Two (2) compartments of body fluid:
active transport
1. extracellular fluid
a. interstitial fluid
- also as intercellular fluff/tissue fluid
- represents the largest portion of the
extracellular fluid compartment
- it delivers materials to cells, removes
metabolic waste and is used for intercellular
communication
- where most of the substances go first before
entering the the cells especially in the plasma
- its composition depends on the materials
being exchange in the body
b. blood plasma
- the fluid portion of blood
- transports nutrients
- transport oxygen from lungs to cells; carbon
dioxide from cells to lungs
• plasma membrane- separates the
intracellular fluid from surrounding the
interstitial fluid
• Blood vessel wall- separates the interstitial
fluid from the plasma
c. lymph
- colourless & clear fluid
- 96% water; 4% solid
– function:
• remove toxin, bacteria, foreign bodies
• maintain the functional & structural integrity
of tissue
• route for intestinal fat absorption
• transport electrolytes
• return protein from tissue spaces into blood
+ protein- 2-6 % salid
+ lipids- 5-15% solid
+ carbohydrates
+ non protein nitrogen
+ electrolytes
• High rate of diffusion in all direction-only
thing to happen so that exchange of materials
in capillaries happen
1. intracellular fluid
- the site for glycolysis, gluconeogenesis &
pentose phosphate pathway
- involve in signal transduction
VARIATION OF BODY FLUID COMPOSITION:
1. tissue type 1.
2. gender - membrane against gradient DISORDERS OF WATER BALANCE:
3. age - from lower to higher concentration
- requires energy and carrier protein 1. dehydration- water loss exceeds water
BODY FLUID COMPOSITION: intake
1. Water MOVEMENT OF FLUID DUE TO; 2. hypotonic hydration- extracellular fluid is
2. dissolve solutes diluted
1. hydrostatic pressure • hyponatremia- sodium level lowers
• unique solutes - regulates fluid intake & output & movement • oedema- tissue cell swell
- it is confine in each space of water that is dissolve in different
- it determines the volume of various fluid compartment ELECTORLYTES
compartment
2. osmotic pressure important for:
+ intracellular fluid: potassium - pressure exerted by flow of water through • Maintaining fluid balance.
+ extracellular fluid: sodium semi-permeable mem. separating 2 different • Contributing to acid–base regulation.
concentration of solute • Facilitating enzyme reactions.
• electrolytes - it forces water to move from the little • Transmitting neuromuscular reactions.
- are salts & minerals that conducts electrical dissolved solutes to lots of dissolve solutes
impulses - it is determined by the number of particles • ELECTROLYTE BALANCE- quantities of
- control of fluid balance per unit volume of fluids electrolytes gained equals the amount lost
- important in:
+ muscle contraction • Osmosis- a diffusion of solvent from low to • salt craving- indication of salt deficiency
+ energy generation high concentration of solute
• electrolyte output- loss of electrolyte is
electrolytes can be: • osmoles- the unit used to express the through sweating, urination & feces
concentration of the number of particles
+ cation: positive charge
+ anion: negative charge REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS &
ELECTROLYTES
+ chief extracellular cation: sodium - fluid intake & output is balanced.
+ chief intracellular cation: potassium
• Water balance- it exists when water intake
• chloride- predominant anion outside cells equals to water output
• phosphate- bulk anions in intracellular
WATER:
BODY FLUID MOVEMENTS: 60%- from the water inter
30%- from moist food
Membrane transport processes: 10%- from water metabolism
1. passive transport • thirst mechanism
- from higher concentration to lower - the regulator of water intake
concentration - derived from the osmotic pressure of ECF &
- does not require metabolic energy in the thirst center of hypothalamus
a. simple diffusion • convoluted tubules & collecting ducts of the
from region for high to low concentration nephrons
- can occur with the absence of transport - regulator of water output
protein
ex: water, gases, & uncharged molecules • ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
b. facilitated diffusion - from posterior pituitary
- causes reduction in amount of water loss
b. facilitated diffusion
- across biological membrane from higher to • ADH MECHANISM- triggered by adequate
lower concentration with protein carrier water drinking & cause high volume of
urination