AGR 207: Dr.

Kato Samuel Namuene

Google Classroom Code: ar5eb9a

II. Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, which involves obtaining a function from its
derivatives, hence anti-derivative. An elongated "S" shaped symbol (∫) is used to mean the integral of,
f(x) is the derivative and dx is written at the end of the terms to be integrated, meaning "with respect to
x".

1 The Constant of Integration

The constant of integration is an unknown constant that must be taken into account during integration.
Generally, this constant is represented by "C" or "K", usually added to the end of a function. The
derivative of constant is always zero, hence any constants will be "lost" when differentiating so, though
a constant will be added, it will still refer to the same integral. E.g.

! f(x)dx = f(x) + C

2. Indefinite and Definite Integrals

With an indefinite integral there are no upper and lower limits on the integral here, and what we'll get is
an answer that still has x's in it and will also have a plus C, in it.

A definite integral has upper and lower limits on the integrals, and it's called definite because, at the end
of the problem, we have a number - it is a definite answer.

3 Rules for Integrating

3.1 The Power Rule

*
𝑥 *,-
! x dx = +C
𝑛+1

Example 6
i. ! x 2 dx
4 567 48
Þ 2,- + C = 9
+C

ii. ! √x dx
4 =.567 4 7.5
Þ ∫ 𝑥 <.2 dx = <.2,- + C = -.2
+C

1
3.2 Multiplication by constant

Example 7
! 5x ? dx
i. First move the 5 outside the integral:
! 5x ? dx = 5 ! x ? dx
ii. Use the Power Rule on x4
4 U67 24 5
Þ 5 T ?,- V + C = 2
+ C = x5 + C

3.3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

i. ! cosxdx = sinx + K

ii. ! sinxdx = − cosx + K

iii. ! 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ] xdx = tanx + K

1
iv. ! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝dx = cosx + K
𝑝
1
E. g. ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥dx = sinx + K
4

3.4 Integration by Substitution

It is possible to transform a difficult integral to an easier one by using a substitution. That is:
i. Place the integral in this form:
∫ 𝑓c𝐠(𝐱)f 𝐠 g (𝐱) 𝑑𝑥
Where 𝐠 g (𝐱) = 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐱
ii. Make u = g(x) and dx = du
iii. Integrate ∫f(u)du
iv. Re-insert g(x) where u is.

Example 8

i. ! cos(𝑥 r ) 7xdx

Þ x3 = u and 7xdx = du
Þ ∫ cos(𝑢) du
Þ sin(u) du
Þ sin(x3) + C

ii. ! cos(𝑥 ? ) 8xdx

Þ 4 ∫ cos(𝑥 ? ) 2x dx
Þ x4 = u and 2xdx = du
Þ 4 ∫ cos(u) du
Þ 4 sin(u) + C
Þ 4 sin (x4) + C
2
iii. !(𝑥 + 2)w dx

Þ 𝑥 + 2 = u and dx = du
Þ ∫(𝑢)w du
(x)y67
Þ +C
w,-
(x)z
Þ {
+C
(4,])z
Þ {
+C

iii. !(7𝑥 + 3)w 5dx

Þ ∫(7𝑥 + 3)w 5dx
-
Þ 2 ∫(7𝑥 + 3)w 5dx
Þ 7𝑥 + 3 = u and 5dx = du
-
Þ 2 ∫(𝑢)w du
- (x)y67
Þ 2 w,-
+C
- (x)z
Þ 2 {
+C
(x)z
Þ ?2
+C
(}4,r)z
Þ ?2
+C

3.5 Integration by Parts

Integration by Parts is a special method of integration that is often useful when two functions are
multiplied together. Integration by parts is carried out following the rule below:

! u v dx = 𝑢 ! v dx − ! 𝑢g (! v) dx

Where
u is the function u(x)
v is the function v(x)

Example 9

i. ! xsin(x)dx

u = x, v = sin(x)
Þ ∫ u v dx
Þ u' = x' = 1
Þ ∫ v dx = ∫ sin (x) dx = − cos(x)
Þ − x cos (x) − ∫ 1(−cos(x)) dx
Þ − x cos (x) – (− sin (x)) + C
Þ − x cos (x) + sin (x) + C

Exercise 4
1. Integrate the following using the Power Rule:
U ~
i) x9 ii) √𝑥 iii) √𝑥
3
2. Integrate the following using Multiplication by constant:
i) 7x8 ii) 9x5
3. Integrate the following trigonometric function: sin7x
4. Integrate the following by substitution
i) sin(𝑥 ] ) 3x ii) sin(𝑥 2 ) 7x iii) (𝑥 + 4)} dx iv) (9𝑥 + 3)r
4. Integrate the following by parts: x sin(x)

4. Definite Integrals
A Definite Integral is an integral with upper and lower limits (also called bounds or boundaries).
4.1 Calculating Definite Integrals
Consider we have an integral with limits a and b, the Definite Integral is calculated by calculating
the Indefinite Integral at a, and b, then subtracting. E.g.:

Example 10
]
i. ! 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
-
3𝑥 ]
The indefinite integral is ! 3x dx = +C
2
r(-)• {
Þ at x = 1, ∫ 2x dx = ]
+ C = ] + C
r(])• r9
Þ at x = 2, ∫ 2x dx = ]
+ C = ]
+ C = 18 + C
{
Þ ]
+ C − 18 + C
{ ]}
Þ 18 − ] + C − C = ]
As we can see in the calculations, C gets cancelled out, so C can be ignored with Definite Integrals. We
can therefore also write the answer in example 10 directly as:

] r(])• r(-)• { ]}
∫- 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ]
− ]
= 18 − ] = ]

-
ii. ! sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
<.2
Þ at x = 1, ