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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL 2
LAB MANUAL

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL 2
LAB MANUAL

Index
Experiment No - 1
To prepare a standard ferrous ammonium sulphate solution
(Mohr's salt solution) and determine the strength of the given
potassium permanganate solution. 03

Experiment No - 2
To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid and determine
the strength of given potassium permanganate solution. 05

Experiment No - 3
Preparation of pure sample of potash alum 07

Experiment No - 4
Preparation of pure sample of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS/Mohr's salt) 08

Experiment No - 5
Systematic semi-micro qualitative analysis of a simple inorganic salt. 09

Experiment No - 6
Test for the functional group present in organic compounds 14

Experiment No - 7
Preparation of Acetanilide from aniline 17

Experiment No - 8
Preparation of iodoform crystals 18

Experiment No - 9
Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic sol 19

Experiment No - 10
To study the role of emulsifying agent in stabilising the emulsions of different oils 20

Experiment No - 11
Determination of heat of neutralization of Hydrochloric acid with Sodium hydroxide 21

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PRACTICAL 2
LAB MANUAL

Experiment No - 1
Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard Mohr’s salt solution
Aim: To prepare a standard ferrous ammonium su lphate solution (Mohr’s salt solution) and
determine the strength of the given potassium permanganate solution.

Principle: Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidising agent. It oxidizes ferrous sulphate

to ferric sulphate in the presence of dil.H2SO4.

Reactions:

Reduction half reaction: 2KMnO4 +3H2SO4-----→K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O+5[O]

Oxidation half reaction: [2FeSO4 +H2SO4+[O] -----→Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O] ×5

Overall reaction: 2KMnO4 +10FeSO 4+8H2SO4 -----→ K2SO4 +2MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 +8 H2O

Preparation of 100mL of 0.05M Mohr’s salt solution:

Molecular mass of Mohr’s salt crystal is 392.1g

Molarity =Mass × 1000/Molar mass × volume required

0.05 = Mass×1000/392.1×100

Mass =0.05×392.1/10

=1.96g

a)Preparation of 0.05M Mohr’s salt solution:

Weigh exactly 1.96g of ferrous ammonium sulphate in a weighing bottle and transfer the same
into a 100ml standard flask containing 5ml of dil.H2SO4.Small amount of distilled water is added
and shaken well until it dissolves. The solution is made up to the mark using distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake well for the uniform concentration of ferrous ammonium sulphate.

b)Estimation of molarity of KMnO4 Solution :

Procedure: Pipette out exactly 10ml of 0.05M Mohr’s salt solution into a clean conical flask.
Add one test tube full of dil.H 2SO4 .it is titrated against potassium permanganate solution taken
in the burette until a pale pink color is obtained.

The titration is repeated until concordant values are obtained.

Result: Strength of KMnO4 solution…………..M

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Tabulation and calculation:

Titration of 10ml of 0.05 M FAS against KMnO 4 Solution

In burette : KMnO4 solution

In Conical flask: 10ml 0.05 M FAS solution + one test tube full of Dil.H2SO4

Indicator : KMnO4 (Self Indicator)

End point :Colorless to pale pink

Trial Numbers 1 2 3
Initial burette reading
Final Burette reading
3
Volume of KMnO4 used in cm
Agreeing volume of KMnO 4 =V1=………cm3

(KMn04) (FAS)
a 1 M 1 V1 = a 2 M 2 V2

Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric co-efficient of KMnO4 and FAS in the balanced chemical
equation (a1=5 and a2=1)

Strength of KMn04 (M1) = a2M2V2

a1V1
= 1 x 0.005 x 10
5 x v1

= ________ M

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Experiment No - 2
Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard oxalic acid solution
AIM: To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid and determine the strength of given
potassium permanganate solution.

PRINCIPLE: Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxiding agent .It oxidises oxalic acid in the
presence of Dil.H2SO4 to CO2 and H2O.Potassium permanganate acts as a self indicator.

