ABSTRACT

In a multilingual country like Pakistan, code mixing is a typical phenomenon. The

current study examines the phenomenon among the females of District Mardan. The purpose
of the study is to discover when and why the females of Mardan District do mixing between
English and Pashto, and to know whether the mixing between English and Pashto is
beneficial for them in their daily conversation. For the exploration of the phenomenon, data
was gathered from the sample of 60 females (with age range of 18-30) in Mardan District
belonging to different regions with the help of closed-ended questionnaires. Data was
analyzed in SPSS.16 and presented through Pie Chart with their percentages. The analysis
demonstrates that there are 8 different situations in which they do mixing in the language. 14
various reasons due to which they mix English words in their Pashto conversation. The
analysis also shows that according to the female population, code mixing between English
and Pashto is beneficial for them in their daily conversation as it improves the chances of
effective communication for them.

Keywords: Mardan, Pashto, Code Mixing

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study:

Code mixing is certainly not a new notion in a polyglot country like Pakistan. The
utilization of the vocabulary from second language, for example English in national
language, provisional dialects and mother tongue (first language) has been increasing with
the passage of time. This investigation is principally based on code mixing between Pashto
and English among the females of Mardan area. In regular cooperation, individuals utilize
various dialects in order to communicate with people who belong to different nations and
civilizations. Hussain (2015) says that language is the celestial endowment of Allah. The
distinction between humans and animals is the inclination of human beings to utilize
language. The ability to talk is the magnificence and basis of distinction for human beings.
Language does not only mean the gathering of words threaded together in sentences rather
words are brought together in a methodical order with each word having a diverse meaning,
separate identity, and importance. D. Gogoi (2013) states that language can be characterized
as the fundamental arrangement of human correspondence where things, activities,
exercises, and thoughts are conveyed on using sounds or symbols.
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, language is a set of printed and verbal
symbols which is utilized by a particular gathering of individuals so as to interconnect with
one another and express their sentiments. Through language they communicate and convey
what needs to be. Its purposes comprise correspondence, innovative articulation, articulation
of individuality and release of sentiments.
Henry Sweet, in Allwood (2012) states that language is the appearance of
considerations by methods of discourse sounds joined into words. Words are joined into
sentences, this blend reacting to that of ideas into suppositions.
Without language it is tricky, to some degree impossible to express one self and to
transfer a message effectively. The 19th edition of Ethnologue published in 2016, states that
there are absolute 7,457 dialects in the realm, of these 360 are expired dialects, implying that
these are deceased dialects, and 7,097 are breathing dialects, implies these are living

2
dialects. It additionally says that there are seventy-three languages articulated in Pakistan
(Parekh, 2017). There are numerous countries exist on the planet. Each country has its own
language for the purpose of correspondence and coordination. Practically the entirety of
country‟s kin utilized their national language or mother tongue in amalgamation with some
foreign dialect or a language inside the country. It is at this phase that the marvel of code
mixing takes place.
Code mixing is a linguistic term debated in sociolinguistics. It (sociolinguistics)
contemplated language with regards to society and examined and depicted the association
between the two. It studied how language influences society and the other way around. Code
mixing happens in a bilingual (an individual‟s capacity to talk two dialects) and multilingual
(an individual‟s capacity to talk multiple dialects) societies. Code mixing typically occurs at
word level. Wardough (1986) says that code mixing happens when a speaker is acquainted
about both the languages he/she use and change from one language to the next throughout a
solitary word. In other words, in code mixing the utterers do not change the sentence rather
the mixing arises in the similar sentence. Fasold (1984) states that code mixing happened
when a speaker is essentially speaking in one language but use pieces of words from other
language too all through their correspondence.
The current study is chiefly fixated on code mixing between English and Pashto, and
will inspect and explore the reasons of code mixing among the females of Mardan as well as
to know is the mixing helpful for them in their everyday discussion.
Besides background of the study this preliminary chapter comprises, history of code
mixing and code switching, definitions of important terms, an overview of Pakistani
languages, an overview of Mardan district, Pashto language followed by Pashto in the
British empire, English language followed by English language in Pakistan. Furthermore,
this chapter presents: statement of the problem, objectives and questions, limitation and
delimitation of the current paper and finally significance of the study.
1.2. History of code mixing and code switching:
The phenomenon of code blending and code exchanging has been known since the
mid twentieth century, when the primary unmistakable perceptions concerning bilingual
research were recorded (Ronjat 1913, and later Leopold 1939-49). In any case, the marvel
was not researched for quite a while. In the first half of the twentieth century and in

3
enormous pieces of the subsequent half, code exchanging was viewed as something that
happened arbitrarily, without a legitimate example behind it, because of defective learning.
The viewpoint on the phenomenon started to change in the nineteen seventies when
Blom and Grumperz (1972) distributed an article where they introduced a study their
investigations of a Norwegian town. It was a kind of survey. Blom and Grumperz found that
individuals from the town talked two vernaculars of Norwegian and utilized them as
indicated by explicit circumstances. In the next years, more researchers led explore on the
efficient character of code exchanging. From the late seventies on, there has been an
exuberant discussion continuing, creating different models foreseeing (requirements on)
code exchanging. In the 1980s, many scholars reached the determination that it is a typical
idea in bilingual and multilingual social orders (Alam, 2016).
As for as the history or the beginning of English language is concerned in Pakistan
and Pakistan‟s dialects we should go some 500 years back where Pakistan was the
settlement of the British Kingdom. It implies that British governed over the subcontinent
(Pakistan, Bangladesh and India) for quite a long while. English was first presented in the
subcontinent by the British in the 16th century. All through the time of the British rule
Muslims are convinced by their Muslim leaders such as Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan to learn
English language in order to get better jobs in the government. The British Raj ended in
1947 and Pakistan showed up as a self-governing nation in the guide of the world. Despite
the fact that Britishers are gone yet left their indication of sovereignty and predominance i.e.
English language. From that time to the time onwards English procured and played a
noteworthy and driving job in all circles of life (Mahboob, 2013). Its utilization in mix with
Urdu i.e. Pakistan national language and territorial dialects is expanding in all respects
quickly.
1.3. Definitions of important terms:
As definitely realize that code mixing is a sociolinguistics term. This study is
incorporated into sociolinguistics, so it is imperative to know something about
sociolinguistics. Under this heading sociolinguistics, code, and code mixing will be defined
in detail.

