31

In the current scene of the aggressive marketing and high competition the

business need to adopt some modern practices to keep the art, technique and pride alive.

The Sarvodaya sector has its own peculiar features and determinants of

competitiveness. Once they are identified, we can attempt for its development along

with global challenges. The study of effects of Westernization, Liberalization,

Globalization and ever-changing world of fashion can be studied before the business

adopts new strategies to compete the global challenges. For that the business of

Sarvodaya sanghs need more attention and research from traditional and modern

studies.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

“Khadi – The Indian Heritage”

2.1 INTRODUCTION

A literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field

of topic. It gives an overview of what has been said who the new writers are, what the

prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being sacred and what method

and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such it is not in itself primary

research, but rather it report on other findings. The related literature has been studied

to know the trends and the scope for research in the selected field. Many doctoral

thesis and reports published in the leading journals especially KVIC journal Jagriti,
 32

Sarvodayam, Grama suyarajiyam has been subjected to analysis. This reviewhas

enabled the researcher to identify the area and theme for the present study.

A brief summary of previous research and the writings of recognised experts

provide evidence that the researcher is familiar with what is already known and with

what is still unknown and untested. Since effective research must be open to past

knowledge, this steps help to eliminate duplication of what has been done and

provides useful hypothesis and helpful suggestions for significant investigation.

The researcher found that reviews were very limited still related reviews are

shown, this chapter provides the studies related to the study of khadi units and KVIC

and also the research gap identified out of the review.

2.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

Subramanian.N. (1967)3, in his study entitled “Evolution of Tamilnadu

Sarvodaya Sangh – Tiruppur”, has elucidated the ample scope for eradication of

poverty in rural area through the development of khadi and village industries.

3 Subramanian N (1967) “Evolution of Tamilnadu Sarvodaya Sangh – Tiruppur”-

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Chennai University.
 33

Ramalingam.K. (1968)4, in his study entitled “The Role of KVIC in rural

development”, has stated KVIC not only generate employment but also produce

valuable products by using rural work force.

Ashoka Mehtra (1968)5,in his study entitled “Report On Khadi and village

industries” ,has suggested progressive improvement of the techniques are making

Khadi and village industries really beneficial. The large number of artisans already

engaged in traditional rural industries should be protected against any substantial

displacement during the period of transition to higher techniques, so that the

technological unemployment is not on the increase.

V.M Dandekar and Nilakantha Rath (1971)6, in his journal entitled “Poverty in

India –II” has observed at the root of the prevailing inequalities in income is the

inequitable distribution of the means of production. Unemployment and under

employment is prevailing in the rural India.

Adinarayana.K. (1980)7, in his study entitled, “Khadi and village industries –A

few considerations for its expansion”, observes that the KVI movement aims at

appreciating the dignity of labour and infusing the workers with the same sprit. The

development of creative faculties and human resources with an emphasis on altruistic

4Ramalingam K. (1968) “The Role of KVIC in Rural Development”, Unpublished Ph.D

Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University.
5Ashoka Mehtra (1968) “Report on Khadi and Village Industries”, Gramarajyam, p.13.
6 V.M Dandekar and Nilakantha Rath (1971), “Journal-Poverty in India –II”, p.36.
7 Adinarayana.K. (1980) - “Khadi and village industries –A few considerations for its

expansion”, Journal Jagriti, p.18.

 34

values may lead to a better standard of living. To attain this, it is imperative that the

workers and the people alike should be educated.

Prasad.K.N. (1980)8, in his study entitled, “Problems of Economic Development

in the Third World with special reference to India”, has stated that the priorities in

rural industries should be for the modernization of equipment. The aim of any

developmental programme should be to train the rural labourers to handle modern

equipments.

Meenakshi Sundram. N. (1981)9, in his study entitled “Khadi and Village

Industries in Tamilnadu – A Study of Financial Performance”, on the poor financial

performance of the selected agencies of Khadi and village industries in Tamilnadu, has

made various recommendation to make this section financially viable.

Sudalaimuthu. S. (1981)10, in his study entitled,” Adaptability of Accepted

marketing practices in Khadi and Village Industries”, has observed keenly the

marketing practices in KVI. He has strongly recommended modernization in the form

of attractive packing and imaginative advertisements.

Rajula Devi. (1982 )11, in her study entitled, “ Women’s Participation in Rural

Areas ”, has stated that the Khadi and village industries could provide employment

8 Prasad.K.N. (1980), “Problems of Economic Development in the Third World with

special reference to India”, Journal Jagrity, p.25.
9 Meenakshi Sundram. N. (1981), “Khadi and Village Industries in Tamilnadu – A Study

of Financial Performance”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, M.K.University.

10 Sudalaimuthu. S. (1981), “Adaptability of Accepted Marketing Practices in Khadi and

Village Industries”, Gandhigram Rural University.

11 Rajula Devi. (1982), “Women’s Participation in Rural Areas”, University of Mumbai.
 35

to illiterate and unskilled women through spinning , producing utility articles, cottage

match industries, processing cereals and pulses and oil seed collection.

Gurusamy .M.P. (1983)12, in his study entitled “ Role of Khadi and village

Industries in the Removal of Poverty ”, holds the view that in India , poverty is

widespread and a majority of the people in rural areas are living below the poverty

line. The Khadi and village industries are labour intensive and capital saving. They

provide gainful employment to these millions of needy villagers at their doorstep and

help them to reduce to eradicate poverty.

Subrahmanya Raju. M.(1983)13 in his study entitled , “Khadi-Its Genesis and

important Today ,” describes that the hand-spun and hand-woven cloth in India, struck

the world with its superfine quality in earlier ages, when it stood as a symbol of the

patriotism and selfless service of people during the freedom struggle. At present it

remains the sole sentry guarding the interest of the helpless poor against heavy odds

throughout. It underscores the timelessness of human values. In war as well as in

peace it continues to offer solace to the troubled human soul.

12 Gurusamy .M.P. (1983), “Role of Khadi and village Industries in the Removal of
Poverty", Journal Sarvodayam, p.14.
13 Subrahmanya Raju. M. (1983), “Khadi-Its Genesis and important Today”, Journal

Jagriti, p.22.
 36

Ramamohan Rao . S (1983)14 thesis on “Development of KHADI Sector" has

studied the socio-economic profile of the KHADI weavers, Production and

Marketing characteristics of KHADI sector in Karim Nagar District, Andhra Pradesh.

Ramamoorthy. P.A. (1985)15, in his study entitled , “Khadi and village Industries

in Mizoram”, states that the regions on the border are as much in need of assistance

to develop themselves as the backward regions elsewhere. In fact, being further away

from the centers of activities and being sensitive areas, they need much more care and

attention.

Nag .T.k. (1987)16, in his study entitled, “Marketing of village Industries

products”, states that by associating the name of an organisation like the KVIC with a

product brought out by the village artisans, certainly the product image could be

upgraded. This is possible because of good will earned by the organisation among the

public concerned. But this requires proper maintenance of self imposed discipline on

the part of the artisans by strictly adhering to the standards and specification.

Narendra and Saxena.(1987)17, in their study entitled, “Importance of Co-

ordination in Marketing of KVI Products” has stated that, 60 percent to 70 percent of

the sales of Khadi occurs only during the special rebate period , the work force

14 Ramamohan Rao. S (1983), “Development of KHADI Sector", Unpublished Ph.D

Thesis - Andhra University.
15 Ramamoorthy. P.A ( 1985) “Khadi and Village Industries in Mizoram”, Journal –

Jagriti, p.29.
16 Nag .T.K. (1987) “Marketing of Village Industries Products”, Jagriti, p.10.
17 Narendra and Saxena.(1987)- “Importance of Co-ordination in Marketing of KVI

Products”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.

 37

(employees) in bhandars remain underemployed for the remaining nine months. This

can be improved upon by focusing more on the items produced in village industries

for which the demand remains throughout the year, The Khadi and village industrial

sector helps women folk and families of scheduled caste/tribe to gainfully occupy

themselves and make free from drudgery type of work in agriculture.

Rama Rao. P.and Ram Krishna S. (1987)18 in their study entitled, “Growth of

KVIC during 1956 -1985”, observe that the development of Khadi and village industries

in India , after Independence, has been an integral part of the planned development

to plan period elucidating the fact they can play a significant role in the development

of the rural economy .

