n s a e n as , an e

do net ov r om f i tio wo l d b
o e c e r c n u e

” " 237
1 737 p P l 1
237 u m ( L ‘
43 O w
l
i
an d s n c e

p P 2 5 to n s p e r sq i n c h , . 1:
L m : 30, 73

W o rk done 1 5 7 9 fo o t to ns -

M ean fo rc e 1 5 04 to ns
°

M axi mum fo rc e 1 1 6 6 to ns ;
°
1 92 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS .

c oe fli c i e n t of fr c t i io n as p di g o ly
de pr r
en n n on e ssu e , th e
se codbi g n fli i e n a c oe d c en t whi h v ri with th d ity
c a es e ens an

v lo ity f th pr d t
e c o e o uc s .

4 1 0 F rth r o fi m tio
. u f th lo gi t di l tr i d
e c n r a n o e n u na s a n ue

to fri tio f th prod ts i g iv

c n by th f t th t i
o e uc s en e ac a n a

6 in h wi
-
c g m d fro m mre
y d ig t A
un, b k ff by a e es ns a ou o ,

Admi l K l k l t fl th p t f th t l t b i fo t
'

ra o o o zo , e ar o e s ee u e n r n

o f th t io bo t 8 f t i l g th w s t lly lo
e run n n s, a u ee n en , a ac u a e n

g t d 135 f i h ft fi i g 500 ro d
a e o an nc a er r n un s.

T hi g di ffsd f om th g un whi h w fir d t Wool

e re r e un c as e a

wi h i c mu h
,
th gr t t p rt f th forw r d tr i w
nas c as e e a es a o e a s a n as

t k
a u p by th
en j k t li ttl i fro t f th tru io e ac e a e n n o e nn n s,

wh r th e e tio l r f th j k t ( l o
e se c t iro ) w v ry
na a ea o e ac e a s c as n as e

m h g t r th th t t th m l f th Wool wi h g
uc re a e an a a e u zz e o e c un .

Th ight f t f th t b i dv
e e eef thi w q it f
o e u e n a anc e o s as u e re e

to lo g t d t h w
e n fo
a e , an ti g i t x p t th e re as n o rc e ac n on e ce e

f i tio
r c f th p oj til
n o d th t f th p rod t
e r f m ec e an a o e uc s o co

bus ti on .

o ld ot b lo g t d by y d form ti
It c u n i i g from
e e n a e an e a on ar s n

th i t r l pr
e r
n e na th pr r th t p rt w v ry
e ss u e , as e e ss u e o n a a as e

f b lo w th
ar e l ti limit f ompr io e e as c or c e ss n .

4 1 1 Th for goi g ob rv tio

. e d i v t ig ti
e m t n se a ns an n es a ons us

b t ke with r
e a r b t I thi k th y ffo d t o g p
n e se v e , u n e a r s r n re

s mpti
u e vi d th t thi hith r to
ve gl t d ff t f th
enc e a s e ne ec e e ec o e

fri tio c f th pro d t h

n o v ry i mpo t t b ri g th
e uc s as a e r an ea n on e

lo git di l tr i
n u th na h f s g i fro
a n t f t h on e c ase o a un n n o e

t io
ru n n ns .

Th c id t t th 6 i h g
e ac enf rr d t i o e -
nc u n re e e o n

w rt i ly d t for w rd fo c whi h I m bl t
as c e a n ue o a a r e c a un a e o

ac cou t f oth r wi n d I thi k i t

or t o ly e ti f to y se , an n no n un sa s ac r ,

b t v ry
u f ir th t I w
e un aith r llo w d t give my vi w
, a as n e e a e o e s

to th Ord e Co mmi tt tn an c e th r po t whi h ee , n or o se e e e r c

t h y m d t th W
e aOffi e T tr at thi r port
o e ar ce . o e s e as c on

fid ti en b tw my l f d th Ord n D p tm t
a as e e en se an e na ce e ar en

is no t o ly b rd b t it i u b i
n a su lik d f ir d ,
u s n us n e ss-
e an un a , an

i t is di ffic l t t de r t d h w u h rvo b b
un s an o s uc re se e c an e e ne

fi i l t th p ubli
c a rvi
o e c se ce .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS . 1 93

Cha mber i ng .

41 2 A good d l
. ea b tt h d t
of i mpo t r an c e h as ee n a ac e o

c h a mb ri g if i t w
e n , mas f r d i g th m xim m e re a e an s o e uc n e a u

pr e ss urei g u nw i tho uta ff t i g i t

n, i i t i l v l i t y a ec n s n a e oc .

Thi it s ot d T h m xim m p
c an n o . t i p e ib a u re s sure , cae er s ar u s,

v ri s th gr vi m t i c d ity whi h h othi g t d with

a es a e a e r en s , c as n n o o

t h di m t r f th e h mb r
e a e e o T h o ly ffe t f i r c a i g e . e n e c o n c e as n

th di m t r f th
e a e eh mb r i t d ro e ci t l gth f a th
e s o e c e ase s en or e

sa m c h rg f po wd r
e a e o d f o r thi d r as th to t l e , an o c u se s ec e es e a

l g th f th gu b t
en o my
e ily b how do
n, u , as t a e as e s n, es no

d r e c e ase i t w ight I f t it o m wh t i r
s e . i t o wi g
n ac s e a nc e ase s , n

t tho xt e e i f th br h pl g T h m l v lo ity
ra s ze o e e ec u . e uz z e e c ,

c wt i p ri bu d p d
er s a th l gth f tr v l f th pro
s, e en s on e en o a e o e

jec t i l th
e , so t t h a t l la g t h f th e g u i s d
c ua r d en o e n e c ease

s imply by th di ff r b tw th l gth f th h mb
e e e nc e e e en e en o e c a er

an d it q iv l t l gth Thi d r
s e u a en f l gth i do b t
en . s e c e ase o en s u

l e ss an a dv t g f vlg
an a e or na a u ns .

4 1 3 Th . i di ffi lty i
e re o tr ti g h mb d wir
s no cu n c ns uc n c a e re e

g u n s, an d I m f opi io ath t 1 2o i h h m b nr d w irn

g a a -
nc c a e e e un

o f bout 6 5 to
a i w igh t d 30 f t lo g migh t b m d
ns n e an ee n , e a e

w i th q l pow r f p tr tio
e ua e th 1 1 0 t
o e ne i h a n as e -
on nc

El wi k g
s c t 1 000 y rd un d whi h wo l d x
a d it t
a s, an c u e c ee a

an
y lo g r d i nt e w orki g f o
s an c e, r t high r pr s rn , o c u se , a a e es u e,

b t with
u gr t r r l tiv tr i
no ea e th e g e a e s a n on un .

4 1 4 A r e g rd t h
. s l l g d w v pr
a s I will o ly
e a e e a e e ssure , n

r p t wh t I h ve show b fo wh tr ti g f Ig itio
e ea a a n e re en ea n o n n
,

th t wi th
a prop rly o tru t d rtri dg s s t i su e
a e c ns c e ca e, o a o n r

ra pid Ig itio th r wil l b n n, w pr re e e no av e e ssu e .

4 1 5 Th . h mbe r d g h ho w v r th dv t g th t
e unc a e un as e e e a an a e a

an y w igh t oef h rg b fi r d
c w i t ha f l l gr
e vi mc ant i e e u a e r c

d en s i ty whil i th h mb r d g
,
e n
y h e cg b loa w t h e e u n an c ar e e e

f l l h rg e mu t b fire d wi th lo w r gr vi m t i d
u c a . s e ity e a e r c e ns ,

d p di g
e en i t we ight
n on d co quently with l os f
s , an nse a s o

b llisti fl t
a c e
‘

ec .
1 94 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS .

Rifl ing .

41 6 Th e . little or no ff t th
sy ste m of ri fli n
g h as e ec on e

m le v loc ity o f th proj c til or th e m ximu m powd r

uzz e e e e a e

pr As r gard a c r y f fi
essure . i t m tt r othi g
e s c u ac o re , a e s n n

wh th r th twi t be u iform or i rea i g pro i d d th

e e e s n nc s n , v e e

i r i g twist e as t i r
n c eas n hort di t f o m th c es o nc e ase a s s an c e r e

mu l If i th e l t thr
zz e . or four libre f l gth th
n as ee ca s o en e

p oj til h s th right mo t f rot tio

r ec e a d i tr uly e a un o a n an s

c en tr d whi h it m y b wi th ith r y t m f i fl i g it
e , c a e e e s s e o r n ,

m tt r othi g
a e s n f y f fi i o r d wh tn , so ar as ac c u rac o re s c nc e n e ,
a

w t b for
en or how th t rot tio w
e e,q i d a a n as ac u re .

Th d g r f ov r ri di g th groov
e an eor f y p rti l
o e -
n e e s, o an a a

j mmi g i gr t t with th iform t wi t t th b gi i g

a n , s e a es e un s a e e nn n

o f th motio ed d r v ry r pidly th proj til

n an e c e ase s e a as e ec e

ac q i v lo ity whil t with th i

u re s e i g twi t i t i
c , s e n c re as n s s ex

ac tl y th r v r co q tly th ff t f y h p r ti l
e e e se , n se uen e e ec o an s uc a a

j mmi g d p e di g it do
a n ,
th eudde lo f rgy
n n as es on e s n ss o en e ,

i m h greate r wi th th i c re i g twi t
s uc e n as n s .

417 ill c o c lud thi h pt r by fe w word

. I w n t hi e s c a e a s on s

subj c t I h ve alre dy giv

e . my re o wh
a d li g a en as ns, en ea n

wi th th e powde r que tio f thi ki g th t th v ry io s n, or n n a e e se r us

i cr
n e f rosio i s d
e as o hi fly t the ormo i
e n i ue c e o en us n c re as e n

th vol me f th e prod t
e u f omb tio o o s q t th uc s o c us n, c n e ue n on e

i reas d c h rg s r quire d by l w pr
nc e u re po wd r
a e d t th e o e ss e an o e

v y high t mp r tur f omb tio f th brow po wd

er e e a e o c us n o e n er .

T he Rus i a 6 i c h wi g s bov e
n m tio d fi
-
r d
n 1 000 re un a en ne e

rou d with 394 lbs f bl k pri m ti powde r d th

n s . o ac s a c , an e

ero io was moder te d the gu till se rvic bl ltho gh

s n a , an n s ea e, a u

of co r the c c ur c y of fi e was di mi i shed

u se G a rl a r n . e ne a
1 96 I N TERNAL BALL I S TI CS .

app l d t t how th gr t s p riori ty f th wi y t m

ea e o, o s e ea u e o e re s s e

t th t f h p
o a I wi h how v
o 00 t s.ll tt tio t th s , e e r, o ca a en n o e

rem rk bl work f G
a a e l K l k t ki oth i t l
e n e ra a a ou s on e n e rn a

t i
s ra n si h ti n t t l forgi g
e re n d th d g ro
n c as -
s ee n s, an e an e us

ch t r th y m y
arac e m ed r th ordi ry p a ti
as su f e un e e na rac ce o

h d i g t mp i g d
ar en n ,
e li g d th gg v tio
er n , an ann e a n , an e a ra a n

of th d g r whi h m y i f o m th min t i
e an e c r i f
a ar s e r e u e n ac c u ac e s o

wo k m r hip wh i h i t i impo ibl t

an s void i
c h s m ss e o a n su c a co

plic t d tr t r
a e s l g hoop d g
uc u e Fro m l l th
as a ar e e un . a e se

difli l ti th wir
cu y t m f o t tio i fr
es e e s s edI f l o c n s ruc n s e e , an ee

co fid t th t th vi w
n en thia bj t whi h f th l t
e e s on s su ec c or e as

thi ty y r I h v b
r ea s dvo ti g w ill a elo g b dmitt d
e en a ca n , e re n e a e

t b o orr t v by tho wh h v
e c ec e en lo g look d po se o a e so - n e u n

th m s th d
e am f i i e y t h
re a i t s o a v s o n ar e or s .
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 1 97

CHAPTER V .

GUNS C ONSID ERED A S T H ERM OD YNAM I C M ACH I NES.

4 20 C . o ob rt i h i Pri ip d T h rmo
un t St . R e n s nc es e e

dy miq T i 1 8 70 i di t d g r lly th r l tio f

’
na ue , ur n , , n ca e e ne a e e a n o

b lli ti ff t t th mo dy mi l w d i
a s c e ec o er pprp na c a s, an n a a e re

t d t th I tit tio
se n e o e f Civil E gi
ns u d p bli h d
n o n n e e rs, an u s e

i vol l xxx S io 1 8 8 4 8 5
n . .
—
,
f th ir Mi t s f P
e ss n , o e nu e o ro

di g I d vo r d t ply o R ob r
’ ’
c ee n s, en
p C ea t d u e S t t o a un e . e s

m thod t d t rmi
e o th i iti l velo i ty d v lo i ty f
e e ne e n a c an e c o

r oi l f rifl d g
ec o e un s .

42 1 T h . bj t i e suf o id ecbl i t e t d s o ne o c ns e ra e n er s , an as

th ep p r bov m ti d o t i d m y typogr phi l

a e a e en on e c n a ne an a ca

an d o th or 1 h v modi fi d i t i th pr t h pt
e r e rr s, a e e n e e se n c a er .

4 22 A g . i m hi f th o v r io
un s a ac f h t i tone or e c n e s n o ea n

m h i l for j st a m h
ec an c a i
c e, t m u g i s I t huc as s a s ea -
en ne . n e

g unt h e h t op r t ea thro gh th m
e a esh i l for f u
x e ec an c a ce o e

p i
an s o n f th og s w hi c h e vol d i
a e s,m l t o u ly w i th are e ve s u an e s

th h t
e ea .

Th g p thro gh y l f whi h th i iti l t t

e se ase s ass u a c c e o c e n a s a e

i th high t mp
s e t r f ig i tio
e f th po wd r
e ra u e o d th n n o e e , an e

fi l t t th t wh
na s a e th p oj til l v
a th
en
g e C r ec e ea es e un . o n se

q tly th h t xp d d m t be r pr t d by th work
uen e ea e en e us e e sen e e

do ne i ov r o mi g th v rio
n e c r it n d i i mp rt
e a us e s s anc e s, an n a

i g
n rgy t th p oj til th g
e ne o e d the pro d t
r ec f e, e u n , an uc s o

c omb tio us n.

42 3 Le t.

A H be th e un ts o f e at a st ac te d fr m th e i
h b r o prod u c ts

o f c m ust n in ass n o b io
f m th e p i g ro i i ti l
n a to
t he fin a te m e at ure l pr .
1 98 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI OS .

A Q , i t f h
th e e t
un p i
s og fro m th e
a p od u t i
ass nt o r c s n

th body f th g e o e un .

A l th
, i r m t f i t r l work i the g
e nc e en o n e na n as es

d i g th m tim
ur n e sa e e.

A W th xt ,
l work do o i ti g f
e e e rn a ne , c ns s n o

( ) T h t ti a l r i t c f
e s a t h i t ca e s s an e o e a r o

th motio f th proj til e i n o e ec e, n

oth wo d th tmo ph ri p er r s, e a s e c re s

r t i l di g th i r
su e , nod nc u n e n c e ase

r it d t v lo itye s s an c e ue o e c .

( )
b T h w o k d o i givi
e g ro t t io r t ne n n a n o

th proj til e ec e.

() T h fri t ioc f th pr
e j til o c th n o e o ec e n e

ri fl i n
g .

d
( ) Th e w o k do r ne in ov r omi g th
e c n e

f i tio
r c f th n o e gas c -
h k d pro ec an

j e c til e .

( o k d o e i) o
Th e r
w o mi g th r ne n ve c n e

ri io f th prod t f m f ct n o e uc s o co

b ti i th bo us on n e re .

(f ) W ork do i t r t hi g th g i ne n s e c n e un c r

mf ti ll y d lo g it di l ly
cu e re n a an n u na .

A V th m f th e su gy q ir d by th whol
o e ene r ac u e e e

y t m f proj til g g
s s e o ri g p ec e, un , u n c ar -
a e, ro

d t f omb t io
uc s o d c th r it us n , an s e es s

f th i d
an c e t t h v lo i ty
o e f th a r ue o e e c o e

proj til ec e .

J Jo l o ffi i t f th m h i l q iv l t f
’
, u e s c e c en o e ec an c a e u a en o

h t or ea ,

77 2 fo o t l bs -
. 1 u ni t .

424 T. h en we hva e th e fo l lo wmg re atl io n,

200 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

im t d th t about 2 50 i t f h t w r imparted from

e st a e a un s o ea e e
~

one kilogr mm f powd a bo t 30 p

e o t e r, o r a u er c en .

Nobl d Ab l from xp ri me t m d
e an e ,
1 2 po d e e n s a e on a -
un er

3i h g
-
nc fo d th t 545
un , it f h t w r b t te d i
un a un s o ea e e a s rac n

9 ro d un f 1 4 lb s o h 7 2 kilog mm s . whi h giv

e ac , or
°

ra e s, c es

6 05 u i t p n ou d or 7 5 } it p kilog mm f po wd r
s er r n , un s er ra e o e ,

01 abo t 9 6 p c t
°
u er en .

T h y f rth r
e ti m t d th t wi th a 1 0 i h gu th e lo
u e es a e a -
nc n ss

wo l d u t x d 35 p
no e t cee > er c e n .

