Ethics Module Finals

Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, East Tapinac, Olongapo City
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Learning Module (Midterm)

Module Number Learning Objectives Topics and Key Teaching and Learning
and Title (most essential learning Concepts Learning Tasks
competencies) Materials and
Resources
Module 1: Key 1. Identify what makes a  Morality- it is a  Laptop,
concepts in Ethics human a human standard of android
himself. doing what is phone,
2. Maintaining the virtue. right and tablet
3. Enabling the ability to wrong. and
have a good decision  The importance desktop
to avoid what is not of rules is: it .
right thing to do. regulates our  Google
behaviour, Classro
guarantee our om.
rights and  Google
freedom, Forms.
produce sense  Google
of justice, meet.
essential for the
economy.
 Moral
standards- the
norms we
believe to be
morally
acceptable and
unacceptable.
 Non-moral
standards- It
refers to rules
that are
unrelated to
moral or ethical
considerations.
 Dilemma-
choosing
between two
negative
results.
 3 levels of
moral
dilemma-
personal,
T h i s L e a r n i n g M o d u l e i s E x c l u s i v e l y f o r G o r d o n C o l l e g e
I t i s n o t f o r s a l e .
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organizational,
and structural.
 Freedom- the
foundation of
morality.
Module 2: Culture 1. Explain the  Culture- the

in Moral Behaviour meaning of culture. characteristic
2. Giving importance features of
to Filipino culture. everyday
3. Construct a existence (such
concrete sense of as diversion or
respect towards a way of life)
other culture. shared by
people in a
place or time.
 Transmitter of
Culture:
parents,
teacher, novels,
films,
television.
 Social
conditioning
Theory- the
influence of
society on our
thoughts words
and actions.
 Cultural
Relativism- the
ability to
understand
culture on its
own term and
not to make
judgment.
 Moral
Relativism- is
the view that
moral
judgments are
true or false
only relative to
some particular
standpoint.
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 Western Ethics
is more on
logical and
rational and the
Eastern Ethics
is more on
religion.
 Filipino values-
pakikisama,
hiya, amor
propio, utang
na loob,
hospitable and
respect for the
elders.
Module 3: Moral 1. Identifying  Character-
Agent character as a means distinct
moral agent. mark of a
2. Evaluate their own person.
excellences to  Virtue as
come up with a disposition.
good decision  2 distinct
making. human
3. Make a story board excellences:
on how a child excellence of
develops their thought and
morality. excellence of
character.
 Stages of
development
discusses on
how individual
improve their
morality.
Module 4: Feelings 1. Classify the role of  Feelings as
and Moral Decision feelings in decision instinctive
Making. making. response to
2. Weighing out moral
between feelings dilemmas.
and logic in doing  Feelings as
the right decision. Obstacles to
3. Distinguish Making the
feelings in moral Right Decisions
decision making.  Feelings Can
Help in Making
Right Decisions
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Module 5: Reason 1. Define the reason  Reason- Is

and Impartiality as a and impartiality the basis or
Minimum and reflect it on motive for an
Requirement for choosing between action,
Morality. right and wrong. decision, or
2. Create a strong conviction.
mind setting and  Impartiality-
stabilize the Involves the
morality based on idea that each
what is truly right. individual’s
3. Apply 7-steps interests and
Model for Making point of view
Moral Decisions in are equally
various settings. important.
 7 steps Model
for Making
Moral
Decisions
states that a
person have
their own
process on
making
decisions.
 Will- Doesn’t
refers to any
particular
desire, but
rather the
capacity to act
decisively on
one’s desire.
 Moral
Courage- doing
the right thing
even at the risk
of
inconvenience,
ridicule,
punishment,
loss of job or
security or
social status.
Finals
Module 6 1. Understand what  Meta-Ethics Activity 3
Basic Theories as are the theories  Normative Learning task
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Frameworks in involved in ethics. Ethics attached on

