CONVEYOR BELT

INTRODUCTION:
Conveying materials on a conveyor belt remains the
most efficient means of moving materials from one place
to another. The conveyor belt is extremely cost effective ,
save energy ,and is unequaled in the field of transportation
The present day concern for ecology highlight the
Environmental friendliness of conveyor belting ,which
removes from the roads congestion and pollution otherwise
caused by trucking. Conveyor belt started with lightweight
material such as flour and grain and has developed into an
industry in which belts of a multitude width, construction,
strength, material, and quality grades carry all manner of
materials even under the most hostile conditions.
The coal industry worldwide adopted conveyor system as
part of their mechanized program for the cost-effective
mining of coal.
A rubber conveyor belt is a type of continuous moving
belt that transports materials or packages from one place
to another. In other words, this is a solid band made of
tough, long-lasting substances, upon which different
materials are conveyed. They are made from a variety of
materials, ranging from rubber compounds and leather to
urethane and PVC to wire mesh composed of assorted
metals, like stainless steel and carbon steel. Rubber
conveyor belts are very popular and widely used in various
industries to transport and process materials from one
point to another. They are widely used in conveyor
systems. Multiple belting are used to transfer or shift
power from one rotating shaft to another on conveyor
systems. They are available for a wide range of applications
and media transportation. Production, mining and shipping
companies all make use of conveyor belts to manage
materials more efficiently and reduce labor costs.

Conveyor belts are also used in food and beverage

companies, automotive and tire assemblies, electronics,
pharmaceutical and medical, printing, mail sorting, tobacco
and packaging .
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CONVEYOR
 Long Continuous belt.
 Carried on rolls - rollers held by frame.
 Belt wrapped around pulleys at ends.
 Pulleys coupled to gears and motors.
 Peripheral Devices to drop on belt, direct around corner, clean, discharge
etc.

Conveyor parts:

Conveyor Belting Parts:

 Drive unit (electric motor, coupling multistage gearbox)
 Pulleys (drive pulley and other)
 Belts (textile or with steel cords) with their joints
 Idlers
 Other (belt cleaning systems, control system, etc)
 Belt conveyor may be viewed as a part of bucket wheel excavator or
dumping machine.

Drive Unit: The drive unit consist of electric motor, damping coupling, two or
three stage gearbox and coupling that connect output shaft with pulley. A crucial
object in this subsystem is gearbox. According to the industry even 14% of
gearboxes may be replaced each year due to unexpected failures.
 Pulleys: Pulleys are generally made of steel fabricated construction. The pulley
shell is connected to the two hubs one at each ends with the help of two
diaphragms. Rubber lagged pulleys are supplied to increase the friction in between
the belt and the pulley. The lagging is either plain or herring plain bone grooves.

The idlers: The idlers consist if seamless steel tube rolls enclosed by pulley heads
at each end and fitted with stationary shaft, anti-friction bearing and seals. The
generally used idlers are:

 Toughing idler
 Toughing trainer
 Return idler
 Return trainer
 Impact idler.

Types of rubber conveyor belts

 Agricultural Conveyor Belt
 Recycling & Recovery Conveyor Belt
 Food Processing Conveyor Belt
 Package Handling Conveyor Belt
 Forest Products Conveyor Belt
 Aggregate/Cement & Construction Conveyor Belt etc.

Applications
There are different types of conveying belts available for unique applications. The
construction of conveyor belts and materials used often application-specific. For
example:

 General-purpose belting: This is for general conveying or power transmission

 Agricultural belting: This is for agricultural applications like silage transfer,
farm equipment belts, etc.
 Retail belts: They used used in checkout counters or inventory transfer for
various commercial purposes.
 Construction belting: They are used for materials such as roofing shingles or
plywood. They are heavy-duty belts designed for use on construction
equipment.
 Elevator conveyor belts: These kind of belts are typically used in vertical
applications where there are additional safety factors for bucket attachments as
well as holes for meshing with drive and tracking components.
 Food and beverage processing belts: They are designed to be used in food or
beverage processing applications.
 Forest conveyor belts: These are designed for use in the logging, sawmill, tree
farm, and related industries.
 Mining and quarrying belts: They are heavy-duty belts used for applications
in mines and quarries. They can transport materials such as ore, stone, tailings,
gravel, aggregate, etc.
 High temperature belting: They are used for materials that can safely tolerate
extreme temperatures. They can transfer high temperature materials.
 Inclined conveyor belts: They are typically designed for use in conveyance of
material up an incline or down an incline.
 Manufacturing and fabrication belting: They are used in factory production
lines. They include belts designed for specific fabrication applications like
semiconductor chip manufacturing.
 Belting for packaging operations: These belts are abrasion resistant for use
with cardboard, package paper, etc.
 Power transmission belting: They are used in power transmission applications
like engine belts, belting for power takeoffs, industrial machinery etc.
 Belting is used in the pulp and paper industry to transfer pulp, paper or paper
products.
 Custom conveyor belts: They can be designed for special applications.
Advantages of Conveyor Belts
 Mechanical strength is high.
 Flexibility is high.
 Low temperature resistance.
 Abrasion resistance is high.
 Resistance to chemicals.
 Cleaning requirement is minimum.
 Very durable

Types of damage on the belt:

EXCESSIVE TOP COVER WEAR OVER ENTIRE TOP SURFACE OR IN
LOAD CARRYING AREA

 The top cover quality is not adequate for the system/material being
conveyed. Upgrade to a heavier top cover. Upgrade to a better cover
compound.
 Off centre loading or improper loading of the belt. Make sure load chute
places the load in the centre of the belt. Make sure the direction of the
material down the chute is in the direction of the belt travel.

EXCESSIVE PULLEY COVER WEAR

 Frozen idlers. Replace or repair frozen idlers. Improve maintenance of idlers

(lubrication, cleaning, alignment).
 Insufficient traction between belt and drive pulley. Make sure drive pulley is
free of build up. Lag Drive pulley. Increase belt wrap on drive pulley.
Increase belt tension if the belt is under tensioned.
 Material build-up on the pulley face or conveyor structure. Clean system,
improve material containment, install cleaners, check skirting, install belt
scrapers in front of pulleys.

EXCESSIVE EDGE WEAR

 The belt is misaligned. Track and train belt.

 Material build-up on the pulley face or conveyor structure. Clean system,
improve material containment, install cleaners, check skirting, install belt
scrapers in front of pulley.
  If the edge wear occurs in the splice area, the splice may have been installed
crooked. Resplice belt.