42 7 Th r . b o do bt th t th e p r
e e c an t g
e n f lo i u a e cen a e o ss s

m hl uc i l rg g
e ss b
n awhil t th
e b orbi g rf
uns, e c au se s e a s n su ac e

o ly i r
n th
nc eas e s as q r f th li l dim io i i mil e s ua e o e ne a ens ns n s ar

g i
u ns smil rly lo d d th a w igh t f h g
a e d o q
, tly e e o c ar e , an c n se ue n

th q e ti ty f h e t e volv d i r
uan o s th
a b e ,
n c e ase as e cu e .

W i tho t pr te di g tu y gr
e t n r y i n
q t io o an ea ac c u ac n a ue s n

wh th m y l m t
e re e an om f th m e e rt ie n s, o r s e o e , are u nc e a n , an

a pproxim t ol tio f th probl m m y b tt mp t d

a e s u n o e e a e a e e .

42 8 I . n it w ho w th t if b th lo f as s n a s e e ss o

t empe t ra u re ,

l og z + z log a = log

w hr e e a c o nsta n t ;
°

0002 37
e mi ssi ve
po w r f g um d e o ases, ass e 1
b orbi g po w r f m t l
a s n 15 ; e o e a
°

m p c i fi h t f p od t
e an s e c ea o r uc s o f c omb ti us on

1 86 ;
me an pe r t f prod
te m a u re o uc ts ;
f xpo d i dm 2
s ur a c e e se n .

w igh t f c h rg i kilog
e o a e n ra mme s .

W ith h
t e se v l u (4) b om
a es ec es

To
log l og 0001 9 1 0 x 1 007 7 log
2 ( )
5
- -
2 x f
}

fr om whi h c 2 is e as ily d t e er min e d .

T he n 2 x 0 u itn f s o h e at r pre e se n te d by th e fa l l of
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI c sf

te m pr e atu e , an d r i f th e t ta o l un i t volv
se e d fr om 1 kilogr a mme
be t k
a e n at 728 ,

n ta e o f l o ss
pe r c e g .

429 bov xp io (5) o t i

. Th e a d Te eTh re ss n c n a ns 7 an o. e

form i th er ti m d ri g whi h th
s e g i xpo d
e t u n c e un s e se o

th h t d prod t whil t th proj til i p

e ea e i g lo g th
u c s, s e ec e s ass n a n e

bo re Th i m y b
. ti m t d if w k o w th l gth f
s a e es a e , e n e en o

th g
e d t h un m l v
anlo i ty by m f eM S r u zz e e c , e an s o . ar au s
’

for m l u a .

I th n f q i k po wd r th i for m l i
e c as e o af th form u c e s u a s o e

V = o fi .

h r for w r pr t th v lo iti by th ordi t

I f, t e e e, e e e se n e e c es e na es

of v f whi h th or po di g b i r pr t th
a c ur e, o c e c re s n n a sc ssa; e e se n e

di t tr v ll d by th p oj t il
s an c e a th
e e f thi rv e r ec e, e are a o s cu e,

t k
a from l
en 0t l l (th l g th f t v l ) di id d by l
o e en o ra e v e ,

w ill giv th e e

M e an v e l o c i ty

a nd s n c e i

we g e t
M e an v e l oc i ty
°
8 42l V .

T h e re f re o th e t im whi h th proj
e c e ect il e ta k es in re hi g
ac n

th e muzz e l is

an d s n c e i
V
’
zrs
we g e t fin a lly th ti m e e in r eac hi g th n e muzzl e

l 1 88 E
V
°
.
2 02 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

4 30 Th e te m
. pre atu re o f th e g un a e s as th e r v ri
p oj ti l ec e

p lo g th
ass e s a n e bo re , bu t it w ill
be sufli c ie n t fo r th e pr t e se n

p rpo t t k T th m
u se o a e o as e e an t mp r t
e d ri g th t i m
e a u re u n e e

t h t th
a proj til i i th
e ec e s n e g u Tnh i.m y b fo d s a e un as

follo w : s

431 A ordi g t Nobl e an d A b l form l

’
. cc n o e s u a

t an d to b i g b ol
e n a s ute te m p r
e ratu e s , o r, as s ho wn b for
e e,

074

S i nc e th e vol
propo tio l t th di t u p d
me s are r na o e s an c e asse

ov t ki g f
e r, th
a q iv l t l gth f th h mb
n o r v, e e u a en en o e c a er,

th t i t
a
y th
s l g th o f yli
sa d w ho
,
di m t e i en o a c n er se a e er s

t h t f th bor
a o d who ep ity i th t f th h mb
e an se c a ac s a o e c a e r,

an d m ki g thi a q iv l t l gth th ity f l gth d y

n s e u a en en e un o en ,
an

th di t
e mov d by th ho t m
s an c e d i th m e i ty e s e asu re n e sa e un ,

th v l
e f will b
a ue o y 1 v y d e v, ,
an

4 32 . If t h en p t b p
th e te m t d bye ra u re e re re se n e a c u ve , r
th e are a o f th at c u rv divid d by th l gth f b i
e e e en o a sc ssa w ill
giv e the me an te mp r t B t th
e a u re r f th r . u e a ea o e c u ve is

L 9 39 4 t,

[
~

wh r L i th l gth f th
e e s e en o e
g un i l di g th
nc u n e e q iv l
u a e nt

l gth f th h mb r d
en o e c a e , an l is th eq iv l e u a e nt l g th
en of

ch mb r or i f l b t k
a e ,
e a en as un i ty L i th
, s e nu mb er o f
exp io an s ns .
2 04 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

an d li bl t
i t i s, more ove r
t i ty wi th r p t t ,
a e o unc e r a n es ec o

th l u f th mi iv pow r f th prod t f m
e va e o e e ss e e o e uc s o co

b tius I t i prob bl ho w v r th t i th
on . s f l g a e, e e ,
a n e c as e o ar e

g wi th h vy h rg
u ns, f lo w bur i g po wd
ea th c p a es o s -
n n e r, e a

p oxi m tio i tol r bly c or t

r a n s e a re c .

A I I nter nal
. Work of Gases .

436 Th e . i t r l work i
n e na p rf t ga xp n a e ec s e an d n i g is
zero , an d as powd g ppro h v y lo l y t
er ases a ac er c se o th e c on

ditio n of a p rf t g we m y
e ec m A Ias,0 a assu e . .

A W Es tern a l . Wor k .

( )
437 . i a x t r l wo k
The firs t te m o f
i e e na r s th e w ork do ne

ag i t th tmo ph ri p
a ns e a p t from s e c re ss ure , a ar an y i r
n c e ase o f

r it d
e s s an c e t th v l ity f xp l io
ue o e e oc o e u s n.

I f th r for p tmo ph i p
e e er ; a s er c re ss u e

A f bo ; are a o re

L l gth f t l f hot ; en o ra v e o s

R r it ; e s s an c e

th work do
e RL p A L ; ne . .

Work done i n g i vi ng Rota ti on to the Shot .

438 . b
( ) Le t ight f hot
W we o s

umb r o f
m libr t tu n f th
n e ca es o o ne r o e

hot or twi t 1 i m; s s n

V m l v lo ity f h t ; uzz e e c o s o

7 07 r di f gyr tio f yali dri l

us o a n or c n ca

body volvi g rou d it xi re n n s a s.

T h en th e v lo i ty f rot tio f th
e c o tr of gyr tioa i n o e c en e a n s

707 W V
E
“

an d th e mass i s
m 9
th r for
e e e

11 7 07
2g
.

( m
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 2 05

Fr i cti on o f the P r oj ec ti le i n the Gr oove .

439 .
() c Fo r th e sa k e of s i mpli ity c , the tw st i s i me d assu

t o be unifo m r . T h en if th e pit h f th c o e ri fl i n
g b e 1 i n m an d

P th e pr r ess u e o n th e b as e o f th hot e s

Fo rc e to gi v e ro tatio n P 1 5)

I f p be the p wde o r pr e ssu e r y poi at an nt as o f the t rvl f

a e o

ho
th e s t, th e e ssu pr r e on th b e will b as e e p qr
p
”
, p b i g
e nth e

i
rad u s o f th e ba se , an d su s b tit ti g i u n n we g e t
a 2
" p
Force to gi ve r o tati o n at a :
2 m
I f Pl be th e i i tial pre r
n ssu e

P1
p 2 1 .
57

an d or
f ce to giv rot tio
e a n at a

( ) 43
,
w P
. e

2 m

1
an d 1 f
5
be the co e fli c 1e n t o f fr1 c t1 on , and th e pr e ss u re he i n

t o ns
p e r s q r in h thi r
ua e c , s edu c es to

1 p
’
1 7 37 P,
°

m 1 2a7

)
n
°

z
(
, .
57

No w if l he th e q iv l
e u a en t l en
gt h of th h mb r e c a e in fe e t,
and a th e r
a ea o f th e bor e
2 06 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

Wor k done in over co mi ng the Gr ip qf the Rotating Ring when

44 0 . d
( ) Th e f ri tio
c
p n ho t i
rOp e r o f
d t i t f o m th e s , as s nc r

th e f ri tio d
c n ue to th re tio
e f th rifl d gro v
ac i o ly
n o e e o e s, s n

W
wh Wien s th e w ig h t f th
e hot th t the work do
o e s , so a ne
n

V
Y— L
hi h i m ll th t i t m y b
w c gl c t d Th
s so s a a a e ne e e . e
n

fo r q ir d t pr th hot i to th g oov i o ly t
rc e e u e o e ss e s n e r es s n a

th b gi
e i g f th motio
e nn n d i o ly m ll fr tio
o f e n , an s n a s a ac n o

th po wd r p
e de thi oo
re ssure , an th i g as s c e as e s as s n as e r n

h t r d th g oov
as e n e e th work do i q i t i ig ifi t
e r e s, e ne s u e ns n c an ,

an dm y l o b agl t d
a s e ne ec e .

Wor k done in over co ming the Fri ction of the Pr oducts f

o

Combusti on i n the Bor e .

441 .pr viou h pt r th q tio f th fl t of

In a e s c a e e ue s n o e e
'

ec

th f i tion f th pro d t w
e r c o di de t w hypoth uc s as sc usse on o e se s ,

wi th r f r t th
e e e nc elo git di l str i p odu d th
o e n u na a n r ce on e

ch f th g
as e o e un .

I w tt mp ti g t
n no a rt i th w k do i ov r
e n o asc e a n e or ne n e

coming this f i tio I will dopt th r c o d hypoth i

n a e se c n es s

whi h ppo th t th fri tio i proportio l t

c su ses a e c n s na o

th p e r ress u e .

44 2 W h . th e proj ec ti l i
en t any poi t the re i t ce e s a n a s s an

d e t th e fri c tio i by ( 3)
u o 401 ) n s

4
1 b i g th
e ne c o e fi
f c i t o f fri tio en c n.

N w th e fro t portio
o f thi ma n n o s ss of produ c ts move s
forw d d ar whil t th a, r r portio i s e ea n s at r e s t. Wh e re fore
 I N TERN AL BALLI S TI CS .

Fo r an y oth r e io
e xte n s n 2, l ess h
t an a , l o t 41 be th e f o rc e

e xe rt d th
e ,
en s l
$5 or d
$ 2 , an d th e w o k do
r ne th r o gh u

2 d2 x B dy
y
t
I n te gr ati n g in r p
es ect of 2, w h en 2 a l -

E , we g e t

W o rk do n e

Re pl i g l by
ac n 2 vr
y,we g e t

W o rk do n e

4 44 No w ty is
. a fun c t io n of y , an d i f f l be th e i n te rn a l
powd pr er e ssu e , r p an d R th e i n te rn a l an d e xte n a r l r dii a ,
an d

R
m
p
.

m z — l

su b tit ti g whi h i
s u n c n
( )
23 we ge t

R 2 2

W or k do n e dy 1 2
( )4

w hi h giv
c es by i nte gr tio
a n

f f
1
m2
1
W o rk don e
i j { R 2 R l og m
2 ’

( m ’
2

44 5 . P ro c e ed n i g in lik e manne r fo r co mpr e ssio n we g e t

f
’
m 2 — 1 1 R3

W ork do n e
E m
,
R + 2 R 108
2 a
5
+
( 2
’

an d add n i g th ese tog th r e e ,

T o tal w ork done

 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 209

44 6 . i ti b to
I f th e d f t thi giv
un esth work e ns an ee , s es e

do n e p li er l foo t d
n ea i th r f f 1 li ,
l anfoo t s nc e e su ac e o ne a

is 2 or
p m ki
, g B i
a t y th work
n do p i t unf s rf , e ne er un o u ac e

i s go t by dividi g th rf by 2 p whi h giv

n e su ac e 71 , c es

m 2
1 f— 1
2

W ork done p er un1 t o f Surfac e

m2
1 2 E
P ( )
2 8

an d thi s i s th e wo k do r ne in f oot to
-
ns
p er s q r foot
ua e of

su rfac e o f c h mb r a e .

Wor k don e i n Exp an di ng the Chase .

447 . v ri i thi k
As the c h
th v l ase f m is a es n c n e s s, e a ue o

not o t t b t th v ri tio i
c n s an ,
t f uh m g it d e a a n s no o suc a n u e as

serio ly t ff t th
us o lt d th for it will b f
a ec e re su s, an e re e e su

fii t t
c en m m
o assu thi k f th h
e a d m k e an c n e ss o e c ase , an a e

u se of th v l f m b lo g i g th
e a ue o to e n n e re .

44 8 Pro .di g th th wo k do
ce e p i
n t f r f u s, e r ne er un o su ac e

m y b d t rmi d
a e e e bov i g i t d f th o t t
ne as a e , us n , n s ea o e c n s an

pr r f th v yi g p
e ssu e l , r t h poi t f th h
e ar n re ssu e s a e ac n o e c ase ,

wh i h i c f tio
s a f th l gth t v ll d by th
un c h ot
n o e en ra e e e s .

L t L b th tot l l gth f tr v l ;
e e e a en o a e

I th q iv l t l gth f th h mb r ;
e e u a en en o e c a e

y i t m
a and i t l gth ; n er e a e en

P th pr , r i th h mb ; e e ssu e n e c a er

p th pr t ; e essu re a a

an d the w ork do ne in d a is
m 2
1 2 1 74

i
.
fl

pa P’
E m’
l
210 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI OS .

an d i nte
g rati gnthi s, an d ta ki g n a L, th e to ta l w ork
do ne is

2
48 1 1

( L +

Work done i n Stretchi ng the Gun between Br eech and

Tr un ni ons .

449 Assu m n t at the st a

. i g h ri n is iformly di t ib t d ov r
un s r u e e

ro io
th e c ss se ct n o f th e gu n , t hi s s tr i p a nq r i her s ua e nc

T h en if l be th e t ta o l l gth from br c h t tr u io
en ee o nn n s,

T o tal e xte n si o n 41

i
4 5 0 Fo r any
. i
nte rm di e ate e xte n s io n y, t h e f or ce an:E

f
, an d

v ei
ork do i
the w ne n dy E
l
y

I t gr ti g
n e a n an d maki ng y the o l
t ta e xte n s io n, we g e t
I
w k do it r i l
“
or 4 ne p e r un of a ea ; an d s n c e the to ta
2E

r
a ea 2 1r (R ’
an d d b ituti g
su st n we g e t

T o tal work done

212 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 .

454 Le t . a be an y i
d stanc e f rom th e poi t f r n o e st on th e
muz zle s id e , an d
y an y di t n c from th e sam poi
s a e e nt o n th e
br h id th
ee c s e, en

V e l oci ty at a u : ( 33)
a

V e l oc i ty at y a y .
( )
34

45 5 Le t 8. den s t iy prod c t f omb tio ;

of u s o c us n

A r
a ea o f bor e .

No w the m me n ts are e o q l uah id f th poi on e ac s e o e nt o f

r h
est, an d t ese are , o n e th m l iduzz e s e,

8A a a,

9 l

and o n th e br eec h id s e

”
SA a,
’
2g u u,

and as th e se are in opp it

os e i
d rec t io n s, h ir
t e alge br i
a c

su m is

No w 8 A l w, t h e re f or e

2
29 0 4

45 6 . Fo r th e v is viv a in th e d re c t i ion of th e muzzl e we

hv
a e

and in the oppo it dir tio

s e ec n
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 08 . 21 3

th e i rl
nte g a s o f w hi h c are

”
8Al u
s
ss z u,

m m ’
°

3g u + 3g u +

t he re for e th e t ta o l vis viv a is

w hi h i
c s th e vl a ue o f

D eter mi nati on f
o R d s, or the Work done i n over co ming the
r esi stance o f the Ai r due to Veloci ty .

i g th r i t
4 57 Assu m n
. t b proport io l t th e es s anc e o e na o e

cu be f th v lo ity R
o e b i g o ffi i t d t rmi d
e c ,
a. u
“
, a e n a c e c en e e ne

ex p ri me t lly en a .

F o m e xp ri me t m d wi th th B h f th hro ogr ph
r e n s a e e as or c n a

th i t f 1 0 i h ogiv l h d d proj til

e re s s an c e o a t 1 000 -
nc a -
ea e ec e a

f t p
ee co d i er 233 l b th e r for th r i t nce t
se n s
y s .
, e e e es s a a an

v lo ity u i
e c s

000000233 u s
,

a. 000000233 .