Durairaj N. and Barathan D. (1989)19, in their study entitled, “concentration of

Khadi and Village Industries in Tamilnadu", have remarked that the industrial activities

are seen to get localized near certain specific areas for various reasons and khadi and

village industries are not an exception to this development. This dissertation measures

such concentration of khadi and village industries with special reference to Tamilnadu,

which has a good ranking in the development of Khadi and village industries.

Ramaswamy D. (1989)20, in his study entitled, “Khadi and Village Industries-The

Role of technology”, points out that the productivity is low due to a meager use of

18 Rama Rao P. and Ram Krishna S. (1987), “Growth of KVIC during 1956 -1985”,
Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.
19 Durairaj . N. and Barathan. D. ( 1989) “concentration of Khadi and Village Industries

in Tamilnadu, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.

20 Ramaswamy. D. (1989), “Khadi and Village Industries - The Role of Technology”,

Journal Gramarajyam, p.12.

 38

machine power in Khadi and village industries. Application of technology and the

introduction of advanced tools in the area of skill up gradation and training through

television and video can play an important role in enhancing productivity that will

ensure satisfactory earning level.

Arumukhan P. (1990)21, in his study entitled, “Tamilnadu Khadi and Village

Industries Board –A Study of Financial Management”, has dealt with the financial

conditions of Khadi and village industries run by the Tamilnadu Khadi and Village

Industries Board.

Chelladurai. A. (1991)22, in his study entitled, “Employment Generation in

Village Industries –A Case Study”, has pointed out that Tamilnadu has ample palm

wealth, thanks to its congenial climate and diligent artisans. Palmgur industry ranks

next to agriculture and makes a remarkable contribution to employment generation

particularly in Sattankulam Taluk, Tirunelveli District. Due to its very nature, palmgur

industry, particularly in tapping palmyra trees, offers seasonal employment. To

strengthen the economic conditions of palm tappers, there is a need to set up self-

employment schemes in the palm belts so that they could offer employment

throughout the year.

21 Arumukhan. P. (1990), , “Tamilnadu Khadi and Village Industries Board –A Study of

Financial Management” Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.
22 Chelladurai. A. (1991), “Employment Generation in Village Industries –A Case

Study", Ph.D Thesis, M.S.University.

 39

Kannan Nair. N. (1992)23, in his study entitled, “Entrepreneurship Development

in Small and Rural Industries”, states that the entrepreneurs play a very important role

in developing the economy of a country. In a developing country like India, there are

ample opportunities for the entrepreneurs. They can make use of our country by

initiating entrepreneurial ventures. India needs more entrepreneurial ventures. India

needs more entrepreneurs for utilising the available local resources and man power.

Muniandi. K. (1992)24, in his study entitled, “Gandhiniketan Ashram,

T.Kallupatti-A Bird’s Eye-view”, states that an all-round development of men under

one roof seems to be the motto of Gandhiniketan Ashram. T.Kallupatti, which

undertakes varied activities. This institution is fulfilling Gandhiji’s wishes through its

activities.

Rajendran.R. (1992)25, in his study entitled “Dr.Kumarappa Institute of Rural

Technology and Development”, points out that the training organisation have

responsible role in molding the skills and behaviour of the entrants who pass through

their portal and in turn set the developmental machinery in motion. The premier

training center mentioned above has gained valuable experience in imparting new

skills and techniques to the entrants.

23 Kannan Nair. N. (1992), “Entrepreneurship Development in Small and Rural

Industries", Journal Jagirti, p.20.
24 Muniandi. K.(1992), “Gandhiniketan Ashram, T.Kallupatti-A Bird’s Eye-view”,

Journal Gramarajyam, p.15.

25 Rajendran R.(1992) “Dr.Kumarappa Institute of Rural Technology and

Development”, Journal Sarvodayam, p.10.

 40

Ramalingam .K. (1992)26, in his study entitled “Performance Appraisal of

Nanguneri Sarvodaya Sangh, Panagudi”,has enumerated the ample scope for rural

employment in uplifting the standard of living of the rural artisans through Khadi

village industries.

Basantha Kumar. (1994)27,in his study entitled, “Human Resources

Development -A case study of KVI” has made an investigation on the effectiveness of

recruitment, training and remuneration policies leading to better labour relation as

managerial means to motive and control workers. A number of recommendations

have been made in this regard in his study.