BELT RUNS OFF AT TAIL PULLEY

 The belt is running off centre as it comes around the tail pulley and/or
through the load point. Re-track belt, install training idlers on the return
prior to the tail pulley.
 Material build-up on the pulley face or conveyor structure. Clean system,
improve material containment, install cleaners, check skirting, install belt
scrapers in front of pulley.

BELT SLIPS WHEN CONVEYOR IS STARTED

 Pulley lagging is worn or not adequate to produce sufficient traction.

Replace with new or correct pulley lagging.
 Counter weight hitting bottom, not enough belt tension. Shorten belt and re-
splice
 One or more of the system pulleys are below the acceptable diameter.
Replace pulleys with diameters acceptable to belt requirements.

THE COVERS ARE HARDENING AND/OR CRACKING

 Heat or chemical damage to the belt. Make sure to use the correct belt
carcass and compounds for the application.
 Compound degradation due to ozone and ultraviolet light during long term
storage. Store inside out of direct sunlight and weather. Utilize spare belts
sooner.

THE COVERS ARE SWELLING AND/OR GETTING SOFT S IN CERTAIN

AREAS.

 The belt is contaminated with spilled oil or grease. Improve house keeping,
avoid spilling of hydrocarbon based lubricants on the belt. Don't over grease
bearings. Check grease seals on bearings.
TRANSVERSE BREAKS IN BELT AT THE EDGE.

 Inadequate transition distance from the pulley to the troughing idlers.

Increase transition length. Rule of thumb, transition is equal to 2.5 times belt
width minimum.

Repair compound
 If any damages occurred on the conveyor belt like crakes, scratches,
breaking. The compound which helps to repair these damages by curing
or joining those damaged surfaces called repair compound

 The servicability and service life of a conveyor belt depends on the servicing
and maintenance of the system and its conveyor belt. Downtime is costly
and must be held to a minimum in case of repairs. cold repair material makes
it possible to do this.

Room temperature vulcanization adhesive:

VULCANIZATION
vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related
polymers into more durable materials by the addition of sulfur or other
 equivalent curatives or accelerators. These additives modify the polymer by
forming cross-links between individual polymer chains. Vulcanized materials
are less sticky and have superior mechanical properties.

Room temperature vulcanization :

Normally vulcanization is done at high temperature and pressure . If
vulcanization is carried out at room temperature is called room
temperature vulcanization.

Chloroprene Rubber Adhesive

Introduction
Neoprene, or poly chloroprene was the first synthetic elastomer used by the
adhesives industry, and is one of the most versatile materials ever developed
as a backbone for elastomeric adhesives. Neoprene combines rapid bond
strength, development with good tack or auto-adhesion, and resistance to
degradation by oils, chemicals, water, heat, sunlight, and ozone. It is
popular in numerous areas such as shoe sole attachment, furniture
construction, automobile assembly, and a variety of construction applications.

Contact adhesives based on poly chloroprene exhibit performance advantages

over alternative adhesive systems in a wide variety of related applications
where quick, high-strength, permanent bonds are needed. A significant
advantage of contact adhesives is auto-adhesion, which results in an instant bond
with sufficient green strength . Contact adhesives can also be formulated to
provide a long open time before the adhesive-coated substrates are combined.
This enables assembly operations to pre-coat or stage the preparation of
substrates prior to bonding.

Chloroprene Rubber
Poly chloroprene rubber or neoprene has more than 75 years of proven
performance in varied industrial applications. Neoprene, an extremely useful
synthetic rubber, is the DuPont Performance Elastomer's trade name for a
family of poly chloroprene rubber (CR). In other words, poly chloroprene is
the polymer name for the synthetic rubber known as neoprene. This rubber
was developed in 1931 and supposed to be the first specialty elastomer.
This is one of the most important types of synthetic rubber with an annual
consumption of nearly 300000 tons worldwide. Poly chloroprene rubber has
a perfect balance of mechanical properties and fatigue resistance which is
second only to natural rubber. Neoprene rubber also has superior oil,
chemical and heat resistance. This type of rubber (Poly chloroprene rubber or
Neoprene) is widely used in general engineering applications.

STRUCTURE
Properties
Neoprene rubber does not has just one outstanding property, but its balance
of properties is unique among the other types of synthetic rubber. The poly
chloroprene properties can be listed as follows:

 Poly chloroprene rubber has good mechanical strength.

 It is high ozone and weather resistance.
 Neoprene also has good aging resistance.
 It has low flammability as one of its properties.
 It has good chemicals resistance.
 Poly chloroprene rubber is moderately oil and fuel resistant.
 Neoprene rubber properties include its capability of adhesion to many
substrates.
 Poly chloroprene or neoprene rubber can be vulcanized by using
various accelerator systems over a varied temperature range.
 It is less resistant than natural rubber to low temperature stiffening.
This helps in giving improved low temperature resistance.

Adhesive Properties of chloroprene Rubber

 A significant performance advantage of contact adhesives is auto-
adhesion. Poly chloroprene contact adhesives provide immediate green
strength and high ultimate bond strength for efficient assembly. The
substrates are coated with adhesive, allowed to dry and then combined
under light to moderate pressure. This results in an instant bond. The
mechanism is not a simple diffusion process but diffusion with solubility.
Therefore, the residual solvent concentration is an important factor.
Sufficient green strength is achieved so that the assembled components can
undergo finishing operations without additional clamping or fixturing.

 The two main criteria that influence the polymer selection when designing a
formula for a contact adhesive are the crystallization rate and viscosity.

 In the furniture and related industries, a wide range of substrates must be

bonded.
 CRYSTALLIZATION

 Crystallization determines the rate of initial strength development. Fast-

crystallizing poly chloroprene grades give rapid bond-strength development.
Crystallinity in a polymer inhibits the diffusion process and hence reduces
auto-adhesion. A balance has to be achieved between auto-adhesion
characteristics and ultimate mechanical performance.

 Unlike chemical crosslinking, crystallization is reversible. The

crystallization of poly chloroprene is temperature-dependent, being very
pronounced at low temperatures, while higher temperatures result in a
gradual loss of crystallinity. Adhesives that have crystallized at room
temperature de-crystallize at elevated temperatures, losing their strength.
This can already be noticed at 40 to 50 degrees C, and as the temperature
rises, the thermoplasticity increases. If the bonds are simultaneously
subjected to a load, this will eventually result in bond destruction.

 Poly chloroprene adhesives that have been de-crystallized at elevated

temperatures exhibit auto-adhesion. This property is exploited in the
production of heat-activated adhesives.