458 v loc ity of the proj ec til if Sa rau s mo o

. No w th e e e, r
’
n

mi l formul b dmitt d i C
a a wh re C i
e a c o sta t d e , s a
“
, e s a n n an

a th di t e t ve ll d by th proj til
s an c e T h r fore if u b
ra e e ec e. e e , e

th e muz l v lo i ty an d l th tot l tr v l of th e proj til

z e e c , e a a e ec e

i
a = C ll C an d C
21 4 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI 0S .

th r fore e e, th e v lo i ty
e c at

m fir
()
u
a; u
T
“ l
l
o
c nse q ue n t ly
-
0000002 33

“
B a a; 0000002 33 13
G)
3

an d i nte g at n r i gb e twee n

a : l an d a : 0,
°
0000002 33 x 6 ” u
3

°
00000001 4 9 l u
3

45 9 . T hi s is in l bs fo r . a 10 -
i h proj til
nc ec e , an d ass u ming
t he i
r e s stan c e to be dire c t ly as th r thi m
e a e a, s us t be d ivid d
e

by
1 44
to giv e th e ire s s tan c e
p q r
er sfoo t ua e an d th r for
e e e

for an y c a l ibr e c, th e r it
es s an c e w ill b e

"
0
0000001 4 9 c
~
5 54 T;
0000000214 c
2
l u
3

or dividi g by 2 240 f n or f oot to -

ns

000000000095 6 2
0 l 14
3

U i ti n es, fe e t, seco n ds, and f o

ot -
t o ns .

46 0 F . rom th q lity e e ua of mo men ta .

mm = mu +
21 6 I N TERN AL BALLI S TI CS .

0
4 21 5 X 36 5 2 ,

th r for
e e e

Fall of te mp e r atur e to t

7 72 x 6 36 5 x 300 x 5 6 3
J AH fo o t to n s
-
.

2 2 40

J A Q
l o g { 0001 9 1 x 1 } l og
5,
0
f

Wh e re z i s th e loss
p r ture i d gr Ce tigr d
of te m e a n e e es n a e .

r, th ti m
e f c o mb tio
e o f th h g whi h is h r
us n o e c ar e, c e e

ass me d t b th sam
u o th t i m o f p
e eg f e as e e assa e o

th p roj c til t th m
e e l whi h i s f o
e o e uzz e , c , o c u rse ,

m xim m v l
a a d
u how i form l
a ue , an as s n n u a

1
°
1 48 8 1,
5
-
L an d v in me tre s .

L feet metres .

v is assu med 2 000 fee t metre s p e r second.

1
°
01 33 .

mean b ol t tempe rature of p od t i

a s u e r uc s n

de gr ees C tig r de whi h by

en a wh
, t i s th
c en o e

a sb ol ute t mpe tu re of c ombusti o

era 2274 C is n
°
.
,
 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS . 21 7

_ 1 433 23
mu
u
7 29
o

1 8 96 C
°
x 22 74 x .

5 86

a im t r qu su rface in de c e es s are 7 00 3 °

w w igh t f h rg i kilogr e o c a e n a mmes 1 36 2 °

.

An d m ki g f th
a vl n u se o e se a ues

l og 2 l og °
0001 91 x x
°
01 33 } log

°
7 248 8 °
71 1 10
Fr om whi h c we g et 2 an d if c me an s ecp ifi c

h eat
°

1 86 , an d w th e we g t o f ih prod u c ts ki l o g
o l lo
the t ta h ss of e at i s 2 3 x 1 36 2 x
°

186 un it
s

( F r h
e nc
) or i E gli h , i t n n s un s, x 2312 , or
i th
n q iv l t f work do
e e u a en o ne

foo t tons -
.

A 1 = 0 .

46 6 .
( ) a

1 4 7 5 x 78 54 x 2 2 5
- -

1 1 6 4 foo t to ns -
.

2 24 0

b
( ) Rota ti on of Pr oj ec ti le .

E
y
“
W o rk do n e
2g m
11
21 8 I N TERNAL BALLI S TI CS .

He re W 5 00l bs .

m 30, or o ne tu r n i n 30 ca libr es .

T h r fore
e e

500 707 x 2

)
°

"
042 5 5 “
2 .

T
o r, i n fo o t tons-
00001 9 n
a
fo o t tons -
.

468 .

He r by
e

W kd or on e

d a;
_ 1 7 37
o ( zv +

w hi h i
c nte gr ate d b e twe e n th e limit s L and 0 give s
“ 1 3 37
1 737 p F, 1 1
2 37 mn ( L 43 l)
’
° °

p 5 i n c hes °
4 1 6 6 feet, m 30,

P, 2 5 92 ton s pe r sq fo o t, . l feet, L fe et.

M ki ga n us e o f w hi h v l
c a u es i n th e a bov e, we ge t

1 1
W rk d
o o ne 2 98 4

°
46 19 } foot tons
-
.

469 . d
( ) F r i c ti on p p
r o er o f Pr oj ec tile and Base Ri ng .

T h e fr c ti i o n of th e p ojr l itself is v ry small and is by

e c ti e e

(5 440)
2 20 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

Wor k done i n Stretch mg G un .

47 1 . By (28 ) th e ork do
w ne
p e r f oot of su rf ac e of th e
c h mb r i
a e s

w hr
e e

i nternal p re ss ure 1 8 to ns pe r sq in c h , .

2 5 9 2 tons p e r sq foo t, .

p 7 i nc hes 05 333 feet,

and th e surfac e o f th e c ha mber

1 6 5 sq fee t . .

E modul us of e l as tic i ty

1 3000 tons p er sq in c h . .

x 2 592 x x
2 x 13000 x 1 44

4 72 . By ( 30) work do ne is

1 1
E m 2
1
‘
P m
1 4 74 ( 4 3 0
- -

i ti
un e s, fee t, and tons p q r foot ;
e r s ua e and tak i g
n a mean
vl a ue fo r R th e outer r di 8 333
a us .

p P, 25 9 2, E 1 3000 X 1 44,
l = 8 2 32 ,
°
L = 22 5, °

m + 1
I
B + p
8 2
8 333 2
41 6 6 l
 I N TERNAL BALLIS TI CS . 22 1

T he r for
e e

I 1
W = ao 7 5
{ 1 546
- -

7 42 5 fo o t to n s -
.

Str etc hi ng between Breech and Tr un nions .

473 . By (32 ) work do ne is

He n ce

R 20 ft .
°
4 1 6 6 ft . 1 9 ft .

R ‘
p
’I

x x 9 x 2 59 2 ”

1 1 73 fo o t to ns
x
°
-
.

1 3000 X 1 4 4 15 2

D etermi na ti on f
o AV .

( )
1 Vi s viv a of proje til c e

W
9

W o rk do n e

W 5 00 l bs .

2 2 32
W
°

o rk do n e 00346 5 fo o t to ns
x u -
.

2 32 2
.

475 . 2
( ) Vi s viv a of gu n an d rec oili g p rtn a o f ca rri age

W
“:
9
22 2 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

Tak i g the w igh t o f gu

n e n and re oili g p rt
c n a o f ca rri age at

36 t o n s,

W ork do n e 5 5 9 n, “

47 6 .
( )
3 Vi s viv a of g ases , or
By (42) thi s is

?
“I

“
an d work don e (
’
n n,

w 1 339 to ns .

1 339
W o rk do n e
6 x
a
+ u,
3 _

°
0006 9 3 ( n 2
n
2
n ul ) foo t to n s -
.

Resi stance o
f Ai r R dw .

47 7 . By (44) thi s is °
000000000095 6 c
"
’
l n
3

He n c e
8 333 fo o t .

Th e vl a ue of u must be assume d , hi
an d in t s c ase '
we will
take i t at 2 000 fe e t p e r se c nd,o whi h g ive c s work do ne

1 1 45 f oo o
t t
-
ns .
224 INTERNAL BALLISTI 08 .

su b tit ti g which i
s u n n th e a bov e we ge t

”
1 6747 0042 07 a ,

u 1 9 95 fee t pe r sec o n d,

whi h i
c s th e muzzle v lo ity ;
e c an d

°
008 05 1 995 feet p er sec o n d ;

w hi h i
c s th e v lo ity
e c of r e co il .

479 F r . om whi h w c e ge t

W o rk do n e fo r ro tati on 00001 9 a
”
7 5 62 foo t to n s
-
.

fr i c ti o n o f gun 1 940 00
on p r oje c ti l e
°
00346 5 a
”
1 4 2 6 5 00
an d c arri a e 559 a
on gun
g n, 1 49 00°

0006 9 3 ( u 2 2

l ug}
ga
°
on se s a
2 743 00

4 8 0 Summary
. of Wo r k do ne .

1 37 96 0 foo t to n s,
-

un an d car r i age in reco i l 1 49 0

g
°

: a 8 35 9 9

Fri c tio n of gas es

Ro tati on
Re si stan c e of air ( s tati c al
) 1 1 64

1 1 45

Fric ti on of p ro ec j
til e 1 01
in ri di n
g 8 3 34

Stre tc hin g gu n
Equi val ent of h eat i mp ar te d to gun

T o tal 1 9 7 34 7 fo o t to n s
°
-
.
 I NTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 225

4 8 1 T he . e q iv l
u a ent of th e h e at ex pe nde d, as s how n in
was f oot to -
n s, so t h at th e i
d ffe re nc e i s
1 54 f oo t to or 0 75 p t
-
ns,
°

e r c en .

4 8 2 T ki g th whol h t d v lop d i th
. a n omb tio e e ea e e e n e c us n

o f th powd r t 1 2 9 8 4
e it p 1h th q iv l nt work f
e a
°
un s er e e u a e o

300 l b i s . s foo t to s
.
-
n .

Of thi th r i s
co t df e e s ac un e or

s howi g lo f n a foot to ss o
; t h w hol -
ns e e

o f whi h i i th r i d l h t f th g
c s th yn p e es ua ea o e ase s as e esc a e

from th g t b ol t t mp r t r f 36 52 F b
e un a an a s u e e e a u e o
’
a .

4 8 3 I t th pp r th t if w o id r th
. us rgy a e a s, a e c ns e e e ne

i mp rt d t th proj til th
a e s f l o ff t o ly e ec e, e u e u e ec n

1 37 9 5 1
l b or bo t 1 03 p c e t o f th po we r s .
,
a u er n . e
1 34 2 6 0
i tili d
s u se .

48 4 Of th work . t lly d i t h gu n th e follo wi g

e ac u a o ne n e , n

ar e th p t g s
e e rc e n a e

U s e fu l ,
eflect on
’

p r o ec ti j
l e
p e r c e n t.

Effe c t o n rec o i l 7 64
on th e gases 24 2 40
O n ro tati on and fri c ti o n o f p ro ]e c til es 810 °

On e xp ul s i o n o f ai r str etc h in g gun 25 0

B eatin g th e gun

1 00 000

48 5 ob rv d v lo i ty with thi gu w s bou t 2 1 00

. T he se e e c s n a a

f t p
ee o d b t as th ob v d v lo i ty i al w y om
e r se c n , u e se r e e c s a s s e

wh t gr t r th
a th r l m l v loc i ty owi g t th e
ea e an e ea uz z e e , n o

co ti d tio of th g
n nu e th ac t l mu l nv lo i ty e ases, e ac ua zz e e c

w ld b
ou bo t 2 06 5 f et p
e a o d or about 3§ p
u t e e r sec n , er c en .

abov th l l tio
e T hi diff r
e i
ca cu a t mo th ns . s e en c e s no re an

might b p t d i e th tw import t item o f l f

e ex ec e , s nc e o an s oss o

h t d f i tio f ga
ea an su bjr ct t o id r b l n o se s are ec o c ns e a e un

ce rt i t y
a n I t pp r th r .for th t th e The r mody mi
a e a s, e e e, a na c

m t
e ho d g iv v ry ppro xi m t ly c orr t
es res l ts e a a e ec u .

48 6 T he fo d tio
.
f i t i of r the fall of t mpe
un a n o s c o u se e ra

Q
226 INTER NAL BALLISTI CS .

tu re i n th e g un, or mor orr tly t t d th diff r e c ec s a e , e e e nc e

b e twe e n th e te m e p r t r of o mb tio d th t mp t r
a u e c us n an e e e ra u e

of prod t
th e uc s a t th ti m th proj til
e h th m l
e e ec e re ac es e uz z e ,

a d thi i g t by u i g Nobl d Ab l q tio wh ’

n s s o s n e an e s e ua n, e re

th h g f
e c an e o t mp r t r
e i give a u ea f tio f th s en as un c n o e

c h g f vol m
an e o u e.

48 7 I thi q ti it i s ppo d th t the whol f th

. n s e ua on s u se a e o e

po wd r i o v rt d i to prod t b fo th h g f
e s c n e e n uc s e re e c an e o

vol m b gi u d th t i t i th
e e t th h i gh t t mp
n s, an a s en a e es e e ra

t r u e, d th t ft r w d i
an xp di g
a d doi g wo k i t
a e ar s n e an n an n r ,

f ll t th low r t mp r t r
a s o e e e e a u e .

48 8 T thi i t m y b obj t d th t i th
. o s e f g a e ec e ,
a n e c as o a un ,

th o ditio d t i t th t th po wd r b gi t d
e se c n ns o no ex s a e e e ns o o

wo k roo th
as s omb tio b gi ; th t i t l o b gi
n as e c us n e ns a a s e ns

by i mp ti g o m p t f it h t t th g
ar n s o q tly e ar o s ea o e un , c n se ue n

lo w i g th t mp t r d p
er n e f th p od t
e d
e ra u e an re ssu re o e r uc s, an

it m y b aid th t d r h i m l t o g r tio
e sa , a un e s uc a s u an e us e ne a n

an d xp di t r e f h t th
en lt m t b v y diff r t
u e o ea , e r e su us e er e en

f om th t f th fir t h ypoth i
r a o B t tho wh hol d thi
e s es s . u se o s

vi w o gh t t imply t
e u e t th t i t m y b
no b tt
s o ass r a a e so , u o

show why it m t us .

48 9 T h ppli tio bov giv f th Th rmody mi

. e a ca n a e en o e e na c

m th o d t th l O i h g
e o ho w th t it giv r lt whi h
e -
nc un s s a es esu s c

pr ti lly gr with xp rim t d th i f

ac ca a ee i e e en , an e n e re n c e s,

th t l tho gh th p o
a a f omb tio m y v ry th
u e ff t r c e ss o c us n a a ,
e e ec

i p
s t i lly th
rac m ca e sa e .

4 9 0 Thi i i d d di ti tly t t d by Co t d St
. s s n ee s nc s a e un e .

Rob rt wh y P i c ip d Th rmody miq p 2 5 2 ’

e o sa s r n es e e na ue , . 1 ,
,

T i ur n, Q l q oit l mod d o mb tio d l ue ue s a e e c us n e a

h g d po d l rm 3 f q ll o m ’
d
’
c ar e e u re an s a e e u, u e e se c ns u e

i t t ém t
n s an an s iv m t l en d x t mp e t
ou su c c e s e en , es eu e ra u re s

t t ro t to jo l mem
se n L pr mi u dép d du rs es es . a e
‘

e re en e

l omp itio d l po d ; ll t dé t r mi é p l
a c os n e a u re e e es e n e ar a

e ti
r ac hi miq q i pe p d t q l po d p
on c ue u s o
’ ‘

re en an ue a u re asse

3 l et t g L o d dép d q e d r p port d
’
1 x a az e u . a se c n e no en u u a e

l p
’
es o upé p l g l q il t l t mpe t t a
ac e , cc ar es az o rs u
’
s on a e ra ure o

l p c q il o p t pr l dé t t dans l ame d rrie

’ ’ ‘ ’
es a e u s ccu en a es a en e e re
228 I NTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

C H APT ER VI .

Concl udi ng Remarks .

493 Up t th pr t ti m powd r o mpo d f itr t

. o e e se n e e c se o n a e

o f pot h o l d l ph h b
assa, c arc a ,
anl mo t l iv ly su ur as e en a s e xc us e

u se d f till y
o r ar d th propor tio
er ,
anf th i gr di t
e ns o e se n e en s

h v t v i d m h b t v ry g t lt tio h t k
a e no ar e uc , u a e re a a e ra n as a en

p l i
ac e t h ni d fo m
e s z e an f th g i T h l rt t r h v
o e ra n s . e se a e a e

v y l g ly i
er ar e d wi th th vi w f r d i g th p
n c re ase , e e o e uc n e res

r
s u e , an d thi obj t h s b till f r th r tt i
ec asd by th een s u e a a ne e

P i m ti fo m wh r by th I g i tio i m d mor g d l
r s a c r , e e e n n s a e e ra ua .

494 W hil t i thi w y th p

. s ,
n h b om r d
s a , d e r e ssu re as ec e e uc e ,

it h b
as ee n y l g ly t i r
n e c e s sa r th h rg l
ar e o nc e as e e c a e s re a ~

t i l y t th w igh t f proj til

ve o e e d th i o gi h i
ec e , an s, a a n, as n e c e ss

t t d th
a e i r d l g th f g
e n c e ase It h f th
en l d t o un s . as ur er e o

in c re ase d o io d o th i o v i
er s n an er nc n en enc e s .

