heat

Heat and mass transfer lab

WEEKLY REPORT

Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer Lab

Usama Arif
2k19-ME-39
Table of Contents
Heat & mass transfer lab.................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction:................................................................................................................................................................2
Lab Lay Out:...............................................................................................................................................................2
List of equipment:.......................................................................................................................................................3
Equipment detail.............................................................................................................................................................3
Radiation heat transfer module:..................................................................................................................................3
Description:.............................................................................................................................................................3
List of experiments performed on this apparatus:.......................................................................................................4
Combined free enforce convection radiation module:................................................................................................4
Description:.............................................................................................................................................................4
List of experiments performed on this apparatus:.......................................................................................................5
Composite wall apparatus:..........................................................................................................................................6
Description:.............................................................................................................................................................6
Heat conduction in metals apparatus:.........................................................................................................................7
Description:.............................................................................................................................................................7
Heat exchanger bench:................................................................................................................................................8
Description:.............................................................................................................................................................8
List of experiments performed on this apparatus:.......................................................................................................9
 Heat & mass transfer lab

Introduction:
Heat transfer is the study of energy movement in the form of heat which occurs in many types of processes. The
transfer occurs from the high to the low-temperature regions. Therefore, a temperature gradient has to exist between
the two regions for heat transfer to happen. It can be done by conduction (within one solid or between two solids in
contact), convection (between two fluids or a fluid and a solid in direct contact with the fluid), radiation
(transmission by electromagnetic waves through space), or by a combination of the above three methods. Mass
transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning stream, phase, fraction, or component, to
another.

Lab Lay Out:

Definition of layout
Master plan or blueprint of a printed or published work that lays out the arrangement of its different
graphic elements. It establishes the overall appearance, relative importance, and relationships between the
graphic elements to achieve a smooth flow of information.

Objectives of layout
 Effective use of men, machines and materials.
 Minimize of the material handling cost.
 Better supervision and control.
 Waste control easily

Types of layouts

 Product layout
 Process layout
 Fixed layout
 Combination layout

Product layout
If all the process, equipment's and machines are arranged according to the sequence of operation of the
layout is called product layout. In this type of layout only one type of the produce in a operation area.

Process layout
In this layout machines Men and equipment's are not arrange order to the sequence but arrange ordering
to the type or nature of the operation. This layout is commonly suitable for Non repetitive jobs.

Fixed layout
In this type of layout, the major Component remain at a fixed notation but the other material, tools,
machines, men power and other supporting equipment are brought to this fixed notation.

Combination layout
When two or more type of layout are combined is called combination layout. E.g., combination of
product layout and process layout.

Fig 1: heat & mass transfer lab layout

List of equipment:
01: Radiation heat transfer module, Combined free enforce convection radiation module

02: Composite wall apparatus

03: Heat conduction in metals

04: Water cooling tower

05: Air conditioning unit

06: Gas turbine jet engine apparatus

07: Thermal refrigeration circuit

08: Simple refrigeration unit

09: The condensation process unit

10: Heat transfer bench

11: Parallel flow heat exchanger

Equipment detail
Radiation heat transfer module:
Description:
Inverse square law is a physical law. it says that intensity equals the inverse of the square of the distance from the
source Mathematically:

All the connecting wires should be connected correctly The Surface of the radiometer should be cleaned before the
experiment.

Fig 2: radiation heat transfer module apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:
Practical exercise 1: The inverse of distance square law by radiation

Practical exercise 2: Stefan Boltzmann law

Practical exercise 3: Emissivity influence

Practical exercise 4: Form factors

Practical exercise 5: Kirchhoff’s law

Practical exercise 6: Influence of the area

Practical exercise 7: Inverse square law of the distance for light

Practical exercise 8: Lambert’s Cosine law

Practical exercise 9: Lambert’s Absorption law

Practical exercise 10: Thickness effect in Absorption phenomena

Combined free enforce convection radiation module:

Description:
Forced Convection, In when fluid is forced to flow over the surface or in a tube by an external force. Free
Convection. In which fluid motion is not generated by an external source but only by density difference.

