College of Engineering

Spring Session- 2016 THERMODYNAMICS II - ME 272

Dr. Saeed J. Almalowi, smalowi@taibahu.edu.sa
PROBLEM 2.1 STATEMENT
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 kg of steam at 1 MPa and 300oC. Steam now expands to a
final state of 200 kPa and 150oC, doing work. Heat losses from the system to the surrounding are
estimated to be 2 kJ during this process. Assuming the surrounding to be To = 25oC and Po =100
kPa,
Determine
a. The exergy of the steam at the initial and the final state,
b. The exergy change of the steam,
c. The useful work,
d. The exergy destroyed, and
e. The second law efficiency?

Fig.2.1 A Piston-Cylinder
Ans. [X1=35 kJ, X2=25.4 kJ, Wu=5.3 kJ, Xdestroyed=4.3 kJ, and ηII = 55.2 %]
Solution:
1
X1 = m(u1 − uo ) + mPo (ν1 − νo ) − mTo (s1 − so ) + mV12 + mgz1
2
1
X2 = m(u2 − uo ) + mPo (νout − νo ) − mTo (s2 − so ) + mV22 + mgz2
2
State Description of state Internal energy Entropy Specific Volume
kJ/kg kJ/kg.K m3/kg
State (1) P1= 1000 kPa T1>Tsat. @ P1=1000 kPa u1=2794 s1=7.122 v1=0.2579
T1=300oC Superheated steam
State(2) P2 =200 kPa, T2>Tsat. @ P2=200 kPa u2=2577 s2=7.279 v2=0.9597
T2=150oC Superheated steam
Surrounding State: Compressed Liquid uo=104.7 so= 0.3669 vo=0.001003
Dead state* To=25oC,
P0=100 kPa

ME 272-College of Engineering-Taibah University

College of Engineering
Spring Session- 2016 THERMODYNAMICS II - ME 272
Dr. Saeed J. Almalowi, smalowi@taibahu.edu.sa
Dead state is the state has an equilibrium with its surrounding (environment).
Xheat − Xwork − Xdestroyed = ∆Xsys = X2 − X1

a. X1 = 0.05 × [(2794 − 104.7) + 100 × (0.2579 − 0.001003) − 298 × (7.122 − 0.3669)]

= 35.0kJ
b. X2 = 0.05 × [(2577 − 104.7) + 100 × (0.9597 − 0.001003) − 298 × (7.279 − 0.3669)]
= 25.4kJ
𝑐. ∆𝑋 = 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 = 25.4 − 35.0 = −9.58 𝑘𝐽
Wu = Wsys − Wsurr , Wsurr = mPo (v2 − v1 ) = 0.05 × 100 × (0.9597 − 0.2579) = 3.509 kJ
Wsys = Q + m(u1 − u2 ) = −2 + 0.05 × (2794 − 2577) = 8.85 kJ
Wu = 8.85 − 3.509 = 5.341 kJ
d. Xdestroyed = X2 − X1 − Wu = 9.58 − 5.341 = 4.239 kJ
Q 2
Xdestroyed = To [m(s2 − s1 ) + ] = 298 × [0.05 × (7.279 − 7.122) + ] = 4.33 kJ
To 298
Wu
e. Wrev = Xdestroyed + Wu = X1 − X2 = 9.58 kJ, Wrev > Wu , [Producing devic], ηII =
Wrev
5.341
= = 0.5575
9.58

PROBLEM 2.2 STATEMENT

Steam enters a turbine steadily at 3MPa and 450oC at rate of 8 kg/s and exits at 0.2 MPa and
150C. The steam is losing heat to the surrounding air at 100 kPa and 25oC at a rate of 300 kW,
and the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Determine
a. The actual power output,
b. The maximum possible power,
c. The second –law efficiency,
d. The exergy destroyed, and
e. The exergy of the steam at the inlet condition?
Solution:
1
𝑋̇in = ṁ(hin − ho ) − ṁTo (sin − so ) + ṁVin
2
+ ṁgzin , where Vo = 0, zo = 0
2

ME 272-College of Engineering-Taibah University

College of Engineering
Spring Session- 2016 THERMODYNAMICS II - ME 272
Dr. Saeed J. Almalowi, smalowi@taibahu.edu.sa
1
𝑋̇out = ṁ(hout − ho ) − ṁTo (sout − so ) + ṁVout
2
+ ṁgzout , where Vo = 0, zo = 0
2
Exergy for Fixed Volume
1 2 2
Δψ = (hout − hin ) − To (sout − sin ) + (Vout − Vin ) + g(Zout − Zin )
2
∆Ẋ = 𝑚̇∆ψ
State Description of state Internal energy Entropy Specific Volume
kJ/kg kJ/kg.K m3/kg
State (1) P1= 3000 kPa T1>Tsat. @ P1=1000 kPa h1=3344 s1= 7.083 v1=0.1079
T1=450oC Superheated steam
State(2) P2 =200 kPa, T2>Tsat. @ P2=200 kPa h2=2769 s2=7.279 v2=0.9597
T2=150oC Superheated steam
Surrounding State: Compressed Liquid ho=104.8 so= 0.3669 vo=0.001003
Dead state* To=25oC,
P0=100 kPa
̇Ein = Ėout

ṁ 1 h1 = ṁ2 h2 + Ẇ + Q̇ → Ẇ = ṁ(h1 − h2 ) − Q̇ = 8 × (3344 − 2769) − 300 = 4300 kW

= Wsys
̇ u = ẆActaul = 4300 kW
a. W
̇ rev = ṁ[(h1 − h2 ) − To (s1 − s2 )] = 8 × [(3344 − 2769) − 298 × (7.083 − 7.279)]
b. W
= 5067.3 kW
It means the turbine is producing device.

Ẇu 4300
c. ηII = = = 0.848
Ẇrev 5067.3
d. Ẋdestroyed = I = Ẇrev − Ẇu = 5067.3 − 4300 = 767.3 kJ

𝑐. 𝑋̇in = 8 × [(3344 − 104.8) − 298 × (7.083 − 0.3669)] = 9902.42 𝑘𝑊

Xiṅ 9902.42 kJ
ψ̇in = = = 1238 [ Specific Exergy: Exergy per unit mass]
ṁ 8 kg

ME 272-College of Engineering-Taibah University