Padmanabhan. V. (1994)28, in his study entitled, “Sage of a Fabric”, and points

out that Khadi’s well considered programme called “Constructive Programme” exhorts

people to take up the constructive work very seriously. The unique nature of this

constructive programme is its identification of all issues that go to make the life of

rural people. It is an original approach, bringing together the benefactors and

beneficiaries.

Pathak .S.M. (1996)29, in his study entitled, “Role of Khadi and Village

Industries”, states that any argument stressing the relevance of KVI in the present day

26Ramalingam K. (1992) “Performance Appraisal of Nanguneri Sarvodaya Sangh",

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis M.S University.
27 Basantha Kumar. (1994), “Human Resources Development -A case study of KVI”,

Journal Jagirti, p.9.

28 Padmanabhan. V. (1994), “Sage of a Fabric”, Journal.
29 Pathak .S.M. (1996), “Role of Khadi and Village Industries”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis,

University of Mumbai.
 41

economy cannot hold good unless, supporting reasons are furnished in detail. One

such supporting reason is presented here with a particular reference to our new

economic strategy of liberalisation with globalisation.

George.M.A. (1997)30, in his study entitled, “An Introspection of Khadi and

Village Industries”, states that evolving a suitable scheme and pattern of socio-

economic development of the nation which makes provision not only for a balanced

approach but also for a sound base for development is the motto underlying the

programme of Khadi and village industries and that can be achieved only when there

is an open mindedness and an unbiased practical outlook.

Manimekalai .N.(1997)31, in her study entitled, “Performance of Khadi and

Village Industries in Tamilnadu”, points out that the Khadi and village industries in

Tamilnadu shows an increasing trend in respect of production, sales employment and

earnings. It was more so in the case of employment which increased manifold in the

last few years in Tamilnadu.

Pranab. k.Banerjee.(1997)32, in his study entitled, “Future of Khadi and Village

Industries”, has pointed out that the Khadi and village industries products which play

30 George.M.A. (1997), “An Introspection of Khadi and Village Industries”, Journal

Jagriti, p.17.
31 Manimekalai .N.(1997), “Performance of Khadi and Village Industries in Tamilnadu”,

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis M.S.University.

32Pranab. k.Banerjee.(1997), “Future of Khadi and Village Industries” – Jouranl Jagritu,

p.10.
 42

a crucial role in the development of the economy of a country like India, deserve a

unique marketing strategy in and abroad.

Raghava Rao .M.V.(1998)33, in his study entitled, “Development of Khadi and

Village Industries and Panchayat Raj Institution”, stresses the need to explore how

best the Panchayat Raj Institution could be associated with the task of promoting KVI

sector and also to what extent and in which area they have to be associated.

Suresh Kumar. K.S. and Ganesh.C. (1998)34, in their study entitled, “Economic

Impact of Handloom Co-operatives on Weavers”, point out that about 27 percent of

the total cloth produced in the country comes from the handloom sector which earns

substantial foreign exchange.

Gujar.N.R (1999)35, in his article, “Khadi Cheaper than Mill Cloth”, has critically

examined the economics of running textile mills and Khadi units,and has proved

beyond doubt that if social cost is taken into account, it would render Khadi cheaper

than mill cloth.

Prabhakar.M.V.R. (1999)36, in his study entitled, “Khadi Marketing: Certain

structural constraints” has suggested that sales rebate as an integral part of sales

promotion of Khadi has come to stay and the only need for modification of the present

33 Raghava Rao .M.V.(1998), “Development of Khadi and Village Industries and

Panchayat Raj Institution”, Journal Jagriti, p.8.
34 Suresh Kumar K.S. and Ganesh C. (1998), “Economic Impact of Handloom Co-

operatives on Weavers".
35 Gujar N.R (1999), “Khadi Cheaper than Mill Cloth", Journal Jagriti, p.11.
36 Prabhakar M.V.R. (1999), “Khadi Marketing: Certain structural constraints”, Journal

Jagriti, p.16.
 43

system is to extend the benefit on a rational basis by identifying the items which could

be sold even in the absence of proper rebate.