49 5 I t m y v y w ll b
. a k d w h th r t m h h
er e e as t e e e oo uc as n o

b e e n sac rifi d t thi r d tio f P

ce o s d wh th
e uc n o r e ssu re , an e er our

Ord D p tm t h
n an c e e b
ar d i ent th pr t ti m
as e e n , an s a e ese n e,

on th ight t k i g
e r rac t t io n u n c o n s ru c n .

4 9 6 It m y b
. k d Wh i th
a e as e ity f limi ti g
, e re s e n e c e ss o n

th m i m m pr ax r i g t 1 6 or 1 7 to p q
u e s su e n a un
"

e o ns er s u are

i h?
nc

497 I .
g u m
n ad oli d d
n f ho m og
a e s o m t l t h ,
r an o ene us e a , e e

i i d d
s n ee l i mi t tio t th i t r l pr r th t i t wi ll
a a n o e n e na e ss u e a

b r i th t il fo
ea ,
v z . e f th m t l ; b t i
e ns e b il t up
rc e o e e a u n a u -

g un t hi li m it s tio i t a ry nd i t i q
s no i t po ibl
n e c e s sa , an s u e ss e

to m k a g e a w hi h wunill t b t i c d t m or th 2 0
no t o e s ra n e o e an n s,

whil t th i t
s elp r m y b 4 0 to p q r i h
n ern a re ssu e a e ns er s ua e nc .

I f th ,
th
e n, l ti li mi t f th m t ri l f thi g b
e e as c o e a e a o s un e

2 5 to i t i p f tly
n s, s rt i th t i t m y b bj t d t
er ec ce a n a a e su ec e o an

i t r l pr r f 40 to witho t i j ry Wh y th n
n e na e s su e o ns u n u .
, e ,
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 2 29

li mi t th i t r l pr r t 1 7 to th r by i volvi g
e n e na e ssu e o n s, e e n n a

l rg h rg d m y o th r i o v i
a er c a e an an e nc n en enc e s

4 9 8 I t i p rf tly rt i pp r f om M S rr ’
. s e ec ce a n , as a ea s r . a au s

i v tig tio f lly o fir m d by xp ri m t l r lt th t

n es a n s, u c n e e e en a e su s, a

th b lli ti
e a ff t f giv s w ight f po wde r i
c e ec o a en e o nc re ase s as

th m xi m m pr
e a i h u d th for th obj t f
e ssu re nc re se s , an e re e e ec o

th g e o tr tor ho ld b t i
un c ns thuc tr gth f th s u e o n c re ase e s en o e

g un, so as t m t r t h for f tho po wd r r th

as er th t e ce o e e , a e an o

se ek f w k powd r t it w k g
or a ea di r th e o su a ea un , an n c e ase e

b lli ti ff t by i r d w ight f h rg
a s c e ec d l g th
an n c e ase e o c a e , an en

of gu n .

Thi i th p th t r d
s s e f w y r a
g en e ed t ill on a e ea s a o, an s

p r i t d i by
e s s e g n m f t r o ur d i t i by t
un hi an u ac u e rs, an s s

p i ipl th t
r nc eOrd D p rt m t i
a o ur w g ui d d d
n anc e e a en s no e , an

o ur n e w m m t i b i g o tr t d
ar a en s e n c ns uc e .

4 9 9 Nothi g h
. b id i th pr di g h pt
n as een sa n e ece n c a ers

abo t th w powd r whi h h v b i v t d i F r e

u e ne e s c a e e en n en e n an c

an d i thi n o tyb s c v rythi g c o t d with th m

un r ,
e c ause e e n nn ec e e

i k p t p o fo d
s e a r t x pti g th t f om ti m t ti m
r un se c e , e ce n a r e o e

w e areta tl d with r s l t id t b ob t i d with th e

r e e su s sa o e a ne es

ne w xplo iv e s es .

5 00 O . e t o io Lord Arm tro g pr idi g t

n a r c en c c as n s n , es n a

a m ti g f th El wi k Comp y i re port d t h v
ee n o e s c id an , s e o a e sa

th t with th po wd r
a w m d by th C hil worth Co mp
e e no y a e e an ,

a c h g f
ar e o th i r d l w igh t th
on e -
hith r to d giv e ss e an e u se es a

m l v lo i ty f 2400 f t p o d th t i t y
0

uz z e e c o ee e r se c n a s o sa ,

a high v lo ity th th ordi y po wd r H id othi g

er e c an e nar e . e sa n n

abo t th m xi m m pr
u e ab t thi i li mit d by th
u e ssure , u as s s e e

O d r D p rtm t t 1 7 to
n an c e e p a q r i
en h i t i t bo ns er s ua e nc , s o e

pr m d th t thi w
esu e t x a d d N w it i s r t i th t
as n o e c ee e . o , s ce a n a

no h
su
c ff t b pro
e d ecd wi th h
c an r o l e d i t t uc e a c a c a an n ra e

powd r T h for or str gth f po wd r i a ho w i

e . e c e, en , o a e s, s s n n

P ” T
1 08 ) d ot d by whi h i rly o 0 0 o
en e t t f c s n ea c n s an or
2 73
all h po wd r ; b t i t i q it po ibl th t th prod t f
suc e s u s u e ss e a e uc o

ri bl
‘

th t w
e o va dT m y b i a e s v0 and by th f o a e nc re ase e use o

oth i gr di t If f i t
er n e en s om i g di t oth
.
, or n s an c e , s e n re en er
230 IN TERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

t h c harc oal w r us d p bl of givi g

an e e inc rease d e , ca a e n an

vol m of g with th m v lu f T mor po w f l

u e as e sa e a e o o, a e er u

p wd r would r lt If g i
o e r m i s o t t whil t
e su .
, a a n, no e a n c ns an ,
s

T w i cr
0 as d th sam r
n lt wo ld
e ase , e d af ti i
e e esu u e nsu , an or or ,

i f bo th d T we re i r
s o an d till mor po w f l po wd
o n c e ase ,
a s e er u er

woul d b obt i d e a ne .

5 01 T h q . tio how v r till re m i Wh t will b th e

e ues n, e e , s a n s, a e

e ff t fec h p o wd
o suc r g rd th m xi m m pr r th e r as e a s e a u e ssu e , e

e ro io f th gu
s n o d th tor g e d k pi g prop rti
n , an f e s a e an ee n e es o

su c h po wd r e

502 St bil i ty
. f o tit t io
a i f th utmo t i mo c ns u n s o e s

p rt c i g powd If it b li bl t h g
o an e n un t er . e a e o c an e so as o

a lt r it
e h r t ri ti
s it i
c vi d t th t r g t bl e
a ac e s c s,
”
s e en a an e a s

m t b om f li ttl
us ec e o e u se .

5 03 S h h g m y b
. uc bro ght bo t ith r by
c an e a e u a u e e a

c h g i th hyg o opi or i th
an e n e h mi l o ditio f
r sc c n e c e ca c n n o

th po wd r
e e .

5 04 C h r o l p wd
. a c o l y bj t t th fi t f
a o e rs are n su ec o e rs o

th h g
ese c d th l
an moi t e s, an th y o t i th mo e e ss s ure e c n a n e re

t bl th y
s a e F thi r
e o it m y b xp t d th t
are . or s e as n a e e ec e a

c o o powd r whi h c t i
c a e high p
, t gc f moi t r on a n s a e rc e n a e o s u e,

will b mor e bj t t h g d b o m mor viol t i

e su ec o c an e an ec e e en n

h t li m t
o c th tha esbl k po wd r whi h o t i l
an e ac e s, c c n a n e ss

moi t r s u e .

5 05 Ch r o l po wd
. a c t bj t t h mi l h g
a e rs are no su ec o c e ca c an e

e x pt t v ry high t mp r t r O th oth r h d powd

ce a e e e a u es . n e e an , e rs

c ompo d f b t se whi h h v e gr t
o su h mi l fli ity
s an c e s c a e a er c e ca a n

i tn er m y be xp t d t
so, a d rgo o id r bl e h g ec e o un e c ns e a e c an e

wh k pt d r rt i o ditio diff ri g from tho

en e un e ce a n c n ns e n se

un d r whi h th y w r m uf t r d
e c e e e an ac u e .

5 06 Altho gh th
. ompo i tio f th w powd i k pt
u e c s n o e ne e rs s e

se c er t i t i v ry prob bl th t th y
,
s e t g t xt t a e a e are o a re a e en

c ompo d f mmo i d pi t or th ir log

un s o a d
n a an c ra e s e an a ue s, an

if th y
so do bt li bl t c h g if k pt f
e are n o ti m i
u a e o an e e or a e n a

m d r t ly high t mp r t r
o e a e h wo ld obt i e bo rd e a u e , su c as u a n on a

s h ip or i m g i i th tropi
n a az n e s n e cs .

50 7 S h .h g m i gh
uc t t o ly ca ff t t
an h h m i c l
e no n ec e c e a c on
232 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

POST SCRIPT .

AFT ER the pre di g p g h d go t pr s I r iv d ce n a es a ne o e s, ec e e ,

thro gh th e ki d
u f my f i d L i t Cro i r opi
n n ess o f r en eu . z e , c es o

Not th C o t r tio f Ord N

’
e s on e 36 ns d 42 uc n o n anc e , os . an .

No 36 i by Li t W M M d lf
. s f th O deu D p rt
. . . e ca e, o e r n an c e e a

m t U S A my
en . d i d t d 2 8 th April 1 8 8 6
. r , It i an s a e , . s

ti tl d Appli tio f S r F or mul t Am ri

’
en e ca n o a rau s as o e c an

Po wd r dG
’
e s an un s .

No 42 i l tio f S r R h r h T h é oriq
’
.t s a ran s a n o ar au s ec e c es ues

su r l C h rg m t d
o Bo h é f wi th Not
a e en d es uc es eu,
’
es an

Ap p di by Li t D A H ow d O d
en x D p rtm t
eu . . . ar ,
r n an c e e a en

U S Army
. . d i d t d 1 9 th A g t 1 8 87
, an s a e u us , .

T h p bli ti e u f th do m t f th
ca on o f fi e se cu en s or e use o o ce rs

of th Ord e D p rt m t by
n an c e tho i ty f th S t y
e a en ,
au r o e ec re a r

of St t f W
a e f th U it d St t
or i vid
ar o f th e n e a e s, s e e nc e o e

high v l tt h d i th t o t y t M S r i v ti
a ue a ac e n a c un r o . ar au s
’
n es

g t
ai t h pr
o ns , ti l v leu f w hi h i vi dac t by t h
ca t bl a e o c s e en e a es

whi h c prod d t th
are re d f thi Po t ipt d
uc e a e en o s s sc r ,
an

whi h will b fo
c d f gr t i t r t t e rtill ry offi r
un o ea n e es o a e c e s.

T bl 1 o t i
a e th b lli ti
. c l m t f v rio Am ri
n a ns e a s c e e en s o a us e can

se rvi g with th ir r l tiv po wd r d th b lli ti

ce u ns, e e a e e s an e a s c

r lt obt i d
e su s a ne .

T bl 1 1 giv th
a e h r t ri ti
. f ixt
es Am i e c a ac e s cs o s ee n e r c an

powd r e s.

T bl III how th v ri fi tio

a e . f th
s h t ri ti
s e e ca n o e c arac e s cs

by omp ri o f th t l m l r l tio
c a s n o d pr r e ac ua uzz e e a n s an e ssu es

w i th tho d d d from th form l

se e uc e e u ae .

T bl A t k fro m L i t H ow r d App dix t

’
a e ,
a en eu . a s en o

N 42 g iv
o . th,
Ch t ri ti
es f mb r f bro w
e
“
arac e s cs o a nu e o n

p i m ti powd t t d i
r s a c 8 i h g e rs es e n an -
nc un .
 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 . 233

b B
Ta l e . The v ifi atio
er c n of s om e of t he se sam po wd r e e s

in th e me gun sa .

An e xamin atio n h t bl whi h giv th s lts f of t e se a e s, c e e re u o

1 38 ro d fired fro m g u
un s v ryi g from i h t 1 2 i ch ns a n -
nc o -
n

calibr d with di ff r t powd r hows h w ti f torily

e , an e en e s, s o sa s ac

M S . method r pr s t th
arrau s
’
tu l f t f till y e e en s e ac a ac s o ar er

pr ti ac d c o se qu tly h w i mport t hi i v tig tio

c e , an n en o an s n es a ns

are , both reg ds b lli ti pr ctias ar d th e o tr tio a s c a ce an c ns uc n

o f gu ns .

Li t M d lf i p p r No 36 poi t ut th t th
eu . e ca e, n l a e .
, n s o a e v a ue

o f th for e f th po wd ce i t o t t e p i lly
o e er s no c n s an , s ec a as

r g d th b ow pri m ti po wd r
e ar s e r d i th T bl II
n s a c e s, an n e a e .

i t will be th t it v rise e n f om t 0 735 i

a oc a es r o n c oa

powd e r.

T h prob bility f thi s v ri tio i poi t d

e a t i ( 5 327)
o a a n s n e ou n

p g 1 53 t d th v l f f f c oc oa po wd r w th
a e an e, an e a ue o or e as e re

es ti m t d t 0 76 35
a e a .

Th v l e ff f a ue oo o powd r must how ve r be t k or c c a e , e , a en

wi th m h r rv It i w ll k ow th t wi th thi powd r
uc e se e . s e n n a s e ,

an d p i lly wh
es ec a fir d i l g h rg me f th g i
en e n ar e c a e s, so o e ra n s

are blo w t o ly p rti lly o m d d f h

n ou n a a c ns u e , an o su c a c ase

M S rr formul do
. a au s
’
t t k c ou t ; d th v l
a es no a e a c n an e a ue

o f f d t r mi d from
e e y p r t i nel r x p ri m t m t b an a cu a e e en us e

c o id r d o ly
ns e e pproxim t v l u d orr t o ly
as n an a a e a e , an c ec n as

r g rd th b lli ti l m t f th t xp rime t
e a s e a s c e e en s o a e e n .

It ho l d b th obj t f th
s u e till r i t t h ve h ec o e ar e s o a e su c a

vl fa ue o will '
r th ompl t c omb tio f v y
r as e n su e e c e e us n o e er

gr i b for th proj til l v th g

a n e e e ec e e a es e un .

Li t M d l f ob rv
eu . i e Not
ca 36 p g 1 0 th t
e se es n es , a e , a

A y h g i th m thod f m
n c an e n f tur whi h f vo r
e e o an u ac e c a u s

th er g l ri
e t y f
u a b r i g f th gr o i ns will i n e u n nth o e a c r as e e

e ff tivec t r gt h
e sd bl en t obt i with th m
,
an en a e us o a n e sa e

m x
a i m m p u re high r v lo i ti s
re ssu e e c e .

As mi g f
“
su 1 a m n v l f th powd r th t i s a ean a ue o e e a s

e as ily obt i bl d givi g f

a na ordi y d i ti
e, an d n or n ar ens es an

pr r v l u s f sm ll o gh t obt i th ompl t
e ssu es a e o 7
°
a en u o a n e c e e

c omb tio f th grai b for th proj til le v th g

us n o e ns e e e ec e a es e un ,
234 INTERNAL BALLIS TI 08 .

we w ill atte mpt to deduc e th e r l tio b

e a n e twe e n th e de n si t y
an d r '
fo r bro w pri n s mati c po wde r .

N V1 , T bl 1 1
a e . may be tak en as th e s tan da rd , and the

v l e f K i M Sa eq io K
( 5 8)
’
a u o n . rrau s uat n 7 243)
1 87 0

p ge 1 1 9 t m ki g
a a n e, a n

e i nc h es 0 1 2 1 dm .

8 l 828
‘

L i e ut . M edc al fe ow sh s, No . 36 , p g 9 th a e , at wti h th e

l2 i h g th
-
nc lt i un e b tres e su s ob t i d with
a ne a c h rg f
a e o

2 4 6 lb f powd .d vl o f 1 5 93 ( 307 e r, an a a ue o 7 se e ,

p g 1 44 t d N 36 p g
a e d i g th v l f
a n e, an o .
,
a e an us n e a ue o

K 1 2 1 7 j t ob t i d w fi d 8 1 804 whi h i ly
°
us a ne ,
e n , c s n e ar

th t f N R T bl 1 1
a o . .
,
a e .

R f rri g t M S rr form l ( 1 5)
’
e e n 1 74)
o d ( 42 ) . a au s u a an a

Li ut M d l f ob rv th t with lo w po wd r
e . e ca e se es a s e s

t“ 2
th ev lo ity v i e d th prc r d ar e s as
f an e e s su e as
f a
an con
t r

sequ tly f f d r m i o t t y i c
en 1 of whi h an a e a n c ns an , an n re as e 7
'
c

rd e th pr r mu t l o r d th v lo i ty tho gh
uc e s e e ssu e s a s e uc e e e c , u

i l proportio If ho w v r w wi h t d
n a e ss th n .
, e e , e s o e c re ase e

pr re d t i th v lo ity h g d f d m t be
e ssu an re a n e e c un c an e , an 7 us

both i r a d i nc e
f
h m r th t 2; h ll de r whil t
se n suc a ann e a s a c e ase , s

r e mai ns c o
nstant .