Fig 3: combined free enforce convection radiation module apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:
Practical exercise 1:

Demonstration of variation of the effect of heat convection and radiation on the turning surface of the cylinder.
Determination of the combined effect of heat transfer by forced convection and radiation.

Practical exercise 2:

Demonstration of influence of airflow in heat transfer. Determination of the combined effect of heat transfer by
forced convection and radiation.

Practical exercise 3:

Demonstration of influence of the airflow in heat transfer. Determination of the combined effect of heat transmission
by forced convection and radiation.

Practical exercise 4:

Demonstration of the combined effect of heat transfer by radiation and convection on the surface of the cylinder.
Determination of the combined effect of heat transfer by free convection and radiation.
Composite wall apparatus:
Description:
When two or more walls made of the same or different materials and same or different size are stacked together
adjacently these walls are called composite walls Using Composite walls is an excellent way of studying the effect
of conductive heat transfer and thermal resistance.

Fig 4: composite wall apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:

Practical exercise:

Using the composite wall to study the effect of different materials' conductive heat transfer, thermal resistance, and
thermal conductance of different materials.
Heat conduction in metals apparatus:
Description:
Metals typically have a relatively high concentration of free conduction electrons, and these can transfer heat as they
move through the lattice. Phonon-based conduction also occurs, but the effect is swamped by that of electronic

conduction. Heat conduction is one of the three basic forms of heat transfer. According to the second law of
thermodynamics, heat is always transferred from the higher energy level to the low energy level. If the temperature
of a body does not change despite continuous addition or removal of heat, this is known as steady-state heat
conduction.

Fig 5: heat conduction metal apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:

Practical exercise 1:

Operating the device, and performing calibration.

 Learning objectives
 Conducting the experiment
 Measured values
 Analyses of experiment
Practical exercise 2:

Functioning the device, function of Peltier element.

Influence of the temperature difference on the sample.

 Learning objective
 Conducting the experiment
 Measured values
 Analyses of experiment

Heat exchanger bench:

Description:
Heat exchanges are used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another based on the laws of
thermodynamics. Heat exchangers are used to heating, cool, condense or evaporate a substance. There are 2
categories of heat exchangers

Direct-Medium comes in contact with each other, Indirect-Doesn’t come in contact

Eg. A-C, Radiator O Tube Bundle:
In this heat transfer bench, a bundle of tubes is placed inside the air duct and flows at a certain temperature
and flow rate, and the air flows and air flows through it, particularly at a certain temperature and flow rate.
There are two types of tube bundles listed below.

Fig 6: heat exchanger bench apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:
Practical exercise 1:

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the flow characteristics of different types of heat exchangers.

Practical exercise 2:

The relationship between heat transfer and air velocity can be determined. For a given air velocity the power
required to keep the central rod at a set temperature will be noted from the V&A meters.

Practical exercise 3:

Heat transfer:

We can also look at the cooling rates from a tube in different positions in a tube bank

Practical exercise 4:

Air velocity profiles:

Set up a given tube bank configuration in the duct. Touch the pilot tubes on the bottom of the duct and adjust the
cursors to read zero on the scale

Water cooling tower:

Description:

A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct contact wtoher in
order to reduce the water's temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of water is evaporated, reducing the
temperature of the water being circulated through the tower.

Fig 7: water cooling tower apparatus

List of experiments performed on this apparatus:

Practical exercise 1:

To observe the process in a forced draft cooling tower

Practical exercise 2:

 To determine the ‘end state’ properties of air and water from tables or charts
 To determine the energy and mass balance using the steady flow equation on the selected system

Practical exercise 3:

To investigate the effect of cooling load on the “Wet Bulb Approach”

Practical exercise 4:

To investigate the effect of air velocity on

 Wet bulb approach

 Pressure drop through the packing

Practical exercise 5:

To estimate the relationship between cooling load and cooling range