Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

HVAC LABORATORY HHMT

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY MANUAL

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR [Year]

CONDITIONING
ME 4871 ME 4913

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Capital University of Science and Technology
Islamabad
Lab Manual

List of Experiments

Sr. # Experiment Chapter CLO PLO

#
1 Demonstration of “Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer” Chapter 1 01
Apparatus and study of convection phenomena

2 To demonstrate the relationship between power input and Chapter 1 01

surface temperature in free and forced convection

3 To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat Chapter 1 02 4

transfer and to determine the temperature distribution along its
length

4 To determine the thermal conductivity of brass and steel Chapter 2 01

samples

5 To study the conduction of heat along a composite bar and Chapter 2 01

evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient
6 To investigate the effect of a change in the cross sectional area Chapter 2 02 4
on the temperature profile along a thermal conductor
7 To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of Chapter 2 02 4
heat transfer resulting from radial conduction through the wall
of a cylinder
8 To measure temperature distribution along a long homogeneous Chapter 3 01
bar and compare it with theoretical value
9 To verify “Inverse Square Law” and “Stefan Boltzman Law” of Chapter 4 02 4
heat transfer
Apparatus
10 To verify “ Inverse Square Law for light”, “ Lambert’s Cosine Chapter 4 02 4
Law” and “Lambart’s Law of Absorption”
11 Demonstration of “Boiling Heat Transfer” Apparatus and study Chapter 5 01
of heat transfer phenomena involved in boiling and phase
changes
12 Calculation of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient in Chapter 5 01
the three modes of boiling.
13 Study the Flow rate effects on heat transfer rate using multi Chapter6 02 4
heat exchanger service Unit
14 Energy balance determination using multi heat exchanger Chapter 6 01
service unit

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 1

Free and Forced

Convection Heat
Exchanger

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment # 01
Demonstration of“Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer” Apparatus and study of
convection phenomena.

Apparatus
Free and Forced convection heat transfer Apparatus.

The Free & Forced Convection Heat Exchanger consists of a vertical rectangular duct supported by
stand and a control panel.The control panel contains temperature measurement, power control of
heater and fan speed control.A flat plate, pinned or finned exchanger may be installed in the duct.Each
exchanger incorporates an electric heating element whose power can be controlled from the control
panel.Air velocity in the duct, whether natural or forced, is indicated on a portable anemometer held in
a bracket on the duct wall. The anemometer sensor is inserted through the wall of the
duct.Temperature sensors are provided for the measurement of the in-going and out-going air
temperatures together with surface temperatures of exchanger pins and fins.

Theory
Fluid in contact with the hot surface is heated by the surface and rises due to a reduction in density.
The heated fluid is replaced by cooler fluid, which in turn is heated by the surface and rises. This
convective heat transfer is classified as free convection.
Forced Convection:
In free convection, the small movements of fluid due to density gradients limit the heat transfer rate
from the surface. More heat can be transferred, if the fluid velocity is increased over the heated
surface. This process of assisting the movement of fluid over the heated surface is called forced
convection. Therefore, a heated surface experiencing forced convection will have a lower surface
temperature than that of the same surface in forced convection, for the same heat input.
Newton’s Law of Cooling:
The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as
q c= hAS(TS – TF)
where “h” is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.°C, As is the surface area through which
convection heat transfer takes place, Ts is the surface temperature, and TF is the temperature of the
fluid sufficiently far from the surface.
Approximate ranges of “h” for free and forced convection are shown in the table below

3 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Extended Surfaces:
Situation often arises in which means are sought for increasing the heat convected from a surface. A
consideration of the Newton’s law of cooling,
q c= hAS(TS – TF)
suggests that qc can be increased by increasing h, Ts– TF, or As. Concerning the third factor, the area of
a surface that is exposed to the fluid is often “extended” by the use of fins or spines. Familiar
applications of such extended surface heat-transfer devices include automobile radiators, power
transistors, and high voltage electrical transformers.

Procedure:

1. Place the flat plate heat exchanger in the test duct.

2. Record the ambient air temperature in Table 1.1
3. Set the heater power control to 20W and allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions.
4. Record the heated plate temperature Thin the Table 1.1
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for 40, 60 and 80W heater power and complete Table 1.1
6. Set the heater power control to 50 watts and allow sufficient time to achieve steady state condition.
7. Set the fan speed control to get a reading of 0.5m/s on the anemometer and give enough time to
reach steady state.
8. Record the heated plate temperature in Table 1.2
9. Repeat the steps 7 and 8 for speeds of 1.0m/S and 1.5m/S, and complete the Table1.2
10. Replace Flat plate with Finned plate and set power to 15watts and allow sufficient time to reach
steady state and take the value of temperature
11. Turn ON the Fan and take values of temperature at 0.5,1.0, 1.5 m/s
12. Do same with finned and flat plate and fill table 1.3