Taki g f i n , or nstanc e

Co o po wd r 1 1 30 an d f 735 , an d NV powd r
‘

c a e 7 . . e

7 _ 1 95 2 a nd f 96 8 , we ge t ’

g 8 32 for both , and

6 50 fo r c oo c a, an d
°
49 6 fo r N V . . Co n se qu tly en ,
236 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

c c c c m
a 8 c
o
o a a o
m m m n c o

m a m m
m 3 m m
c u
s a a

0
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4
9
S 8
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d a 5 e
w t 0
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8
m 6 n a m 2
m
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INTERNAL BAL LIS TI 08 . 2 37

O Q O Q Q

3 6 3 ,
3 3 2 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
m 5
32
0 .
238 INTERNAL BALLIS TI CS .

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8 s 8
d e d s
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aw INTERNAL BALLIS TI OS ' '
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38 335 338 8
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LONDON :PRINT ED BY W I LL I A M CLOW ES A N D SO NS, LIM IT ED ,

ST AM FORD ST REET AND CHABING C ROSS.
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A TR EATI SEON THEA PPLI C ATI ON OFWI R ETO THE

C ONSTR UC TI ON OF OR DNA NC E .

By JAMES ATKINSON LONGRIDGE, Mem In st ( LE . . .

8 vc , c l o th , £ 1 58 .

T h e T reatise bf b
i ntro duc es to th e p u l ic fo r the firs t time, th e
e o re u s

res ults o f i nv esti gations wi th o ur gu ns, comme n c ed as l o ng ago as 1 8 5 5 ,

w h ic h are con tinued up to th e p rese n t date Th e work mus t be o f u n usual

.

i n te res t to al l th ose w h o c are for th e futu re p ro speri ty o f En gl an d, wh ic h

q
i s wrap ped up so c l osel y w i th th e ue s ti on treated o f i n th i s work ”
.

J ac kson s
’
Wool wi ch J ou rn a l , Augu s t l s t, 1 884 .

We th ink Mr Lo ngridge h as made

. o ut hi s case , an d th at h i s sy ste m
deserv es a fai r tri al i n co mpari son w ith o th e r p ro misi ng sy s te ms
”—
. Na tu re ,

J ul y 2 4th , 1 88 4 .

E a F . . N . S PO N , 1 2 5 , ST RAN D , L O N D O N .

N E W Y ORK :1 2 , C OR T LAN D T ST R EE T .
 C AT ALOG UE OF SC IENT I FIC BOOK S

7 14“ P ubl i she d i n D en e] 8m, cl o th ,

, c on ta i n i ng 9 7 5 p ag es a nd 2 5 0 I ll us tra tions , p r ice Gel .

SPONS HOUSEHOLD MANUAL

’

A T r easu ry of Domesti c Rec eipts and Guide for Home Management .

P R I N C I P AL C ON T EN T S
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.

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P . 8:F N . . SPON . 3

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T h e W o rk r o o m g
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.

'
h e G ar d e n —Cale ndar o f Op e ra tio ns fo r La w n, Flo wer Garde n, and Ki tc h e n
g
Gfi e n .
“

T h e F a r my a r d —M an ag e me nt o f th e H o rse , Co w, Pig , Po ul try , Bee s , e tc , e tc

S ma ll M o t o r 8 —A des c rip tio n o f th e v ario us s mal l En ine s us e ful fo r do me s tic gm . .

g W
urp o se s,
o

u i nes ,
Po w e r,
G
fro m r
g
man
h o rs e p o we r, w o rke d by v ario us
to 1
as En ine s, Pe tro le u m En i n e s , Ste am En i ne s , Co nde ns i n
i n d Po w e r , a nd t h e v a ri o us me th o ds o f w o rki n an d man a i n
g
e th o ds.
gg g g Lm g suc h
En ine s ,
as
W
El e c t ri c
a te r

H ou s e h o l d L e w — T h e La w re lati n to an dlo rds an d T e nants,

.

Paro c h ia l Autho riti e s, Juri e s , Ins uran c e , N uis an c e , e tc

t
g L .
e .

odg ers, Serv a n ts ,

On D esig n i ng Bel t G ea ri ng . By E .
J . C OW L I N G
W ELC H , M e m I nst M e c h
. . Eng in ee rs,
. Auth o r of D esigning V al v e
G earin g .
’
Fc ap 8 v o , . se w e d, 6d .

A H a n dhooh o f F or mu la , T a hl es , a na
’
M emora naa '
,

for A r c h i tec tu r a l S u rv ey ors

H URST , C E F o urte enth
a nd o th er s
edi ti o n , ro y al
eng ag ed
mo
i n B u il di ng . By J . T .

. .
32 , roan, sr .

It i s n o dis p ara e me nt to th e many e x c e lle n t p u li c ati o ns w e re fe r to , to say tha t in o u r

g bb
o p i n i o n th is l i ttle
p o c k e t ho ok o f H urs t s i s th e v e r y e s t o f th e m all, w i th o u t an y e xc e p tio n
’
-
.

e v ery/
p
g
th i n th at a n y o ne c o n n e c te d w i th uildin
c o m ac t a rm fo r c arr y i n
b
c o u l d re u ir e a nd,
i n th e p o c ke t, me as urin o nl y 5 in b
gg
I t wo uld be us e les s to a tte mp t a re c a it ula tio n o f th e c o nt e n ts , fo r i t a p e ars to co n ta in al mos t
e s t o f all, ma de u p n a
i
in , and a o ut i i n t h i c k,
q b
i n a i mp c o v e r
c o mp iled l i ttle
3
W e c o n ratulate th e auth o r o n th e s u c cess 0 h i s l a o rio us and p rac ti c a l ly
.

b
o o k, w h ic h as re c e iv e d un ua li fie d an d de s e rve d p rai se fro m e v ery p ro fes
. .

b .

s i o nal p erso n to w h o m w e h av e sh o wn it
”
he D u bl in B u ilde r . .

T a hu la tea ’
Weig h ts of A ng l e , T ee ,
B u l h, Rou na ,
'

Sq ua r e, a n d F la t I r o n a n d Steel , an d o th e r i nfo rmati o n fo r th e u se o f

N av al Arc h i te c ts an d Sh i p uilders
e di ti o n , 32 mo , c l o th , as 6 d
b . By C H . . J O RD AN , F o urth
. .

p
A Co m l ete S et of C on tr a c t D oc u men ts f or a Co u n try
L odg e, c o mp risin g D raw i ngs, Sp ec ific ati o ns, D i me ns io ns ( fo r uan ti ti e s ), q
b Q
A strac ts, Bil l o f uanti ti e s , Fo rm o f T e n de r an d C o ntrac t, wi th N o tes
by JL EAN I N G , p rin te d i n fac si mil e o f th e o rig in al do c ume nts, o n si ngl e
.

sh e e ts fc ap , i n p ap e r c ase , i o s
. .

A P r a c ti ca l T r ea tise on H ea t , as ppli d
a e to the
(Awf u l A r ts ; fo r th e Us e o f En gi n ee rs , A r c h i tec ts , & c B v T H O M AS .

Bo x "67th I 4 p l ates T h ird edi tio n , c ro wn 8 v o , c l o th , 1 zs écl

. . . .

A D esc r i pti ve T r ea ti se on M a thema tica l D r a w i ng

I ns tr u men ts : th e i r c o nstruc ti o n, us es , q ual i ti es , s el e c tio n, p reservatio n ,
an d sug ges tio n s fo r i mp ro v e me n ts , w i th hi n ts u p o n D raw i ng and C o l o u r
. . . LY
i ng By W F ST AN E , M R I Fi fth e di ti o n, with n u merous ill us tr atio ns ,
. . .

c ro wn 8v o , c l o th , sr .
4 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT IFIC BOOK S

Q ua n ti ty
trati ons .
S u r vey i ng
Sec ond edi tio n ,
. By
rev i se d, c ro wn
J . LEAN IN G
8 vo , c l o th ,
.

9s
W ith 4 2
.
illu s

C ONT EN T S
A co mplete Exp lanatio n of th e L o n do n Sc h edule o f Pric es
Form o f Sc h e dule o f Pric es
.

Pra c ti c e . .

Ge ne ral Instruc ti o ns . Anal y sis o f Sc h e dule o f Pri c es .

O rde r o f T aking Oll Adj us tme n t o f Ac c o un ts

'

M ode s o f M easure me n t o f th e v arious T ra de s

W W
.

. Fo rm o f a Bi ll o f aria ti o ns
Re marks o n Sp ec i ca tio ns
Vfi .

Use and
V as te
e n tila ti o n and arming
.

. Pri ces and alua ti o n V

of B o rk , w i th
'

Examp l e s an d R e marks u p o n e a c h T rad e

.

C re di ts , wi th v arious Examp les o fT re atmen t

bb Q
. .

A re v ia ti o ns T h e Law as i t afie c ts uan ti ty Su rv e y o rs,

'

narin
g th e D imensi ons
A trac ti ng , wi th Examp les in ill ustrati o n of
ea c h T rade .
.

g
w i th Law Rep orts
T akin O K after th e o ld M e thod
N o rth en Pra c tic e .
.

Billing T h e Ge neral State me n t o f th e M e th o ds

.

Exa mp les o f Pream l es to e ach T rade

Fo rm for a Bill o f uan ti tie s
b .
. re c o mme n de d by th e M an c h e st e r So c ie ty
o f Arc h ite c t s fo r t akin
“

uan ti ti es gQ .

Do
Do
.

.
Bill o f re dits
Bill for Alte rnati v e Esti ma te
Re to ratio ns and Rep airs. and Fo rm o f Bill
.

.
Examp les o f Co l le c tio ns
Ex amp l e s o f T akin O K i n ea ch T ra de
”

Re marks o n th e Pas t and Prese n t M e th ods

g .

b
V ari ati ons e fo re Ac c e p ta n c e o f T e n de r
Errors i n a Builde r s Estima te
’
.
.
.

o f Estima ti ng .

Sp on s A r chi tec ts
’ '
B u i lder s P r i ce B ooh w i th
’ ’
ana ,

use u l M emoran da . Edi te d by W Y O UN G, Arc h i te c t C ro wn 8 v o , c l o th ,

. .

red e dge s, 3s 6d . . P ubl ish ed a n n ual ly Sixte en th editi o n N ew r eady . . .

L ong S -
p an Ra i l w ay B mdg es , co mp ri s i ng Inv e s ti ga
ti o n s th e C o mp arativ e T h eo r e ti c al an d Prac ti c al A dvan tag e s o f th e
of
v ari o us ado p te d o r p ro p o se d T yp e Sy ste ms o f C o n s truc ti o n , w i th n ume ro us

b
F o rmul ae an d T a l es g iv i ng th e w e i gh t o f I ro n o r Ste el req ui re d in
Bri dg e s fro m 300 fe e t to th e l i mi ti ng Sp an s ; to w h i c h are adde d simi l ar
b
I nv estigatio ns an d T a l e s re l atin g to Sh o rt sp an Rai l w ay Bri dge s Se c o n d
K
-
.

an d re v i s e d e di ti o n By B BA ER, Asso c I n st C E P l ates , c row n 8 vo ,

. . . . . .

c l o th , 5s .

E l emen ta ry T h eory an d Ca l cu l a ti on f
o I r on B ri dg es
a nd Roe/ fir By A U G UST RIT T ER, Ph D , Pro fe ss o r at th e Po l y tec h n ic
. . .

Sc h o o l at Aix l a C hap e ll e T ran sla te d fro m th e th ird G erman e di ti o n ,

- -

KY
.

by H R SAN E , C ap t R E
. . W i th 500 i ll u str a ti on s, 8 vo , c lo th, 1 53 . . . .

T he E l emen ta ry P r i n ci l es p o f Ca rg en try By
T H OMAS T REDGOL D Revi se d fro m th e o rigi n al e di ti o n , and p artl y
J
.

t e w ri tte n , b y
-
O H N T H OM A S H URST C o n tai n e d i n 5 1 7 pag es o f l e tte r .

an d i ll us tr a ted w i th 4 8 p l a tes a n d l 50 w ood eng r av i n s S i xth

p r e ss , g .

e di ti o n , re p ri n ted fr o m th e th ird, c ro wn 8 v o , c l o th , 1 2 s 6 d

q b
. .

Se c ti on I On th e E u al i ty an d D is tri u tio n o f Fo rc es Se c tio n I I Re sis tan c e o f

bV
T im e r — S e c t i o n II
.

I C o n s t
m
r u c t i o .n o f F l oo rs —
—
S e c t i o n I V C o n s t ru c t i o n o f R oo fs — Se c .
.

t io n . C o ns truc t
Se c ti on V I I Sc
—
Brid e s Se c ti o
a fl
I
i
o
.

X
o n
ld s
o

,
f

C
S
D
t
fi
a
o
i
'

n
d
e s

m
a
a
n
n
d
d
S
G
h
C u
a
p
n
o
tr
l
i
as
e
'
s —gg
d
Se c t i on V I C o ns tru c t i o n o f Par titio n s
Se c tio n I I I Co ns tr uc tio n o f C e n tre s fo r
S i — Se c ti o n X o o de n Bri d e s
Vg .

W g
g, t tt
b
n o e r a s a ri n a n -
r u n
—
. , .

X J m S Se c tio n X I I T im e r
O

and indu cts S c t o e i n I o t s , tra s

p , a.n d o th e r F as t e n in g s-
. .
6 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT IFIC BO O K S

A P r a c ti ca l T r ea tise on Coa l M i n i ng By G EO RG E
G A N D RE , F G S , Asso c Inst C E , M e m e r o f th e So c ie ty o f En gine e rs
.

PVzth 8 2 l i th ogr ap h ic pl ates

. . . . . . . b .

2 v o l s , ro y al 4 to , c l o th , 31 1 2 s . . .

A P r ac ti ca l T r ea tzse on Ca s ti ng and F o u n di ng ,

i n c lu din g desc ri p ti o ns of th e mo de rn mac hi ne ry e m l o y ed i n th e 1

1
art.
N . E . SPRET SO N , Eng i n ee r T h i rd . e di ti o n , wit 8 2 p l a te :draw n 0
s c al e, 4 1 2 pp de m y 8 v.o , c l o th , 1 8 r .

Th e D e p r ec i a ti o n of F a c to r i es an d th ei r Va l u a ti on .

By EW I N G M AT H ESO N , M In st C E . . . 8v o, c l o th , 6s .

A H a n dhooh of E l ec tr zcal T es ti ng . By H R K EM PE, . .

F o urth e di ti o n , re v ise d an d e n l arg e d, c ro w n 8v o , c l o th , 1 6s .

G as Wor hs :th e ir Arrang e me nt C o n s tru c t io n , Pla n t,

and
8 vo ,
M ac h in ery . By F . CO LY ER, M In s t C E
.
,

. . . Wi th 3! f oldi ng p lates ,

c l o th , 2 4s .

T he Cl er h o/W or hs :a V ade M e c u m fo r -
all e ngag e d
i n th e Sup e rin te n de n c e o f Bu il di n g O p e ratio n s By G . . G . H OS K I N S,
F R I BA
. . T h i rd e di ti o n , fc ap 8 v o , c l o th , I s 6 d
. . . . . .

A mer ica n F ou ndry P r a c ti ce T re ating of Lo am,

D ry San d, an d G re e n San d M o ul din g , an d c o n tai n ing a Prac ti c al T re atise
up o n th e M an ag e me n t O f C up o l as , an d th e M e l ti n g o f Iro n By T D . . .

W EST , Prac ti c al Iro n M o ulde r an d F o un dry F o reman Se c o n d e ditio n , .

wi th n u mer ous i l l ustr ati on s , c ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 1 0s 6 d . .

T he M a i n ten a n ce of M a ca da mi sed R oa ds . By T .

C OD RI N GT O N , G en e ral Sup e ri n ten de n t o f C o unty Ro ads

fo r So uth W al es . 8vo , c l o th , 6s .

Hy dr a u l i c S tea m and H a n d P ow er L if ti ng and

P ress i ng M achi n ery By FR ED ERI C . K C LY O ER , M I ns t C E , M I n st M E
. . . . . . . .

PVi th 73 p la tes , 8 y o , c l o th , 1 8s .

P u mps a nd P u m ing M a chi n ery p . By F . C OLY ER,

M I C E, M I M E
. . . . . . . . PVzth f
2 3 o ldi ng p 1a tes , 8 y o ,
c l o th , 1 zs . 6d .

P um p s and P u m i ng M a chi n eryp By F . C OLY ER .

Wi th
'
Se co n d Par t l a rg e p la tes , 8 v o , c l o th , 1 2 s 6a
'

. II .

A T r ea ti se the Or ig i n , P r og r ess , P r even ti on , a n d

on
C u r e of D ry Rot i n Ti mber w i th Re marks o n th e M e an s o f Prese rv i n g ,

W o o d fro m D estruc tio n by Se a W o rms, Be e tl e s A nts e tc By T H OM AS

LL
-
.
, ,

A EN BR I T T O N l ate Surve y o r to th e M e tro p o l i tan Bo ard o f W o rks,

,

e tc , e tc
. Wi th I O plates, c ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 7s 6 d
. . .
 P UBLISH ED BY E . F N . . SPON .