Ethics 2. Identifying the  Applied Ethics the module.
different ethical  Virtue Ethics
theories of famous  Socrates and
philosophers. Plato’s Moral
3. Measure the Philosophy
effectiveness of the  Aristotle’s
Ethics
following theories
 Thomas
in real life
Aquinas’ Ethics
situation.
Module 7 1. Compare Kantian  Kantian Ethics Activity 3.1
Kant and Rights Ethics to Rights  Rights Theory Learning task
Theory Theory.  Legal vs. Moral attached on
2. Identify the duty of Rights. the module.
a person as a moral
being.
3. Create a mindset
that “I will consider
my neighbour”.
Module 8 1. Recognize the  Pluralism Activity 4
Globalization and effect of  Globalization Learning task
Pluralism Globalization on attached on
our ethical the module.
standards.
2. Identify pluralism
in our political
system and how it
affects our society.
3. Accept the theory
of Relativism.
Module 9 1. Differentiate the  Milennials and Activity 4.1
Challenges of Millennial and Filinials Learning task
Filinnials and Filinnials.  Ethical outlook attached on
Millennial 2. Identifying the and Cultural the module.
challenges of the Identity
youth today.  Work Ethics
3. Determine the  Individualism
conflict between  Conflict parents
the younger and
traditional
generation.
Module 10 1. Identify the role of  Religion and Activity 4.2
The Role of religion in ethics Ethics Learning task
Religion in Ethics 2. Make a Venn  Religion’s role attached on
Diagram to in Ethics the module.
illustrate the  Theistic Ethics
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similarities and
differences
between Ethics and
Religion
3. Relate religion on
how it regulates the
behaviour.
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DETAILED LEARNING MODULE
Title: Basic theories as Frameworks in Ethics
Module No. 6
I. Introduction
Metaethics is the attempt to understand the metaphysical, epistemological, semantic, and
psychological, presuppositions and commitments of moral thought, talk, and practice. As
such, it counts within its domain a broad range of questions and puzzles, including: Is
morality more a matter of taste than truth? Are moral standards culturally relative? Are there
moral facts? If there are moral facts, what is their origin? These questions lead naturally to
puzzles about the meaning of moral claims as well as about moral truth and the justification
of our moral commitments. Metaethics explores as well the connection between values,
reasons for action, and human motivation, asking how it is that moral standards might
provide us with reasons to do or refrain from doing as it demands, and it addresses many of
the issues commonly bound up with the nature of freedom and its significance (or not) for
moral responsibility.
II. Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:
1. Understand what are the theories involved in ethics.
2. Identifying the different ethical theories of famous philosophers.
3. Measure the effectiveness of the following theories in real life situation.
III. Topics and Key Concepts

Frameworks
- Basic structure underlying a system or concept
3 General Subject Area in Ethics

1. Metaethics
Metaethics is the study of moral thought and moral language. Rather than addressing
questions about what practices are right and wrong, and what our obligations to other
people or future generations are – questions of so-called ‘normative’ ethics – metaethics
asks what morality actually is. The metaethicist is interested in whether there can
be knowledge of moral truths, or only moral feelings and attitudes, and asks how we
understand moral discourse as compared with other forms of speech and writing.
1.1
Cognitivism
States that moral judgments convey propositions, that is, they are ‘truth bearers’
or they are either true or false.
 Thus, moral judgments are capable of being objectively true, because they
describe some feature of the world.
a. Moral realism
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The existence of moral facts and the truth (or falsity) of moral judgments are
independent of people’s thoughts and perception.
b. Ethical Subjectivism
 Holds that the truth (or falsity) of ethical propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or group of person.
Non-Cognitivism
 Denies that the moral judgment are either true or false
 Emotivism- it submits that moral judgment are mere expressions of our emotions and
feelings.
1.2
Universalism/Moral Objectivism
 Theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places.
2. Moral Relativism
 Submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or group of
individuals.
Moral Empiricism Vs. Rationalism Vs. Intuitionism
Moral Empiricism
 Is a meta-ethical stance which states that moral facts are known through observation and
experience.
Moral Rationalism
 Contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason
alone and without reference to experience.
Moral Intuitionism
 Submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive
knowledge without reference to any evidence.
IV. Normative Ethics

 Is the branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking.
1.1Deontology
 Is the branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking.
Nonconsequentialism
 Is a type of normative ethical theory that denies that the rightness or wrongness of
our conduct is determined solely by the goodness or badness of the consequences
of our acts or of the rules to which those acts conform.
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1.2Teleology
 Refers to moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes
or results.
2. Applied Ethics
 Philosophically examines specific, controversial issues.
 Refers to the practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect
to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and
public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership.
Various Subfields in Applied Ethics

 Bioethics- the study of typically controversial ethics brought about by advances in
biology and medicine.
 Environmental ethics- he discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship
of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its
non-human contents.
 Business ethics- it's coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and
doing what's right -- this is in regard to effects of products/services and in
relationships with stakeholders.
 Sexual ethics- like bioethics generally, sexual ethics considers standards for
intervention in physical processes, rights of individuals to self-determination, ideals
for human flourishing, and the importance of social context for the interpretation and
regulation of sexual behavior.
 Social ethics- social ethics thus has to do with the principles and guidelines that
regulate corporate welfare within a society, specifically with regard to
determining what is deemed right and just and noble.
Virtue ethics
Virtue
 Is a moral characteristic that an individual needs to live well. It is an excellent trait of
character.
Virtue ethics
 Is a philosophy developed by Aristotle and other ancient Greeks. It is the quest to
understand and live a life of moral character. This character-based approach to
morality assumes that we acquire virtue through practice.
 Is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral
philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good
consequences.
Basically, the virtues are the freely chosen character traits that people praise in others.
People praise them because: (1) they are difficult to develop; (2) they are corrective of
natural deficiencies; and (3) they are beneficial both to self and society.
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Cardinal Virtues
 Wisdom- expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life that permits
exceptional insight, judgment, and advice about complex and uncertain matters.
 Courage- the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation.
 Moderation- the avoidance of excess or extremes, especially in one's behaviour.
 Justice- Justice consists in what is lawful and fair, with fairness involving equitable
distributions and the correction of what is inequitable.
Socrates and Plato’s Moral Philosophy
Plato
Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic
conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim
of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: ‘excellence’) are the requisite skills and
dispositions needed to attain it.
Socrates
The ultimate aim of Socrates’ philosophical method is always ethical. Socrates believed that
if anyone knows what good is, one will always do what is good. Thus if one truly understands
the meaning of courage, self-control, or justice, one will act in a courageous, self-controlled
and just manner.
The corollary to this view is that all vice, then, must be due to ignorance. Nobody, he
believes, knowingly does what is wrong: they always think that what they are doing is right.
Can you imagine someone saying, for example, “I know that this act is completely wrong and
totally wicked, but I am going to do it anyway”. In fact, even the person who performs the
most heinous acts imaginable always thinks that he is doing them for some good reason.
 Eudemian/Eudaimonistic Ethics
 It focuses on happiness (eudaimonia), or the good for man, and how to obtain
it.

Self-realization
 When someone acts in line with his nature or end (telos) and thus realizes his full
potential, he does moral and will be happy.
2.1Aristotle’s Telos
 Aristotle believes that the essence or essential nature of beings, including humans, lay
not at their cause or beginning but at their end (telos).
The essence or ‘telos’ of human being is rationality and, thus, a life of contemplation is
the best kind of life for true human flourishing.
Nicomachean Ethics
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 All humans seek happiness, but in different ways. True happiness is tied to the
purpose or end of human life. The essence of human beings is Reason. Reason
employed in achieving happiness leads to moral virtues and intellectual virtues.
2.2Happiness and Virtue

 The ultimate human goal is Self-realization
Nature of Man
 Vegetable/Physical
 Animal/Emotional
 Rational/Mental
Living in accordance with reason is viewed as vital in self-realization or developing one’s

potential.
Aristotle also considers happiness as the summum bonum - the greatest good of all
human life.
2.3Virtue as Habit
Aristotle’s idea of happiness should also be understood in the sense of human flourishing.
This flourishing is attained by the habitual practice of moral and intellectual excellences, or
‘virtues’. The virtuous person, who has good character, sees truly, judges rightly, and acts
morally.
2.4Virtue and the Golden Mean

Acting in a reasonable manner is done when we choose to and indeed act in a way that
neither goes to excess nor defect. Excess and defect normally indicate a vice. Virtue lies
neither in the vice of deficiency nor in the vice of excess but in the middle ground.
According to Aristotle, Moral behavior is the mean between two extremes - at one end is
excess, at the other deficiency. Find a moderate position between those two extremes, and
you will be acting morally.
The Golden Mean
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2.5 Phronesis and Practice

In using golden mean to become virtuous, we must recognize not only that the mean is
neither too much nor too little but also it is ‘relative to us’ as moral agents.
Phronesis
 Is a grasp of the appropriate way to respond in a particular situation and to describe
practical wisdom (phronesis) and thoughtful, practical doing (praxis).
Thomas Aquianas’ Ethics
According to him the ultimate happiness is not attainable in this life, for happiness in
the present life remains imperfect. True happiness, then, is to be found only in the souls of the
blessed in heaven or in beatitude with God.
The term ‘law’ for Aquinas means ordinance of reason for the common good,
promulgated by someone who has care of the community. Aquinas’ laws should also be
understood in terms of “rules and measures” for people’s conduct and as “rational patterns or
forms.” Obedience to the law is thus viewed also as participating in or being in conformity
with the pattern or form. For Aquinas, there are four primary types of law—the eternal,
natural, human, and divine.
4 Primary Types of Law