REACTION:

Reduction half reaction: 2KMnO4 +3H2SO4-----→K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O+5[O]

Oxidation half reaction:[H2C2O4 +[O] -----→H2O +2CO2] ×5

Over all reaction: 2KMnO4 +3H2SO4+5H2C2O4 -----→ K2SO4 +2MnSO4 + 8 H2O +10CO2

Preparation of 100ml 0.05M oxalic acid:

Molecular mass of oxalic acid =126

Molarity =Mass × 1000/Molar mass × volume required

0.05 = Mass×1000/126×100

Mass = 126×100 ×0.05/1000

=0.63g

Mass required to prepare 100ml of oxalic acid solution is 0.63g.

a)Preparation of 0.05M oxalic acid:

Weigh exactly 0.63g of oxalic acid crystals and transfer the same into a 100ml standard flask. It
is dissolved in small amount of distilled water. The solution is then made up to the mark using
distilled water. stoper the flask and shake we ll for uniform concentration of oxalic acid.

b)Estimation of molarity of KMnO4 Solution:

Procedure: pipette out exactly 10ml of 0.05M oxalic acid solution into a clean conical flask.
Add one test tube full of dil.H2SO4 to prevent the formation of manganese dioxide.The mixture
is heated near to boiling. The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution
taken in a burette until a pale pink is obtained. The titration is repeated until concordant values
are obtained.

Result: Strength of the KMnO4 Solution= ………M

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Tabulation and calculation:

Titration of 10ml of 0.05 M oxalic acid against KMnO4 Solution

In burette : KMnO4 solution

In Conical flask: 10ml 0.05 M oxalic acid solution + one test tube full of Dil.H2SO4

Indicator : KMnO4 (Self Indicator)

End point :Colourless to pale pink

Trial Numbers 1 2 3
Initial burette reading
Final Burette reading
3
Volume of KMnO4 used in cm
Agreeing volume of KMnO4 =V1=………cm3

(KMn04) (oxalicacid)
a 1 M 1 V1 = a 2 M 2 V2

Where a1 and a2 are stoichiometric co-efficient of KMnO4 and Oxalic acid in the balanced
chemical equation (a1=5 and a2=2)

Strength of KMno4 (M1) = a2m2v2

a1M1
= 1 x 0.005 x 10
5 x v1

= ________ M

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Experiment No - 3
AIM: Preparation of pure sample of potash alum

PRINCIPLE: When a mixture of potassium sulphate and aluminum sulphate are saturated and
cooled, crystals of Potash alum is formed.

K 2SO4+Al2(SO4)3 +24H2O ------→K2SO4 .Al2(SO 4) 3 24H2O

PROCEDURE: Dissolve in potassium sulphate (2.0g) and aluminium sulphate (8.0g) separately
in 10 mL of water.(since aluminum sulphate is less soluble in water add 3 to 4 drops of
conc.H2SO4 and warm)Mix the two solutions in china dish, it is heated to a small volume and
cooled. Colourless crystals of potash alum are formed.

Report: Yield of potash alum=……….g

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Experiment No - 4
Aim: Preparation of pure sample of Ferrous ammonium sulphate(FAS/Mohr’s salt)

Principle: When equimolar solutions of ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate are
mixed,subsequently evaporating the solution to crystallizations, the double salt seperates out.

FeSO 4+( NH4)2SO4 +6H2O------→ FeSO4( NH4)2SO4 .6H2O

Procedure: In a 250mL beaker dissolves ferrous sulphate (7.0g) and ammonium sulphate
(3.5g) in 10mL of water containing 2-3mL of dil.H2SO4 to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous
sulphate. Boil the solutions for 2-3 minutes and allow the beaker to cool slowly. Pale green
crystals of Mohr’s salt separates out. Filter and dry between the folds of the filter paper.

Report: Yield of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) = ………..g

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Experiment No - 5
Inorganic salt analysis
Aim: Systematic semi-micro qualitative analysis of a simple inorganic salt.

Experiment Observation Inference

1. The given salt is observed White crystalline Cu2+,Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Ni2+,may
in the presence of light. be absent in salt.
Light pink crystalline Mn2+ salts may be present.

White amorphous CO32-,HCO3-,or S2- may be

present
2.Solubility in water: Soluble No inference possible
A pinch of salt+ 10 drops of Insoluble Salts of Na+,K+ or NH4+ may
water and shaken. be absent.

DETECTION OF ACID RADICALS: (ANION)

2-
DETECTION OF FIRST GROUP ACID RADICS: (CO 3 )

A pinch of salt +dil.H2SO4 Brisk effervescence I group acid radicals are

The gas liberated is passed
into the test tube containing
lime water.
present
Lime water turns milky Carbonate is present and
confirmed
No brisk effervescence I group acid radicals are
absent

DETECTION OF SECOND GROUP ACID RADICALS (Cl-,Br-,NO3-)

A pinch of salt+Conc.H2SO4 Colourless fuming gas is II group acid radicals is

evolved, which gives dense present
white fumes with a glass rod
dipped in NH4OH Chloride may be present

Reddish brown fumes and the II group acid radical is

solution turns brown present

Bromide may be present

No characteristic Chloride and Bromide are
observation absent
Above solution + Copper Reddish brown fumes and the II group acid radicals is
turnings. solution turns blue present
Heated strongly.
Nitrate may be present
No reddish brown gas
Nitrate is absent
II group acid radicals
absent.