Adhesive type:
Different grades of adhesive types of neoprene is available:

 Neoprene AC, AD and CG show a high degree of Crystallinity.

 AF shows a low degree of crystallinity.

Various grades of chloroprene rubber

 Normal Linear Grades or General Purpose Grades
 Pre crosslinked Grades
 Sulfur-Modified Grades
 Slow Crystallizing Grades

Normal Linear Grades or General Purpose Grades

General-purpose grades are mostly produced with n-dodecyl mercaptan as
the chain transfer agent and occasionally with xanthogen disulfides. If xanthogen
disulfides are used, the elastomers are more readily processible and give
vulcanizates with improved mechanical properties.

Pre crosslinked Grades

Pre crosslinked grades consist of a blend of soluble polychloroprene and
crosslinked poly chloroprene. They show less swelling after extrusion (die swell)
and better calenderability. Precrosslinked grades are particularly suitable for the
extrusion of profiled parts.

Sulfur-Modified Grades
Sulfur-modified grades are copolymers of chloroprene and elemental sulfur. The
viscosity is adjusted – in contrast to general-purpose grades - mostly after
polymerization by “peptization” of the polysulfide bonds by e.g. thiuramdisulfides
as peptization agents. Sulfur modification improves the breakdown of the rubber
during mastication (lowering of viscosity). Sulfur-modified grades are used in
particular for parts exposed to dynamic stress, such as driving belts, timing belts or
conveyor belts because of their excellent mechanical properties. But the polymers
are less stable during storage and the vulcanizates less resistant to aging .

Slow Crystallising Grades

Slow crystallising grades are polymerized with 2,3-dichloro-1,3-butadiene as a co
monomer. This co monomer reduces the degree of crystallisation by introducing
irregularities into the polymer chain. High polymerization temperatures also make
structural irregularities, if this comonomer is not available. Crystallisation resistant
grades are used to produce rubber articles, which have to retain their rubbery
properties at very low temperatures.
Types of Neoprene

G-TYPES

The Characteristics that differentiate G-types are derived from their manufacture
by the copolymerization of chloroprene with sulphur, stabilized or modified with
thiuram disulfide. Neoprene G-types have wider molecular weight distributions
than W- or -types.

As compared with Neoprene W-types, Neoprene G-types:

• Can be mechanically or chemically peptized to a lower viscosity. Therefore, G-

types can provide workable, more highly loaded stocks with minimum plasticizer
levels. Neoprene GW, being essentially non-peptizable, is the one notable
exception.

• More tacky and less nervy, with the exception of gel-containing polymers. These
properties lend themselves to extrusion, frictioning, calendering and building
operations, as in hose and belt manufacture, and minimize knitting and back
grinding problems in molding

• More limited raw polymer storage stability

W-Types

As compared with Neoprene G-types, W-grades:

 More stable in the raw state

 Mix faster but cannot be mechanically or chemically peptized
 Require organic accelerators. By selection of type and level, they offer
greater latitude in processing safety and cure rate
 Less prone to mill sticking and collapse on extrusion
 Offer superior vulcanizate heat and compression set resistance Accept
higher levels of filler for more economical compounds
T-Type:

 The T-Type are closely related to W-Types and contain a polymer gel
fraction to improve behavior.
 These type have low nerve and shrinkage

Accelerators:
 An accelerator is defined as the chemical added into a rubber compound to
increase the speed of vulcanization and to permit vulcanization to proceed
at lower temperature and with greater efficiency.

TYPES OF ACCELERATORS:

 Medium accelerator.
 Fast accelerator
 Ultra fast accelerator

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCELERATORS:

Accelerators Chemical Group Vulcanization

Speed
HMT Aldehyde Amine Slow
DPG, DOTG Guanidine Slow
MBT, MBTS, Thiazole Semi Ultra fast
ZMBT
ZBDP Thiophosphate Ultra fast
CBS, TBBS, Sulfenamides Fast-Delayed
MBS, DCBS action
ETU, DPTU, Thiourea Ultra fast
DBTU
TMTM, TMTD, Thiuram Ultra fast
DPTT,
ZDMC, ZDEC, Dithiocarbamate Ultra fast
ZDBC, ZBEC
ZIX Xanthates Ultra fast
ZIX:(Zinc Isopropyl Xanthate)
Zinc isopropyl xanthate (ZIX) or sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIX) - They
can Cure even at room temperature .they also give good ageing resistance.

The rubber compounds with different xanthate accelerators were cured at

temperatures from 30 to 150°C.

STRUCTURE OF ZIX:

ZEPC: (ZINC ETHLY PHENYL DITHIO CARBOMATE)

It is a fast primary or secondary rubber accelerator. It is also used as an antioxidant

in rubber-based adhesive systems.

Though Zinc ethyl phenyl dithiocarbamate is odourless and tasteless, non-toxic,

during using it, avoid contact with skin and eyes.

STRUCTURE OF ZEPC:

ZDC: (Zinc Dithio Carbomate)

 Dithiocarbamate class includes accelerators such as ZDMC, ZDEC, ZDBC,
ZBzDC etc.
  Dithiocarbamate accelerators are widely used as ultra fast accelerator for NR
latex based compounds and also find applications as primary or secondary
accelerators in most dry rubber based sulfur cured compounds.

 The dithiocarbamate class accelerators require Zinc oxide and Stearic acid
for activation and produce rapid vulcanization.

 Dithiocarbamates exhibit very low scorch safety, faster cure rate and higher
crosslink density and the rubber products can be vulcanized in a short time at
low temperature (115 - 120°C). Compounds accelerated with
dithiocarbamates have a very narrow plateau hence reversion due to over
cure can take place very rapidly.

STRUCTURE OF ZDC:

TMTD: (Tetra Methyl Thiuram Disulphide)

Thiuram class includes accelerators such as TMTM, TMTD, TETD, TBzTD and
DPTT.

Thiurams are ultra-fast accelerators for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other highly
unsaturated rubbers and the most preferred primary accelerator for sulfur cured
low-unsaturation content rubbers like butyl (IIR) and EPDM.

Thiurams are also used along with Guanidine in Polychloroprene compounds to

achieve good processing safety.

In combination with Dithiocarbamates and Xanthates, Thiurams have retarding

effect without changing the rate of vulcanisation.
 Thiuram accelerators do not discolour the vulcanizates & the products are
tasteless.