1. Eternal Law
 Refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered.
 To this eternal law, everything in the universe is subject.
2. Natural Law
 Is that aspect of the eternal law which is accessible to human reason.
 Moral law- the order to which people are subject by their nature ordering them
to do well or avoid evil.
3. Human Law
 It includes the civil and criminal laws, though only those formulated in the
light of practical reason and moral laws.
 Human laws that are against natural law are not real laws, and people are not
obliged to obey those unjust laws.
4. Divine Law
 It is a law of revelation, disclosed through sacred text or Scripture and
the Church which is also directed toward man’s eternal end.
Synderesis
It is the innate principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the
agent to good and restrains him from evil. Aquinas describes synderesis as a knowledge of
first principles or an innate habit of thinking. It is a form of a priori reasoning. Synderesis
cannot be mistaken. It produces discernment of the first practical principles, or primary
precepts. We have an innate desire to "do good and avoid evil", which sums up in a general
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sense the more specific primary precepts: preservation of life, reproduction, living in society,
education and worship of God.
Human Inclination
1. To survive
2. To reproduce and educate offspring
3. To know the truth about God and to live peacefully in the society.
Features of Human Action

1. Species
 Also called the object of the action
 Kinds of human actions- (1) good, (2)evil and (3)indifferent.
2. Accidents
 Simply refer to the circumstances surrounding the action.
3. End
 Stands for the agent’s intention.
Aquinas ethical theory states that for an action to be moral, the kind it belongs to must not be
bad, the circumstances must be appropriate, and the intention must be virtuous.
Happiness, Moral Virtues, and Theological Virtues

Happiness
 Happiness is not equated with pleasure, material possessions, honour, or any sensual
good, but in activities accordance with virtue.
Moral Virtue
Have as their object not God Himself, but activities that are less virtuous and inferior
to the final end.
4 Basic Virtues
1. Prudence
2. Fortitude
3. Temperance
4. Justice
2 Kinds of Habit
1. Acquired Habit-repetitive, consistent effort
2. Infused Habit- directly instilled by God.
Theological Virtues
 They provide us with true knowledge and desire of God and of His will.
Theological Virtues
1. Faith
2. Hope
3. Love
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4. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

 Google Classroom
 Zoom
 Messenger
V. Learning Task
What makes you happy? Describe it in any form of art (drawing, skits, vlog, poem,
spoken poetry, song form, rap, etc.). Add a caption and describe it why.
 Reference
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275654052_Social_Ethics
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/#Virt
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/wisdom
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/courage
https://www.lexico.com/definition/moderation
https://iep.utm.edu/justwest/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics/#:~:text=Like%20most%20other%20ancient
%20philosophers,dispositions%20needed%20to%20attain%20it.
http://www.sophia-project.org/uploads/1/3/9/5/13955288/russo_socrates1.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?
q=the+golden+mean&sxsrf=ALeKk00brTdtvqdDbA5yGel3Sdf8pGfT7w:1603015733187&s
ource=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic4-
H68r3sAhXQFogKHRrHCwMQ_AUoAXoECB8QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=8Rllx
WcVNmrEoM
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Title: Kant and Rights Theory
Module No. 7
I. Introduction
Kant’s ethics are organized around the notion of a “categorical imperative,” which is a
universal ethical principle stating that one should always respect the humanity in others, and
that one should only act in accordance with rules that could hold for everyone. Kant argued
that the moral law is a truth of reason, and hence that all rational creatures are bound by the
same moral law. Thus in answer to the question, “What should I do?” Kant replies that we
should act rationally, in accordance with a universal moral law.


1. Compare Kantian Ethics to Rights Theory.
2. Identify the duty of a person as a moral being.
3. Create a mindset that is “I will consider my neighbour”.
Kantian Ethics
Kant believed that certain types of actions (including murder, theft, and lying) were
absolutely prohibited, even in cases where the action would bring about more happiness than
the alternative. For Kantians, there are two questions that we must ask ourselves whenever
we decide to act: (i) Can I rationally will that everyone act as I propose to act? If the answer
is no, then we must not perform the action. (ii) Does my action respect the goals of human
beings rather than merely using them for my own purposes? Again, if the answer is no, then
we must not perform the action. (Kant believed that these questions were equivalent).
Kant’s theory is an example of a deontological moral theory–according to these

theories, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on
whether they fulfil our duty.
According to Kant a good person is someone who always does their duty because it is
their duty. It is fine if they enjoy doing it, but it must be the case that they would do it even if
they did not enjoy it. The overall theme is that to be a good person you must be good for
goodness sake.
The Formula of Universal Law