4 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Results

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

5 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Data analysis:

Plot a graph of power against surface to air temperature difference for the data recorded in Table 1.1
Plot air velocity against surface to air temperature difference for the data recorded in Table 1.2
Plot velocity against surface to air temperature difference for each type of the plate using the data
recorded in Table 1.3

6 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

7 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 02
To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in free and
forced convection

Apparatus:
Free & Forced Convection Heat Exchanger

Theory:

Free Convection:
Fluid in contact with the hot surface is heated by the surface and rises due to a reduction in density.
The heated fluid is replaced by cooler fluid, which in turn is heated by the surface and rises. This
convective heat transfer is classified as free convection.

Forced Convection:
In free convection, the small movements of fluid due to density gradients limit the heat transfer rate
from the surface. More heat can be transferred, if the fluid velocity is increased over the heated
surface. This process of assisting the movement of fluid over the heated surface is called forced
convection. Therefore, a heated surface experiencing forced convection will have a lower surface
temperature than that of the same surface in forced convection, for the same heat input.

Newton’s Law of Cooling:

The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as
Qc= hAS(TS – TF)
where “h” is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.°C, As is the surface area through which
convection heat transfer takes place, Ts is the surface temperature, and TF is the temperature of the
fluid sufficiently far from the surface.
Approximate ranges of “h” for free and forced convection are shown in the table below

Table 1.4

8 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Extended Surfaces:
Situation often arises in which means are sought for increasing the heat convected from a surface. A
consideration of the Newton’s law of cooling,
q c= hAS(TS – TF)
Suggests that qc can be increased by increasing h, Ts– TF, or As. Concerning the third factor, the area of a
surface that is exposed to the fluid is often “extended” by the use of fins or spines. Familiar applications of
such extended surface heat-transfer devices include automobile radiators, power transistors, and high
voltage electrical transformers.

Procedure:
1. Place the flat plate heat exchanger in the test duct.
2. Record the ambient air temperature in Table 1.5
3. Set the heater power control to 20W and allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions.
4. Record the heated plate temperature Thin the Table 1.6
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for 40, 60 and 80W heater power and complete Table 1.7
6. Set the heater power control to 50 watts and allow sufficient time to achieve steady state condition.
7. Set the fan speed control to get a reading of 0.5m/s on the anemometer and give enough time to
reach steady state.
8. Record the heated plate temperature in Table 1.8
9. Repeat the steps 7 and 8 for speeds of 1.0m/S and 1.5m/S, and complete the Table1.9

Results:

Table 1.5

9 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Data analysis:
 Plot a graph of power against surface to air temperature difference for the data recorded in
Table 1.5
 Plot air velocity against surface to air temperature difference for the data recorded in Table 1.6

10 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

11 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 03
To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer and to determine the
temperature distribution along its length

Apparatus:
Free & Forced Convection Heat Exchanger

Theory:
Same as Experiment 01.

Procedure:

1. Place the flat plate heat exchanger into the test duct.
2. Record the ambient air temperature in Table 1.7.
3. Set the heater power control to 75 W to rapidly achieve 80 ˚C plate temperatures.
4. Adjust the heater power control to 15W until a steady plate temperature is obtained.
5. Record the heated plate temperature in the Table 1.7
6. Repeat step 4 at fan speeds of 1, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s and record plate temperature in Table 1.7
7. Replace flat plate with finned plate and repeat steps 3 to 6.Record temperatures in Table 1.7.
8. Replace finned plate with pinned plate and repeat steps 3 to 6.Record temperatures in Table 1.7.
9. Measure from the back plate the distance of the three access holes on the pinned and finned heat
exchangers.
10. Place the pinned heat exchanger into the duct.
11. Set the heater power control to 60 watts. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions
before noting the heated plate temperature (tH) and the ambient temperature (tA).
12. Insert the temperature probe into the duct through the hole nearest the heated plate ensuring that
the tip of the probe is in contact with the pin. Note this temperature (t1) in table 1.7
13. Record the pin temperatures (t2 and t3) using the remaining two holes. Repeat this procedure at
1.0m/s and 2m/s.
14. Remove the pinned heat exchanger and replace with the finned heat exchanger. Repeat complete
experiment.