STRUCTURE OF TMTD:

CBS: (Cyclohexyl Benzo Thiazole Sulphenamide)

 The sulfenamide class accelerators include CBS, TBBS, MBS, DCBS etc.
and are most popular in the tire industry due to their delayed action as well
as faster cure rate offered by them during vulcanization of rubber
compounds containing furnace blacks.
 These accelerators provide wide range of crosslink densities depending on
type and dosage of accelerator used and exhibit flat & reversion resistant
cure. Progressive increase in dosage of sulfenamide accelerator shows
improvement in scorch delay, cure rate and state of cure.

 Sulfenamide accelerators can be boosted by using DPG, DOTG, TMTM,

TMTD type basic accelerators for further increasing the cure rate (but at the
expense of scorch safety).

 Sulfenamide accelerators can be effectively retarded using small proportion

of Pilgard PVI (CTP) without affecting their rate of cure.

STRUCTURE OF CBS:
Adhesive preparation:
An adhesive is a material used for holding two surfaces together. An adhesive
must wet the surfaces, adhere to the surfaces, develop strength after it has been
applied, and remain stable.

CR ADHESIVE:

 The compound was dissolved in toluene in 2:1(Solvent:Rubber) ratio and

make a paste.

 It is kept undisturbed for 48 hours.

 Then it is applied between two rubber strips.

 It is kept in oven at 40 deg celsius for two days and make peel adhesion test
using ASTM D1876-01
Dry rubber adhesive:
The dry rubber compound is directly applied inbetween two rubber strips .
Solvent :
 Benzene
 Acetone
 Toluene
We analyzed that Benzene and acetone solvent does not have the capability
to dissolve the compound. But toluene has the capability to dissolve it.

Toluene
 Toluene is a non polar solvent.

 The major use of toluene is as a mixture added to gasoline to improve octane

ratings. Toluene is also used to produce benzene and as a solvent in paints,
coatings, synthetic fragrances, adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents.

 Toluene is also used in the production of polymers used to make nylon,

plastic soda bottles, and polyurethanes and for pharmaceuticals, dyes,
cosmetic nail products, and the synthesis of organic chemicals.

Cover compound:
Conveyor belt outer cover is made up of NR compound.

So we make prepare a cover compound using normal NR

Compound formulation .
 Ingredients Phr
NR 100
ZnO 4
Stearic Acid 2
6 PPD 1.5
HAF 45
Aromatic oil 5
Sulfur 1.5
CBS 1.5
 Literature survey
1.SELF-VULCANIZING CEMENT
ABSTRACT:

By self-vulcanizing cements is to be understood cements, films of which at

regular room temperature assume within a period of one or two days a
vulcanized state. As implied by this definition, self-vulcanizing cements must
be based on exceedingly active accelerators. The ultra-accelerators regularly
used, such as thiuram disulfides, “Zimate,” and so forth, are not suitable for
the purpose. We tested them in our preliminary work, and have proved their
inadequacy in this respect. Nevertheless the industry used, under the name of
self-vulcanizing cements, cements based on these accelerators. In self-
vulcanizing cements accelerators with the lowest critical temperature must be
used. Of those available, we chose Vulkacit P, Pipsol X, and zinc
butylxanthate, and have established their critical temperature of vulcanization,
with the following results: Critical temperature for tetramethylthiuram
disulfide 110° C. Critical temperature for Vulkacit P 60° C. Critical
temperature for Pipsol X (American) 60° C. Critical temperature for zinc
butylxanthate 59° C. On the basis of the above results, we chose zinc
butylxanthate. For an activator we used p-toluidine, the critical temperature of
the accelerator being lowered from 50° C. to 40° C. by the p-toluidine. It was
with this combination of zinc butylxanthate and p-toluidine that we carried out
our next work on the following lines: 1. Development of a cement formula. 2.
Testing the cement of the chosen formula under laboratory conditions by
cementing leather specimens or canvas with rubber, and separating same after
curing them in different conditions. 3. Study of gelling in the process of
storing cements.

CONCLUSION:

Self vulcanizing cement of the composition material already used in practice,

both by the rubber and other industries. In the rubber industry it is used in
different shop operations for cementing vulcanized details, repairing etc. As a
concrete example we might mention the cementing of transmission belts or the
repairing for automobile tubes.
As to other branches of the industry, we will point out the use of self
vulcanizing cement in the leatherand footwear industry for cementing rubber
soles to the uppers. The leningrand factory “proletarian victory” No.2 after
extensive industrial test which gave very favorable results. Introducing self
vulcanizing for work in one year of slipper manufacturing shops.

2.SULFUR VULCANIZATION OF SIMPLE MODEL

OLEFINS, PART IV: VULCANIZATIONS OF 2,3-
DIMETHYL-2-BUTENE WITH TMTD AND ACTIVATED
ZINC DITHIOCARBAMATE/XANTHATE
ACCELERATORS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
ABSTRACT:

The mechanism of the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of rubber was studied

by the use of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (C6H12, TME) as a simple, low-molecular
model alkene. Treatment of TME with a mixture of ZnO, S8 and the classical
accelerator TMTD at temperatures above 100°C yields a mixture of addition
products ((C6H11—Sn—C6H11) ). In the temperature range of 50 up to 100 °C
only intermediate products,C6H11—Sn—S(S)CN(CH3)2 are obtained. Room
temperature vulcanization is feasible using highly reactive accelerators, such
as xanthate derivatives. These derivatives result in formation of the crosslink
precursors which are converted to the actual crosslink in the presence of zinc
dithiocarbamates. The addition of (secondary) amines enhances the solubility
of the dithiocarbamates, and therefore the reactivity of the xanthate/zinc
dithiocarbamate combination.

CONCLUSION:

In the temperature range of 50 to 100◦C , sulfur vulcanization of TME in the

presence of ZnO ,S8 and TMTD yields only intermediate products of
composition tm-S8-dtmc. These products do not react further at these low
temperature to form the final vulcanization product , time-S8-time . Upon
addition of Zn (dtmc)2, or at temperature above 100◦C where Zn(dtmc)2 is
formed from ZnO and TMTD , sulfur vulcanization occurs.
 As expected the yield of vulcanization depends on the temperature; an
increase in temperature results in an increase of vulcanization yields. At
temperatures above 150 ◦C, all the elemented sulfur has reacted within one
hour , but vulcanization still proceeds. Bis(alkenyl)sulfides now act as sulfur
donars and average length of the sulfur bridge becomes shorter.