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1.3.1. Sociolinguistics:
Sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics. The term sociolinguistics is the mix of two
words i.e. “social” which means society and “linguist” which means language. So under
sociolinguistics, we study and learn about the correlation and association between language
and society (Habibah, 2015). As indicated by Aristotle by nature man is a social animal. It
implies that man cannot live without society. He depends on the society for his needs and
wants. Similarly, so as to cooperate with the individuals of society he needs a method of
correspondence i.e. language. Cakrawarti (2011) is of the view that there is scarcely any
society deprived of language. From this stage the role of sociolinguistics comes in the front.
It implies that language and society cannot be isolated and it is sociolinguistics that provides
an association between the two. Sociolinguistics does not banter on the development of
language, however, accentuations on the utilization of language.
Holmes (2013) states that sociolinguistics is the investigation of the connection
between language and society. It is concerned in examining and portraying why individuals
talk distinctively in different social settings, and is worried about finding the social
motivations behind language as well as the approaches to transfer social implications.
Researching the manners in which individuals use language in assorted social situations,
gives an abundance of data about the manner in which language works, about the social
dealings in a network, and the manner in which individuals express the different features of
their social individuality through their language.
Wardough (2006) says that sociolinguistics is worried about inspecting the
associations between language and society with the purpose of better comprehension of the
construction of language and how dialects perform their part in correspondence. It means
that sociolinguistics does not just assess the association between language and society but
examines the structure and capacity of language in correspondence.
From the definitions as stated above, it is clear that sociolinguistics study and
examine the relationships between language and society. It is not just worried about the
structure of language yet extra centered around on the practice of language. It studied how
language arises and change in diverse social circumstances.

5
1.3.2. Code:
In sociolinguistics, code can be essentially characterized a language or a decent
variety of language for the most part utilized as an arrangement of correspondence.
Individuals indicate a specific code for the purpose of stating their emotions and spirits
(Fitria, 2014). Individuals utilized different codes in different context in order to intermingle
with each other. They select different codes since it makes them easier and cooler to
deliberate a specific theme. They use one code when cooperating with teachers and use
another code when collaborating with loved ones means friends and family members.
Occasionally they mix two codes in discussion as a consequence the wonder of code mixing
happens (Cakrawarti, 2011).
Wardough (2006) says that code is an arrangement of correspondence that is utilized
by individuals for the purpose of interacting with one another. Whenever, they attempt to
interconnect they utilize a code. And, this code is named language.
Richards Jack et al: (1985) is of the view that code is a language or a diversity in
language. It is extensively used in the arena of linguistics and constantly considered in
dissimilar social setting. Additionally, it is utilized by utterer to pass on senses and
messages.
From the above descriptions, it is clear that code is a language utilized by individuals
to interface with other individuals inside the network or living outside the network. The
utilization of code makes them simpler and help carry out their correspondence effortlessly.
In addition, individuals do not control to one code rather they use different codes or blend
two codes when interfacing with people who belong to different social backgrounds.
1.3.3. Code Mixing:
Code mixing takes place in a bilingual or multilingual society where there is more
than one language in correspondence. It is a common phenomenon, when an individual who
has expertise over two or more than two dialects will be able to do mixing between two
codes when this mixing is restricted to word level it is termed as code mixing. Because of
the advance utilization of code mixing, it has been defined by numerous scholars among
them a portion of their sentiments regarding the marvel are given beneath:

6
 Maschler (1998) is of the opinion that code mixing is the procedure where two
languages consolidated and a third new code is shaped. What‟s more, this new code
comprises the organizational elements and auxiliary components of the two dialects.
Muysken (2000) says that any case where linguistics and grammatical components of
two separate codes arise in a solitary or in the same sentence, it is called code mixing.
Bhatia and Ritchie (1999), states that code mixing is typically interested in
psychological and social factors of language. It takes place when numerous linguistics
elements such as words, expressions, statements and sentences as well as unlike
grammatical systems occur at sentence outskirt in the comparative discourse event.
Hudson (1980) expresses that code mixing shows up among familiar bilingual
speakers who have the capability to express themselves effortlessly in both dialects. In their
talk the sentence, the occurrence, the condition, must be the equivalent, however, the
linguistic elements do change.
Nababan (1984) is of the view that code mixing happens when individuals blend at
least two or more than two dialects in such discourse act or discourse with no power to do
blending codes. It is as the procedure whereby speakers enjoy code exchanging between
dialects of such quickly and thickness, even inside sentences and expressions that are
impractical to state at some random time that which language they are speaking.
1.4. An Overview of Pakistani Languages:

Like many other multilingual countries such as India, Bangladesh, and Tanzania etc.
Pakistan is a multilingual country. It consists of five provinces i.e. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Gilgit Baltistan. All these provinces are linguistically rich.
According to Ethnologue there are 73 languages vocalized in Pakistan. Urdu is the national
and authorized language of Pakistan and used as lingua franca all over the county. Besides
provincial languages i.e. Pasto, Panjabi, Sindhi and Balochi, there are other languages that
are spoken in Pakistan such as Pahari, Potohari, Saraiki etc. Pashto is the language of the
majority of the people living in KPK and particularly living in Mardan district (Gulzar,
2009). The present research study is grounded on code mixing between Pashto and English,
concentrating on code mixing among the females living in district Mardan. So, it is
important to know something about Mardan district as well as about Pashto and English
languages.

7
1.4.1. District Mardan:
District Mardan is the 19th biggest town of Pakistan. It is a portion of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and exceedingly affected by Yousafzai community. The people of Mardan
city are unassuming, inviting and affable as cordiality is the highest nature of pakhtuns. It
has its own traditions and rich relic (Hassan, 2015). Dr. Yasir & Masood (2010), state that,
the name of the city was modified from a religious figure of the region, Pir Mardan Shah.
Mardan is the most crowded city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The number of
inhabitants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 30,523,371, of which 2373061 individuals are from
District Mardan. The overall populace of male in Mardan is 1200871, of which 975545 are
living in rustic territories and 225326 are living in the city. The absolute number of females
in Mardan is 1172112, of which 958179 females are from rural and 213933 are from urban
regions (Population of Mardan Census 2017).
1.4.2. Pashto Language:
Pashto is the provincial language of Pakistan‟s province i.e. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(KPK), and the authorized language of Afghanistan. It has a place with the Indo-Aryan
language family. The exact figure of Pashto speakers is not known however it is assessed
that 50 million Pashto speakers are living the world over. It is likewise termed Pushto,
Pukhtu, Pakhtu and Pashto and its speakers are known as Pashtun or Pakhtun or Afghani. In
English they are known as Pathan. Pashto language has two dialects, hard and delicate
vernaculars (soft dialects). In hard dialect Pashto marked as “Pukhto” or “Pakhto”, and in
delicate lingo it is articulated as “Pashto”. Pashto writing contains 45 letters and is written in
the form of a Persian language script (N. Ahmad, et al. 2013). It is generally spoken in
Mardan district. Amir Kror was its first poet. Other poets incorporate Khushal Khan
Khattak, Ghani Khan, Rahman Baba, Amir Hamza Khan Shinwari. Dr. Izhar & Javed Iqbal
(2011) states, Pashto is not only a language but a civilization, a culture, a custom, and a way
of life. That is the reason when Pashto language blends with some other language of the
world it leaves the influence of its culture and civilization on that language.
1.4.3. Pashto in the British Empire:
History has demonstrated that British led over the subcontinent for many years. All
through this period the British military and authorities learned Pashto for the purpose of
communicating with Pakhtuns and to know about Pakhtuns. Pakhtuns were considered as

8
proud, inflexible and mountainous people and it was difficult for them to take control over
Pakhtuns without knowing them. George.W.Gilbertson (1901) states that Pathan or Pakhton
is withal a glad man, arranged to meet disdain with hatred, and always prepared to return
blow for blow. Therefore, we cannot converse with him straightly in English language, and
contact with him straightforwardly without the assistance of a middleman, a Pathan does not
want to learn English in view of two reasons, his incapability to learn and acquire English
language, or he would not like to do any business with the Britishers. It demonstrates that
during the British Empire it was necessary for the Britishers to learn Pashtu language to
collaborate with Pashtuns.
This provides a background for code mixing neither the British nor the Pakhtuns of
course were master of each other languages. They mix up both the languages to pass on their
messages to one another or with the help of a third person which is called Tarjaman implies
Translator or Interpreter.
Rahman (1999) says in his work that according to the committee 1909, to learn
Pashto was indispensable for Englishmen, in light of the fact that at the time of British rule
Pashto act as langua franca in the Indian North West Frontier and taught in the German and
Russian universities. So, every Englishmen was supposed to learn Pashto in order to
understand Pakhtuns and to comprehend their language.
1.4.4. English Language:
English is fundamentally the language of England. However, it is also treated as
primary, secondary and foreign language in numerous countries of the world. In order to
comprehend this phenomenon the Kachru model will help. Braj Kachru was a professor of
linguistics who utilized the term World Englishes for the first time. To comprehend the
World Englishes and to isolate English utilizing world he built up a three circle model,
which is known as Kachru‟s Three Circles of English. Summary of this model is given
beneath:
 The Inner Circle:
This circle contains those countries where English language is their native language
means mother tongue. These countries are named the customary base of English including:
United Kindom, USA, Canada, and Australia. As indicated by Kachru the countries

9
incorporating into this circle are the norm-providing means standard giving, the standards of
English language are moulded there and spread to other circles.
 The Outer Circle:
The external circle represents those countries where English is taught as a secondary
language instead of first language. In these countries English is utilized as an official
language and given a dominant position in all most all walks of life. These countries
incorporate the previous settlements of British Empire such as, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,
Malaysia, and Kenya. The standards which are formed and produced by the inward circle
are set up in this circle. That is the reason this circle is named as norm-developing implies
standard creating.
 The Expanding Circle:
The extending circle consists of those countries where English is treated as a foreign
language. In these countries English is not normally spoken yet utilized as lingua franca and
typically used in technology, business and in education. These countries are: China, Japan,
Korea, Russia, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt. Kachru tags these countries as norm-
dependent; the speakers of these countries adhere to the guidelines provided by the inward
circle and settled by the external circle (Kachru, 1997).
As far as Pakistan is concerned, according to Kachru model it is to be placed in the
category of Inner Circle because in Pakistan English is communicated as a second language
as well as Pakistan has antique growth towards English language. English enjoyed the
position of official language along with Urdu in Pakistan. Today, English is utilized in all
walks of life in Pakistan
In Pakistan code mixing becomes a common phenomenon. Code mixing can be
observed in all spheres of life from study hall correspondence to business transactions.
Indeed, even ordinary individuals utilized English words who have never studied English
language for example washroom, table, television, road, building, dustbin, market, bed are
generally utilized by people without having any knowledge and information about code
mixing.
1.4.5. English Language in Pakistan:
English is an international language. But it assumes an indispensible role in every
field of life in Pakistan. English newspaper is expansive than other newspapers, similarly,