"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time wills that it should
become a universal law [of nature]."
A maxim is the rule or principle on which you act. For example, I might make it my
maxim to give at least as much to charity each year as I spend on eating out, or I might make
it my maxim only to do what will benefit some member of my family. The basic idea on this,
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it is a command states, crudely, that you are not allowed to do anything yourself that you
would not be willing to allow everyone else to do as well. You are not allowed to make
exceptions for yourself. For example, if you expect other people to keep their promises, then
you are obligated to keep your own promises.
More accurately, it commands that every maxim you act on must be such that you are
willing to make it the case that everyone always act on that maxim when in a similar
situation. For example, if I wanted to lie to get something I wanted, I would have to be
willing to make it the case that everyone always laid to get what they wanted - but if this
were to happen no one would ever believe you, so the lie would not work and you would not
get what you wanted. So, if you willed that such a maxim (of lying) should become a
universal law then you would thwart your goal - thus, it is impermissible to lie, according to
the categorical imperative. It is impermissible because the only way to lie is to make an
exception for you.
Rights Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) examined the idea of human rights within politics in such a
way that it “is only a legitimate government that guarantees our natural right to freedom, and
from this freedom we derive other rights”. From this basis it can be assumed that Kant looks
at the development, creation and implementation of rights as primarily dependent on the state
and how the government within the state functions. Furthermore, Kant stresses that a society
can only function politically in relation to the state if fundamental rights, laws and
entitlements are given and enhanced by the state. As Kant teaches, these “righteous laws” are
founded upon 3 rational principles:
1. The liberty of every member of the society as a man

2. The equality of every member of the society with every other, as a subject
3. The independence of every member of the commonwealth as a citizen.
An interesting aspect of these principles is that they are not given by the state, but are
fundamental in the creation and acceptance of a state by the people of the state. In this sense
Kant believes that these principles are necessary above all, not only for the founding of
“righteous laws”, but for the state to function in the first place. This is so because without the
acceptance of the people a state would not exist therefore rights are necessary within states to
keep the support of the people of the state.
Legal Rights Vs. Moral Rights

Legal Rights
 Refers to rights according to law. It exists under the rules of some particular legal
system.
 Legal rights are, clearly, rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by
virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them.
Rights Based Theory

 Is a broad moral theory in which Kant’s principle of rights theory is included. The
concept of rights based ethics is that “there are some rights, both positive and
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negative, that all humans have based only on the fact that they are human. These
rights can be natural or conventional. That is, natural rights are those that are moral
while conventional are those created by humans and reflect society’s values.
Examples of Rights Based Ethics System include the following:

a. The right to life
b. The right to liberty
c. The right to pursue happiness
d. The right to a jury trial
e. The right to a lawyer
f. The right to freely practice a religion of choice
g. The right to express ideas or opinions with freedom as an individual
h. The right of individuals or organizations to express opinions or share information freely
in written medium.
i. The right to come together and meet in order to achieve goals
j. The right to be informed of what law has been broken if arrested
k. The right to call witnesses to speak on one’s behalf if accused of a crime
l. The right of a person to be treated with respect and dignity even after being found guilty
of a crime
m. The right to freely live and travel within the country
n. The right to work
o. The right to marry
p. The right to bear children
q. The right to free education
r. The right to join any peaceful parties or groups of choice
s. The right to be free from slavery
t. The right to not be tortured
Moral Rights
 Are rights that “exist prior to and independently from their legal counterparts. The
existence and validity of a moral right is not deemed to be dependent upon the actions
of jurists and legislators.
It must be clear, therefore, that human rights cannot be reduced to, or exclusively
identified with legal rights. In fact, some human rights are best identified as moral rights.
Human rights are meant to apply to all human beings universally, regardless of whether or
not they have attained legal recognition by all countries everywhere.
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IV. Learning Task

According to Philippine Constitution of 1973, what are the duties and obligations of a
Filipino citizen? List down the duties and obligations and write your interpretation. 3-5
sentences each.
 Reference
https://www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/kantian%20ethics.htm
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~gerla22f/classweb/Human%20Rights%20Theories%20-
%20Modern%20Perspectives.html#:~:text=Immanuel%20Kant
%20(1724%20%E2%80%93%201804),freedom%20we%20derive%20other%20rights
%E2%80%9D.&text=The%20liberty%20of%20every%20member%20of%20the%20society
%20as%20a%20man
https://www.smu.edu/Provost/Ethics/Resources/EthicsToolBox/UnderstandingtheTools/
MoralRightsTheoreticalBackground
https://definitions.uslegal.com/l/legal-right/#:~:text=Legal%20rights%20refers%20to
%20rights,recognizable%20and%20enforceable%20at%20law.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Title: Globalization and Pluralism
Module No. 8
I. Introduction
Globalization has renovated the globe from a collection of separate communities
interacting infrequently into a virtually one multi-faceted community. Politically,
economically, and culturally therefore, communities across the world now function in what is
fundamentally a shared space although divided into artificial political condominiums called
nation-states. The transitional relations made possible by globalizing forces and processes
have opened up new forms of social bonds and responsibilities.