Specially developed, commercial accelerators are available for unsaturated

rubbers at room temperature, i.e. Robac Gamma A1 and A2. These accelerators
appear to consist of a reactive derivative of a dithioacid [Zn(iptx)2], which is
able to form coupling products with the olefin. In the presence of a Zinc
bis(dithiocarbomate) and an amine these coupling products can react further to
the vulcanization product. The activity of dithiocarbomate complexgreatly on
its solubility in toluene. As a matter of fact that Robac Gamma A1 and A2 are
applied as a toluene suspension. Zinc bis (dithiocarbomate ) complexes, as
such, show poor solubility in toluene. This poor solubility can be greatly
improved by the addition of secondary amines. During the room temperature
vulcanization also some isomeric products, tme-Sn-dmb, are formed. The
concentration of these isomeric products , relative to the main product is
similar to what is found during the vulcanization at high temperatures ,
indicating that sulfur vulcanization does not proceed via concerted mechanism
, similar to singlet oxygen addition ,but via a 1,3- shift of the sulfur crosslink
in combination with a rearrangement of the double bond of the olefin
fragments.

3.XANTHATE ACCELERATORS FOR LOW

TEMPERATURE CURING OF NATURAL RUBBER

ABSTRACT:
Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates were prepared in the laboratory.
They were purified by reprecipitation and were characterized by IR, NMR, and
thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The melting points were also determined.
The rubber compounds with different xanthate accelerators were cured at
temperatures from 30 to 150°C. The sheets were molded and properties such as
tensile strength, tear strength, crosslink density, elongation at break, and modulus
at 300% elongation were evaluated. The properties showed that all three xanthate
accelerators are effective for room temperature curing
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Zinc ethyl, zinc isopropyl, and zinc butyl xanthates can be used as accelerators
for room temperature vulcanization of NR.
2. The mechanical properties are maximum when the temperature of vulcanization
is 60°C.
3. The vulcanizate containing zinc isopropyl xanthate shows maximum tensile
properties compared to zinc ethyl and zinc butyl xanthates.

4.EFFECT OF ZINC COMPLEXES AS ACTIVATOR FOR

SULFUR VULCANIZATION IN VARIOUS RUBBERS
ABSTRACT:

Because of environmental concerns, the zinc content in rubber compounds has

come under scrutiny; therefore it is necessary to explore possibilities to reduce this
zinc content. In this article the application of several zinc complexes as activator
for sulfur vulcanization are discussed, in order to find alternatives for the
conventionally used ZnO and fatty acid activator system. The effects of different
zinc complexes on the cure and physical properties of two widely differ-ent
rubbers, viz. EPDM and s-SBR, are studied.

It can be concluded that zinc-m-glycerolate is a good substitute for ZnO as

activator for sulfur vulcanization, in EPDM as well as in s-SBR rubber, without
detrimental effects on the cure and physical properties. Furthermore, the results
indicate that, dependent on the intended applications, zinc-2-ethylhexanoate
represents a substitute for the com-monly used ZnO. Zinc stearate is considerably
less active as activator in sulfur vulcanization.

CONCLUSIONS:

In order to find routes to reduce ZnO levels in rubber compounds, this article
describes a comprehensive study on the substitution of the conventional activator
ZnO by zinc complexes. As a general conclusion, it appears that particularly zinc-
m-glycerolate is a good substitute for ZnO as activator for sulfur vulcanization, in
EPDM as well as s-SBR rubber, without detrimental effects on the cure and
physical properties. The properties after aging suggest that the addition of zinc-m-
glycerolate in EPDM compounds leads to a considerable improvement of the
thermal stability. Furthermore, the results in s-SBR indicate that dependent on the
intended applications, also zinc-2-ethylhexanoate and zinc stearate might represent
substitutes for the commonly used activator ZnO, although zinc stearate is
considerably less effective than ZnO per se.

The differences in activity of these zinc complexes may be related to the

stability of the zinc complexes. The complexes with stronger coordination bonds
may have a lower tendency to form intermediate, active sulfurating vulcanization
compounds: zinc-accelerator complexes. Furthermore, the activity of the zinc
complexes can be affected by the basicity of the ligands or steric hindrance caused
by the substituents. The higher activity of zinc-m-glycerolate compared to zinc
stearate is in agreement with the concept that the accelerating properties of
activators and accelerates are a function of their basicity.

Overall, it is anticipated that a significant reduction of zinc content can be achieved

by optimization of the zinc complex levels. Furthermore, additional research
concerning the influence of the ligands in the zinc complex is considered
worthwhile to possibly achieve even better systems.

5.PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF VARIOUS

SURFACE MODIFYING AGENTS ON PROPERTIES OF
SILICA-FILLED CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
ABSTRACT:

Influence of the surface modifying agents (SMAs) polyethylene glycol (PEG), 3-

aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), and bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide
(TESPT) on properties of silica-filled chloroprene rubber (CR) was investigated.
Results reveal that the presence of SMAs greatly improves mechanical and
dynamic properties of the silica-filled CR because of the reduced filler–filler
interaction and improved rubber–filler interaction as evidenced by the Payne effect
and bound rubber content results, respectively. When compared at the same SMA
dosage, TESPT gives the best overall vulcanizate properties. This effect is
attributed to high coupling efficiency of TESPT and its ability to donate sulfur
atoms during vulcanization, leading to the improved filler dispersion, rubber–filler
interaction, and cross-link density. APTES gives high coupling efficiency, but
because of the lack of sulfur atoms, its performance is slightly inferior to that of
TESPT. In contrast, PEG can only reduce filler–filler interaction, with no
significant impact on rubber–filler interaction and cross-link density; therefore,
PEG provides lower property improvement.

CONCLUSIONS:

The influence of SMAs on properties of the PSi-filled CR was investigated.

Viscoelastic, mechanical, and dynamic properties of the CR vulcanizates were
compared. Results showed that both PEG and SCAs are capable of improving PSi
dispersion. SCAs improved the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of
the CR vulcanizates to a greater extent than PEG. Compared with APTES, TESPT
provided higher hardness and modulus with comparable elasticity and value of tan
d at 25 8C. APTES, however, gives greater tensile strength and elongation at break
than TESPT.