12 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Table 1.7
Ambient Air Temperature, TA = ___________˚C
Heat Power Input, q = ____________Watts

Table 1.7 b
Power input = _____ Watts
Distance of nearest hole = _21__ mm
Distance of middle hole = 48__ mm
Distance of farthest hole = _48_ mm

Data analysis:

 Plot velocity against surface to air temperature difference for each type of the plate using the
data recorded in Table 1.7

 Plot surface temperature against distance from back plate for the pinned and finned heat
exchangers at different air velocities using the data recorded in Table 1.7 b

13 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 1
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 2
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstance
6 Students can manipulate different parameters and settings of the HMT 3
apparatus and can theoretically correlate the effect of change of different
parameters on the results

14 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 2
Linear/Radial Heat
Conduction Apparatus

15 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 04
To determine the thermal conductivity of brass and steel samples

Apparatus:
Linear/Radial Heat Conduction Unit
Specifications:

a) Linear Module

Consists of the following sections:

i) Heater Section

Material : Brass
Diameter : 25 mm

ii) Cooler Section

(Diameter = 15mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Brass)

(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Brass)

(Diameter = 30mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Stainless Steel)

(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)

b) Radial Module

Material: Brass
Diameter : 120 mm
Thickness : 4 mm
c) Instrumentations
Linear module consists of a maximum of 9 temperature sensors at 10 mm interval. For radial module,
6 temperature sensors at 10 mm interval along the radius are installed.
Each test modules are installed with 100 Watt heater.

16 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Theory:

Thermal Conductivity:
The thermal conductivity k is a thermo-physical property of the conducting medium that represents the
rate of conduction heat transfer per unit area for a temperature gradient of
W/m˚C. At room temperature, k ranges from values in the hundreds for good conductors of heat such
as diamonds and various metals to less than 0.01 W/m˚C for some gases. Materials with values of k
less than 1 W/m˚C are classified as insulators. As a rule of thumb, metals with good electrical
conducting properties have higher thermal conductivities than do dielectric nonmetals or
semiconductors. This is because the movement of free electrons enhances the molecular interaction in
good electrical conductors.

Conduction Heat Transfer:

Fourier Law of Conduction:

On the basis of experimental observation, the rate of heat transferred by conduction in the x direction
through a finite area A, for the situation in which T is a function only of x can
be expressed by

where A is normal to the direction of transfer x, and k is the thermal conductivity. The consequence of
the minus sign in the above equation is that heat transfer is positive for situations in which the
temperature gradient is negative. This result is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics,
which stipulates that heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.

Composite Walls (Linear Systems)

Now consider the interfacial condition associated with conduction heat transfer within a wall that is
composed of two layers of different materials. This situation is illustrated in the figures below for two
types of joints.

Figure 2. 1 Composite with perfect thermal contact

17 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Figure 2. 2 Composite with perfect thermal contact

We designate the temperature distributions in these two materials by TI and TII. Because this
composite actually involves two systems, material I and II, we must write two boundary conditions for
each material. Consequently, because the interface is part of both materials, two interfacial boundary
conditions are prescribed. Hence, for composite solids with perfect thermal contact, one interfacial
boundary condition is

The second boundary condition is written on the basis of first law of thermodynamics, which states
that the rate of energy conducted into the interface must be equal to the rate of energy conducted out:
that is,

For situations in which an imperfect mechanical joint is made because of surface roughness, a
discontinuity occurs in temperature distribution at the interface, as shown in figure 1.2 above. For such
cases, the interfacial temperatures in material I and II are related empirically through an equation of
the form

Where htcis called the thermal contact coefficient. The first law of thermodynamics still applies, such that
we obtain the following two interfacial boundary conditions:

The thermal contact coefficient is dependent upon the material, surface roughness, contact pressure, and
temperature. A practical means of increasing the thermal contact coefficient is to insert a material of good
thermal conductivity between the two surfaces. Thermal greases containing silicon have been developed
for this purpose. Thin soft metal can also be used for certain applications.

18 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Procedure:
1. Insert a brass conductor (25mm diameter) into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to
drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Connect all the nine sensors leads.
4. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
5. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to
be achieved before recording the temperature at all sensor points and the input power reading on the
wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each
change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
6. Now insert a steel conductor into the linear module and clamp together.
7.Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to
drain. This should be checked at intervals.
8.Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear conduction module
and take readings the same way as taken for brass sample.

Results:
Table 2.1

Table 2.2
Specimen Used……………..

Data Analysis:

Using data of table 2.1, plot the temperature T versus distance x.Calculate the thermal conductivity of
the brass sample
Using the data of table 2.2, plot of the temperature T versus distance x. Calculate the total thermal
resistance

19 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

20 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 05
To study the conduction of heat along a composite bar and evaluate the overall heat transfer
coefficient

Apparatus:
Linear/Radial Heat Conduction Unit

Specifications
a) Linear Module

Consists of the following sections:

i) Heater Section
Material: Brass
Diameter: 25 mm
ii) Cooler Section

Material: Brass
Diameter: 25 mm
iii) Interchangeable Test Section
- Insulated Test Section with Temperature Sensors Array (Brass)

(Diameter = 15mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Brass)

(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Brass)

(Diameter = 30mm, Length = 30 mm)

- Insulated Test Section (Stainless Steel)

(Diameter = 25mm, Length = 30 mm)

b) Radial Module

Material: Brass
Diameter: 120 mm
Thickness: 4 mm
c) Instrumentations
Linear module consists of a maximum of 9 temperature sensors at 10 mm interval. For radial module,
6 temperature sensors at 10 mm interval along the radius are installed.
Each test modules are installed with 100 Watt heater.