Sikandra Bakht. (1999)37, in his study entitled, “Creative Productivity

Employment”, points out that though Khadi and village industries play a pivotal role in

generating productive employment in the non-farm rural sector, even small units run

by the village artisans could contribute enormously to making the country self-reliant.

Memukhan. S. (2000)38, in his study entitled, “A Study of Financial Performance

of Sarvodaya Sangh at Nagercoil”, has enumerated the employment opportunities to

the rural people as the means for well uplifting the standard of rural economically

backward people.

Geetha's (2000)39 empirical study entitled, "A study of KHADI weaver's

co-operatives societies in Salem District, Tamilnadu" was undertaken with primary and

secondary data to review the performance of KHADI weavers' co-operative societies

and suggesting suitable remedial measures to improve the performance. He

suggests up gradation of the technology and ensuring the supply of quality of

yarn to the co-operative societies will definitely improve the performance of co-

operatives.

37 Sikandra Bakht. (1999), “Creative Productivity Employment”, Journal Jagriti, p.5.

38Memukhan. S. (2000), “A Study of Financial Performance of Sarvodaya Sangh at
Nagercoil", Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, M.S.University.
39 Geetha's (2000) "A study of KHADI weaver's co-operatives societies in Salem

District, Tamilnadu", Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Periyar University.

 44

Ramaswamy.T. and Thirumurgan. G. (2001)40, in their study entitled,

“Consumerism towards Khadi Products”, has pointed out the consumer behaviour

towards the Khadi products and the factors which influence the consumers to buy the

Khadi products and to know the satisfaction available to the consumers from Khadi

products and to know the expectation of the consumers from Khadi products.

Balasubramanian.S (2001)41 study entitled, "Economic of textile sector in Trichy

District with special reference to KHADI sector in Karur Taluk" was undertaken

with overall objectives of assessing nature and cause of sickness in KHADI’ s of Karur

Taluk and suggesting specific remedial measures. The study shows that the non-

availability of timely credit was the major reason for the sickness, followed by

poor knowledge of marketing conservation, risk aversion, inertia of the

entrepreneur and delayed payments of the buyers of the product and their monopoly

power. There are also other reasons for this sickness in KHADI sector like low

productivity, traditional technology, lack of ability and skill of the individual weavers,

non-availability and poor quality of the products that had failed to meet the

customer needs, non-availability and poor quality of raw materials, work

environment and uncertainty of work. Very wide fluctuations in the prices of both raw

materials and finished products had also been major sources of business risk and

industrial sick intern.

40 Ramaswamy T. and Thirumurgan. G. (2001), “Consumerism towards Khadi

Products”, Journal Jagriti, p.21.
41 Balasubramanian S. (2001), "Economic of textile sector in Trichy District",

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Bharathiar University.

 45

Elangovan.R. (2002)42, in his study entitled, “Performance and Marketing

Practices in Tamilnadu”, has enumerated the needs for improvement in marketing

practices in order to achieve higher level of performance in all dimensions.

John D.K. Sunder Singh (2002)43 in his work, "The KHADI Sector in Madurai

City" has made an empirical study of Madurai KHADI sector. In his study he has

evaluated the sector as a whole. He has made a detailed study of the following

important elements of this sector. (i) Organization, (ii) Functioning, (iii) Uniqueness

and (iv) Problems. Further, he has concentrated on the wage structure of the

sector in Madurai area and has explained the significant areas of the sector in

economic terms.

Shanmuganathan (2002)44 in his "Weaver's co-operative societies in

Coimbatore District - A Study of Utilization by members", offers some suggestions

for achieving a higher degree of utilization of the weavers' co-operatives. He analyses

the influence of the institutional factors responsible for the utilization of the weavers'

co-operative societies by the members.

Raja Alias. K. (2003)45, in his study entitled, “Gandhiji and Khadi and Village

Industries”, has stated that, Gandhiji’s argument for rural industrialisation has evolved

42 Elangovan.R. (2002) “Performance and Marketing Practices in Tamilnadu”,

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis M.K.University.
43 John D.K. Sunder Singh (2002), "The KHADI Sector in Madurai City", Journal

Jagriti, p.17.
44Shanmuganathan (2002), "Weaver's co-operative societies in Coimbatore District

A Study of Utilization by members", Bharathiar University.