6.EPOXIDATION OF VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER

FOR BONDING TO CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
ABSTRACT:
Vulcanized natural rubber (NR) sheet was epoxidized in performic acid solution (6
moles of 30% H2O2 + 2 moles of formic acid) for 0–120 min under ambient
conditions. Degree of epoxidation determined by ATR-IR increased with
epoxidation time up to 60 min while at 120 min most of the epoxide rings of
epoxidized NR (ENR) were opened up. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was
used to characterize surface properties of ENR. It indicated that both relative
stiffness and roughness increased gradually as compared to control NR. Peel
strength between ENR and chloroprene rubber (CR) increased up to 30 min of
epoxidation time and then decreased. It was concluded that optimum peel strength
was attributed to the balance between chemical interaction (epoxide groups on
ENR with allyl chlorine groups on CR) and physical properties of ENR surface.
CONCLUSION:
NR vulcanizate was successfully epoxidized in performic acid solution up to 60
min. Longer treatment time (120 min) resulted in mostly opened up epoxide
structure. Relative surface stiffness and roughness show the tendency to increase,
whilst adhesion between AFM tip and treated surface decreases as function of
treatment time. Bonding of ENR//CR indicate the maximum peel strength at 30
min of treatment time instead of 60 min that corresponded to the highest degree of
epoxidation of NR surface. This means that bond strength is clearly achieved by a
balance between chemical linkages (between epoxide structure on NR and allyl
chlorine on CR surface) and physical properties (roughness and stiffness) of treated
NR surface.

7.EFFECT OF FILLER LOADING ON CURING

CHARACTERISTIC AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
PALYGORSKITE NATURAL RUBBER
NANOCOMPOSITES
ABSTRACT:

This work investigates the effect of filler loading on curing characteristics and
tensile properties of palygorskite (PAL) natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. The
nanocomposites were prepared by using a combination of melt mixing and latex
compounding method. Five different samples with different filler loading namely
PAL2 (2 phr), PAL4 (4phr), PAL6 (6phr), PAL8 (8phr) and PAL10 (10 phr) were
prepared in this work. All the samples were subjected to curing and tensile test. All
the results were compared with pure gum of natural rubber. The curing
characteristics of PAL/NR nanocomposites such as minimum and maximum torque
were higher at optimum filler loading, PAL4. It means that the optimum filler
loading would produce higher rigidity of the sample. Thus, PAL4 had higher
stiffness compared to other filler loading. The scorch time and cure time of the
sample that had undergone melt mixing and latex compounding method were
higher compared to NR. The increase in both scorch time and cure time revealed
that the presence of PAL could increase the curing process of the nanocomposites.
Furthermore, PAL4 showed 18% increment in tensile strength. These results
showed the optimum filler loading can increase the compatibility between PAL
and NR. The size and shape of the PAL and the combination of melt mixing and
latex compounding method might also contribute to this improvement. The
morphology characteristics of all PAL/NR nanocomposites sample showed thicker
tear line and rougher surface compared to control sample, NR. This might due to
the homogenous dispersion of PAL which contains optimum filler loading. Thus,
4phr of palygorskite loading found to be the optimum filler loading with a
combination of melt mixing and latex compounding methods.
CONCLUSION

The effect of filler loading on curing characteristics and tensile properties of

PAL/NR nanocomposites was examined. The following conclusion can be
drawn: there was an improvement in the tensile strength and curing
characteristics on the optimum loading filler, PAL4. These results might be
due to the combination of melt mixing and latex compounding method to
reduce the agglomeration in the nanocomposites. The strong interaction
between NR and PAL had also contributed to these results.

Materials and formulation

MATERIALS USED:

 CR
 ZnO
 MgO
 Stearic Acid
 6 PPD (Para Phenylene Diamine)
 HAF (High Abrasion Furnace Black)
 Aromatic Oil
 Coconut Oil
 TEA (Tri Ethanol Amine)
 CI-Resin
 TAIC (Tri Allyl Isocynurate)
 TMTD (Tetra Methyl Thiuram Disulphide)
 CBS (Cyclohexyl Benzo Thiazole Sulphenamide)
 ZIX (zinc isopropyl xanthate)
 ZEPC (zinc Ethyl phenyl Dithio carbomate)
 P-Toludine
  EDTA
 Sulfur

MATERIALS:
TEA : (Tri Ethanol Amine)
 Triethanolamine (TEA) is an active monomer which is environment-
friendly, economical and easy to be obtained.
 And it can react with multifunctional acid chloride to form cross-
linked network structure due to the existence of multi-hydroxyl in its
molecule

CI-Resin
 C.I. Resin is used as the excellent Tackifier and processing aid in the
compounding of range of Rubbers viz. NBR, CR, EPDM,CSM, CPE,
NR, ACRYLIC RUBBERS, MILLABLE PU.During the mixing cycle
of the rubber compound, C.I. RESIN is added at the early stage of the
mixing when mixed in the 2-roll mill and in Kneader or Banburry, it
can be used along with the addition of fillers. It is also used as
tackifier in the Rubber based contact adhesives

TAIC (Tri Allyl Isocynurate)

During peroxide cure of any polymer, if any tertiary radical form
they tends to undergo reaction other than coupling especially
decomposition, leading to chain scission this can be prevented by
decomposing the tertiary radical immediately as it form . This roll will
be fulfilled by co - agent (TAIC).
EDTA (ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID)
It is an amino poly carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. Its
conjugate base is ethylene diamine tetra acetate

It helps to fast curing or vulcanization by scavenging the chlorine atom.

6 PPD : (Para Phenylene Diamine)
 6PPD functions as a powerful antioxidant and antiozonant for natural and
synthetic elastomer compounds and as a synthetic polymer stabilizer. 6PPD
provides protection against fatigue degradation in both static and dynamic
operating conditions

P-Toludine:

 It is a activator and also act as better antioxidant.

 Ageing resistance also good.
 p-toluidine is a colorless solid.
 Melting point 44°C (111°F).
 Vapor heavier than air.
 Formulation
Ingredients Comp-1 Comp-2 Comp-3 Comp-4 Comp-
5

CR 100 100 100 100 100

TMTD 10 0 0 0 0

MgO 10 5 5 5 5

ZnO 10 0 0 5 5

Coconut oil 10 10 10 0 0

CI resin 5 5 5 5 5

ZDC 0 3 3 0 0

TAIC 5 5 5 5 5

ZIX 0 5 5 0 5

ZEPC 0 5 5 0 5

TEA 0 5 5 5 5

EDTA 0 0 5 5 5

Fig.1
Ingridents Cmpd- Cmpd- Cmpd- Cmpd- Cmpd-
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

CR 100 100 100 100 100

MgO 4 5 5 5 5

Stearic 0.5 0 0 0 0
acid

CI resin 0 5 5 5 5

ZnO 5 5 5 5 5

TAIC 0 5 5 5 5

ZIX 0 2 4 6 4

ZEPC 0 8 6 4 2

Fig 2
 ingredients Cmpd- cmpd2 Cmpd- Cmpd-
1 3 4

CR 100 100 100 100

ZDC 3 3 3 3

MgO 5 5 5 5

CI resin 5 5 5 5

TAIC 5 5 5 5

ZnO 1 2 3 4

P-toludine 4 3 2 1

Fig .3

Experimental work

TWO ROLL MILL:

• Through compounding the specific rubber is designed to satisfy a given

application in terms of properties, cost and processability.