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

DETECTION OF THIRD GROUP ACID RADICAL(SO42-)

a)Barium Chloride test:
Clear solution of the salt in
dil.HCl+2drops of Barium
chloride solution.
b)Lead acetate test:
Clear solution of the salt in
water+Acetic acid+Lead
acetate solution.
A white precipitate insoluble
in excess of dil.HCl
A white precipitate soluble in
ammonium acetate solution
III group acid radical is
present
Sulphate is present and
confirmed
Sulphate is present and
confirmed.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CHLORIDE (Cl-)

1.Silver Nitrate test: A curdy white precipitate Chloride is confirmed.

Clear salt solution in dilute soluble in excess of
Nitric acid+3 drops of silver ammonium hydroxide
nitrate solution
2.Chromyl Chloride test:
A pinch of salt +potassium Reddish brown vapours of
dichromate crystals +few Chromyl Chloride are evolved
drops of conc.H2SO4,mixture
is heated

The vapours are dissolved in Yellow solution.

water.
Yellow precipitate Chloride is confirmed.
To the yellow solution+3
drops of NH4OH+3 drops of
acetic acid+2 drops of lead
acetate solution

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BROMIDE (Br-)

1.Silver Nitrate test: A pale yellow precipitate Bromide is confirmed

Clear salt solution in dilute partially soluble in excess of
nitric acid boil & cool +3 ammonium hydroxide
drops of silver nitrate solution.
2.Orange globule test: Orange brown globule Bromide is confirmed
Clear salt solution in water+3 separates out
drops of carbon
tetrachloride+Chlorine
water,shaken well.

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PRACTICAL 2
LAB MANUAL

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NITRATE(NO 3-):

Brown ring test:

3 drops of clear salt solution A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate is confirmed
in dil.H2SO4+3 drops of junction of two liquids
freshly saturated solution of
Mohr’s salt+conc.H2SO4 is
added carefully along the
sides of the test tube

DETECTION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS):

TEST FOR AMMONIUM (NH4+) RADICAL: (ZERO GROUP ANALYSIS)

Action of NaOH: A Pungent smell of ammonia

A pinch of the salt is heated which gives dense white NH4+ may be present
with 5 drops of sodium fumes with a glass rod dipped
hydroxide in conc.HCl

No pungent smell of NH4+ is absent

ammonia

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR AMMONIUM (NH4+) RADICAL:

Nessler’s reagent test:

One drop of salt solution in Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
water+3 drops of Nessler’s
reagent

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:

The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in minimum amount of water or dil.HCl.

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DETECTION OF GROUP OF CATIONS:

Group 1: 1cm3 of OS + 1cm3 No precipitate I group cations are absent

of dil.HCl in a test tube
Group II: 1cm3 of OS + 1cm3 No precipitate II group cations are absent
of dil.HCl+H2S solution is
added
Group III: 1cm3 of OS +2cm 3 A Gelatinous white precipitate Al3+ may be present
of NH4Cl solution +NH4OH No precipitate III group cations are absent
solution in excess
GroupIV: 1cm3 of OS +2cm 3 A flesh coloured precipitate Mn2+ may be present
of NH4Cl solution +NH4OH
No precipitate IVgroup cations are absent
solution in excess+H2S
solution is added
GroupV: 1cm3 of OS +2cm 3 A white precipitate Ba2+,Sr2+,or ca2+ may be
of NH4Cl solution +NH4OH present
solution in excess No precipitate V group cations are absent
+(NH4)2CO3 Solution

Confirmatory test for Aluminium(Al3+)

a)Sodium hydroxide test:

1Cm3 of original
solution+NaOH solution
dropwise
Above solution is treated with
NH4Cl solution.
b)Lake test:
Original solution+blue litmus
solution +NH4OH drop wise
along the sides of the test
tube
Gelatinous white precipitate
soluble in excess of NaOH
White gelatinous precipitate Al3+ is confirmed
reappears
Al3+ is confirmed
Blue precipitate floating in the
colourless solution

Confirmatory test for Manganous (Mn2+)

a)Sodium hydroxide test: White precipitate formed is Mn2+ is confirmed

1cm 3 of original
solution+NaOH solution
dropwise.
b) Lead dioxide test:
1cm 3 of OS +conc.HNO3+a
pinch of lead dioxide,heated
strongly and diluted with
water.
insoluble in excess of NaOH
and turns brown on exposure
to air.
Supernatant layer is pink in Mn2+ is confirmed
colour.

