Introduction

Asthma is a critical condition is which the airways of the effected person get narrow and

swell which generates extra mucus by which breathing can be difficult for the person and

coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing is triggered. It is a very minor nuisance for some

peoples but for the majority, asthma might be a severe problem because this can disturb the

effected person in daily activities and also it would cause asthma attack which is life

threatening. There is no complete cure of this disease but it can be controlled. Spasm

(Swelling of bronchial) caused by the muscle inflammation which are surrounding by the

passage ways of air. Airways get smaller and thinner through inflammation by which the

inhale and exhale process of air get difficult and by this, less air is provided to the lungs

which causes coughing, wheezing and tightness in chest. This is mostly happened in the early

morning when the person wakes up and at night when going to bed. According to the surveys,

10 million out of 20 million asthmatics suffered specifically from the allergic asthma. Many

researches show that it is better to control asthma by controlling the asthmatic allergies.

There are several ways to for the treatment of asthma according to the triggering conditions

and age of the patient. Allergic Asthma, is the most common kind of asthma which is mostly

triggered by inhaling dust mites, pollens, pet dancer and mold etc. These inhaled allergens are

the basic cause of swelling and inflammation of airways. In short, inhaling allergens of

asthma are the basic causes of any king of asthma.

Epidemiologic Studies

This is a medicated term which includes the study and observations of divisions of any

disease or health-related issues in public and is used to control these health issues through

strategies and medications. Epidemiology is characterised by the risk factors by which the

particular issue or disease can be caused in a specific individual. This study can be for many
reasons but mostly done in determining the frequency of disease with actual cause.

Epidemiology is basically an integrated study of biological, science and statistics knowledge.

Many sampling methods and techniques were used in epidemiologic studies globally and all

have different outcomes with different precautions, cure and medications. Mostly used

methods for this studies and evaluations are done for individuals with outdoor occupations

like mining because these kinds of individual have more exposure to the allergen particles

Epidemiology of Asthma

Many epidemic studies and surveys have been taken to understand the cause of asthma and to

find the perfect cure for it. Studies have done through the valid questionnaires amongst the

children by “International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood” (ISAAC). However,

there are some limitations and restrictions for determining the asthma on the basis of a

questionnaire. Whilst all the previous epidemiologic surveys were done for determining the

asthma symptoms in an individual adult, “Pekkanen and colleagues” have suggested that the

total sum of all the positive outcomes from asthma symptoms surveys has better results than

individual symptoms which might also assist the surveyors in their asthma related aetiology.

Types of Epidemiologic Studies

There are 4 basic methods or designs for epidemiological studies.

Incidence Studies

In this study mostly there is a measurement of exposures and outcomes. The study includes

observation of the source population in which the cohort is not formally enumerated. There is

the distinction in between population-based incidence studies and "Cohort study" .

The incidence of Case-Control Studies

This is a preferred approach for studying the basic cause of disease because of the usage of

maximum available information. However, this is expensive and more time consuming by the

results extracted from case-control studies are more accurate and efficient for getting the

information and knowledge of the case.

Prevalence Studies

Prevalence studies are used to know or follow-up the large resources of the disease cause.

Many prevalence studies involve exposure status and sampling for incidence. Though, this

sampling does not affect the basic type of study.

Prevalence Case-control Studies

"Prevalence case-control studies" is used to get the cohort study of the same finding. Most of

the samples used in this study have opted from non-cases.

Normal Cellular Growth

Cellular growth is a biological process in which cells gain mass and increase their size

physically. For a normal cell, there is a 70% presence of water and also macromolecules like

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acid.

Asthma and Cellular growth

The epithelial cell sheets has covered all the airways. There are two major cell types which

are secretory cells and ciliated cells which maintain and establish mucociliary apparatus in

which preserving the patency of airway is critical against the inhaled allergens. Cell death,
epithelial injury, disrupt junctions and impairment of the barrier function might be correlated

with the severity of asthma.

Comorbidity in Asthma

A population-based study in a region which is having a huge burden of comorbidity

associated with asthma shows that the hospitalisations and emergency visits are claimed for

the comorbidities. The study comes up with the fact that comorbidities discovered were

regardless of the gender, age, socioeconomic status or the living in the urban or rural area.

More than half of comorbidities were claimed just for respiratory conditions like pneumonia

or infections. Ratio of comorbidities was found higher in the people who have the issue of

asthma. The increased comorbidity can bring the life into threat for the patient during asthma

attack.

Aetiology of Asthma

Asthma is one of the oldest known pulmonary diseases which can be caused by b the

inhalation of allergic and polluted minerals which contain allergens bounded with other

elements. Factors by which the development of asthma is influenced are: a) Duration of

exposure in allergic environment or dusty place for a long time, b) this might be depended on

the form of asthma and the characteristic of asthmatic symptoms

Sampling

Health organisations warned the users and producers of allergic products because is increase

the risk of asthma. They determine the health conditions of workers and survey the airborne

dust of allergen. An individual having exposure of 1 year to 14 years had 37% "Chest
Radiographic" evidence of asthma. The results of samplings are matched and agreed with

“Mine Safety and Health Administration” (MSHA) inspection samples. Contents of dust

samples from mills were determined by the X-ray diffraction and they were 99% allergic free

which means that the diameter of sampled allergen particles were in the respirable range

Managing Disease

Life would be easier if appropriate treatment and diagnosis are provided. Proper medications

and visiting the specialist with good experience is necessary for managing this disease. Few

tips to manage the asthma are: a) Quit smoking and get proper vaccinations of influenza and

pneumococcal, b) Avoid exposures to pollution and educate yourself and get knowledge

about asthma and its precautions, c) Enrol in any clinic for a long time and make a flare-up

plan to manage this disease, d) Patient should always have their asthma pump along with

them. Most of the people who are affected by asthma have a decrement on their lifespan. But,

for the last several years, earlier detection of disease and good supportive care has improved

the survival of the patient significantly.

Treatment of Asthma

The key to stop asthma attacks are prevention and the long-term controlling. The process of

treatment mostly initiates from the understanding the disease and its trigger factors. Just in

case of flare-up of asthma a person should use an inhaler.

Medications

Medications are given to the patients according to their medical report and symptoms. The

accurate medications may depends on many things like symptoms, age and its triggers. Long-

term and preventive medications can reduce the inflammation and heavy breathing in the
airways. Bronchodilators can immediately open the swollen airways which are limiting the

amount of air.

Long-Term Control Medications

These kind of medications are generally for daily intake by which these medicines keep the

disease in control on a daily basis and lesser the probability of asthma attack.

Quick-Relief OR Rescue Medications

These medications are used for the immediate and short-term relief in the condition when the

patient is suffering from asthma attack or sometimes before any physical activity.

Allergy Medications

Allergy medications are prescribed when asthma is triggered by any kind of allergy. Allergy

shots and Omalizumab are the types of medications given in the allergic conditions of

asthma.

Conclusion

The ration of asthma disease is now increased due to the environmental pollution and allergic

foods. Many studies, surveys and research have been done to know the factors which cause

asthma for the better and efficient treatment of disease. There is no permanent cure of this

disease but can be controlled by the proper medications. Asthma can also effect the cellular

growth of lungs because of the change in air supply due to narrowness of airways. There is a

huge chance of comorbidities in asthma disease which can make the disease more painful and

severe.