45Raja Alias. K. (2003), “Gandhiji and Khadi and Village Industries”, Journal

Sarvodayam, p.16.
 46

over a period of time. Over success in its implementation was much less then desirable

but the success is possible only by the support of the favourable government policy

and the people’s participation in the activities of the Khadi and village industries.

Ravichandran.T. (2004)46 in his thesis entitled “Performance Evaluation of

Sankarakovil Sarvodaya sangh” has observed the performed well in production, sales

and employment generation. KVIC and the sangh take effective steps to improve the

socio-economic status of Artisans.

Dhandapani.k. (2004)47, in his study entitled “A comparative study of Padiyur

Sarvodaya sangh and Mulanoor Sarvodaya sangh”, he observes the performances of

the both sanghs in the areas like production, sales, employment generation, wages

paid, working capital turnover and subsidy utilized. The padiur sarvodaya sangh

perform performed well than Mulanoor sarvodaya sangh.

Rakesh Khurana. S (2005) the book entitled, "Management of Decentralized

Sector: A case of KHADI s" serves as a background to the KHADI sector in particular. It

deals with production and project management. Besides, there is a deep analysis

of concepts like production mill, raw material management and project

formulation in it. Moreover, it comprehensively deals with the marketing problems,

planning, controls, organizational structure, human resource management and the

46Ravichandran.T. (2004)“Performance Evaluation of Sankarakovil Sarvodaya Sangh”,

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis M.S.University.
47 Dhandapani.k. (2004)“A comparative study of Padiyur Sarvodaya Sangh and

Mulanoor Sarvodaya Sangh”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Bharathiar University.

 47

ideal and practical corporate strategy. Even though the book is primarily focused

as the case study of the KHADI sector, the author has laid the foundation for the

programmes for management development in the decentralized sector.

Ashok parthasarathy. (2005)48, in his journal “Rural Industrialisation with

reference to KVIC”, Has keenly observed that KVIC has failed to effectively link up with

research and development of institutions as well as with technology of suppliers

involved in India’s rural industrialization programme. The experience of China’s spark

programmes that promotes rural industrialistion and development by relying on the

diffusion of science and technology in the town and villages.

Arulanandam (2008)49, in his thesis "The study of KHADI sector in Tamilnadu"

has made an attempt to study the various aspects of the KHADI sector in Tamilnadu.

A coherent picture of the sector in Tamilnadu by analyzing the structure and

organizational set up, local production techniques internal marketing problems,

export potential and the role of co-operatives has been given in it.

Reath (2009)50, in his study entitled "A Classification of Hand-Loom Fabric"

outlines modern textile manufacturers have borrowed the traditional names of certain

types of fabrics and applied them to Power loom products which bear but a superficial

resemblance to the original stuffs.

48 Ashok parthasarathy (2005), “Rural Industrialisation with reference to KVIC”,

Journal Jagriti, p.10.
49Arulanandam (2008), "The study of KHADI sector in Tamilnadu", Journal

Gramarajayam, p.19.
50 Reath (2009), "A Classification of Hand-Loom Fabric", Journal Jagriti, p.8.
 48

Bhadouria (2011) in her study analyzed the problems affecting the KHADI

sector. The study examines the three major problems viz... Shortage of raw

materials, lack of proper financing and marketing insufficiency of the finished

products as well as competition with other sectors. It is found from the study

that KHADI sector is facing lot of problems in procurement of raw materials, lack

of proper financing and marketing insufficiency of the finished products.

Sakthi Nath Saha. (2011)51, in his journal entitled “Trends in the textile industry

and the Dilemma in Indian cotton textile policy” has observed that the distinction

between the mill and the decentralized – hand loom, power loom, khadi – sectors of

cotton textile industry in India particularly in respect of factor intensity, volume of

production and policy is evident both the sectors of the industry for more than a

century are hindered.

Muzaffar Assadi. (2011)52, in his journal “Attack on Multinationals by Re-

Enactment of Gandhian violence”, states notwithstanding the Karnataka Raitha

Sangha’s consistent opposition to multinationals in food industries , the organization

has not arrived at a coherent approach to the issue of MNCs or the country’s

liberalization programme.