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Confirmatory test for V group cations:

a)Potassium chromate test: Yellow precipitate Ba 2+ is confirmed

1cm3 of original
solution+acetic acid + No yellow precipitate Ba2+ is absent
potassium chromate solution
b)Ammonium sulphate test: White precipitate Sr2+ is confirmed
1cm 3 of original
solution+ammonium sulphate No white precipitate Sr2+ is absent
solution,warm.

c)Ammonium oxalate test: White precipitate Ca2+ is confirmed

1Cm3 of original solution+5
drops of NH4OH +Ammonium
oxalate solution.
Flame test:
A pinch of salt +few drops
conc.HCl and made into a
paste.
The paste is held to the flame
with the help of a platinum
wire.
a)Apple green colour is Ba2+ is confirmed
imparted to the flame
b)Crimson red colour is Sr2+ is confirmed
imparted to the flame
c)Brick red colour is imparted Ca2+ is confirmed
to the flame

Analysis of VI group basic radical:

Confirmatory test for

Magnesium (Mg2+)

1)Disodium hydrogen
phosphate test:
1cm 3 of original White crystalline precipitate Mg2+ is confirmed.
solution+2cm3 of NH4OH+5
drops of disodium hydrogen
phosphate.The side of the
test tube is scratched with
glass rod.
2) Sodium hydroxide test:
1cm 3 of original White precipitate insoluble in Mg2+ is confirmed.
solution+NaOH Solution. NaOH solution

Report: The given inorganic salt contains,

Anion is ……………………(……..).It belongs to group……….

Cation is…………………….(…….).It belongs to group……….

Hence the given salt is…………………………(……….)

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Experiment No - 6
Aim: Test for the functional group present in organic compounds

1)Test for unsaturation:

Experiment Observation Inference

a)Baeyer’s test:
Organic compound is Pink colour of KMnO4 The given organic compound
dissolved in water or is unsaturated
acetone+a few drops of
1%alkaline KMnO4 Solution.

b)Bromine water test: Orange red colour of bromine The given organic compound
Organic compound is discharges is unsaturated.
dissolved in CCl4 +2%
Solution of bromine in CCl4
dropwise.

2) Test for Alcoholic (R-OH) group:

a) Ceric ammonium nitrate

test: A pink colour or red colour Alcoholic (-OH)group present
Organic compound+few appears.
drops of
Ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.Shaken well.

b)Esterification :
Organic compound+acetic A fruity smell Alcoholic (-OH)group present
acid+2 drops of conc.H2SO4
keep it in boiling water bath
for 5 minutes.Pour the mixture
in Na2CO3 solution

3) Test for Phenolic (Ar-OH) group:

a)Neutral FeCl3 test:

Organic compound in a test A violet colour The given organic compound
tube +a few drops of neutral contains a phenolic group.
FeCl3 solution.
b) Phthalein test:
Organic compound +phthalic A pink colour The given organic compound
anhydride contains a phenolic group.
+conc.H2SO4,heated and
added to NaOH

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 CHEMISTRY
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4) Test for Aldehydic (-CHO)group:

a)2,4-DNP test:
Organic compound in a test Orange yellow crystalline The given organic compound
tube +2,4-Dinitrophenyl precipitate is formed. contains aldehydic or a
hydrazine solution. ketonic group.

b)Schiff’s test:
Organic compound in a test A pink colour is obtained The given organic compound
tube+Schiff’s reagent. contains aldehydic group.

c)Tollen’s test:
Organic compound in a test A black precipitate or silver The given organic compound
tube +Tollen’s reagent keep mirror is formed confirms the presence of an
in a boiling water bath aldehydic group

d) Benedict’s /Fehling’s A brick red precipitate is The given organic compound

test: obtained contains aldehydic group.
Organic compound +
Benedict’s /Fehling’s solution
and heated.