• The compounding ingredients include activators , fillers , accelerators , anti

– degradants , curing agent and processing aids if necessary.
 • The additives must be thoroughly mixed with the base rubber to achieve
uniform distribution of ingredients.

OPEN MIXING MILL:

KNEEDER:

 The kneading reactor is a horizontal mixing machine with two Sigma, or Z-

type blades. These blades are driven by separate gears at different speeds,
one running 1.5 times faster than the other. The reactor has one powerful
motor and a speed reducer to drive the two blades. The kneader reactor
usually has a W-type barrel with a hydraulic tilt that turns it, and a heating
jacket outside.

 The kneader reactor uses very high viscosity materials such

as gum, dough, toffee, Plasticine, rubber, silicone, adhesive or resin. These
materials have a viscosity of approximately 1,000,000 cps. They are mixed
 with reactants such as liquids, powders or slurries; the reaction mass does
not undergo a physical phase change while the reaction takes place.

COMPRESSION MOULDING:

Compression molding was first developed to manufacture composite parts for

metal replacement applications, compression molding is typically used to make
larger flat or moderately curved parts. This method of molding is greatly used in
manufacturing automotive parts such as hoods, fenders, scoops, spoilers, as well as
smaller more intricate parts. The material to be molded is positioned in the mold
cavity and the heated platens are closed by a hydraulic ram. Bulk molding
compound (BMC) or sheet molding compound (SMC), are conformed to the mold
form by the applied pressure and heated until the curing reaction occurs. SMC feed
material usually is cut to conform to the surface area of the mold. The mold is then
cooled and the part removed.
UTM: (Universal Testing Machine)
A universal testing machine is used to test the tensile stress and compressive
strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it can perform many standard
tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures.
T-PEEL TEST - ASTM D 1876-01
SPECIMEN DIMENSION:

 Length: 317mm
 Width :152mm
 Thickness: 2mm
 Load at speed of 254mm/min.

 Testing machine :UTM.

 Test duration: from initial point to 127mm.

 Result: average peeling load in lbf of the specimen with required to separate
the adherends.
 Result and discussion
MDR: (Moving Die Rheometer)
The sample is compressed between two heated platens and by an applied
oscillating force. The degree of vulcanization determines the cure characteristic of
the sample as it is heated and compressed. Our Moving Die Rheometer offers
affordable testing and stunning results

FIG 1.RESULT:

Data Comp-1 Comp-2 Comp-3 Comp-4 Comp- Comp- 5

4(a)

Temp 60ᶿC 100ᶿC 100ᶿC 100ᶿC 60ᶿC 100ᶿC

Time 1 hr 2 hr 2 hrs 2 hrs 2 hrs 90 mins

TS1 _ _ _ 52.29 _ 42.43

mins mins

TS2 _ _ _ _ _ 63.62
mins

T90 _ _ _ _ _ _
Compound 1:

TEST@60 degree Celsius:

Result:

Bonding is good , But it didn’t cure.

S’:Ini. S’:min S’:max final TS1 TS2 T10 T50 T90

torque

2.11 1.72 1.89 1.87 - - 0.84 4.09 34.19

Compound 2:

cured@100 degree celsius-2 hrs

  TS1 - nil

 TS2 - nil

 T90 - nil

 There is no curing

Compound -3

cured@100 degree celsius-2 hrs

 TS1 - nil
 TS2 - nil
 T90 - nil
 There is no curing

Compound -4(a)

Cured@60 degree celsius-2hrs

  TS1 - nil
 TS2 - nil
 T90 - nil
 There is no curing

Compound -4

CURED@100 degree Celsius-2hrs

TS1 – 52.29 min

TS2 - nil

T90 - nil

Partial curing occurs in compound 4( EDTA without coconut oil)

Compound -5

cured@100 degree celcius-90 minutes

TS1 – 42.43 min

TS2 -63.62 min

T90 - nil

From the above results compound 5( has better curing characteristic than above 4
compounds . In compound 5 contains EDTA + ZIX + ZEPC.

FIG -2 RESULTS:
Mooney viscometer:
Mooney viscometer can be used to studied the scorch and
curing characteristics rubber compound.
Mooney results:
From the above results , compound 1 which is a control compound gives better
curing characteristics than other four compounds . Compound 1 attains fastest
scorch time than other compounds and its scorch time is 8 mins. Compound 2
which contain ZIX (2) and ZEPC (8) combination gives better curing next to
control compound.
peel strength result:
According to ASTM D 1876, peel adhesion strength test is
carried out in universal testing machine. The result of peel test
shows in fig 2 explains as follows.

Compounds Max load(lbf)- Max load(lbf)-24

48 hrs hrs

Cmpd-A1 10.36 5.95

Cmpd-A2 11.79 6.55

Cmpd-A3 9.36 4.68

Cmpd-A4 9.42 6.33

Cmpd-A5 8.76 5.78

RESULT

From above results, compound 2 which contain ZIX(2) and

ZEPC (8) combination gives better peel strength than other
4 compounds. Compound 2 takes more load (11.79 lbf at
48hrs and 6.55 lbf at 24hrs) than other four compounds.
Conclusion:
Reference:
1. N. A. MOHD NOR and N.OTHMAN, “Effect of filler loading on curing
characteristic and tensile properties of palygorskite natural rubber
nanocomposites”, AUGUST 2015.

2. DONALD .L andMARTIN .JR “Cross link density determination of polymeric

materials”, Jan 28, 1978.

3. IRVING SKEIST PH.D ,“Handbook of adhesives third edition” , 1990.

4.RANIA MOUNIR MOHAMED ,"Properties of rubber blends based on natural

rubber loaded with different fillers and cured by gamma radiation” 2005.

5.H. ISMAIL and S. SUZAIMAH, “Styrene butadiene rubber/epoxidized natural

rubber blends:dynamic properties, curing characteristics and swelling
studies, AUGUST 1999.