The M u n i cip a l d Sa n i ta ry E ng i n eer H an dhooh

’
an s .

By H . Y
PERC BO U LN OIS, M em I nst C E , Bo ro ugh En gi nee r, Po rts . . . .

mo uth . PVi th n u mer ous il l us tr a ti o n s , de my 8 v o , c l o th , 1 zs 6 d . .

C O NT EN T S
T h e App o intmen t and D uties o f th e T o w n Surv e o r— T rafli h M acadamis e d Roadway s

—F
g b -
‘

th s— K er s and G u tte rs—Stre e t N ami n and N um e ring — Stre e t

g
Steam Ro ll in r Roa d M e tal an d Breakin — Pi t c h e d a v e me n ts—As p h al te— o o d Pav e me n ts
g
ig h ti n —S e w er b W
L g
e e n til atio n o f Se we rs—D isp os al o f Se w a e — H o us e D
a ter C o mp ani es , e t c , Break i ng u p Stree ts— 1 m ro v e me n t o f
g
e —D is infe c ti on—G as and
va te Stre ets— Bo rro wi ng
L bg gg
°

Po we rs Ar tiz ans and a o ure rs D we llin g s— Pub ic C onv en ie n c e s—Sc av e n i n , i n c l u di ng

.

—
gW g
’ ’

o f Sn o w— Plan tin
Stre e t Cl e ans in — an d th e Re mo v i n
g g
S t re e t T rees — D e p o s i t o i
L
'

a te rin
g
Pl ans—D an e ro us Buil din s— H o ardin s—Obs truc ti o ns —Imp ro v m Stre e t i n e s — C e l la r
u blic Pl e as u re G ro u n ds—Ce me te ri es — M o rt uar ie s — C a tt e an d Ordin ary M arke ts
O n ing s
g
u bl i c Slau h te r-h o use s, e tc —G ivi n n u me ro us Fo rm g b
s o f N o ti c es , Spe c ific ati on s, and
Ge ne ral In fo rmatio n upo n th ese an d Oth e r s u j e c ts o f g re at imp ortanc e to M un ic i p al En gi
.

n ee rs and o th ers e n a ed in San i tar y gg ork W .

M etr i ca l T a hles . By G L M OLESW ORT H ,

. .

32 mo , cl o th , rs. 6d .

C ONT EN T S
b
.

Ge n eral—Li near M easures —Sq uare M easures— C u ic M eas ure s—M easures of Cap ac i ty
Wg b
e i h ts— Co m inatio ns— T h e rmo me te rs .

E l emen ts f
o Cons tr u cti on f or E l ectr o M ag ne ts -
By
L
.

C oun t T H D U M O N C E , M e m de l Ins ti tut de Fran c e T ransl ate d fro m

’
. . .

th e Fre n ch by C .
J
W H ART ON C ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 4s 6d
. . . .

P r acti ca l E lec tr i ca l Un i ts P op u l a r ly Exp l a i n ed, w ith

nu mer ous i ll ustr a tions and Remar ks By AM ES Sw rN BURN E, l ate o f . J
W Swan and C o Pari s, late o f Brush Swan El ec tri c Ligh t C o mp any
. .
,
-
,

. SA
. 1 8mo , c l o th,
.

A T r ea ti se on th e Use of B el ti ng f or the Tr an smi s

sion f
o Power . By J H C o o p n Sec o nd e di tio n, i llus trated, 8 v o ,
. . .

c l o th , 1 ss .

A P ochet Booh of Usefu l F o r mu l ce

-
a nd M emor a n da
f or Civ i l and M ech a n ica l E ngi neer s
B y G U I FO R D L M OL ESW O R T H ,
. L .

M em In st C E , C o nsul ting Engi nee r to the G o v e rnme nt o f I n di a fo r

. . . .

State Rail way s Wi th n umer ou s i ll us tr ation s, 744 p p

. T we nty sec o nd .
-

e di ti o n , re v ise d and e n l arg e d, 32 mo , ro an , 6 s .

Y
S
N OPSI S o r C O NT ENT S

M aso y ,
v i
Sur e y ng , e e l g , v L li n
—
e t c -
Stre ngth and
m
.

B m
Wg
e i h t o f M ate rial s
—
Earth work. Bri c kw o rk
oo ri ng , Roo ng , an d Roo f
—
fi
nr
—
A r c h e s e t c S t ru t s C o l u n s e a s a n d T r u ss u
F l
T russ es Girders , Bri d es, e tc — Rail way s an d Ro ads—H y draul i c Fo rmula —C ana ls . Se w e rs ,
, , , ,

W ate rworks, D o cks i

rr g a
—
t io n a n d B re
.

a k w a te rs — G as , e ntilatio n , and
—
V
armin - H e at, W
L i h t, C o o u , and
l r
e e ls , Sh aftin , e ta -
th e Ste am En g me
g —
S o u n d

W W G
orks h o p
ate r— p o w
ra

e
v

r
i

a
C

t e
e

r-
n

w
tr

h
e

e
s

W
e
,

l s
F o

T
r
e c ip es — Sun dry M a c hi nery
c

u
e

r
s ,

in
an

es
d

e
P

t
o

c
A
w

—
e rs M illwo rk,
ni mal Po w e r
b
i nd and
S —
e e th o f
te am an d
indmil l s W —
WW
Steam N av i g at io n, Sh ip Buil din g , T o nnag e, e tc —Gun ne Proj e c tiles , e ta — e ig h ts ,
, , , .

Me as
b
u re s , an d M o n e y T r i — o n o m eg t ry, C
t io n— T a les o f Areas an d C i rc u mfe ren c e , an d Arcs o f C irc les
o ni c S e c t i o n s . a n d w
.

ee T e l e ra —
g p y M ensurap
h
th ms , Sq uare an d
— °

b— g b
C u e Roo ts , Po w e rs— Re mp roc als , e tc —Useful N um ers—D i fl ere n
l us A e ra c S
l i i n s— g g
T el e rap h i c C o ns truc ti o n an d Formula
b and I ntegral C al c u
.
'
 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT IFIC BOOK S

H i n ts on A r chi tectur a l D r a ug h ts ma nshi p By G W

LL
. . .

T UXFO RD H A AT T . Fcap 8 v o , . c l o th, rs . 6d .

S p on s
’
T a hl es a nd M emor a nda f o r E ng i n eer s
se l ec ted an d arranged
Surve yo rs H andbo o k,
’ ’ ’
by
H urs t s T redgo ld s C arp e n try , e tc
’ ’
J
H O RST , C E , Auth o r o f A rchi tec tural .

Nin th
T . . .

e di ti o n, 6 4mo , ro an , gil t e dg e s, rs o r i n c lo th c ase , 1 s 6d . . .

T his w o rk is p rin ted in a e ar! typ e an d is so s ma ll, me asuring o nl y a} in by r! in by

'

gy
, . .

t in thi ck, th at i t may be i n th e w ais tc o at p o c ke t

earn ed

g
. e as .

It is c e r tain ly an e xtre mel y rare thi n fo r a re v ie we r to be c alle d up o n to no tic e a v o l ume

measurin but a} i n by t ! in , t the se dimens io ns fai thfully re se nt th e s ize o f th e h and

g
l ittl e boo
f m
b
e fore us
m d — is i
.

n f
.

a c t a tr u oc ke
.

T h e v o ume whi c h c on ta in s 1 1 8 prin

t
— p ag es, e s ides a fe w lan
b
oo k, ada p t e d fo r be i ng c arrie d i n th e w ai st
b b y
p a e s o r e o ra n a
, , e p -

c o at p o cke t, and c o ntai mn g a far g reater a mo u nt and v arie ty o f infor ma tio n th an mo st p e o p le

g
w o uld ima in e co ul d be co mpresse d in to so sma l l a s p ac e
b T h e li ttle v o l ume has e e n
c o mp il e d w i th c o ns idera l e c are and j udg me n t, a nd w e can co rdiall y re co mme nd i t to o ur
. b
re ad e rs as a u se fu l li tt le p oc ke t c o m p an i o n — E .
W m .

A P r a ctica l T r ea ti se on N a tu r a l a nd A r tificia l
Conc r ete, i ts Var ieties a nd Con str u cti v e Adaptations By H EN RY REI D , .

Auth o r o f th e Sc i en c e an d Art o f th e M an ufac ture o f Po rtl an d C e me n t ’

.

N e w Edi ti o n, wi th 59 woodc u ts a n d 5 p la tes , 8 vo , c lo th , 1 5s .

N otes on Con c r ete and Wo r hs i n Con cr ete ; e s p e c ially

w ri tte n to
A sso c M e m .
assist
.
th o se e ng ag ed u p o n Pu l i c W o rks
Ins t C E , c ro wn 8 vo , c l o th , 4s 6d
.
b . By J OH N NEW M AN ,
. . . .

E l ectr i ci ty as a M oti ve P ow er By C o u nt T H DU
L b K
. .

M O NC E , M em
de l Insti tu t de Franc e , and FRAN G ERAL D Y , I 6
re
’

n ie ur des Po nts e t C h aussé es T ran sl ate d and Edited, w i th A dditi o ns, y .

C .
J
W H ART O N, Asso c So c T e l Eng and El ec
.

a n d di agr a ms, c ro wn 8 v O, c l o th, 7s 6d

M t} :1 . . .

.
.

.
.

T r ea tise on Va l v e G ea r s , w ith s e c ial c o ns ide rat io n

p
o f th e Li nk M o ti o ns o f Lo c o mo ti v e En gin es
-
By D r G UST AV Z EUN ER, . .

Pro fesso r o f A pl ie d M ec h an ic s a t the C o nfede rate d Po l y te c h n ikum o f

Z uri c h
L
T rans ate d fro m th e F o ur th G e rman Edi tio n , by Pro fes so r
. F
K EIN , Leh ig h Univ e rsi ty , Be th l eh e m, Pa I l lu str a ted, 8 v o , c lo th , 1 2 s 6 d .
J .
. .

F r en ch P ol i sh er M a n ua l
’
T he s By a Fre n c h
b
.

Po l i sh e r; c o ntaining T i m e r Stai n in g, W ash ing, M atc h in g , I mp ro v in g ,

Pai n ting , Imi tatio ns, D irec ti o n s fo r Staining , Siz i n g , Em o dy i n g , b
S moo th ing, Sp i rit Varn ishin g , F re n c h Po l ishi ng , D ire c tio ns fo r Re -

p o lis h i ng T hi rd e di
. ti o n , ro al
y 3 2 mo ,
s e w e d, 6d .

Ho p s, thei r C u l ti va tion , Co mmer ce, a nd Uses i n

v a rio us Cou ntries . By P L SI M M ON D S
. . . C ro wn 8v o , c l o th , 4s 6d . .

T he P r i nci les p f
o G r a hi c S ta ticsp By G EORG E
CL
.

Sv D EN H AM ARK E, C ap t. Ro y al Engi nee rs . Wi th 1 12 il l ustr a tions .

4 to , c l o th , 1 2 s 6 . d .
to C AT ALO G U E OF SC IENT IFIC BOOK S

P er s p ti ec v e, Ex l a i n ed p a nd I l l us tr a ted By G S
L K
. . .

C ap t R E With i l l u str a tion s , 8v o ,

'

C AR E, . . . c l o th , 3 s. 6d
.

P r ac ti ca l Hy dr a u l ics ; a S e rie s Of Rule s an d T able s

fo r th e us e of Engi n e e rs, e tc , etc . . By T H OM AS Bo x . Fi fth e di ti o n ,
nu mer ous p l a tes , p o s t 8 v o ,
c l o th , 5s .

T he E ssen tia l E Z oneen i s o f P r acti ca l M echa n ics

based o n th e P r i n c ip le of War h, de s igne d fo r Engi ne eri ng Stude n ts By
L Y
O I V ER B RN E, fo rme rl y Pro fess o r o f M ath e mati c s, C o ll e g e fo r C i v i l
.

Eng i n e e rs T h i rd e di ti o n , w i th 1 48 wood eng r a v i ng s , p o s t 8 vo , c lo th,

.

7s 6d
. .

C O N T ENT S
C h ap 1 H o w
. . W W o rk
L b
i s M e a su re d by a Un it, o th w i th and w ith o ut re fe re n c e to a Unit
'

o f T ime — C h ap 2
LT he o rk o f i v ing A c u ts , t h e I n fl u e n c e o f Fri c tio n , and i n tro duc es
o ne o f th e mo s t b
. .

e au ti ful a w s O f M o t io n h a p 3 T h e p ri nc i e s e x p o un de d in th e first a nd
— l . .

h e T ran s miss io n o f Wo rk by g
s e c o n d c h ap te r s a re app li e d to th e M o ti o n o f Bo die s C h ap 4 . .

s imp le M a c h ine s— C h a p 5 Use ful Pro p o s i tio ns and Rul e s

. . .

B r ew er i es a nd M a l ti ng s t h e ir A rra ng e me n t C o n
s tru c tio n ,M ac hin e ry , and Pl an t By G SC AM E , F LL ,

Se c o n d
LY
. .

e diti o n , re v i sed, e nl arg e d, and p ar tl y re w ri tte n By F C O . . ER,

M IM E Wi th 2 0 p lates , 8v o , c l o th , 1 8s .

A P r a c ti ca l T r ea ti se on th e C o n s tr u c ti on f
o H or i
zon ta l Ver ti ca l Wa terw h eels , sp e c ial ly de s i g ne d fo r th e us e o f o p e ra
a nd

ti v e me c h ani c s LL
By W I I AM C U EN , M il l w righ t an d Eng i n e e r l/Vzth
. LL .

n p la tes Se c o n d e di ti o n , r e v ise d an d e nl arg e d, smal l 4 to , c l o th , 1 2 s 6 d

. . .

A P r a c ti ca l T r ea ti se on M i l l g ea r i ng Wheels Shaf ts
-

, , ,

R zgg ers , etc ; fo r th e u se o f Eng in e ers

. By T H O M AS Bo x . . T h ird
e di tio n , w i th u p l ates C ro wn 8 v o , c l o th , 7s 6d . . .

M i n i ng M a chi n ery :a D e s c rip tiv e T re atis e

. on t he
M ac h in e ry , T o o l s, an d o th er A p p lianc e s i n M i ning
use d By G G . . .

A N D RE, F Asso c I ns t C E , M e m . . . . .o f th e So c i e ty o f En in e e rs
g .

Ro y al 4 to , un ifo rm w ith th e A u th o r s T re ati se o n C o al M in ing , c o n

’

tai n i n g 1 8 2 p l ates , ac c urate l y draw n to s c al e , w i th de sc ri ti v e te xt

p ,
in
2 v o l s , c l o th , 31 1 zs
. . .

C ON T EN T S
a c h i n e ry g gg
fo r Pro sp e c tin , Exc av ati n , H aul in , and H o is ting — e n tila tio n— Pump i ng
T re a tme nt o f M ine ral Pro du c ts , i n c l udi n Go ld and Sil v e r, C o p p e r, T i n, and e ad, I ro n
g V L
'

C o al , Su lp h ur, C hin a C la y , Br ick Ear th, e tc .

T a hles f or Setti ng ou t Cu r ves f or Ra i l way s Ca na ls , ,

Roads , etc fro m a
v ary in g radi us o f fiv e c h ains to th re e mil e s By A
Y KW
.
, . .

K EN N ED an d R W H AC . . OO D . I l l us tr ated, 32 mo , c l o th , 2 s 6 d . .
 P U BLISH ED BY E . F . N . SPON .

The S cien ce and Art of t h e M a n uf ac tu r e o f P o r tl a n d

Cemen t, w i th o se rv ati o ns b o n s o me o f i ts c o n struc ti v e ap p l i c ati o ns Wi th
Y
.

6 6 il lu str ation s By H EN R . REI D , C E , Auth o r

. . of
‘
A Prac ti c al
T reatise o n C o n c re te, e tc , e tc
’
. . 8 v o , c l o th , r8s .

T h e D r a ug h tsma n H a n dbooh o M ap
’
a nd
s f P la n
D r a w i ng ; i n c l uding i n struc tio n s fo r th e p re p ara tio n o f En g in ee ring ,
A rc h i te c tu ral , and M e c h an ic al D ra w i ng s Wi th n u mer ous i ll u s tr a tio n s .
'

i n th e tex t, a n d 33 p l a tes ( 1 5 p r i n ted i n colou r s ) By G G A N D RE, . . .

Asso c In s t C E 4 to , c l o th , 9s
. . . . .

C O N T EN T S
g gL
T h e D rawi n Offi ce and i ts Fu rn ish in s— G e o me tric al Pro le ms — ines , D o ts , a n d th e ir
b gg g g b L
g
Co m ina t io n s — Co lo urs , Sh adi n , e t te rin , Bo rde ri n , a nd N o rt h Po int s — Sc a le s — Plo t tin
—C iv i l En in e e rs ’ and Surve y o rs ’ Plan s— M ap D ra w i n — M e c h an i c al and Ar c h ite c tu ra
g
D rasvin g — C o p y i ng and Re duc in T rig o no me tric al Fo rmulas, e tc , e tc
'
. .

T h e B oi l er -
maher
’
s a n dI r o n Sh ip hu i l der -
’
s Co m p a n i on ,
co mp ri si ng a s e rie s of o rigi n al an d c are ful ly c al c ul ate d b
ta l e s, o f th e
u tmo s t u ti li ty to p e rso ns i n te re s te d i n th e i ro n tra de s By J A M ES F O D EN ,
auth o r o f M e c h an ica l T a l e s, e tc
’
b
Se c o n d e ditio n revi se d, w ith i llu str a
.
.

tions , c ro wn 8 vo , c l o th , 5 s.

Roch B l a sti ng :a Prac tic al T re atis e on th e me an s

e mp lo yed i n Bl as ting Ro c ks fo r I ndus tri al Purp o se s . By G G AN D RE, . .

Asso c I ns t C E
. ” t 56 i l lus tr ation s an d
71 h
. . . 1 2 p l ates , 8 v0, c l o th ,
t o r. 6d .

P a i n ter s M a n u a l :a
’
P a in ti ng a nd Bo o k of Fac ts
fo r Pain te rs and th o s e w h o Us e o r D eal i n Pain t M ate rial s By C L
C O ND rT and SC H E ER J . LL
I l l ustr ated, 8 v o , c l o th , ros 6 d . . .
. . .

A T r ea tise on Rop ema hi ng as p r a c ti s ed in p u hl ic a n d

p R
ri v a teop y
e a r ds , w i th a D e s c r i ti o n O f th e M an u fac ture , Rul e s , T a l e s
-
p b
O f W e igh ts , e tc , adap te d to th e T rade , Sh i p p i n g , M in i n g , R ai l w ay s ,
.

Buil de rs, e tc By R C H APM AN , fo rme rl y fo re man to M e ss rs H uddart

. . .

an d C o , Li meh o use , an d la te M as te r Ro p e make r to K M

. D o c ky ard, . .

D e p tfo rd Se c o n d e di ti o n , 1 2 mo , c l o th , 3s
. .

d Con tr a ctor s T a bles

’
Laxton s B ui l der s
’ ’
an fo r th e
of Eng ine e rs, Arc h i te c ts , Surv e y o rs , Buil de rs , Land Ag e n ts, an d
u se
o th e rs . Bric kl ay e r, c o n tain ing 2 2 ta l es, w i th ne arly c al c ul atio n s b .

4 to , c l o th , 5
s .

d Con tr a c to r s T ahl es Ex
’
L ur ton s B u i l de r s
’ ’
an
b
.

c av ato r, Ear th , Land, W ate r, an d G as, c o n tain ing 53 ta l e s , w i th nea rly

c al c ul ati o ns 4to , c l o th , 5s. .

 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT IFIC BO O K S

Sa n i ta ry E ng i n eer i ng :a G u ide to th e C o ns truc tio n

of “fo rks Se w erag e an d H o us e D rai n age , w i th T a l es fo r fac ili ta ti n g
of b
th e c al c ul atio ns o f th e En g in e er By BA D W I N L AT H AM , C E , M Ins t
. L . . . .

C E,
. . F Pas t Pres ide n t o f th e So c ie ty o f En gi ne ers Sec o n d
-
.

e di ti o n, w i th n u mer ou s p la tes a n d w o odcu ts , 8 v o , c l o th , 1 1 1 0 s . .

S c r ew Cu tti ng T a bl es f or E ng i n eer s and M a chi n i s ts ,

g i v i n g th e v al u es o f th e d iffe re n t trai n s o f W h e e l s re q u i re d to p ro du c e

Sc re w s o f any p i tc h , c al c ul ate d by Lo rd Linds ay , M P ,

e tc . C lo th , o l o ng , 2 s b .
. .

S c r ew Cu tti ng T a bl es ,
fo r th e u s e o f M e c h an ic al
En gi neers , sh o wi n g th e p ro p e r a rran g e me n t o f W h e e l s fo r c u tti n g th e
T h re ads o f Sc re w s o f an y re q ui red p i tc h , w i th a T a le fo r maki n g th e
-
b
U n iv e rsal G as p ip e T h rea ds an d T ap s By \ V A M ART I N , Eng in ee r
b
-
. . . .

Se c o nd e di ti o n , o lo n g , c lo th, I s , o r se w e d, 6 d . .

A T r ea ti se on a P r ac ti ca l M eth od f
o D esign i ng S l ide
Va lv e Gea rs by Si mp le Geometr ic a l Co n s tr uc tio n , ase d u p o n th e p rin c ip le s
e n u n c i ate d i n Eu c l id s El e me n ts , an d c o m ri si n
b
’
p g th e v a ri o u s fo rms o f
Pl ain Sl ide V al v e an d Exp ans i o n G e arin g ; to ge th e r w i th Ste p h e ns o n s,
-
’

G oo c h s , an d All an s Lin k M o ti o ns , as ap pl i ed e i th e r to re v e rs in g o r to
’ ’

b b L
-

v ari a l e e x ans io n c o m i n ati o ns

p B y E D W AR D C O
M e mb I ns t M e c h an i c al Engine e rs C ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 6 s
. .
W IN G \. VELC H ,
.
J .

Cl ea n ing a nd Sco u r i ng :a M a nu al fo r D y e rs Lau n ,

dresse s, and fo r D o me sti c Use . By S C H RI ST OP H ER

. . I8 mo , se w e d, 6d .

A G lossa ry f
o T er ms u sed i n C oa l M i n i ng By
LL KLY LY b
.

WI ST U E E G RES E , As so c M e m In st C E ,
I AM M em er . . . . .

o f th e N o rth o f En gl an d I n s ti tute o f M i n i n g Eng in e e rs I l l ustr a ted w i th .

n u mer ous woodc u ts a n d di ag r a ms , c r o w n 8 v 0 , c l o th , 5s .

A P ochet B ooh f o r B oi ler M a her s

-
and S tea m User s ,

co mp rising a v arie ty o f us e ful i n fo r mati o n fo r Emp l o y e r an d W o rk man ,

G o v e r nme n t I n sp e c to rs Bo ard o f T ra de Surv e y o rs En g in e e rs i n c h arg e

, ,

o f W o rks an d Sl i s Fo re me n o f M an u fac to ri e s an d th e l S t m
b
p g e ne ra e a
us in g Pu l i c .
,

By M AU RI C E J OH N SEXT O N
,

. Se c ond e di ti o n, ro y al

32 mo , ro an , g i l t e dg es , 5s .

E lectr oly s is a Prac tic al T re at is e on N ic ke l ing ,

C o p p e ri ng , G il ding , Sil v e ri ng , th e Re fin in g o f M e tal s, an d th e tre atme n t
o f O re s b y me an s o f El e c tri c i ty By H IPPO T E F O NT AI N E , transl a ted LY
fro m th e F ren c h by J
A BER , C E , Ass o c S T E i Vi th eng r a v i ng s
. . LY
.

. . . . . .
f
.

8 v o , c l o th , 9 s .
 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT IFIC BOO K S .

T h e A ssay er M a n ua l : an Abridg e d T re atis e

’
s on
th e D o c i mas ti c Examinati o n o f O re s and Furn ac e an d o the r Arti fic i al
Pro duc ts By BR U N O K ER . T ransl ated by W T
.

il l u str ati ons , 8 v o , c l o th , I 2 s 6 4

L . . BRAN NT . Wi th 6 5
. .

El ectr ici ty :its T h e o ry ,

So u rc e s , an d App lic atio ns .

By J
T SP RAG UE,
. .

n u mer ous i l lu s tr ati on s , c ro wn

Se c o n d e di ti o n,
8 v o , c l o th , 1 5s .
re v ise d and e nl arg ed, w i th

The P r a cti ce of H a na T u r n i ng i n
’
Wooa I v ory Shel l ’
, , ,

w i th I ns tru c tio ns fo r T urni ng suc h W o rk i n M e ta l as may be re q uire d

etc . ,
i n th e Prac tic e O f T urn i ng i n W o o d, I v o ry , e tc al so an A p p e n di x o n
b b
.

O rname n tal T u rn i ng ( A o o k fo r e gi nn e rs ) By FRANC I S C AM PI N

. . .

T hi rd e di ti o n, w i th wood engr av i ng s , c ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 6 s .

C O NT EN T S
On
Ap p ara tu
L
s a
h
at e
n
s
d
—
P
T
ro
u
c
r
e
n
s
i
s
n
e s —
T
T
o
u
o
r
l
n
s
i
—
n
T g
u
P
rn
ar
i
t
n
i c u l ar
o
F
o
o
d
r
—
m
D
s—gg
ri
S
ll
t
i
a
n
i
g
n
—
i n
S
g
c
—
re
P
w
o
gW
h
C
s h
u
m
t ti n
—
— M i s c e llan e ou s
g Sp inmng M e tal s
g
—M ate rials— Orname ntal T urnin , e tc .

T r ea tise on Wa tchw o r h ,
P ast ana
’
P r es en t . By th e
Re v H L N EL I H ROPP, M A , F S A
. . .
’ ‘
. . . . . Wi th 32 i l l ustr a ti on s , c ro wn
8 v o , c l o th , 6 s 6 a
'
. .

C O N T EN T S
fi
—
i
D e n tio ns o f o rd s W
a n d T e rms u s e d i n atc h w o rk— T o o ls —WT ime—H is to ri c al Sum
b WW L
V g W W
mary O n C al c u latio n s o f t h e N u m e rs fo r h e e ls an d Pi n io ns ; th e ir Pro p o rtio nal Siz e s ,
T ra ms , e tc — Oi D ial h e e ls , o r M o tio n o rk— e ng th o f T i me o f G o in w i t h o ut i ndin
e r e — T h e H o ri z o n ta l— T h e D u p l e x— T h e Le v e r— T h e C h ro no me te r—Re p e ati n
. g W gg
ti p — T h e
\ Vatc h e s — K e y l es s at c h e s- T h e Pe n dulu m, or Sp i ra l Sp rin — C o mp e n s a ti o n— j e we ll i n
Piv o t H o le s— C le rke nw e l l— Fal l ac ie s o f th e T rade — In cap ac ity o f W o rkme n— H o w to Ch o o s e
of g g
a nd Use a W
a tc h , e tc .

A lg ehr a S elf T a ug h t -
By W P H I G G S, M A
b ,
. . . . .

D Sc , LL D , A sso c In st C E , Auth o r Of A H an d o o k o f th e D iffe r

. . . . . . . .

e n tial C al c ul us, e tc Sec o n d e di tio n , c ro w n 8 v o , c l o th , 2 s 6d

’
. . .

C O N T ENT S
Sy m b o ls and
g th e g
Q
Si ns o f Op e ra tio n —T h e E q u atio n an d th e Unknow n
N g
Q i uan t ty

Lg L Lg g
— —
Ne M E
b L i E
Po s it iv e a n d ati t i t i — l ti l i t i I l t i — e a ti v e
v e u a n e s u p ca on n o
v u o n x p o ne ts
n xp o
n e u ts— R o o t s , a nd th e U se o f Ex p o n e n ts as o ari th ms — o ari th ms — T a l e s o f o g ar th ms
Parts — T ra ns fo rmatio n o f Sy s te m o f
C o mmo n Lg
a nd Pro po r ti o n a te
o ari th ms— C o mp o u n d M u l ti p li c a ti o n a n d th e
o ari th ms — C o mmo n Us e s o f
Bin o mi al T h e o re m— D iv is io n ,
Frac tio ns , a n d Ra ti o — C o n ti nu e d Pro p o r ti o n—T h e Se rie s an d th e Su mmatio n Of th e Se rie s
L q b
i mi t o f Se rie s— S uare and C u e Ro o ts — E u a ti o n s— is t o f Fo rmula . e tc q L .

E ng zn eer zng C i vi l M echa n i ca l

’
Sp ons D i cti ona ry o f , , ,
M l i ta ry , an d N a v a l ; w i th te c h n i c al te rms i n F re n ch , G e rman , I tal ian,
'

an d Sp an i sh , 3I 00 p p , and n ea r ly 8000 engr a v i ng s , i n su e r ro y al 8 vo ,

p
-
.

i n 8 di v isio ns , 51 8 s C o mp l e te i n 3 v o l s , c l o th , 51 5s
. . Bo und i n a . . .

sup erio r manne r , h alf mo ro c c o , to p

-
e dge gi l t, 3 v o l s , 61 . 1 zs .
 P U BLISH ED BY E . F . N SPON . .

N otes i n M echa n ica l E ng i n eer i ng C o mp ile d p rin

b
.

fo r th e use o f th e Stude n ts atten di ng th e C l asse s o n th is su j ec t at

c i pall y
th e C ity o f Lo n do n C o l le g e By H EN R A D AM S, M em Inst M E , . Y . . .
‘

M e m In st C E , M e m So c o f Engin ee rs C ro wn 8 vo , c lo th, 2 s. 6 d
. . . . . . . .

Ca noe and B oa t B ui ldi ng :a co mple te M anual f o r

A mate urs , c o n tai n ing p l ai n and c o mp re h e nsi v e dire c ti o ns fo r th e c o n
s truc ti o n O f C an o e s , Ro w i ng and Sail in g Bo ats , an d H un ti ng C raft .

By W P ST EPH EN S Wi th n u mer ous i llus tr a tions an d 2 4 p lates qf

'

. . .

Wor ki ng D r awi ng s C ro wn 8 vO, c l o th , 7s 6d . . .

P r oceedi ng s of the N a ti on a l Conf eren ce of E lec tr i cia ns,

Ph ila delp hi a, O c to b er 8 th to I 3th , 1 88 4 . I8 mo , c l o th , 3s .

Dy n amo -
Electr i ci ty , its G e ne ratio n Ap p lic atio n , ,

T rans miss i o n , Sto rage , an d M e asure me nt By G B PRESCOT T Wi th . . . .

54 5 ill us tr a ti on s 8 v 0 , . c l o th , I l . I s.

D omes ti c E l ectr ici ty f o r A ma teu rs T ranslate d fro m

L
.

th e Fre n c h o f E
VVH A RT O N , Asso c
.

.
H OSPIT A I ER, Edi to r o f
So c T e l Eng
.
L El ec tti c ie n, by C
M uner ous ill ustr atio ns D emy 8 y o ,
. .
“ ’

.
.
J .

c l o th , 9 s .

CO NT ENT S
Be lls—3 Au to matic Alarms— 4 D o mes ti c
1 Produc tio n o f th e Ele c tri c Curre nt- a Ele c tric
T e le p h o ne s — 5 Ele c t ric C lo c ks— 6 Ele c tri c
.

. i .
.

L gg Lg h te rs — 7
.

D o me s tic Ele c tric Li h ti n

.
.

g
c
.

a ti o n s —
.

W g
8 D o me s tic App lica tio n o i th e El e c tri c

o rksh o p o f th e Ele c tric ian

i ht 9
tio n— xx Ele c t ro ty p i n , Pla ti n , a nd Gildi n — i a g .
-
.

.
Ele c tric M o to rs — To Ele c trica l
Ele c tri c Re c re a tio ns— x3
c o mo.

ari o us ap p ii . V

Wr i n hles in E l ectr ic L igh ti ng . By VIN C ENT ST EPH EN .

Wi th il l ustr a tion s . I8 mo , c l o th , 2 s . 6d .

C O NT ENT S
T h e Ele c tri c C urre n t and i ts p ro duc tio n by C h e mica l me ans — 2 Pro duc tio n o f Ele c tric
L
1 . .

5. e a dL— 6 Sh i
p . i h ting Lg
C urre n ts by M e c han ic al mean s — 3 D y n amo - Ele c t ric M ac h ine s — 4 Ele c tric
.
. amp s .

T he P r ac tica l F lax S i n n er p ; be ing a D e s c rip tio n Of

th e G ro w th , M anip ul atio n , an d Spinn ing o f Fl ax and T o w By LES L
C M ARSH A
. LL , of Be lfas t . With il l ustration s 8v o , c lo th , .
.

I 5s .
IE

Founda ti ons an d F oun dati on Wa lls f or a l l classes of

B u i ldi ng s , Pil e D riving, Buil di ng Sto ne s and Bri c ks, Pi e r an d W all
c o ns truc tio n, M o rtars , Li me s, C e me n ts , C o nc re tes, Stuc c os , & c 6 4 i ll us
LL
.

tr ation s By G T POW E
. and F BAU M AN
. . 8v o , c l o th , ros 6d . . . .
1 6 C AT ALOG U E OF SC IENT I FIC BO OK S

M a n ual f or G as Engi n eer i ng Studen ts . By D LEE . .

IS mo , c l o th I s.

Hy dr a u l i c M a chi nery P a s t an d P r esent A Le ctu re

,

b b
.

de l iv e re d to th e Lo ndo n and Su ur an Ra il way Ofli c ials A ss o c ia ti o n

’
.

By H A D AM S, M e m Inst C E Foldi ng p la te
. . 8 vo , sew ed, I s
. . . . .

T wen ty Yea r s w i th the I n di ca tor By T H OM AS PRAY

b
.
,

J ,
un C E ,
. M. E , M
. e m . e r o f th e Ame ri c an So c i e ty Of C iv il Enginee rs
2 v o l s , ro y al 8v o , c lo th ,
. 1 zs . 6d .

A nn ua l S ta tis ti ca l R e p or t f
o the S ecr eta ry to the
M ember s of the I r on an d Steel As socia ti o n o n th e H ome a nd fibr ezgu I r on

and Steel I n dustr ies i n 1 884 Issue d M ar c h

. 1 88 5 . 8 vo , se we d, 5 s.

Bad D ra in s, a nd H ow to T es t them ; w ith N o te s on

th e V e n til ati o n of Se w e rs, D rai ns, and San i tary Fittings, an d th e O rig in
an d T ran smiss i o n o f Z y mo ti c D i se ase By R H ARRI S REEV ES C ro w n
. . .

8 v o , c l o th , 3s 6 d . .

l Vel l S i n hi ng
/
. T he mo de rn p ra c tic e of Sin king
an d Bo ri ng W e ll s, wi th g e o l o g i cal c o n si derati o ns an d e xamp l es O f W e ll s .

By ER N EST SPON, A sso c M e m I n st C E , M e m So c F ng , an d o f th e

. . . . . . . .

Frankli n In st , e tc Se c o n d e di ti o n , rev i se d and e nl arg e d

. C ro wn 8 v o , .

c l o th , 1 0s 6 d. .

P n eu ma tic T r a nsmi ss ion f

o M essa
g es and P a r cel s
bet ween Par is a n d Lon do n , v i ii Ca l ais
C E. .Smal l fo lio , sew ed, 6 d .
and D o ver . By J . B BERL I ER,
.

L is t o f T ests R
( g
ea en ts
) , a rran
g e d in a lp h abe tic al
o rde r , to th e name s O f th e o rig inato rs
a c c o rdin g D e sign e d e s p e c i al l y .

fo r th e c o n v en i e nt re fe re n c e o f C h e mis ts, Ph armac ists, an d Sc ie n ti sts

By H AN S M W I D ER . L
C ro wn 8 v o , c l o th , 4s 6 d
. . .
.

T en Yea r s
’
Ex p rie en ce in Wor hs of [ n ter mi ttent
D o wn w a r d Fi l tr ati on By .
J . BA I E LY D ENT ON, M e m
Ro y al 8 v o , se we d, 4s
. In s t . C E
. .

Se c o nd e di tio n, w i th additi o ns . .

A T r ea tise on the a n u a c tu r e o MSoa a nd Ca n dl es, f f p

Lu br i can ts and Gly ceri n By W LANT C ARPENT ER, B A , B Sc ( l ate
. . . . . .

o f M e ssrs C T h o mas and Bro the rs , Bristol )

. . PVith ill ustr atzbns C ro wn .
.

8 v o , c l o th , 1 0s 6d . .
In sup e r- ro y al 8v o, 1 1 68 pp , w i th
. 2 400 il l us tr atio ns . in 3 D ivis i o ns , c lo th , p ri ce 1 3s 6 1
. .

e ac h ; o r 1 v o l .
, c lo th , at o r h alf mo roc c o , al . 83
.
-
.

A S UPPLEM ENT

SPONS DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING

’
.

ED IT ED Bi t ERN EST SPON , M EM B SOC EN G I N EERS . . .

A b ac us , C o unters, Sp ee d f C o al M inin g . Li gh th o us es, Buo ys, and

In di c ato rs, and Slide C o al C uttin g M ac h i n es . Beac o ns .

Rul e . C o ke O v e ns . C o pp e r . M ac h in e T oo l s .

A g ri c ul tural Imp l eme nts D o c ks D rainag e M ate ri al s of C o nstru c

'

. .

an d M ac h ine ry . D re dging M ac h i n e ry . tio n .

Air C o mp re sso rs . D yn a mo El e c tri c and M e te rs .

Ani mal C h arc o al Ma M ag n e to El e c tri c M a -

Ores, M ac hi ne ry an d

c hi n e ry . c hi n e s. Pro c esse s e mp l o y ed to
An timo ny D y n amo me te rs . D re ss .

b
.

Axl e s and Axl e -

o xe s. Elec tri c al Engin e e ring , Pi e rs .

Barn M ach in ery . T e l egrap h y , El ec tri c Pil e D riv in g .

Be l ts an d Bel tin g . Ligh tin g an d i ts p rae Pn e umati c T ransmis

Bl asting . Bo il e rs . ti c al de tai l s ,T e l e p h o n e S

Brakes . Engi n es, V ari e ti e s o f. Pump s .

Bri c k M ach in ery . Exp l o siv e s . Fan s . Py ro mc ters .

Bridge s . F o undin g , M o ul ding an d Ro ad Lo c o mo tiv e s .

C ages fo r M ines . th e p rac ti c al w o rk Of Ro c k D rills .

C al cul us , D i ffere n tial and th e Fo un dry . Ro l lin g Sto ck .

I n te gral . G as , M anufac ture of . Sani tary Eng inee ri ng .

C an al s. H amme rs, Steam an d Shaftin g .

C arp e n try . o th e r Po w e r . Ste e l .

C as t I ro n . H e at . H o rse Po w e r . Ste am N avvy .

C e men t, C o n c re te , H y draul ic s . Sto ne M ac hin e ry .

Li mes, and M Ortar T ramw ay s

'

. H y dro ge o l o gy -
. .

C h i mn ey Sh afts . I n di c ato rs I ro n . . W el l Sinking .

C o al C l eansing and . Li fts, H o ists, and El ev a

W ashing . to rs .

L o n do n :E . F . N . SP ON , 1 2 5 , S tr an d .

N e w Y o rk :1 2 , C o r t l an dt St r e e t .
 N OW C O M P L ET E .

IVith nea r ly I 500 i ll u str ation s, i n supe r ro y al 8v o , in 5 D i v i sio ns, c l o th

' -

D ivisi o ns I to 4, I 3s 6 d e ac h D i v isi o n 5, I 7s 6d o r 2 v o l s , c l o th ,
. .
3 ms . . . .

SPONS ENCYCLOPZ EDIA

’

OF T H E

I NDUSTR IA LA RT S MA NUFA C T UR ES ANDC OMMER C I A L , ,

PR ODUC T S .

ED IT ED BY C . G . WARN FORD LOC K , F L S . . .

Amo ng th e mo re i mp o rtan t of th e sub e c ts j tre ated o f, are th e

Ac i ds, 2 07 p p 2 2 0 fi . Fur, 5 p p . Ph o to graph y , I 3 pp 2 0 .

Al c o h o l , 2 3 pp I 6 gs G as , C o al , 8 pp figs
q
. . .

Al c o h o l i c L i uors, I 3 p G e ms . Pigme n ts, 9 p p 6 figs . .

Alkalies, 89 pp 78 figs G l ass , 4 5 p p 77 figs Po tte ry , 46 57 fig s

p%
. . . .

All o y s . Al um . G raph i te , 7 pp Prin ti ng an ‘ . ngrav i n g ,

Asp h al t . Assayi ng . H ai r, 7 p p . 2 0 p p 8 figs . .

Bev e rag e s, 89 pp 2 9 figs . H ai r M an ufac tu re s Rags . .

Blacks H ats, 2 6 pp 2 6 figs Re si n o us and G ummy .

b
. .

Bl eac h ing Po wder, 1 5 p p . H o n ey H op s

. Su stan c es , 75 p p I 6 . .

Bl e ac hi n g , 5 I pp 4 8 figs . . H o rn . figs .

C an dl e s, I S p 9 figs I c e , I 0 p p I 4 fig s Ro p e , I 6 p p I 7 figs
b
. . . . . .

C ar o n Bis p h ide In diarubb e r M anufac Sal t, I p p 2 3 figs

g
. . .

C el lul o id, 9 p p . ture s, 2 3 p p I 7 figs Si l k, p p . . .

C e me n ts C l ay
. . I nk , I 7 pp . Sil k M anufac ture s, 9 p p .

C o al tar Pro duc ts, 44 pp

-
I v o ry I I fig s
J
. . .

I 4 figs . ute M anufac tures, I I Sk ins, 5 pp .

C o c o a, 8 p p fi Sm l l W
I
b , 4 pp
.
p p , . I g s a . ar e s .

C o ffee , 32 p p . K ni tte d Fa ri c s So ap and Gl y ce rine , 39

C o rk, 8 pp I 7 . H o si e ry , I 5 p I 3 figs pp 4 5 fi g s . . .

C o tto n M anufac ture s, 6 2 Lac e , I 3 p 9 gs Sp i c es, I 6 p p .

p p 57 g f s L ath e r, 2 p p 3I figs S e, 5 p p
. .
e p o n g . . .

D rugs , 38 p p . Li n en M anufac tures, I 6 Starc h , 9 p p I 0 figs . .

D y e in g an d C al i c o pp 6. fi gs Su. ar , I 55 p p I 34 .

Pri n ting , 2 8 p p 9 figs . . M an ure s, 2 I p p 30 figs .

gs .

D y e stuffs , I 6 p p . M atc h e s , I 7 p p 38 figs . Sul p hur .

El e c tro M e tall urgy,

-
I3 M o rdan ts, I 3 pp . T an n in , I S pp .

N arc o ti cs , 4 7 p p T ea, 1 2 p p
pp .

Exp l osi v es, 2 2 p p 33 figs . . N uts , 10 pp .

.

b
T im er, I 3 p p
.

Feath e rs Oi ls an d Fatty Sub Varnish , I 5 p p

b .

Fi ro us Su stanc es, 9 2 b s tan c es , I 2 5 pp . Vi n e gar, 5 pp .

.

pp 79.figs . Pain t . W axy 5 p p .

Fl o o r c l o th , I 6 pp 2 !
- . Pap er , 2 6 p p 2 3 figs . . W oo l 2 p p
, .

figs . Paraffin , 8 p p 6 figs . . W o o ll e n M anufac ture s,

Foo d Preservati o n, 8 p p . Pe arl an d C o ral , 8 pp 8 fi
5 pp 39 g s . .

F rui t, 8 p p . Pe rfume s , 1 0 p p .

L o n do n :E . 85 F . N . SP ON , 1 2 5 , Str an d .

N e w Y o rk :1 2 , C o r t l an dt Str e e t .
 C ro wn 8 y o , c l o th , w i th ill ustratio ns, 5s .

W O R K S H O P R E C E I PT S .

FIRST S ERIES .

BY E R N E S T S PO N .

SY NO PSI S O F C O NT ENT S .

b
Bo o k inding . Fre e zing
Ful mi nates
. Pap er .

Bro nz es and Bro nzing Pa e r H angi ng

. .
p .

C an dl es Furn i ture C rea ms , O il s, Pai nti n g i n O ils, i n W ater

q
.

C emen t . Po l ish e s, L ac ue rs, C o l o urs, as wel l as

C l e an in g . and Pas tes . F re sc o , H o use , T rans
C ol o urwash ing G il di n t e nc , S ign , an d
g
. .
p a y
C o n c re te s . Gl as s utting , C l e an ing, C arri ag e Painting .

D ipp ing Ac ids . F ro sting , D rilli ng , Ph o to grap hy .

D raw i ng Office D e tails . D arke n in g , Be n ding, Pl aste ring .

D ry ing O ils . Staining , an d Pain t

D ynamite i ng Po tte ry ( C lays, Bo di ee,
‘

. .

El ec tro M e tallurgy G lass M aking . G lazes, C o l o urs, Oils ,

( C l ean ing , D i p p i ng , Gl ues Stai ns, F l uxes, Ena
b
.

S c ratch rush in g, Bat

- G ol d . me ls, an d Lustres) .

t erie s, Bath s, and G rai n ing . Sc o ut in g .

D e p o si ts of e v e ry G ums . Sil v e rin g .

de sc rip tio n ) . G un C o tto n . Soap .

Ename l s . G un p o w de r . So l de rs .

Eng rav ing o n W o od, H o rn W o rki ng . T ann i ng .

C o p e r, G o l d, Sil v er, In di arubb e r T ax ide rmy

J
. .

St an d Sto n e J n nn in g and T e mp e rin g M e tal s

p
. a a s , a p a , .

Etc hi ng and A ua T i n t l ndre d p ro c esse s T reati ng H o rn, M o th e r

°

q
. .

M a in g Lac ue rs O Pearl, and l ike sub

’
Fi re w o rk .
-

( R k t S t R i Lath in g s tan c e s
b a s
bb
o c e s r a n s,
J
.
, , .

G e r e s, e ts , T o ur Lu rican ts . V arni sh e s, M anufac ture

b ill o ns , C an dl e s, Fires, M ar l e W o rki ng . an d Use o f.
Lanc es,Ligh ts, W h e e l S, M atc h es . V e nee ri n g .

F i r e b a l l o o n s, a n d M o rtars .

mino r Fi re wo rks) . N i tro Gly ce rin e

-
. W ate rp roo fing .

F l uxes . O ils . W e l di ng .

F o un dry M ixtures .

Be si des Re c ei p ts rel ating to th e l e sse r T e c hno l o g ical matte rs and p roc ess es,
s uc h as th e manufac ture an d us e o f Ste nc i l Pl ates, Blac ki n g , C rayo ns, Paste ,
P utty , W ax, Siz e , All o y s, C atgut, T un ri dge W are , Pi c ture Frame an d b
Arc hi te c tural M o ul ding s, C o mpo s, C ame os , and o th ers too numero us to

L o n do n :E . 85 F . N . SP ON , 1 2 5 , St r an d .

N e w Y o rk :1 2 , Co r tl an dt Str ee t .
 J U S T P U B L I S H E D .

C ro wn 8 vo , c l o th , 480 p ag e s, w i th I S3 i l l ustrati o ns, 5s .

W O RK S H O P REC E IPT S ,

T HIRD S ERIES .

BY C . G . W A R N F O RD L OC K .

w i th th e Fi r s t an d Se c o n d S e r i e s .

S Y N O PS I S OF C O NT EN T S .

I n dium .

I ri di um .

I ro n an d Ste e l .

Lac q uers an d Lac que ring .

Lan th an u m .

Le ad .

Li thi um
b
.

Lu ri c ants .

M agne si um .

M angan e se .

M e rc ury .

M ic a
b
.

M o l y de n um .

Nic k el
b
.

N i o i um .

O smi um .

Pall adium .

Pl ati num .

Po tas siu m .

Rh o di um .

L o n do n :E . F . N . S P ON , 1 2 5 , St r an d .

N e w Y o rk :12 , C o r t l an d t S t r e e t .
 W O R K S H O P REC E I PT S ,

FO URT H S ERIES,
DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS MECHANICAL SUBJECTS .

BY C . G . W A R N F O RD LO C K .

260 Il l ustrati ons , w i th Comp l ete In dex, and a General I ndex to th e

Four Se ri es , 5 s .

W a t e rp ro o fin g
e ti o ns.
ru bb er g o o ds , c up ra mmo ni um p o c es ses,
r mis c ell an eo us
p p
r ara

P a c ki n g an d S t o ri n g arti c l e s o f de li c ate o do ur o r c o l o ur, o f a de l i q uesc e n t

b ro ke n
b
c h arac te r, li a l e to ig ni ti o n , ap t to suffe r fro m i nse c ts o r damp , o r e asily

mb
.

E al mi n g an d P re s e rv i n g anato mi c al sp e c ime ns .

L e a th e r P o l i s h e s .

C o o li n g A i r d W a t e r, roduc ing l o w te mp e ratures, makin g i c e, c oo l ing

an

p
syrup s and so l uti o ns , an( se p arati ng sal ts fro m l iq uo rs by re fri g e rati o n

b
.

P ump s a n d S i p h o n s , e m rac ing e v e ry use ful c o ntri van c e fo r raisin g and

s up p l y ing w ate r o n a mo derate s c al e , an d mo v i ng c o rro siv e , te n ac i o us ,
and o th e r l iq u i ds .

D e s i c c a ti n g — ai r an d w ate r -
o v e ns, an d o th e r ap p li an c e s fo r dryi ng natural
and arti fic i al p ro duc ts .

D i s t ill i n g — w ate r, ti n c tu res , extrac ts , p h armac e utic al p re p arati o n s, e sse n c e s,

p e r fu m es , an d al c o h o li c li u i ds q .

E mu l s i fy i n g as re q ui re d by ph armac is ts and p h o to grap h e rs .

E v ap o rat i n g — sal i n e an d o th e r s o l u ti o n s, an d li ui ds de man ding q sp e c i al

p re cau ti o ns .

F i l t e ri n g — wate r, an d so l uti o ns o f v ari o us ki n ds .

P e rc o l at i n g an d M a c e ra t i n g .

E l e c tro ty p i n g
b
.

S t e re o ty p i n g by o th p l aster an d p p
a e r p ro c e sse s.

b
B o o k i n di n g i n al l i ts de tails
b b
.

S traw P l ai ti n g an d th e fa ri catio n o f ask e ts , matting , e tc.

M u s i c al I n s tru me n t s — th e p re se rv atio n , tuning , an d rep ai r o f p iano s,

harmo ni ums , musi c al oxes , e tc b .

C l o c k an d W a t c h M e n di n g — adap te d fo r i n tel ligen t amate u rs .

P h o t o g rap h y — r e c e n t dev el o p me n t i n rap id p ro c e sse s , h an dy app aratus,

n u me ro us re c ip e s fo r s e n s i ti z i ng an d de v e l o in g so l utio n s, an d ap p li c a
p
ti o ns to mo de rn ill us trative p urp o ses .

L o n do n :E . a F . N . SP ON , 1 2 5 , Str a n d .

N e w Y ork :1 2 , C o r t l a n dt St r e e t .