21 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Theory:

Same as Experiment 3

Procedure

1. Insert the stainless steel section or any other metals (without sensor) into the linear module and
clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to
drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear conduction module
and take readings the same way as taken in experiment 03.

Table 2.3

Data Analysis:

Using the data of table 2.3, plot of the temperature T versus distance x. Calculate the total thermal
resistance.

22 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

23 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment No 6
To investigate the effect of a change in the cross sectional area on the temperature profile along
a thermal conductor
Apparatus

Linear/Radial Heat Conduction Unit

Theory
Same as Experiment 03

Procedure

1. Insert a brass (13mm diameter) section into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to drain.
This should be checked at intervals.
3. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear conduction module and
take readings the same way as taken in experiment 03.

Table 2.4
Brass Specimen Diameter……………..

Data analysis

Using the data of table 2.4, plot of the temperature T versus distance x and comment on the trend and
slope of the graph.

24 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 1
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 2
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstance
6 Students can manipulate different parameters and settings of the HMT 3
apparatus and can theoretically correlate the effect of change of different
parameters on the results

25 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 07
To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from
radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder

Apparatus
Linear/Radial Heat Conduction Unit

Theory
For one-dimensional steady state radial conduction heat transfer in a hollow cylinder, the Fourier law of
conduction takes the form

Because q(r) = q(r+dr) for this problem, so by performing integration from inner to outer radius (i.e. R1 to R2)
and from inner surface temperature T1 to outer surface temperature T2, we get

Thus, the thermal resistance to radial conduction in a hollow cylinder

The temperature distribution in this hollow cylinder can be obtained by integrating from R 1 to R and from
T1 to T and is given by

Procedure
1. Connect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain.
2. Connect the heater supply lead for the radial conduction module into the power supply socket on the
control panel.
3. Connect the six sensor (T1, 2, 3 & 4, 5, 6) leads to the radial module, with the T1 connected to the
innermost plug on the radial. Connect the remaining five sensor leads to the radial module
correspondingly, ending with T6 sensor lead at the edge of the radial module.
4. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to
drain. This should be checked at intervals.
5. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
6. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.

26 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

7. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to
be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and the input power reading on
the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After
each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions.

Table 2.5

Data analysis
Using the data of table 2.5 , plot of the temperature T versus distance r. Calculate the amount of heat
transferred

27 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 1
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 2
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstance
6 Students can manipulate different parameters and settings of the HMT 3
apparatus and can theoretically correlate the effect of change of different
parameters on the results

28 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 3
Extended Surface Heat
Transfer Apparatus

29 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment No8
To measure temperature distribution along a long homogeneous bar and compare it with
theoretical value
Apparatus
Extended surface heat transfer apparatus

Theory
Same as Experiment 3

Data
Brass rod= 10mm diameter
Distance between two sensors=50mm
Length of bar= 350mm

Procedure
1. Connect all the sensor leads.
2. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
3. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition
to be achieved before recording the temperature at all sensor points and the input power reading on
the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After
each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
6. Use the acquired data to calculate thermal conductivity of the bar.

Results

Table 3.1

Data analysis
Draw graph between temperature behaviour and distance from the heater.

30 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria
Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

31 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 4
Radiation Heat Transfer
Apparatus

32 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

 Lab Manual

Experiment 9
To verify “Inverse Square Law” and “Stefan Boltzman Law” of heat transfer

Apparatus

Thermal radiation apparatus

33 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

 Lab Manual

Theory

Heat Transfer
Heat may transfer across the boundaries of a system either to or from the system. It occurs only when there is a
temperature difference between the system and surroundings. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of the
system.
Heat is transferred by conduction, convection or radiation, which may occur separately or in a combination.

Radiation Properties
The radiation properties signify what reaction of thermal energy from the radiation will have on the surface of a
body, such as how much it can reflect, absorb or transmit the energy £i'om the radiation source. The radiation
property of various bodies varies with the wavelength and the direction of heat radiation. The properties that vary
with the wavelength are called "spectral radiation properties or mono-chromatic radiation properties", and the
properties that vary with the direction are called "directional radiation properties". The average properties of all
wavelengths are called "total radiation properties".
A heated body loses energy continuously by radiation in a form of electromagnetic waves in the same manner as
for light. The emitted quantity of heat depends on the shape, size, and, most importantly, the temperature of the
body. However, it is independent of the nature of the surroundings and consequently it does not require a
medium for its propagation and can occur across a vacuum. This emitted radiation is capable of propagating
through to a distant body where it may be absorbed, reflected or transmitted as shown in Figure 2. Heat transfer
by radiation occurs between solid surfaces, although radiation from gases is also possible. Solids radiate over a
wide range of wavelengths, while some gases emit and absorb radiation on certain wavelengths only.