6. GEERT HEIDEMAN, JACQUES W.M. NOORDERMEER, RABIN N.

DATTA, “Effect of zinc complexes as activator for sulfur
vulcanization in various rubbers”, 2005.

7. P. VURSLOOT,J.G. HAASNOOT AND J.REEDIJK, “Sulphur

vulcanization of simple model olefins, PART IV”,1995.

8.B.A.DOGADKIN AND E.N.BELYEAVA, “Role of Free Radicals in Room

Temperature Vulcanization of Butadiene Rubber” Volume 33, March 1960.

9. S. VAN DAR MEER, “The VulcanizationOf Rubber With Phenol

Formaldehyde Derivatives”, 1945.

10.RICHARD J. PAZUR* AND T. MENGISTU, “Influence of The crosslink

Structure on the activation
Energycalculated underthermo-oxidative conditions”,VOL. 00, 2016

11. CHOMSRI SIRIWONG, PONGDHORN SAE-OUI AND CHAKRIT

SIRISINHA, “PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SURFACE
MODIFYING
AGENTS ON PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED CHLOROPRENE RUBBER”,
VOL. 90, NO. 1, PP. 146–158 (2017).

12. SHINY PALATY, RANI JOSEPH, XANTHATE ACCELERATORS FOR

LOW TEMPERATURE CURING OF NATURAL RUBBER, MARCH 2000.
DEVELOPMENT OF ROOM TEMPERATURE
VULCANISABLE RUBBER COMPOUND FOR
CONVEYOR BELT APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted by

J.KALAIVANI(2014508016)
S.SANDHIYA(2014508037)
M.SOUNDHARYA(2014508044)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

RUBBER AND PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY

MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHROMPET

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 044

NOVEMBER 2017
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHROMPET 600 044

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DEVELOPMENT OF ROOM

TEMPERATURE VULCANIZABLE RUBBER COMPOUND FOR
CONVEYOR BELT APPLICATIONS” is the bonafide work of
“KALAVANI.J, SANDHIYA.S, SOUNDHARYA.M” who carried out the
project work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of our
knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis
or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion of this or any other candidates.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. B. KOTHANDARAMAN Mr.H. SHEIK MOHAMMED

(Associate professor & H.O.D) (Project Guide)

Rubber And Plastic Technology, Rubber & Plastics Technology

Madras Institute of technology, Madras Institute of technology,

Anna University, Anna University,

Chennai-600 044. Chennai -600 044.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to articulate our sincere thanks to Dr. A. Rajadurai, Dean, Madras

Institute of Technology, for his valuable support during the course of the project.

We wish to express our grateful thanks to Dr.B.KOTHANDARAMAN,

Professor and Head, Department of Rubber and plastic technology, Madras
Institute of Technology Campus, for being an inspiration to us and for his
excellent guidance and continuous encouragement throughout this project work.
His friendly guidance and expert advice were invaluable throughout this work. We
wish to express our deep sense of gratitude for his valuable suggestions.

We would like to thank Mr. H.SHEIK MOHAMMED, Teaching fellow

for his guidance and continous encouragement on developing the project.

Also, we thank all the review panel members, teaching and non-teaching
staff members of the Department of Instrumentation Engineering, for their co-
operation during the course of this project work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES Vii
LIST OF FIGURES Viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 CONVEYOR BELT 1
1.1.1 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
CONVEYOR BELT
1.1.2 TYEPS OF RUBBER CONVEYOR
BELTS
1.1.3 APPLICATIONS
1.1.4 ADVANTAGES OF CONVEYOR
BELTS
1.1.5 TYPES OF DAMAGE ON THE
BELTS
1.1.6 REPAIR COMPOUND

1.2 ROOM TEMPERATURE VULCANISATION

ADHESIVE
1.2.1 VULGANISATION
1.2.2 ROOM TEMPERATURE
VULCANISATION
 1.3 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER ADHESIVE 2
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION
1.3.2 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
1.3.3 PROPERTIES
1.3.4 ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF
CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
1.3.5 ADHESIVE TYPE
1.3.6 VARIOUS GRADES OF
CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
1.3.7 TYPES OF NEOPRENE

1.4 ACCELERATORS 2
1.4.1 TYPES OF ACCELERATOR
1.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF
ACCELERATOR
1.5 ADHESIVE PREPARATION
1.5.1 CR ADHESIVE
1.5.2 DRY RUBBER ADHESIVE
1.5.3 SOLVENT
1.6 COVER COMPOUND

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3
3 MATERIALS AND FORMULATIONS 6
3.1 MATERIALS USED 6
6
4 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 21
4.1 TWO ROLL MILL 21
4.2 KNEEDER 21
4.3 COMPRESSION MOULDING 20
4.4 UTM 26
4.5 T- PEEL TEST ASTMD1876 26

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34

5.1 MOVING DIE RHEOMETER 34
5.2 MOONEY VISCOMETER
5.3 PEEL STRENGTH RESULT

6 CONCLUSION 35
6.1 CONCLUSION 35
6.2 FUTURE WORK 35

7 REFERENCES 36
 ABSTRACT

Conveyor belt has a wide field of application for the transport of

moderately to very abrasive materials such as cement, coal, coke,
grain, ore, slag, stone materials and timbers. During operations, the
conveyor belt has damaged due to improper loading, abrasion, ply
separation and creation of longitudinal grooves on the cover
compound. This project aims to prepare a online repair compound for
conveyer belt applications. The term “online” refers to apply the repair
compound during the process and has been vulcanize at the room
temperature with less cure time. Chloroprene rubber has selected as the
base rubber and zinc isopropyl xanthate (ZIX) and Zinc Ethyl Phenyl
Dithiocarbomate (ZEPC) has used as a accelerators for promoting a
room temperature vulcanization and reduced cure time, the compounds
were prepared for various accelerators ratio (ZIX & ZEPC) . The
prepared compounds were dissolved in toluene solvent . The adhesive
was prepared . The adhesion strength of each compound was
determined by peel adhesion test according to ASTM D 1876. The
curing behavior of each compound also studied by Mooney
Viscometer. From this investigation, we report compound 2 (ZIX-2 &
ZEPC-8) has better adhesion strength and curing behavior among other
compounds. Variation of activators and accelerators level has further
scope of this study.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is pleasure of place on record my profound sense of gratitude

to my guide, Mr. H. SHEIK MOHAMMED, Department of Rubber

And Plastics Technology, Madras Institute of Technology , Anna
University Chennai, for his valuable guidance , Advice, Motivation
and encouragement which helped me immensely to accomplish this
project successfully.