10
those who have command over English language are treated more adequately and they
enjoyed high status in the society. Norquist (2019), states that the English which is utilized
in Pakistan is fairly not quite the same as the British and American English. He used the
term Pinglish for Pakistani English.
English language has a noteworthy impact in the educational institutions of Pakistan.
It is instructed as obligatory subject from grade one to graduation. Cheema (2015), states
that in Pakistan, English acquired a leading position not only in education but also in
governmental issues and other fields of life. English is the way to progress, the way to
national and worldwide improvement. In fact, in Pakistan it is considered mainly as the
language of advancement at both national and individual level. The status of English in
Pakistan can be seen from the fact that, besides education it is used in the legal executive
(court), in the military, in the important seats, and purposes of the government. Additionally,
the constitution of Pakistan is sorted out in English.
Almost all teachers convey their lectures in English at the colleges and universities.
Likewise, students are urged by their teachers to use English throughout the class,
particularly during English lectures students are expected to use English language for asking
questions linked to the topic and for stating their opinions. Furthermore, society gives
prominence to those speakers who have solid direction over English language as compared
to the speaker of other languages. They get their jobs effortlessly in private as well in
government sectors in Pakistan. Society prefers the person who is confident and easy in
speaking English. It demonstrates that being familiar with English is the stamp of being
intelligent and respectable. English language is also very important for international
relations. In the present day, English becomes lingua franca and it is used as a medium of
instruction among different nationalities. This condition can be clearly found in the airplane
terminals and business dealings where individuals from different nationalities utilized
English language as a medium of instruction and correspondence. In the same way English
is very important for those understudies who are intrigued to travel to another country for
advanced education. It is indispensable for them to learn English language on the grounds
that in international universities such as University of Oxford and Cambridge University
students came from different nationalities. In this situation English is the only language to
unite them (Khan, 2016).

11
 In a nutshell, besides national and regional languages that are extensively spoken in
Pakistan the importance of English language cannot be dismissed as it has gained a
dominant position in Pakistan‟s educational institutions as well as in politics and other fields
of life. It is considered as the indication of progress and authority. This can be obviously
found in Pakistan where people do mixing to become dominant members of the society.
1.5. Statement of the Problem:
Code mixing is a common phenomenon in Pakistan. Sufficient research can be seen
in this area in Pakistan; for instance Dr. Arshad Ali Khan conducted a research in 2015,
mainly focusing to know the bilingual compound verbs and light verbs innovation in Pashto-
English code mixing. A similar kind of study was presented by Ahmad in 2015 with the aim
to know Urdu-English code mixing among males and females during their text messages.
Chughtai (2016) also worked on to find out the reasons and context due to which Pakistani
young learners do switching and mixing of English in their Urdu conversation. However,
nothing has been reported and anticipated so far about English-Pashto code mixing among
the females of Mardan leading to a gap. In Mardan individuals, especially females do
mixing between Pashto and English in all respects as often as possible even without
knowing the reasons and its consequences and significance. This assumes the investigators
to consider and examine this phenomenon exactly in order to know the reasons behind code
mixing and its advantages for them in their daily life.
1.6. Research Questions:
The questions of the current research paper are:
i) When and why do the females of Mardan code mix Pashto with English?
ii) Is the mixing of Pashto with English beneficial for them in their daily conversation?
1.7. Research Objectives:
Based on the statement of the problem stated overhead, the objectives of the present
research paper are shown below:
i) To find out when and why the females of Mardan mix Pashto with English.
ii) To analyze to what extent the mixing of Pashto with English is beneficial for them in
their daily conversation.

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1.8. Significance of the Study:
In a multilingual country like Pakistan code mixing is not a new phenomenon. But
nothing has been done so far concerning code mixing in the females of Mardan. It implies
that the phenomenon of code mixing is not clear for the females living in Mardan. The
present research will be significant for the females in the sense that it will help them to
understand the concept of code mixing, the reasons behind doing code mixing and its
benefits for them in their daily interaction. The current paper will exposed innovative ways
for the upcoming students who want to conduct their thesis on code mixing in the city of
Mardan; it will give them material as well as an additional source of orientation for doing
their research.
1.9. Limitation of the Current Study:
The current study constrained itself only to the region of Mardan because of the lack
of time. This paper is limited to discover the reasons of doing code mixing among the
females of Mardan and it benefits them. This confinement clarified that the present study is
simply fixated on code mixing and not on code switching. Furthermore, the study is limited
on code mixing among females and not on code mixing among males or between males and
females. Another confinement is that this study is going to analyze code mixing between
Pashto (the regional language of KPK and almost the mother tongue of the individuals living
in Mardan District) and English (foreign language/England‟s national language) and not the
mixing between English with Urdu (the national language of Pakistan) or some other
regional languages (Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi) that are extensively articulated in the three
provinces of Pakistan i.e. Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh respectively.
1.10. Delimitation of the Current Study:
The study is encircled itself to examine code mixing among the females of Mardan.
Information for the current study is gathered from the district Mardan females through
closed ended questionnaire. The present paper delimited itself to examine the reasons of
code mixing and to what extent doing mixing is helpful for them. Furthermore, the study
delimited itself to the expressed routine with regards to code mixing among females and the
composed type of rehearsing code mixing is barred from the present work.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction:
Code mixing is a comprehensive phenomenon. This phenomenon has been explored
by many researchers. This chapter of the current paper is focused on review of the related
literature which has been led on this phenomenon i.e. code mixing. In this chapter the
researcher will going to observe the work which is indistinguishable to the present study
first in the other contexts and then in the context of Pakistan.
2.1.1. Related Work in Other Contexts:
Reema Salah Al Hayek (2016) conducted a research on Arabic-English code mixing.
Her study was mainly fixated on the three purposes of code mixing i.e. social, linguistics
and realization of field of discourse. Her primary goals were to discover the situations in
which the students do mixing and to assess the factors which influencing Arabic-English
code mixing. For the study information was gathered from three Universities i.e. Al alBayt
University, Yarmouk University and University of Jordan. The populace contains 1166
individuals (both males and females) studying at different levels including Bachelor,
Masters and PhD in different disciplines i.e. Science, Economics, Islamic Studies,
Humanities, Medicine and Education. For data accumulation quantitative and qualitative
research plans were utilized. The discoveries of the examination demonstrated that science
students do more mixing as compared to other disciplines. Furthermore, the outcomes also
demonstrated that the students who are living in rural areas do more mixing than those living
in urban regions and are agreeable to doing mixing Arabic with English. The results
additionally showed that male doing code mixing for linguistic purposes while females
doing Arabic-English mixing for social reasons.
Furthermore, her study gives us an insight to the situations where code mixing takes
place. According to Muysken (2000) and Myers-Scotton (2002), there are several situations
which offer a ground for happening code mixing. Some of those situations are given below:
 Every bilingual and multilingual community contains high standard and low standard
language assortments. High standard language varieties are frequently utilized by the