Figure 4.1: Radiation striking on the surface of a body

When thermal radiation strikes a body it can be absorbed by the body, reflected from the body, or
transmitted through the body. The fraction of the incident radiation which is absorbed by the body is
called "absorbtivity" (α). Other fractions of incident radiation which are reflected and transmitted are
called "reflectivity" (ρ) and "transmissivity" (τ), respectively
The absorbtivity of a body is defined as the ratio between a fraction of the energy absorbed by the
body and the incident radiated energy.
α = y/G
Where y = Absorbed energy, W

34 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

 Lab Manual

G = Incident energy, W
α = Absorbtivity
The reflectivity of a body surface is defined as the ratio between a fraction of the energy reflected and
the incident radiated energy.
ρ = x/G
Where x = Reflected energy, W
G = Incident energy, W
ρ = Reflectivity
The transmissivity of the body is defined as the ratio between the fraction of radiated energy transmitted
through the body and the incident radiation energy
Therefore
τ = z/G
z = Transmitted energy, W
G = Incident energy, W
τ = Transmissivity

By the law of the energy equilibrium,

G=αG+ρG+τG
Hence, α + ρ + τ= 1
If written in the form of monochromatic or spectral properties, which depend on the wavelengths, theequation
becomes,
αλ + ρλ + τλ= 1

Stefan-Boltzmann Laws
The monochromatic emissive power of black body in the equation of Plank's Law is an emissive power at any
particular wavelength and at any particular temperature only. If the emissive power at any temperature of every
wavelength is combined it will become a total emissive power at that temperature and can be determined by
integrating the value of Eb in the equation of Plank's Law. Therefore
J  
C1
E b   E b d   d  T 4
0 0  (e
5 C2 / T
 1)
Where Eb = total emissive power of the black body, W/m2
This equation is called "Stefan-Boltzmann law which states that the emissive power of radiation or the
emission rate of heat from the radiation per unit area of a body is proportional to the power "four" of the
absolute temperature of the body.
This emissive power Eb is the emission rate of heat from the radiation per unit area of the black body. Hence
the surface area of the black body multiplied by the emissive power is the emissive rate of heat from the
radiation of the whole black body. Therefore
35 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad
 Lab Manual

qr= σ AT4
qr =Total radiation, Watt
A = Surface area of a black body, m2
T = Absolute temperature, K
σ = A constant known as the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67× 10-8 Btu/ (hr-ft2-R4))
A body that can emit thermal radiation at a constant ratio with the rate of radiation of the black body at
all wavelengths when that body has the same temperature and same area as the black body is called
"gray body". Therefore:
Hence, (qr) gray/ (qr) black = ε
(qr) gray = ε × (qr)black
qr = εσAT4
Where ε = Emissivity
When we have two bodies with different temperatures then there will be a heat transfer occurring by
the emission of radiation or an exchange of heat from the radiation to each other. [n the case of a black
body surrounded or fully enclosed by a second black body the rate of net heat transfer between the two
black bodies will be:
qr= σ A(TS4 – TA4 )
Where
qr = Rate of net heat transfer between the first black body enclosed by a second black body, Watt
A = Area of the first black body
TS = Absolute temperature of the first black body, K
TA = Absolute temperature of the second black body, K

Kirchhoff’s Law
In the study of thermal radiation there is a relationship between "absorbtivity" and "emissivity". This
relationship may be formulated by placing a body of an absorbtivity value a and an emissivity value E
within an isothermal enclosure of constant temperature as shown in figure 3 The body inside and the
enclosure itself will exchange the heat with each other by radiation until both bodies will be in thermal
equilibrium. [n this instance the thermal energy of radiation absorbed by the body is equal to the thermal
energy of the radiation emitted by the body. In this case if G represents the thermal energy of radiation
striking on the surface of the body, the thermal energy of radiation absorbed by the body must be equal to
α1Gand must be also equal to the thermal energy of the radiation emitted by the body E1.
α1G = E1
If the first body is removed from the enclosure and replaced with a second body of equal as the
enclosure, the temperature remains the same as it was before placing the first body. And if the second
body is in the state of thermal equilibrium with the original enclosure the temperature of the second
body must have the same temperature as the first body. In the conduction:

36 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

 Lab Manual

α2G = E2
If the second body is a black body, then
α2G = Eb
And combining the equation of the first body
α1G/ α2G = E/Eb
Since the second body is a black body where α2 = 1, the
equation becomes
α1 = E/Eb Figure 2: Model for studying Kirchhoff’s Law
By multiplying E and E by A to obtain q and q , and q , black body therefore
α1 = E × A/Eb × A = qr/ qr, black body
It can be seen that the value of “absorbtivity” α in this equation is in accordance with a definition of the
“emissivity” ε of the body, so that
α1 = ε1
The result of this equation is called Kirchhoff’s Law, which state that” for a body in the state of thermal
equilibrium the absorbtivity α is equal to the emissivity ε.