4. Recognize the effect of Globalization on our ethical standards.
5. Identify pluralism in our political system and how it affects our society.
6. Accept the theory of Relativism.
1. Pluralism
 It is the philosophical theory that there is more than one basic substance or principle,
whether it is the constitution of the universe, of the mind and body, the sources of
truth, or the basis of morality.
Moral Pluralism (Ethical Pluralism/Value Pluralism)

 Is the idea that there can be conflicting moral views that are each worthy of respect. It
thus implies that there are some values which may be equally correct and
fundamental, and yet in conflict with each other.
2. Globalization
 Defined as the world-wide integration of government policies, cultures, social
movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. The
British sociologist Anthony Giddens defines it as intensification of worldwide
relationships which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.
Some Problems with Globalization

a. Globalization uses up finite resources more quickly
b. Globalization increases world carbon dioxide emission
c. Globalization makes it virtually impossible for regulators in one country to foresee the
worldwide implications of their actions
d. Globalization acts to increase world oil price
e. Globalization transfers consumption of limited oil supply from developed countries to
developing countries
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f. Globalization transfers jobs from developed countries to less developed countries

g. Globalization transfers investment spending from developed countries to less developed
countries
h. With the dollar as the world’s reserve currency, globalization leads to huge US balance of
trade deficits and other imbalances
i. Globalization tends to move taxation away from corporations, and onto individual
citizens.
j. Globalization sets up a currency “race to the bottom,” with each country trying to get an
export advantage by dropping the value of its currency.
k. Globalization encourages dependence on other countries essential goods and services
l. Globalization ties countries together, so that if one country collapses, the collapse is
likely to ripple through the system, pulling many other countries with it.
VI. Learning Task

Research the following. 10 pts. Each. Five sentences each number.
1. What is the impact of Carbon Emission to our environment?
2. How oil monopoly affects the economy?
3. What is ‘brain drain’? How it affects the Philippines?
VII. Reference
https://www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/kantian%20ethics.htm
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~gerla22f/classweb/Human%20Rights%20Theories%20-
%20Modern%20Perspectives.html#:~:text=Immanuel%20Kant
%20(1724%20%E2%80%93%201804),freedom%20we%20derive%20other%20rights
%E2%80%9D.&text=The%20liberty%20of%20every%20member%20of%20the%20society
%20as%20a%20man
https://www.smu.edu/Provost/Ethics/Resources/EthicsToolBox/UnderstandingtheTools/
MoralRightsTheoreticalBackground
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Title: Challenges of Filinnials and Millennial
Module No. 9
I. Introduction
Millennials, also known as ‘Generation Y’ or the ‘Net Generation,’ are the
demographic cohort directly following Generation X. There are no exact dates for when this
cohort starts and ends, although demographers and researchers normally use the late 1970s to
early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.


1. Differentiate the Millennial and Filinnials.
2. Identifying the challenges of the youth today.
3. Determine the conflict between the younger and traditional generation.
1. Millennials and Millennials

The Center for Generational Kinetics mentions five generations that presently make up our
society and specifies birth years for each generation as follows:
1. Gen Z, iGen or Centennials: Born 1996 and later

2. Millennials or Gen Y: Born 1977 to 1995
3. Generation X: Born 1965 to 1976
4. Baby Boomers: Born 1946 to 1964
5. Traditionalists or Silent Generation: Born 1945 and before
Millennials are generally the children of baby boomers and older Gen Xers. Filinnials is a
term used to denote the Filipino millennial.
Filinnials generation is commonly characterized by an increased use and familiarity with
communications, media, and digital technologies.
2. Ethical Outlook and Cultural Identity