51 Sakthi Nath Saha. (2011) “Trends in the textile industry and the Dilemma in Indian
cotton textile policy”.
52 Muzaffar Assadi. (2011), “Attack on Multinationals by Re-Enactment of Gandhian

Violence”.
 49

Kanthan.G. (2012)53, in his thesis entitled “Consumer satisfaction on sarvodaya

products with special reference to Madurai District Sarvodaya Sangh” states the

problems faced by the sangh to move their products in the market. No more khadi was

sold on emotion, so the sangh concentrate on research and development and effective

promotional methods to reach the products to unreached.

Frances sinha and Sanjay sinha (2012)54, in his journal entitled “Woollen Textile

production and KVIC in Hill areas development” has observed that the promotion of

industries based on local resources and skills is a vital component of planning for

employment and income distribution. In the context of local resources and needs no

the one hand, and poor infrastructural facilities on the other, woolen textile

production on the other woolen textile production in the cottage sector appears to be

an important industry for hill area development.

Parvathi.S. (2012)55, in his study entitled “A Study on Financial Performances of

Madurai North Sarvodaya Sangh-Palani” he states that the sangh is facing struggle in

working capital turn over, hence the KVIC and Sate government may disburse gggg

the subsidy in time.

Rahul ramagundam. (2013)56, in his journal “Khadi and its agency” has keenly

53 Kanthan.G. (2012), “Consumer Satisfaction on Sarvodaya Products with Special

Reference to Madurai District Sarvodaya Sangh”.
54 Frances Sinha and Sanjay Sinha (2012), “Woollen Textile production and KVIC in Hill

Areas Development”.
55 Parvathi.S. (2012), “A Study on Financial Performances of Madurai North Sarvodaya

Sangh-Palani”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.

56 Rahul ramagundam (2013), “Khadi and its agency”.
 50

observed that Khadi and sarvodaya movement is an integral part of the government’s

development strategy for the upliftment of rural people.

Siva sankaran.p. (2013)57. In his journal entitled “The role of Gandhi Gramam –

Dhindugal in rural development” he states that the institution generates more

employment opportunities in spinning, weaving, dyeing and village industries

production by using local resources i.e. locally available raw materials and work force.

Renganathan.T. (2013)58, in his thesis entitled “The consumer attitude towards

the products sold by Ramanathapuram central sarvodaya sangh – sivakasi” he

elucidated, no more khadi was sold on emotion. The sangh follow the effective sales

promotional methods and strategies to push their products in the market.

2.3 RESEARCH GAP

The current research differs from the studies reviewed in this chapter. The

current study has employed to know the funds available and how it is distributed and

used by Sarvodaya Sanghs. Most of the studies have focused on marketing the Khadi

products, marketing strategies adopted by the khadi units, customers’ satisfaction,

and attitude towards these products. Thus the researcher has taken attempt to cover

57Siva sankaran P. (2013), “The Role of Gandhi Gramam –Dhindugal in Rural

Development”, Journal.
58 Renganathan.T. (2013), “The Consumer Attitude towards the Products Sold by

Ramanathapuram Central Sarvodaya Sangh – Sivakasi”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis.

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the area on how the subsidies from the government is used and benefited by the unit

and also attempt is made to study the socio-economic status of the khadi artisans.

2.4 CONCLUSION

The study unlike previous work has documented the khadi units and KVIC. The

recommendation for future plan of action has been clearly spelt out. This chapter has

covered almost all of the reviews to the Knowledge of the researcher. After the

completion of the review the gap was identified and relatively the further study has

been continued by the researcher. While making a thorough study on the review made

in this chapter it was found that most of the reviews have covered.

CHAPTER III
SARVODAYA SANGH AND KVIC – AN OVERVIEW
“Khadi spins employment and weave prosperity in rural India”

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Our father of nation Gandhiji’s greatest legacy to the world is the concept of
sarvodaya and he got this inspiration from John Ruskin’s “Unto this last”. The
teachings of “Unto this last” according to Gandhiji are 1) That the good of the
individual is contained in the good of all. 2) That the lawyers work has the same
value as the barbar’s in-as-much as all have the same right of earning their lively
hood from their work. 3) That a life of labour, that is the life of the tiller of the soil
and the handy crafts man, is the life worth living.