Procedure
1. Assemble the equipment by setting up the heat radiation source at the left base track with the black heat
receiver metal plate and the Radiometer on the stand.
2. Connect the wiring of the black plate and the Radiometer to the csontrol panel.
3. Set the heat radiation source at zero distance on the scale at the base track. 3.5.3.2 Set the black metal
plate at a distance of 1.0 cm on the scale.
4. Set the Radiometer at a distance of7.0 cm on the scale.
5. Read and record the ambient temperature reading at the black plate. 3.5.3.5 Turn on the heater and set
the power control knob to the maximum.
6. Adjust the power control and wait until the black plate temperature is stable at a round figure, say 130
degrees C, then record the reading of the heat intensity of the Thermopile.
7. Decrease the power control to reduce the temperature of the black plate down in steps of 5 degrees C
each and allow it to be stable until reaching 85 degrees C.
8. Read and record the radiometer reading at the various temperatures accordingly.

Results
Distance from Thermopile to heat source = 100mm

37 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Distance from heat source to nearest metal plate = 10mm

Plate: Black metal Plate

Observations

Reading Value Calculated Value

Temperature Thermopile Reading Energy Emitted

Sr. No.
TS TA R qb=0.1228×R qb1=σ(TS4–TA4)

K K μV W/m2 W/m2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

38 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 1
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 2
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstance
6 Students can manipulate different parameters and settings of the HMT 3
apparatus and can theoretically correlate the effect of change of different
parameters on the results

39 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 10

To verify “Inverse Square Law for light”, “Lambert’s Cosine Law” and “Lambert’s Law of
Absorption”

Procedure:

1 The lux meter is very sensitive to the sunlight and other artificial light generated from the
surrounding.It is recommended that the experiment is to be conducted in a dark room
2. Position the light meter at 200 mm from the light source and switch on the light source from control
box. Make sure that the light source is positioned with 0 degree orientation.
3. When the reading has stabilized, record the following data: Distance from the light source: x (mm)
Lux meter reading: L (Lux)
4. Move the light meter 100 mm away from the initial distance and repeat the observation.
5. Repeat the above procedure until the light meter is at 800 mm from the light source.

Observations:

DistaneX ( mm) 200 300 400 500 600 700

Lux Meter reading L(Lux)

Assignment:

Plot Log L vs. Log X graph

40 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Lambert’s Cosine Law:

Objective:

To show that the energy radiated in any direction at an angle with a surface is equal to the normal
radiation multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the direction of radiation and the normal to the
surface

Procedure:
1.Follow the basic instruction as written in section 5.1.2. Note: The lux meter is very sensitive to the
sunlight and other artificial light generated from the surrounding. It is recommended that the
experiment is to be conducted in a dark room.

2.Position the light meter at 200 mm from the light source and switch on the light source from control
box. Make sure that the light source is positioned with 0 degree orientation
.
3.When the reading has stabilized, record the following data: Angular position of the light source: Ф
(Degree) Lux meter reading: L (Lux)

4. Increase the angle displacement by 10 degree increment clockwise and repeat the observation until
the angle is 90 degree.
5. Repeat the above procedures for anti clockwise displacement.

41 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Assignment:
1. Calculate the radiation from the source Io Cos Ф.
2. Plot Lux meter reading and calculated radiation vs. angle of rotation on the
same graph and compare.

42 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Lambert’s Law of Absorption:

Objective:
To show that light passing through non-opaque matter is reduced in intensity in
proportion to the thickness and absorptivity of the material

Procedure:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in section 5.1.2.Note: The lux meter is very sensitive to the
sunlight and other artificial light generated from the surrounding. It is recommended that the
experiment is tobe conducted in a dark room
.
3. Position the lux meter at 200 mm from the light source. Make sure that the light source is positioned
with 0 degree orientation.

4. Install the filter plate holder 100 mm from the light source.

5. When the reading has stabilized, record the followings: Filter Plate Present: No/Yes (Thickness)
Lux meter reading: L (Lux)

6.Place 3 mm medium filter plate onto the plate holder and repeat observation.
7.Repeat above observation with different plate thickness by adding more medium filter with 3mm
thickness to the previous filter. Note: Add the filter alternately for constant reading as shown below.

43 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

9. Now, replace the filter plate with the clear plate. When the reading hasstabilized, record the followings:
10. Filter Plate Present: Color Light meter reading: L (Lux)

11. 9. Repeat the observation with different filter plates.

Observations:
(a) Variable Filter Thickness Test

Filter Type 0 3 6 9
Lux Meter Reading (lux)

(b) Variable Optical Density Demonstration

Filter Type No Filter Clear Medium Dark

Lux Meter Reading (lux)

Assignment:
1. Calculate Ln of L from the observation (a) and labeled as Ln If.
2. Plot Ln If vs. thickness of the plate from observation (a) and calculate the slope.
3.From the slope, calculate the reflected component.
4.With the reflected component obtained from the previous observation, calculate the absorptivity of
the material for observation (b).

44 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Maximum
Sr # Rubrics
Points
Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety
1 1
instructions related to the equipment
Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and
2 1
carry out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus
3 1
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to
4 control parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and 2
temperature, Volume and Velocity of air etc.
Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the
5 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstance
Students can manipulate different parameters and settings of the
6 HMT apparatus and can theoretically correlate the effect of change of 3
different parameters on the results

45 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 5
Boiling Heat Transfer
Apparatus

46 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 11
Demonstration of “Boiling Heat Transfer” Apparatus and study of heat transfer phenomena
involved in boiling and phase changes

Apparatus

Boiling heat transfer apparatus

Specifications

i. The Chamber

Material: Thick walled glass cylinder with stainless steel and plates
Size: 80mm (ID) x 300 mm (L)
Medium: R141b
Pressure Cut-off: 2.50 bar (abs)
Pressure Relief: 3.50 bar (abs)

ii. Heating Element

Material: Stainless steel heater with copper sleeve

Heating Power: 220 Watt
Effective Surface Area: 12 cm2

iii. Condenser

Type: Coil water cooled condenser

Material: Stainless Steel
Effective Surface Area: 0.032 m2

iv. Panel

High quality epoxy coated steel frame on which the chamber and instrumentations are mounted.

Overall Dimensions
Height: 0.80 m
Width: 0.90 m
Depth: 0.60 m

General Requirements
240 VAC, 1-phase, 50 Hz

47 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Theory

Boiling Phenomena
When a liquid is in contact with a surface maintained at a temperature above the saturation
temperature of the liquid, boiling will eventually occur at that liquid-solid interface. Conventionally,
boiling is divided into two categories: pool boiling and convective boiling, based on the relative bulk
motion of the body of a liquid to the heating surface.
Once the critical heat flux is exceeded the heater surface is blanketed by a continuous vapour film; i.e.,
film boiling. Under this condition one must find the heat transfer resistance of this vapour film as well
as consider the additional effect of radiation heat transfer at very high heater surface temperatures
through this vapour film.

The Different Boiling Regime as the T Increases

48 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Visual Appearance of Four regimes of pool boiling in water at 1 atm. ("Principles of Heat Transfer", Kreith, Bohn,
West Pub. Co., 1993)

Condensation Phenomena
Condensation occurs in many industrial applications. There are two idealized models of condensation:
filmwise and dropwise condensation. The filmwise condensation occurs on a cooled surface which is
easily wetted. The vapor condenses in drops which grow by further condensation and coalesce to form
a film over the surface, if the surface-fluid combination is wettable; if the surface is non-wetting
rivulets of liquid flow away and new drops then begin to form. The phenomena of dropwise
condensation results in local heat transfer coefficients which are often an order of magnitude greater
than those for filmwise condensation.

49 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Procedure

1. Turn on the electrical heater and cooling water. Adjust both to low settings.
2. Allow the condition to stabilize and observe the liquid temperature at frequent intervals.
3. Carefully observe the convection currents for the liquid surrounding the heater. The liquid will be
seen to collect and drip on the condenser coils at the same time, indicating that evaporation is
proceeding even at a low rate.
4. Increase the wattage of the heater in small increments. Adjust the cooling water flow rate to keep
the vapour pressure at desired constant value. Nucleate boiling will soon start and will increase until
vigorous boiling is seen. The temperature difference between the liquid and metal surface is still quite
moderate (<20K).
5. Increase the power input to a level between 150 and 200 Watts. The nature of the boiling will be
seen to change dramatically and at the same time the surface-liquid temperature difference will rise
quickly. The rate of evaporation falls to a low level and the water flow rate must be reduced to
maintain the steady vapour pressure.
6. The electrical input should now be reduced to about 70 Watts. Careful examination of the heater
surface will show that it is now enveloped in an almost unbroken film of vapour.
7. The electrical power input should now be reduced to zero. It will be found that as the metal-liquid
temperature difference falls to about 30 to 40K the boiling suddenly becomes vigorous as film boiling
reverts to nucleate boiling.

