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The definition of
thinking:
The mind is the idea
while thinking
processes of the brain
involved in
processing
information such as
when we form
concepts, engage in
problem solving, to
reason and make
decisions.
Some limit in the definition of
thinking is as follows:
a. Inductive inference the decisions taken from the
opinion - opinion toward a particular public opinion.
b. Deductive conclusions
Deductive decision drawn from the general to the
specific, so in contrast to inductive decision.
c. Conclusion analogical - The decision is a decision
that analogical obtained by comparing or customize with
specific opinions that already exist.
(2) p7. http://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/DEXadobe.PDF
Thinking Function: Thinking function involves
1. Interpretation Problems:
Known also by defining the problem by way of creative
thinking
2. Problem Solving Strategy: Make a selection of the best
problem-solving strategies some problem-solving strategies are
often used
- Trial anderror It took a long time (Short Term
Memory). Trial and error is to try to resolve if one tried to
repeat it will know where lies the fault.
- Informational Retrieval retrieve the information for solving
problems quickly (Long Term Memory)
- Algorithm That is a problem-solving method that guarantees
a solution if the problem of available opportunities for someone
to develop it. (1) p15 – paraphrase of an excerpt from The Delphi Report
- Heuristic That helps to simplify the problem,
influenced by past experience. There are four heuristic
methods are:
1. Hill Climbing A heuristic strategy in which each step
is concern to move closer to its final destination.
2. Sub goals Method of solving a problem by making it
smaller or in pieces, everywhere respective aims to
simplify the solution
3. Mean and Analysis A heuristic strategy that will
target to reduce differences between the situation with
the desired objectives through the intermediary of a
way.
4. Working Backward A heuristic strategy where we
have to move backwards from our goal in some
(3) http://criticalthinking.org/University/intraits.html
circumstances
Development of Thinking
Piaget argued that the logical
way of thinking evolved gradually, at
about the age of two years and in about
seven years. Piaget explained, thinking
children did not like thinking adults.
Children's minds seem to be different
with a larger person. Children seem to
Jean Piaget was a Swiss
solve the problem in an entirely developmental psychologist
different level. Differences children and philosopher known for his
who are smaller and bigger is not too epistemological studies with
related to the issues that older children children. His theory of
have more knowledge, but because they cognitive development and
epistemological view are
are different kinds of knowledge, the together called "genetic
present invention Piaget began studying epistemology"
the development of mental structure.
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:
1. Sensory Motor Stage
Lasts from birth until the age
of 2 years. At this stage,
infants build an
understanding of the world
by coordinating the
experiences of sensors (such
as seeing and hearing) with
physical motor actions, the
so-called sensory motor. At
the beginning of this stage,
the newborn has a little more
than a reflex patterns.
(2)
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:
2. Pre-operational stage
Lasted roughly from age 2 to 7
years. At this stage, children begin to
describe the world with words and
pictures. Symbolic thinking beyond the
simple relationship between the sensor
information and physical
action. However, even preschoolers can
symbolically depicts the world,
according to Piaget, they are still not
able to implement what is called
"surgery"-an internalized mental
actions that allow the children to do
mentally what was previously done
physically.
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:
3. Concrete operational
stage Lasted roughly from ages
7-11 years. At this stage
children can carry out
operations, and logical
reasoning replaces intuitive
thought as far as thought can be
applied to the specific examples
or concrete. For example,
concrete operational thinking
can not imagine the steps
necessary to solve an algebra
problem, which is too vague to
be considered at this stage of
development. (2)
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:
SOURCE:
http://psiko-info.blogspot.com/2011/06/berpikir-dalam-psikologi.html