JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAY

JAFFARPUR KALAN

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
REPORT

2019-2020
 INDEX

S. no. Content . Page no.

1. Certificate of Excellence 1
2. Acknowledgment 2
3. Aim 3
4. Apparatus Required 4
5. Chemical required 5
6. Background 6
7. Introduction 7
8. Reaction 9
9. Procedure 10
10. Precautions 13
11. Bibliography 14
 Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, Many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledge
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with
this project.
Primarily I would like thank god for being
able to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my principal
Mr. sir and my Chemistry teacher Mr. Jaydip
Varnagar whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project
and make it full proof success, his
suggestions and instruction has served as the
major contribution towards the completion
of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents who
have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been very
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
 AIM

Aim is to study the effect of

addition of sodium
carbonate on foaming
capacity of a Soap .
 Apparatus Required

1. Conical flask (preferably 100 ml)

2. Funnel
3. 20ml test tubes
4. 100 ml measuring cylinders
5. Test tube stand
6. Weight box
7. Burner
8. chemical soap sample, distilled water
and m/100 NaHCO3 solution.
 INTRODUCTION
Soaps and detergents are cleaning
ingredients that are able to remove oil
particles from surfaces because of their
unique chemical properties. Soaps are created
by the chemical reaction of a jetty acid with
on alkali metal hydroxide. In a chemical sense
soap is a salt made up of a carboxylic acid and
an alkali like sodium of potassium.

The cleaning action of soap and detergents is

a result of thrill, ability to surround oil
particles on a surface and disperse it in water.
Bar soap has been used for centuries and
continues to be an important product for
batching and cleaning. It is also a mild
antiseptic and ingestible antidote for certain
poisons.
 SOAP
SOAP Soap is a common term for a number of
related compounds used as of washing clothes or
bathing. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
higher fatty acids such as stearic acid (C17 H35
COOH), palmittic acid (C15 H31 COOH) and
oleic acid (C17H35 COOH) they have the general
formula RCOONa and R COONa. Soap is
produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis
reaction of a fat or oil. Currently sodium
carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to
neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.
 GENERAL OVERALL
HYDROLYSIS REACTION

Although the reaction is shown as one step

reaction, it is in fact two steps. The net effect as
that the ester bonds all broken. The glycerol turns
back into an alcohol. The fatty acid is turned into a
salt due to the presence of a basic solution of
NaOH . In the carboxyl group, one oxygen now
has a negative charge that attracts the positive
sodium ion. A molecule of soap consists of two
parts.

a) Alkyl group – it is oil soluble

b) Carboxylic group – It is water solubl

 TYPES OF SOAPS
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon
chain determines the unique properties of various
soaps. Tallow or animal fats give primarily
sodium stearate (18 carbons) a very hard,
insoluble soap. Fatty acids with longer chains are
even more insoluble. As a matter of fact, 3inc
stearate is used in talcum powders because it is
water repellent. Coconut oil is a source of lauric
acid (12 carbons) which can be made into sodium
lourate. This soap is very soluble and will lather
easily even in sea water. Fatty acids with only 10
or fewer carbons are not used in soaps because
they irritate the skin and have objectionable
odors.
 CLEANISING ACTION OF SAOP
Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not
dissolve in water. The molecule of soap constitutes
sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic
acids. In the case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in
oil and the ionic end dissolves in water. Thus the soap
molecules form structures called micelles. In micelles,
one end is towards the oil droplet and the other end
which is the ionic faces outside. Therefore, it forms an
emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when
we wash our clothes.
Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have
different properties.

 Hydrophilic end
 Hydrophobic end

The first one is the hydrophilic end which dissolves

water and is attracted towards it whereas the second
one is the hydrophobic end that is dissolved in
hydrocarbons and is water repulsive in nature. If on the
surface of the water, soap is present then the
hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water will align
along the water surface.
 MICELLES

Soaps And Detergents – Micelle structure

In water, the soap molecule is uniquely oriented which

helps to keep the hydrocarbon part outside the water.
When the clusters of molecules are formed then
hydrophobic tail comes at the interior of the cluster and
the ionic end comes at the surface of the cluster and this
formation is called micelle. When the soap is in the form
of micelles then it has the ability to clean the oily dirt
which gets accumulated at the centre. These micelles
remain as colloidal solutions. Therefore the dirt from the
cloth is easily washed away. The soap solution appears
cloudy as it forms a colloidal solution which scatters
light.
 EXPERIMENT-1

TO STUDY THE EFFECT ON ADDITION

OF SODIUM CARBONATE ON FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAP.

Materials Required:

(a) Apparatus One 100ml conical flask, 20ml test

tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand,
weight box, stop watch and burner.

(b) Chemicals Soap samples, distilled water, tap

water and m/10 Na2Co3 solution.
THEORY

Calcium and magnesium ions present in the tap water

interfere in the foaming capacity of soap. These ions
combine with soap and form insoluble calcium and
magnesium salts which get precipitated

Therefore, the presence of these ions effect the foaming

capacity of soap and hence their cleaning capacity.
When Na2CO3 is added to the tap water, calcium and
magnesium ions gets precipitated as their carbonates in
the presence of Na2CO3

Foaming capacity of the water increases. In order

determine the effect of NO2CO3 on the foaming
capacity of a sample of soap it is first shaken with
distilled water there with top water and finally with top
water containing equal volume of M/10 Na2CO3
solution and then the time taken for siroppealance of
foam it noted
PROCEDURE

1. Weigh accurately 0.5g of the given amount of soap

and transfer to a 100ml of conical flask. Add 50ml of
distilled water and wolm to dissolve till clear solution is
obtained.

2. Take three 20ml test tubes and label them as 1,2 and
A,B and C. To test tube A add 10ml of distilled water, to
test tube C add 5ml of tap water 5ml of M/10 Na2CO3
solution.

3. Add 1ml of soap solution to each tube.

4. Cork test tube A tightly and shake vigorously for

1minute. Place the test tube on the test tube stand and
start the stop watch immediately. Note the taken for the
disappearance of foam.

5. Repeat the same procedure for test tube B and C, rate

the time taken for the disappearance of foam.
OBSERVATON TABLE :-

Weight of soap taken = 0.5g

Volume of distilled water taken for preparing solution =

50ml
CONCLUSION
• Foaming capacity of tap water increases on addition of Na2CO3
solution.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
 WWW.CHEMISTRYEXPLAINED.COM
 NCERT BOOKS