Discussion:
 Explain why the surface temperature begins to rise when the mode of boiling changes from
nucleate to film boiling.
 How the nucleate boiling impedes the heat transfer?

50 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

51 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 12

Calculation of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient in the three modes of boiling.

Objective & Experimental Procedure:

To demonstrate different phase of boiling, namely convective, nucleate and film boiling

Experimental Observations & Calculations:

1. Turn on the electrical heater and cooling water. Adjust both to low settings.
2. Allow the condition to stabilize and observe the liquid temperature at frequent intervals.
3. Carefully observe the convection currents for the liquid surrounding the heater. The liquid will be
seen tocollect and drip on the condenser coils at the same time, indicating that evaporation is
proceeding even at a low rate.
4. Increase the wattage of the heater in small increments. Adjust the cooling water flow rate to keep
the vapor pressure at desired constant value. Nucleate boiling will soon start and will increase until
vigorous boiling is seen. The temperature difference between the liquid and metal surface is still quite
moderate (<20K).
5. Increase the power input to a level between 150 and 200 Watts. The nature of the boiling will be
seen to change dramatically and at the same time the surface-liquid temperature difference will rise
quickly. The rate of evaporation falls to a low level and the water flow rate must be reduced to
maintain the steady vapor pressure.
6. The electrical input should now be reduced to about 70 Watts. Careful examination of the heater
surface will show that it is now enveloped in an almost unbroken film of vapor.
7. The electrical power input should now be reduced to zero. It will be found that as the metal-liquid
temperature difference falls to about 30 to 40K the boiling suddenly becomes vigorous as film boiling
reverts to nucleate boiling.

Discussion:

Explain why the surface temperature begins to rise when the mode of boiling changes from nucleate
to film boiling. How the nucleate boiling impedes the heat transfer?

52 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

53 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Chapter # 6
Multi Heat Exchanger
Service Unit

54 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 13
Study the Flow rate effects on heat transfer rate using multi heat exchanger service Unit

(Parallel Flow)
Change the flow rate for cold side and keep constant flow rate for hot side and measure the
different parameters

General Operating Procedures

1. In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water enters the
heat exchanger in the same direction. For counter current flow, flow will be in opposite direction.
2. Perform a quick inspection to make sure that the equipment is in a proper working condition.
3. Be sure that all valves are initially closed.
4. Connect the cold water tank or reservoir to fill up the hot water tank and also this water is used in cold
plates.
5. Switch on main power. Switch on the heater in the hot water tank and make sure that the set point on
the temperature controller is set to 60 C.
6. Solenoid valve controls the level of water in hot water tank. If the water level is below the selected level
then it will allow the water to enter into the tank and keep the level high.
7. Turn on the hot and cold water pump for circulation in hot plates and cold plates respectively.
8. Operate the system for 10 mints to achieve the stable temperature readings.
9. Control the flow by flow meter both in hot and cold side
10. For Co-Current heat exchanger. Open valves 1 and 3
11. For counter current heat exchanger, open valves 2 and 4
12. Note down the cold and hot water temperature.
13. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet
temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams at steady state.

General Shut-Down Procedure

1. Switch off the heater and allow the water to cool down.
2. Switch off pump
3. Switch off main power.
4. Drain off all liquids in the process lines. Retain the water inside the hot water tank and

55 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

cold water tank for next laboratory sessions.

5. Close all valves.

Experimental Observations & Calculations:

56 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

57 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Experiment 14
Energy balance determination using multi heat exchanger service unit
(Counter Flow)
Change the flow rate for hot side and keep constant flow rate for cold side and measure the
different parameters

Theory

Same as Experiment 13

Experimental Observations & Calculations:

Note: The result will be same for both parallel and counter flow plate heat exchanger

Assignment:
Plot and graph
a) flow rate Vs. ∆T for both cold fluid and hot fluid and
b) flow rate Vs. overall efficiency of the system

58 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad

Lab Manual

Evaluation Criteria

Sr Rubrics Maximum
# Points
1 Student can turn on the equipment safely while adhering to the safety 1
instructions related to the equipment
2 Students can setup the electrical and mechanical connections and carry 1
out other necessary settings required to start the experiment
3 Student can turn on different auxiliary equipment of HMT apparatus 2
like hydraulic bench, fans, Pumps heaters etc
4 Students can do the setting of different control buttons/knobs to control 4
parameters like fluid volume flow rate, current and temperature,
Volume and Velocity of air etc.
5 Students can mount and remove different types of attachments to the 2
HMT apparatus to take different reading under different circumstances

59 Department of Mechanical Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad