Order

  Pseudophyllidea   Cyclophyllidea  
SN   Diphyllobothrium  latum   Taenia  solium   Taenia  saginata   Hymenolepis  nana   Hymenolepis  diminuta   Dipylidium  caninum   Raillietina  garrisoni   Echinococcus  granulosus  
CN   Broad  fish  tapeworm   Pork  tapeworm   Beef  tapeworm   Dwarf  tapeworm   Rat  tapeworm   Dog  tapeworm   Rat  tapeworm   Hydatid  worm  
Habitat   Small  intestine  
FH   Man,  other  mammals   Man   Man  (DH  or  IH)   Rat,  Man  (accidental)   Dogs,  Man  (accidental)   Rat,  Man  (accidental)   Dog,  Fox,  Canine  spp.  
st
1  IH   Cyclops,  Copepods  spp.,   Pig  (may  be   Cattle,  cow,   Xenopsylla  cheopis  (rat  flea)   Ctenophalides  canis  &   Tribolium  confusum   Sheep,  Ox  
Diaptomus  spp.     surpassed)   carabao   Ctenophalides  canis  &  felis  (dog  &  cat  flea)   felis  (dog  &  cat  flea)   (flour  beetle)   Man  (dead  end)  
nd
*2 :  Fish  (Cyprinidae,   Tribolium  spp.  (cockroaches,  beetles)   Tribolium  sp.   Goat,  Swine  
salmon,  pike,  perch,   *With  or  without  IH   Tenebrio  sp.   Cattle,  Horse  
trout)   *Pulex  irritans  (human  flea)   (rice  &  flour  beetle)   Camel  
IS   Plerocercoid  larva  in  fish   Cyticercus   Cysticercus  bovis   Embryonated  ova   Cysticercoid  larva   Hydatid  cyst  
cellulosae     Cysticercoid  larva   Embryonated  ova  
MOT   Ingestion   Ingestion   Ingestion   Ingestion   Ingestion   Ingestion   Ingestion  
(source)  
(infected  fish)   (infected  meat)   (contaminated   (contaminated  food:   (flea/IH  tissue)   (cysts  in  organs,  egg  in  
food/water)   wheat,  grains,  cereals)   feces)  
Ova   Oblong   Round,  Yellow-­‐brown  thick  shell  w/   Round  to  oval   Round   Enclosed  in  egg   Spindle  shaped   Round,  Subspherical  
Golden  yellow     striations  *embryophore   Thin  shell   Striated  shell,  colorless   membrane/capsule   Enclosed  in  an  outer   Thick  yellow  brown  
Unsegmented   Segmented   Bipolar  thickenings   “fried  egg/  sunny  side   (8-­‐15  individual  eggs   elongated  membrane   striated  shell  
Operculated   Non-­‐operculated   4-­‐8  polar  filaments   up”  appearance   In  egg  packet)   Spherical  inner   (embryophore)  
Immature     With  polar  thickenings   Resembles  Taenia  eggs   membrane   Same  with  Taenia  
9-­‐12  days  maturation   *no  species  identification   No  polar  filaments       (up  to  8  eggs  only)    
distinct  terminal  knob    
(abopercular  knob)  
Embryo     Oncosphere/  hexacanth  embryo  w/  3  pairs  of  hooklets  
Scolex   Almond  shaped   Globular     Pyriform     Rhomboidal   Club/knobs-­‐haped   Globular   Subglobular   Globular  
  Armed  rostellum   Very  minute/no   Armed  rostellum   Unarmed   Armed  rostellum   Armed  rostellum   Armed  rostellum  
Double  rows  of  25-­‐ rostellum   20-­‐30  hooks   Retractable  rostellum   1-­‐7  circlets  of  spines   90-­‐140  hammer-­‐ w/  double  rows  of  28-­‐40  
30  hooks   Unarmed/no  hooks   shaped  alternating   hooks  
hooks    
 
Suckers   2  Slit-­‐like  Bothria/   4  cuplike  suckers   4  muscular  suckers  
suctorial  grooves    
Strobila     Up  to  3000  segments   800-­‐1000   1000-­‐2000   96-­‐200   800-­‐1000   200   About  5000   3  proglottids  only  
3-­‐10m   5-­‐10m   5-­‐10m   25-­‐45mm   60cm   60cm   60cm   4.5mm  
 Segment/   Broader  than  long   Dendritic  uterus   15  or  more  “tree-­‐ Broader  than  long   Rectangular   Melon/  cucumber/   “rice  grain   *notes:  Hydatid  Cyst  
Proglottid   Connective  Tissue  (host)  –
Central  uterine  pore   5-­‐13  uterine   like”  uterine   Sac-­‐like  uterus   Sac-­‐like  uterus   pumpkin  seed-­‐shaped   appearance”  
  outer  
  Highly  coiled/  rosette-­‐ branches   branches   Lateral  genital  pore   Lateral  genital  pore   Has  2  sets  of   1  genital  pore   Laminar  layer  –  middle  
  like/  flower-­‐like  uterus     reproductive  organs   Germinal  layer  –  inner  
  Brood  capsules  w/  
protoscolices    
Hydatid  sand  –in  hydatid  fluid  
Geni.Pore   Ventral   Lateral   2  lateral  genital  pores   Lateral  
Vitellaria   Diffuse   Compact  

PARASITOLOGY  –  PHYLUM  PLATYHELMINTHES  –  CLASS  CESTODA  (CESTODES)                     3A-­‐MT.  2013.  MMY    

 Life  Cycle   Egg   Egg   *Direct  Cycle   *No  direct  cycle   Gravid  proglottids   Eggs  (in  feces,  ingested  
(feces,  mature  in  water)   (in  feces,  ingested  by  IH)   Egg  directly     (intact  in  feces,  in  perianal  region)   by  IH,  hatches  in  small  
    ingested  by  man     bowel)  
Coracidium  
st Oncosphere/  Hexacanth   *Indirect  cycle:   Egg    
(ingested  by  1  IH)  
(in  intestines  of  IH)   Egg  (in  feces,  ingested  by  IH)   (released,  ingested  by  IH)   Oncosphere  
 
Procercoid     Oncospheres/  Hexacath     (penetrates  intestinal  
st nd
(in  1  IH,  ingested  by  2 )   Cysticercus   (penetrate  intestinal  villi)   Oncosphere   wall,  migrate  through  
  (in  muscles,  ingested  by  man)   Cysticercoid   (penetrate  IH’s  intestine)   circulatory  system,  liver,  
Plerocercoid  (Sparganum)     (in  IH,  ingested  by  man)     lungs,  organs)  
nd
(in  2  IH,  ingested  by  FH)   Adult     Cysticercoid    
(in  small  intestine  of  man)   *Autoinfection:   (in  IH’s  homocoel/body  cavity,  ingested  by  DH,   Hydatid  cyst  
Embryo  released  in  intestines   break  lumen  of  intestine)   (ingested  by  DH)  
Pathology   Diphyllobothriasis   Cysticercosis  –  due  to   Taeniasis  saginata   Hymenolepiasis   Dipylidiasis     Asymptomatic     Hydatidosis  (Cystecercosis)  
Sparganosis  –  due  to   larva;  accidental   –  due  to  adult   Intestinal  irritation  (enteritis)   Intestinal/abdominal   (man  is  unsuitable   –  due  to  larva  
larva   ingestion  of  egg;   *no  cysticercosis   Pruritus   discomfort   host)   Liver:  jaundice  
more  dangerous   Lung:  bloody  sputum,  chest  
(ingestion  of  procercoid     Diarrhea   Epigastric  pain  
Neurocystecercosis   pain,  coughing,  shortness  of  
in  cyclops)   Abdominal  pain   Diarrhea  
(NCC)  –  migration  of   breath  
Brothriocephalus   larva  to  the  brain;   Epigastric  pain   Allergic  reactions   Brain:  epilepsy  
anemia   headache,  coma   Intestinal  Discomfort   Appetite  loss   Necrosis  of  infected  tissues,  
(Pernicious/Megaloblast Taeniasis  solium  –   Nausea   indigestion   pressure  buildup  
ic  anemia)  –  due  to  lack   due  to  adult;   Dizziness   Anal  puritus  -­‐  caused   Anaphylactic  shock,  
of  Vit  B12   abdominal   Vomiting   by  migrating  gravid   eosinophilia,  allergic  
(cyanocobalamine)   discomfort,  hunger,   Anorexia   proglottids   reactions  
malabsorption       MAY  CAUSE  DEATH  
Dx  stage   Eggs/ova  in  stool   Eggs/ova,  gravid  proglottid/segment   Eggs/ova   Eggs,  gravid  proglottids   Egg/  scolex   Hydatid  cysts  
Diagnosis   Stool  exam  –  DFS,  KK,  CT   Stool  exam   Stool  exam   Stool  exam  (eggs)   Stool  exam   Stool  exam:  ova   Biopsy  of  Hydatid  cyst  
Double  slide  compression   Double  slide  compression  method   (recovery   Scotch  Tape  Swab   Gravid  segment   X-­‐Ray,  MRI,  Ultrasound,  
method  –  flatten/stretch   India  ink   scolex/eggs)   Double  Slide   CT  scan  
segment  b/w  2  slides  
Scotch  Tape  Swab*   Compression   Serologic:  Casoni  Test,  
India  ink  stain–  to  visualize  
  India  Ink   ELISA,  Western  Blot,  
branching  uterus  
  Indirect  
hemagglutination  
Rx   Niclosamide  &  Praziquantel   Niclosamide,  Praziquantel,  Bithionol   Surgical  Removal  of  cysts  
(PAIR)  
Mebendazole,  Albendazole,  
Praziquantel,  Hibitane  
Notes       Taenia  saginata   Smallest  tapeworm     Other  CN:   Other  name:     Smallest  tapeworm  
asiatica  –  common   of  man   Double  pored   Raillietina   Related  to  E.  multilocularis,  
in  Phils.   Previously   tapeworm   madagascariensis   E.  vogeli  and  E.  oligarthrus  
Puncture  (w/  fine  needle)  
*accessory  ovary  – Vampirolepis  nana   Pumpkin  seed  
Aspirate  (hydatid  fluid)  
smaller,  not  yet   tapeworm  
Inject  (protoscolicidal)  
gravid  =  bladder   Usually  in  toddlers  because  of  pets   Reaspirate  
cyst   No  local  transmission  (?)  

PARASITOLOGY  –  PHYLUM  PLATYHELMINTHES  –  CLASS  CESTODA  (CESTODES)                     3A-­‐MT.  2013.  MMY    

  

PARASITOLOGY  –  PHYLUM  PLATYHELMINTHES  –  CLASS  CESTODA  (CESTODES)                     3A-­‐MT.  2013.  MMY  