In the United Kingdom, a 2013 poll found that Millennials were more open-minded than
their parents on controversial topics. In 2013, a Pew Research Poll found that 84% Of
Generation Y members favoured legalizing the use of marijuana.
Millennials are also labelled as the ‘Boomerang Generation’ or ‘Peter Pan Generation,’
because of their perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for
longer period than most generation before them and for living with their parents for
longer periods than previous generation.
.
A sampling of their findings reveals the following:
a. One-quarter of millennial say that marriage has become old-fashioned and out of date,
while 71% disagree.
City of Olongapo
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
b. Millennials fall into a four-way split on ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ labels. While 25%
say they are exclusively ‘pro-life’ and 27% say they are ‘pro-choice,’ 22% rebuff both
levels and nearly 27% say that both labels and nearly 27% say that both labels
describe them equally well.
c. 7% of millennials identify either as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
3. Work ethics
It is said that whereas Boomers are hardworking, idealistic, and committed to harmony
and Gen Xers are entrepreneurial, flexible, and self-reliant, and comfortable with
technology, on the other hand, Millennials are tech-savvy, appreciative of diversity, and
skilled in multitasking.
Workplace Attributes:
1. Self-centered with sense of entitlement
2. Workaholics
3. Self-motivated
4. Don’t appreciate feedback
5. Very short attention spans
6. Not loyal to organization
7. Demand immediate complement and recognition
8. Integrate technology into the workplace
9. Work dress is whatever feels comfortable
4. Individualism
Millennials are habitually painted as the entitled, self-snapping generation. They are said
to be a class of self-centered and self-absorbed. Some however, defend them by
explaining that millennials just have more time to be themselves.
Millennials individualism is qualified as the self-focused time in life. It does not

necessarily mean that they are selfish; it rather means that they have fewer social roles
and obligations, and more freedom to be self-directed.
5. Conflict with Parents

Millennials are generally the children of Baby Boomers (and older Gen Xers). There
is now a common observation that Millennials are often in conflict with Baby Boomers. For
one thing, millennials are seen by Baby Boomers as somewhat greedy, self-absorved, and
wasteful.
One of the supposed causes of the alleged conflict is the difference in mentality. The
Boomer life principle goes like this: attain a good education, get a well-paying job, find a
stable partner, purchase a house and a car, and preferably have children. To Boomers, failing
any stage of this course is a reflection of one’s dignity and somewhat shows a lack of moral
fiber.
Major Differences between Baby Boomers and Millennials

1. Millennials are more progressive on social issues.
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
2. Millennials are hesitant to identify themselves with a political party.

3. Millennials are less wealthy.
4. Millennials are reluctant to get married.
5. More millennials live at home than their parents did at the same age.
6. Secularism and Humanism
Secularism is basically a non-theistic belief system or a worldview which does not

acknowledge supernatural or divine views of reality. As such, it includes atheism,
agnosticism, naturalism, materialism, scientism, Darwinism, and other ideologies that reject
all spiritual explanation of the world.
Humanism is a system of thought which gives emphasis to the value of human beings and
favors man’s thought over faith or religious doctrine. Though humanism doesn’t necessarily
non-theism, before 1800, it began to refer to beliefs centered in humanity without attention to
any concept of the supernatural.
Denying supernatural and religious views as a basis of morality and decision making,
secular humanism affirms some notions of a human nature- human experience, human
need, and human reason- as ethical foundations.
VIII. Reference
City of Olongapo
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
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City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Title: Challenges of Filinnials and Millennial
Module No. 10
I. Introduction
Concerns beliefs and practices of what is good or bad, right or wrong, virtuous or vicious,
from a religious point of view. A Christian ethics for instance, may be based on the
radical teachings of the religion leader Jesus Christ about loving one’s neighbour, being a
good Samaritan, loving one’s enemy, being guided by the Father’s will, and the like.

1. Identify the role of religion in ethics

2. Make a Venn Diagram to illustrate the similarities and differences between Ethics and
Religion
3. Relate religion on how it regulates the behaviour.
Religion and Ethics

Practically, ethics may be defined as a system of moral principles which affect how people
make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good and right for a
person and society.
On the other hand, religion is defined as “people and opinions concerning the existence,
nature, and worship of a deity or deities, and divine involvement in the universe and human
life” (Religion, 2009). Referring to the sacred engagement with that which is believed to be a
spiritual reality, religion denotes the belief in, or the worship of, a god (or gods) and the
worship or service to God or the Supernatural.
A religion is also viewed as an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and

worldviews that relate humanity to an order of existence (Religion, n.d). Many religions
possess Holy Scripture, narratives, or sacred accounts that aim to explain the origin and
meaning of life and the universe.
Religion’s Role in Ethics