14
 elite class. In order to familiarize with the tendencies of the privileged class, the speakers
of lower language varieties attempted to utilize the language of the elite which provides
a circumstance for the happening of code mixing (Muysken, 2000).
 Colonization and Army assault also provide a situation for code mixing where
individuals are constrained by the colonizers and Army invaders to learn and utilize their
language. Examples can be found in the history where because of the treatment of the
British colonizers English procured the status of second language in numerous countries
of the world (Myers-Scotton, 2002).
 Language which is used by the educational, professional and elite class gives a common
situation for individuals to do code mixing. Again the example of English language is to
be taken, because it is viewed as language of the elite and educational class and taught as
an obligatory subject in the instructive foundations of many countries (Myers-Scotton,
2002).
 A group, community, society or country where there is more than one language in
correspondence provides a strong circumstance for individuals to do code mix in order to
convey their message and so as to know one another (Musyken, 2000).
Cakrawarti (2011) made an exploration on the topic an analysis of code switching
and code mixing in the teenlit “canting cantiq” by Dyan Nuranindya. Teenlit is a prominent
type of literature, which contains anecdotes about teenager‟s life and living. Her study was
depended on Hoffman‟s theory. Her fundamental objectives were to analyze the types of
code switching and code mixing and the reasons because of which the characters in the
teenlit canting cantiq do mixing and switching. Data was collected in the form of words that
are expressed by the characters in the novel on different occasions. The outcomes of the
research demonstrated that there are 6 sorts of dialects utilized in the novel as well as 10
reasons of code mixing. The most common among them was that the characters especially
the young ones do mixing for the purpose of expressing their group identity. According to
Hoffman (1991), there are several reasons because of which people do their languages mix
and switch. They are shown below:
 Talking about a particular topic:
Occasionally, individuals want to discuss a specific subject and need to communicate
in a language that is not utilized by everybody. By utilizing a language that is not known by

15
everyone they feel free and comfortable to express their passionate sentiments and state of
mind.
 Quoting somebody else:
One of the most common reasons of code mixing is to quote someone‟s demeanors
or saying. The switch comprises just those words which according to the speaker the quoted
person said. It implies that, those notable expressions or sayings can be cited as they are,
without destruction in their original words. For this purpose quotation marks must be used.
 Being emphatic about something (express solidarity):
A non-native speaker unexpectedly needs to be emphatic about something when
he/she is utilizing a language that is not his/her inborn language. He/she deliberately or
accidentally, shifts from his/her second language to his/her first language. Or then again,
there might be situations where he/she feel straightforwardness and unwind to be insistent in
his/her second language rather than in their first language.
 Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connector):
Code mixing and code switching among bilingual and multilingual speakers can
sometimes mark as a sentence connector or interjection. An interjection is a word, which
expresses some unforeseen sentiments, forceful feelings or to gain attention. Interjection is a
short exclamation such as: Well!, Look!, Oh!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Aha!, etc. Besides having no
grammatical worth, they are commonly used in spoken discussion rather than written.
 Repetition used for clarification:
In order to simplify his/her message a bilingual and multilingual speakers sometimes
used both codes to say the same message for the purpose of clarifying his/her message so
that it will be understood better by their hearers. A message in one code is repeated in the
other code exactly. It implies that the similar statement is rehashed two times. Recurrence is
not only used to clarify the statement but also to stress a message.
 Intention to clarify the speech content for interlocutor:
Where two or more than two speakers are in discourse there is the possibility that
heaps of code mixing and code switching will be take place. Bilingual and multilingual
speakers typically do mixing and switching so as to streamline their message for the

16
conversationalists. In this case the message in one language is rehashed in the other
language slightly in altered form.
 Expressing group identity:
Code mixing and code switching can also take place when a bilingual or multilingual
speaker planned to express their group individuality. There can be discovered lots of
difference in the ways of communication used by the educated people and those who are not
educated. Likewise, the ways of communication used by doctors are different from the ways
of those who belong to other professions. It demonstrates that different academic and
professional groups used the ways of communication which are not similar in each group.
2.1.2. Related Work in Pakistan:
The shifting from one language to another in the equivalent verbally expressed or
composed talk is called code mixing. Today code mixing becomes a common feature of
language. Code mixing gives us mindfulness about the individuals who belonged to different
cultures and dialects (Ayesha Farooq et al. 2017). Code mixing in Pakistani media was the
study which was focused on code mixing in the television advertisements. The study was
conducted by Ayesha. In the said investigation, she attempted to discover the influence of
code mixing upon the spectators that are used in the television ads and how code mixing
helped the advertisers to sell their products. For the purpose of analysis, data was gathered
from four Pakistani‟s channels including PTV, AAJTV, Geo News and TV-one. The
collected data comprises the advertisements of Shampoo, Oreo Biscuit, Trident and Fairness
Cream. In those ads English words were frequently utilized because English is considered as
the language of elite, modern and educational class. So the use of English words in those
advertisements will help the promoters to make their commercials more interesting to the
watchers. The findings of the study demonstrated that the main purpose of using code
mixing in those advertisements was to advance English language and tried to increase its
speakers. Moreover, English is communicated as a second language in Pakistan as well as
used is the co-official language along with Urdu. The majority of Pakistani people especially
the educational class is well known about English language. Those who are not aware, the
television advertisements help them to know about English and used it in their daily
discussion. She concluded her thesis by saying that the use of English language in those
advertisements evidently attracted the attention of the ordinary citizens by giving them the

17
impression to be a part of the higher class by utilizing English language and utilizing new
trends of life. With the increasing influence of English language in Pakistan code mixing
becomes a routine of everyday correspondence.
Anwer (2007), has completed his examination in the similar domain however with
the variety of utilizing Urdu expressions and provisos in Pakistani English as a non-local
assortments. For the said work, he chipped away at experimental information taken from
Pakistani English Newspapers and magazines. He has discovered that the utilization of Urdu
expressions and statements in Pakistani English is not a „grammarless marvel‟ rather it is
„ruled administered movement‟. Accordingly the event of Urdu expressions and provisos
force no linguistic impact on the development of English language structure.
Besides code mixing in Pakistani media and Newspapers, it also becomes a common
practice in text messages. In the present day both male and female are indulged in to it.
Crystal (2001) is of the view that code mixing is a new strategy of correspondence which is
more than just a combination of spoken and written language and generally used in those
countries where speakers of multiple dialects exist and where English is utilized as lingua
franca. So as to realize code mixing in text messages Ahmad directed an exploration in
2017. His research dealt with the gender based code mixing in mobile phone SMS texting in
Pakistani society. He said that the modern study on language pointed out that with the
development of technology code mixing between two codes becomes a common practice in
text messages. His research was carried out to discover the mixing of two dialects i.e. Urdu
and English utilized by both male and male throughout their text messages. His main
objectives were to know whether male and female do mixing during text messages and to
inspect whether female use more code mixing as compared to male or male do more mixing
than female. In order to know gender based distinction of code mixing in text messages data
was collected through quantitative technique from 50 members 25 male and 25 female
students. 1000 SMS were collected from both male and female students from the
universities of Lahore, Pakistan. While analyzing the data, he found out that the total
number of words in 1000 messages is 8259 out of which female used 5049 and male used
3210. It was showed that female used more words during text messages. His study also
showed that the total number of code mixed SMS was 268 out of which female used code
mixing in 162 messages and male used code mixing in 106 messages. So, it was verified that

18
female do mixing more than male. Moreover, he also finds out that the topics of discussion
between male and female were different. Females do mixing when discussing the topic such
as education and personal entertainment, while male do mixing when they discuss the topics
such as greetings, romance, job, asking favor, future plan and travelling. The study
evidenced that code mixing becomes a common phenomenon during sending text messages.
As previously discussed Pakistan is a multilingual country. So, whenever and
everywhere when two or more than two bilingual speakers make a communication they do
not use only one language but use mixed language and code mixing happens (Samar Rukh et
al. 2014). Samar Rukh conducted a research to find out the Business students in Sargodha,
attitudes towards teacher code mixing/code switching and their influence on their second
language learning. In order to know the Business students attitudes towards code
mixing/code switching and their impact on their L2, information was gathered from 100
students (including male and female) and from six teachers (Business communication and
Report writing). 50 students and three teachers from the University of Sargodha, and 50
students and three teachers from private universities and colleges were nominated. For the
purpose of the collection of data quantitative (for students) and qualitative (for teachers)
research procedure was utilized. After examining the collected data the researcher
witnessed that using code mixing/code switching is a common phenomenon in Sargodha in
Business Communication and Report Writing lectures. Because the outcomes showed that
97% out of hundred students agree to it. The attitude of the students was positive and
encouraging towards teacher‟s code mixing/code switching during their lectures and they
considered it helpful for their second language learning. Concerning the overall opinion of
BCRW teachers, five out of sex teachers considered it beneficial for the students. The
overall view of students and teachers revealed that they are in favor of code mixing/code
switching and considered it advantageous.
A similar type of study was proposed by Chughtia et al (2016) to find out the reasons
and context due to which Pakistani young learners do mixing and switching in the Islamia
University of Bahawalpur Punjab, Pakistan. The population of the study comprised of 138
contestants including male and female. Data was collected through closed-ended
questionnaire from two disciplines i.e. the department of English, the department of
Biochemistry and Biotechnology. The questionnaires were divided into two sections i.e.

19
section A, and section B. Section A dealt with the reasons of switching and mixing English
code with Urdu, and section B dealt with the contexts of switching and mixing English code
with Urdu. The data which was collected through questionnaires were examined statistically
and presented in the form of graphs. The discoveries of the study demonstrated that mostly
the students do mixing between their native and English language to make their message
compelling and to inspire their hearers. Likewise, they do mixing when they do not discover
suitable words in their native language and do mixing to cite someone‟s words. However,
the least reason for them to do mixing was that because they think that English is better than
their native language and because their elders authorize them to do so. In the results of
section B i.e. the contexts, the participants gave different responses, some do mixing during
their classroom, with their friends, at canteen, during their conversation with their educators
etc. After an intense observation from the findings he presumed that the students of English
department have a better awareness of the significance of English code. They know when
and how to communicate both literally and contextually as compared to the other
departments. Furthermore, he says that due to the influence of English language, the
utilization of English language in every day conversation is increasing day by day. Nobody
forced them to do switch or mix between English and their native language rather they do so
due to the increasing demand of the day.
After a brief assessment of the related literature in the other contexts as well as in the
context of Pakistan it can be said that the present study is still different from the previous
work in the sense that it is going to examine the mixing of Pashto and English among the
females of Mardan. No work has been done so far to know about the mixing of Pashto and
English in the females of Mardan. The current study is a new step in this arena and will be
helpful for the upcoming researchers.

20
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction:
Research methodology is a significant part or we can say that it is a fundamental
stage of research without which the exploration cannot be continued further. It is basically
managed how to assemble and inspect the information and furthermore managed which
methodology or technique is to be utilized for information gathering and breaking down and
which strategy or system is to be maintained a strategic distance from. Rajasekar et al.
(2006) states that research methodology is a science which concentrate how research is to be
completed and also examined those approaches through which learning is acquired. Truth be
told, it is a sorted out approach to propose an answer for an issue. It comprises how analysts
depict, clarify, and foresee a marvel.
This chapter of the study is going to described the design of the current study,
participants of the study, data collection tools i.e. questionnaire and data analysis procedure.
3.2. Design of the Study:
In the present study descriptive research configuration was utilized. Since the present
study was managed the marvel that exist in the region. Data was collected from the females
of Mardan belonging to different regions to think about the current phenomenon. Besides,
the present study is quantitative in nature.
3.3. Participants and Sample:
The current study consisted of 60 participants (females). The sample size were 60
(females) belonged from different regions of Mardan, a district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with
the age range of 18 to 30 years. These participants were selected through random sampling.
Questionnaires were administered and distributed for the purpose of data collection.
3.4. Data Collection Tools:
For the current study data was collected through the primary source of data i.e.
questionnaire which comprised of closed-ended questions. The questionnaires were
distributed among the participants by the researcher personally and data was collected on the
spot.

21
3.4.1. Questionnaire:
A questionnaire is a composed rundown of inquiries, the responses to which
recorded by respondents. In a questionnaire the respondents read the inquiries, translate
what is normal and record the appropriate responses (Kumar, 2011).
For the current study data was collected through questionnaire, composed of closed-
ended questions. The questionnaire was divided into four parts. The first part of the
questionnaire was dealt with participants personal information i.e. their name, age, institute,
and level of study, only age range were shown in this study other information like their
name, institute, and level of study were keep out of sight due the ethical considerations.
Part two of the questionnaire was dealt with the first part of the first question of the
present study i.e. when the females of Mardan do mixing between English and Pashto. This
part of the questionnaire comprised of 8 items. In the front of each item there were choices
given like: strongly agree, agree, not sure, disagree, and strongly disagree and the
participants have given the right to select the appropriate situation or context due to which
they are doing mixing between English and Pashto by marking on of the choices given.
Part three of the questionnaire was dealt with the second part of the first question i.e.
why the females of Mardan do mixing between English and Pashto. This part of the
questionnaire contained 14 reasons due to which females of Mardan use code mixing. To
select an appropriate reason the choices were given as mentioned above and the participant
has to select one choice among them.
Part four of the questionnaire was related to the second question of the current study
i.e. to know is the mixing between English and Pashto beneficial for them. The participants
have to choose between two options i.e. yes and no in order to give their opinions.
3.5. Data Analysis Procedure:
First of all data was collected by the researcher through questionnaire. Then it was
analyzed through SPSS.16 version and was presented in Pie Chart with their percentage.

22
 CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Introduction:
This section contains the findings and analysis of the two inquiries that were
posed from the members of the current study. Moreover, their reactions were presented with
their percentage through Pie Chart.
4.1.1. Findings and Analysis:
 Age of the females:

Figure 4.1 Percentage of the females belonged to different age group

The total number of females is 60 with the age limit of 18-30 years, belonged to the
different regions of district Mardan. Pie chart no.1 shows that 5.00% females are belonged to
the age of 18, 38.33% females belonged to the age of 20, 43.33% belonged to the age of 25,
and 13.33% are from the age of 30.

23
 I use English in my Pashto speech when:

Figure 4.2 Percentage of the females doing mixing on different situations

This pie chart represents the first part of the first question in the current study. In order to
know different context or situation due to which the females of district Mardan doing
mixing there were 8 questions asked through questionnaire. This pie chart shows the overall
responses of the females on each item. 14.38% females answered to first item that were
asked through questionnaire, the response of the females on item second is 18.05%, on third
it is 11.33%, on item four it is 15.22%, on item five it is 8.81%, on item six it is 11.54%, on
item seven it is 9.23%, and on item eight it is 11.44%. Besides, these overall responses of
the females the following table shows the responses of each females on each item. From the
following analysis it will also be clear the most common and least situation on which they
are strongly agree while doing mixing.

24
Table 4.1
S. Items Strongly Agree Not Disagree Strongly
No. agree Sure Disagree
1 When conversing with 28.33% 41.67% 5.00% 23.33% 1.67%
family
2 When conversing with my 13.33% 35.00% 11.67% 31.67% 8.33%
relatives
3 When conversing with 45.00% 40.00% 6.67% 6.67% 1.67%
female friends
4 When conversing with 30.00% 35.00% 8.33% 16.67% 10.00%
male friends
5 When talking with my 65.00% 33.33% - - 1.67%
teachers
6 When I am talking to 45.00% 36.67% 10.00% 6.67% 1.67%
myself
7 When conversing with 56.67% 40.00% 3.33% - -
educated people
8 When I am on my mobile 48.33% 38.33% 3.33% 3.33% 6.67%
phone while calling and
texting

The table shows that the most common situation according to the females in which
they are doing mixing is when they are in conversation with their teachers. 65.00% females
strongly agree on this point and 1.67% strongly disagree. While the least common situation
in which they are doing mixing is when they are in conversation with their relatives. Only
13.33% females strongly agree to this point.
The table also shows 8 distinct circumstances because of which the females of
district Mardan do code- mixing. Some are doing mixing when they converse with their
family, some do mixing when they engage in conversation with their relatives, others do
code mixing when they are in discussion with their females and male companions, while the
rest doing mixing during a discussion with their instructors. The most fascinating

25
circumstance with regards to which they are doing mixing is the point at which they are
conversing with themselves, 45.00% females are firmly concur on this point. Furthermore,
some are doing mixing when converse with the educated people, and some are doing so
when they are on their mobile phones during calling and messaging.
 Why I use English words in my Pashto speech:

Figure 4.3 Percentage of the females why they do mixing

This pie chart is related to the second part of the first question i.e. why I use English
words in my Pashto speech. In this section of the questionnaire 14 questions were asked from
the females. The overall responses of the females on each item are as such: first item 6.68%,
second item 6.58%, on item three 6.11%, on item four 7.77%, on item five 6.44%, on item
six 9.57%, on item seven 7.30%, on item eight 9.38%, on item nine 7.72%, on item ten
6.35%, on item eleven 6.40%, on item twelve 5.26%, on item thirteen 8.10%, and on item
fourteen it is 7.34%. Furthermore, the following analysis shows that there are fourteen
different reasons due to which they are doing mixing.

26
1. English words makes my English stronger:
Most of the females living in district Mardan used English because they think that it
makes their English stronger. The findings show that 28.33% strongly agree and 36.67%
agree on this point. However, 10.00% are not sure, 21.67% disagree and only 3.33% strongly
disagree to it.
2. It is my Habit to use English words:
The analysis of the findings further shows that some females doing mixing because it
is their habit. 31.67% are strongly agree and 33.33% are agree to it, 10.00% are not sure,
21.67% disagree, and 3.33% strongly disagree on this point.
3. English words are more direct and simple:
According to the females they use English words in their conversation because they
are simple and more direct. This is one of major reasons due to which they mix codes.
41.67% strongly agree, 30.00% agree, 10.00% are not sure, 8.33% disagree, and 10.00%
strongly disagree about this point.
4. By using English words I feel proud:
The fourth important reason due to which the females do mixing is that they feel
proud when they use English words during their communication with others. 25.00%
strongly agree, 23.33% agree, 20.00% are not sure, 16.67% disagree, and 15.00% strongly
disagree to it.
5. For the purpose of clarification:
In order to the make the message easily understandable for all the hearers the females
of district Mardan using English words. The responses of the females on this point are as
such: 38.33% strongly agree, 26.67% agree, 10.00% are not sure, 20.00% disagree, and
5.00% strongly disagree.
6. To show off my social status:
Mostly the females in district Mardan doing mixing in order to show their social
status from which they belong. 15.00% strongly agree, 20.00% agree, 11.67% are not sure,
20.00% disagree, and 33.33% strongly disagree about it.

27
7. In order to look modern and educated one:
As English is considered language of the modern and educated class, this provides the
most common reason for the females living in Mardan to use English words in their
conversation to look modern and educated one. 21.67% are strongly agree, 40.00% agree,
8.33% are not sure, 20.00% disagree, and 10.00% strongly disagree on this point.
8. When I want to impress someone:
Some females used English words in their Pashto speech to impress other people. As
the findings show that 13.33% females are strongly agree, 21.67% agree, 13.33% are not
sure, 25.00% disagree, and 26.67% strongly disagree to it.
9. The people around me doing so:
Environment and surrounding provide the most common reason for doing mixing as
analysis of the present study shows that most of the females use English words because they
are surrounded by the people who use English words. The results shows that 15.00% are
strongly agree, 38.33% agree, 15.00% are not sure, 23.33% disagree, and 8.33% strongly
disagree on this point.
10. I am doing mixing because I like English language:
Most of the females do mixing because they like English language. 28.33% strongly
agree, 46.67% agree, 6.67% are not sure, 10.00% disagree, and 8.33% strongly disagree
about it.
11. In order to make my speech polite:
According to some females English words are more polite as compared to the words
of Pashto language that is why the use it in their conversation. On this point 36.67% strongly
agree, 50.00% agree, 5.00% are not sure, 3.33% disagree, and 5.00% strongly disagree.
12. I am using English words because of its scope:
Today English is considered an important language because of its increasing scope.
Mostly the females do mixing between English and Pashto due to the increasing importance
and demand of English language. As far as the responses of the females are concerned on this
point, 41.67% strongly agree, 41.67% agree, 8.33% are not sure, 6.67% disagree, and 1.67%
strongly disagree.

28
13. To praise someone I need English words:
According to the females whenever they try to praise someone they use English
words in their Pashto speech. 18.33% strongly agree, 30.00% agree, 15.00% are not sure,
21.67% disagree, and 15.00% strongly disagree on this point.
14. In order to emphasize something:
According to some females they use English language when something is of vital
importance in speaking or when they try to emphasize something. 21.67% strongly agree,
33.33% agree, 21.67% are not sure, 11.67% disagree, and 11.67% strongly disagree about it.

 Is the mixing of English with Pashto beneficial for you in your daily
conversation?

Figure 4.4 Percentage of the females to find out is mixing beneficial or not
This pie chart is related to the second question of the current study i.e. is mixing between
English and Pashto beneficial for the females in their daily conversation. The overall
responses of the females show that mixing between English and Pashto is advantageous for

29
them as 71.67% females are in favor of mixing and considered it beneficial, whereas 28.33%
are not in favor of mixing and according to them it is not beneficial for them.

30
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Introduction:
This chapter includes conclusion and recommendation of the current study.
5.1.1. Conclusions:
The researcher conclude that code mixing between English and Pashto is a
common phenomenon among the females of Mardan, even the greater part of the females
doing blending without knowing and thinking about the wonder that is why the researcher
reached with every one of the 60 females and clarified the wonder before them so as to get
exact information. Through this study they get an opportunity to know and think about code
mixing. From the analysis of the gathered information the specialist came to on the point
that the females of Mardan doing mixing between English and Pashto in various settings and
behind their mixing there are various reasons included. The aftereffects of the investigation
demonstrate 8 different contexts in which the females do mixing. Besides, the investigation
demonstrates 14 distinct reasons because of which they are associated with mixing (see
chapter 4th). The discoveries of the examination also demonstrate as indicated by the females
living in district Mardan having a place with various locales, the mixing between English
and Pashto is helpful for them in their day by day discussion. As 71.67% females are in
supportive of mixing and just 28.33% are not in favor of code mixing between English and
Pashto. Thus, the overall result of the study shows that mixing is beneficial for the females
in their daily conversation.
5.1.2. Recommendations:
After the conclusion, the researcher proposed the following recommendations:
1. The present study explored the phenomenon of code mixing among the females of
district Mardan, the analyst proposes that the future examination ought to go past the
limit of the present investigation. The future researchers ought to explore the wonder
among males and females, among instructors, and individuals having a place with
various callings living in the locale.

31
2. The researcher likewise recommends that the present examination give an extra
wellspring of reference for the individuals who need to lead their proposal in
sociolinguistics. Especially, the current study will be helpful for the individuals who
need to explore the marvel in Mardan locale.
3. The researcher also recommends that the future researchers can also examine the marvel
in dramatizations, motion pictures, songs, speeches, and particularly in books i.e. novel
books written by Pakistani writers.

32
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