5)Test for Ketonic (-CO-)group:

a)m-dinitrobenzene test:
Organic compound in a test A violet colour which slowly The given organic compound
tube+m- fades contains Ketonic group.
dinitrobenzene(s)+dil.NaOH
solution and shake well.
b) Sodium nitroprusside
test: A wine red colour is obtained The given organic compound
Organic compound in a test confirms the presence of a
tube +Sodium nitroprusside ketonic group.
solution +NaOH solution

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

6)Test for carboxylic (-COOH-)group:

a)Litmus test:
Organic compound in a test Blue litmus paper turns red. The given organic compound
tube+blue litmus paper. contains a carboxylic group

b) Sodium Bicarbonate test:

Organic compound in a test Brisk effervescence of CO2 The given organic compound
tube +NaHCO3 solution. contains a carboxylic group.

c)Esterification:
Organic compound in a test A fruity smell The given organic compound
tube +ethyl alcohol+2 drops confirms the presence of
of conc.H2SO4,keep it in a carboxylic group.
boiling water bath for 5
minutes and cool,pour into
Na2CO3.

7) Test for Amino group(-NH 2) group:

a) Carbylamine test:
Organic compound in a test
tube +a few drops of
chloroform +alcoholic
potash.Warm.
An intolerable smell of The given organic compound
isocyanide. is a primary amine and
confirms the presence of
amino group.

d)Diazotisation (test for

aromatic primary amine) A red or orange dye is Primary aromatic amino
Organic compound dissolved obtained group is present.
in dil.HCl and cooled in ice
.+ice cooled NaNO2 solution
+ice cooled solution of β-
naphthol in NaOH.

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Experiment No - 7
Aim: Preparation of Acetanilide from aniline.

Principle: Acetanilide is prepared by the acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride in the
presence of acetic acid.

Procedure: Take 10mL of aniline in a round bottom flask.Add 10mL of acetic anhydride and
10mL of acetic acid with constant shaking.The flask is fitted with a reflux condenser and heated
on a sand bath for 10-15 minutes.the flask is cooled and the mixture is added to ice cold water
taken in a 250mL beaker, white solid seperates ou t.It is filtered,the white solid is impure
acetanilide.

Recrystallisation of acetanilide :

The crude sample is recrystalised using hot water containing a small quantity of ethyl alcohol.

Report:

1.Yield of acetanilide = g

2.Melting point of acetanilide =113 oC

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Experiment No - 8
Aim: Preparation of iodoform crystals.

Principle: Iodoform is prepared by mixing iodine in acetone and 10%Sodium hydroxide

solution.

CH 3COCH3 +4I2 +6NaOH------→CHI3 +CH3COONa +5NaI

Procedure: Take 2mL of acetone in a clean conical flask add 5mL of iodine solution and 5mL
of 10%Sodium hydroxide solution to the flask slowly, shake until yellow crystals of iodoform is
formed.

The crystals are filtered, washed and dried between the folds of the filter paper.

Report:

1.Yield of iodoform= g

2.Melting point of iodoform=121oC

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Experiment No - 9
Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic sol

Aim: To prepare a)Lyophilic sol and b)Lyophobic sol

a)Preparation of Lyophilic sol:

1)Egg Albumin sol: It consists of egg protein dispersed phase and water dispersion medium.

Procedure: 5g of NaCl is dissolved in 100mL H2O in a beaker to get 5%NaCl solution.Egg

Albumin is added into NaCl solution with constant shaking until a colloidal solution of egg
albumin is obtained.

2)Starch sol: In starch sol solid starch is the dispersed phase and water acts a dispersion
medium.

Procedure: A paste of 500mg of starch is prepared in hot water in a beaker.The paste of starch
is added into boiling water taken in another beaker with constant stirring for about 10 minutes
until a colloidal solution of starch is obtained.

b) Preparation of Lyophobic sol:

1.Ferric hydroxide sol: It consists of Fe(OH)3 as dispersed phase and water as dispersion
medium

Procedure: 2g of FeCl3 are dissolved in 100mL of water taken in a beaker to get 2% FeCl3
solution. The solution is added drop by drop into boiling water taken in a separate beaker with
constant stirring until a brown colloidal solution of of Fe(OH)3 is obtained.

2.Arsenous sulphide sol: It consists of As2S3 dispersed phase and water dispersion medium.

Procedure: 0.2g of arsenous oxide is dissolved in 100 mL of boiling water to get 0.2% As2O3
solution, H2S is passed into it till the solution smells H2S.The solution is gently warmed to
remove the excess of H2S and filtered to get the sol.

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Experiment No -10
Study the role of emulsifying agent in stabilising the emulsions of different oils

Aim: To study the role of emulsifying agent in stabilising the emulsions of different oils

An emulsion contains liquid dispersed phase and liquid dispersion medium

Soap solution is prepared by dissolving 1g of soap powder in 10ml water.

10 drops each of mustard oil,linseed oil,castor seed oil and machine oil are taken in four
separate test tubes A,B,C and D.And 15ml of distilled water is added to each of the test
tube.
The solutions in the test tube are shaken well and left for settling to get the
emulsion. The time taken for the formation of separate layers in each test tube is
recorded using a stop clock.

The soap solution is added in drops into each test tube and shaken well for about 5 minutes.
The time taken for the formation of separate layer is recorded using a stop clock.

Tabulation:

Test Oil taken Time taken for the formation of separate

tube layers
Without soap With soap solution
solution
A Mustard oil
B Linseed oil
C Castor seed oil
D Machine oil

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Experiment No - 11
Determination of heat of neutralization of Hydrochloric acid with Sodium hydroxide

Aim: Determination of heat of neutralization of Hydrochloric acid with Sodium hydroxide

Principle: The heat of neutralization is the amount of heat evolved when one gram equivalent
of an acid is neutralized by 1 gram equivalent of a base.

Procedure: 100cm3 of 1N HCl and 100 cm3 of 1N NaOH are taken in separate polythene
bottles, each fitted with thermometer and a stirrer. Both the solutions are kept in a water bath
maintained at lab temperature for 15 minutes. The temperatures are noted. When both the
solutions attain the same temperature, then Sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid.
The bottle is stoppered and stirred well. The maximum temperature attained is noted.

Report: Heat of neutralization of HCl is -57.3kJ/mol

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VIKAS PRE-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Calculations:

Initial temperature,T10C = 25.20C+273=298.2K

Final temperature, T20C = 25.880C+273=298.88K

Rise in temperature =(T2-T 1)K = 298.88-298.2 =0.682K

Volume of the solution = 100cm 3 +100cm3 =200cm3

Mass of the solution 200g or 0.2kg

Specific heat of water or the solution =4200J/kg/K

Heat liberated during the reaction =mass of the solution × specific heat × rise in temperature

q = 0.2×4200 × =(T2-T 1) = q J =0.2×4200×0.682

=0.573 J

1N means 1000cm3 of the solution contains 1 gram eq.mass.

Since 100cm3 of 1mol hydrochloric acid is taken,

Amount of HCl taken =1×100/1000 =0.1g eq.mass.

Amount of heat evolved when 1 gram equivalent mass of HCl is neutralized

q/0.1 =Q J = 0.573J/0.1 = 57.3kJ/eq

Heat liberated is 57.3kJ/equivalent

Heat of neutralisation of Hydrochloric acid = -57.3kJ/mol

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 CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL 2
LAB MANUAL

SAFETY PROCEDURE IN LAB

1. Do not enter the laboratory when an instructor/lab assistant is not present or
the lab door is closed. Finish your lab work on time to clean up before the end of
the scheduled lab period.

2. Perform only authorized experiments. Parents, Visitors are not permitted to be

with you while you do your lab work.

3. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times in the chemistry

laboratory including when cleaning up following an experiment.

4. Shoes which offer reasonable protection will be worn while in the laboratory.
Shoes must cover the entire foot, including the toes, the top of the foot, and the
heel.

5. Hair that is longer than shoulder-length must be tied back at all times.

6. Eating, drinking, mouth rinsing, applying cosmetics or lip balm or handling

contact lenses is prohibited in the lab areas. No chewing gum is allowed.

7. Be considerate of others working in the laboratory. Do not distract others while

conducting experiments or accomplishing lab activities. When finished with
equipment or materials to be shared with others, make the equipment or
materials available to others as quickly as possible.

8. Before leaving the lab, clean all equipment, glassware and the work area you
have been using. Return equipment and glassware to their proper places in
the laboratory.

9. Know the location and proper use of safety equipment in the laboratory.

10. Immediately notify the lab instructor of chemical spills, broken glass or other
hazards. Do not attempt to clean up such mishaps/materials by yourself
without first alerting your instructor/lab supervisor.

11. Immediately notify the instructor/lab supervisor of any accidents, injuries, or

situations in which exposure to human blood or other potentially infectious
materials in the laboratory has occurred, regardless of how minor they may
appear to be.

12. You may be exposed to potentially hazardous materials in the process of

completing your required laboratory activities. Persons with specific health
concerns such as wearers of contact lenses, persons with known
hypersensitivities, etc. should consult their personal physician for advisement
about potential risks before continuing in the course.
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