Many ethicists believe that the religion is necessary for the continued survival of morality as
an integral part of human life, especially in a globalized world. University of Tennessee,
Knoxville (UTK) Philosophy professor Glenn C. Graber calls this apologetic claim the ‘cut-
flowers thesis’ (1922, pp.1-5) which consists of hypothetical judgment that, “Morality cannot
survive, in the long run, if its ties to religion are cut.” This proposition is a prediction of what
would happen to morality if it were severed from religion. In 1984, Russian writer Leo
Tolstoy (1828-1910) made the following early statement of this thesis.
City of Olongapo
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
The cut-flower thesis thus implies that those who believe that morality is a valuable human
institution, and those who wish to avoid moral disaster, should therefore make every effort to
preserve its connection with the true religion and the sound religious belief that forms its
roots. As morality is currently in a withering stage in this globalized era, its decline can be
identified with the exorbitant secularization of many things. Support for this claim be found
both among those sympathetic to religion and surprisingly enough, among those with little or
no sympathy for religion.
All these statements call attention to the prediction of the cut-flower thesis which, by way of
summary, suggests that morality cannot survive without religion. Some words of caution are
needed here though: The cut-flower thesis does not say that a consequence of abandoning
religion leads immediately to murder, rape, robbery, drunkenness, sexual promiscuity, and
the like. Nor does it say that the morality per se will soon cease to exist if its ties to religion
are cut. However, it does argue that to have a real ground no reason for moral action; one
must admit a religious or theological foundation.
Theistic Ethics
Religions fundamentally endorse theism (the belief in God) and theistic ethics (God-based
morality). Theistic ethics believes that a supernatural being called God is the foundation of
morality. God is viewed as true source of all moral laws, and as the only plausible cause of
moral obligations which possess overriding and binding character.
Theism claim that unlike secularists’ ethical theories, this moral system which is also called
moral supernaturalism can satisfactorily explain the existence of objective ethical values
and the moral law.
IV. Learning Task

Write the differences and similarities of the 2 concept in the Venn Diagram.
Religion (differences) Similarities Ethics (differences)
V. Reference
https://www.google.com/search?ei=yk6yX8L2PK6Sr7wP57GM6AI&q=religion
%27s+role+in+ethics&oq=religion
%27s+role+in+ethics&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIEC
AAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQRzIECAAQR1AAWABgupQKaABwAngAgAEAi
AEAkgEAmAEAqgEHZ3dzLXdpesgBCMABAQ&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwjCg6SW6IbtAhUuyYsBHecYAy0Q4dUDCA0&uact=5
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314

Ethics Module Finals

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Republic of the Philippines

Learning Module (Midterm)

Module 2: Culture 1. Explain the  Culture- the

Module 5: Reason 1. Define the reason  Reason- Is

Frameworks in involved in ethics. Ethics attached on

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: Basic theories as Frameworks in Ethics

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

3 General Subject Area in Ethics

Moral Empiricism Vs. Rationalism Vs. Intuitionism

IV. Normative Ethics

Various Subfields in Applied Ethics

Socrates and Plato’s Moral Philosophy

2.2Happiness and Virtue

Living in accordance with reason is viewed as vital in self-realization or developing one’s

2.4Virtue and the Golden Mean

The Golden Mean

2.5 Phronesis and Practice

Thomas Aquianas’ Ethics

4 Primary Types of Law

Features of Human Action

Happiness, Moral Virtues, and Theological Virtues

4. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: Kant and Rights Theory

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

Kant’s theory is an example of a deontological moral theory–according to these

The Formula of Universal Law

1. The liberty of every member of the society as a man

Legal Rights Vs. Moral Rights

Rights Based Theory

Examples of Rights Based Ethics System include the following:

IV. Learning Task

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: Globalization and Pluralism

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

Moral Pluralism (Ethical Pluralism/Value Pluralism)

Some Problems with Globalization

f. Globalization transfers jobs from developed countries to less developed countries

VI. Learning Task

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: Challenges of Filinnials and Millennial

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

1. Millennials and Millennials

1. Gen Z, iGen or Centennials: Born 1996 and later

2. Ethical Outlook and Cultural Identity

Millennials individualism is qualified as the self-focused time in life. It does not

5. Conflict with Parents

Major Differences between Baby Boomers and Millennials

2. Millennials are hesitant to identify themselves with a political party.

6. Secularism and Humanism

Secularism is basically a non-theistic belief system or a worldview which does not

See all updates

Mother’s Name and Occupation…

Favorite My favourite thing I want to do with my free time…

My principles in life are…

The ultimate dream place I want to visit…

After this pandemic I want to…

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE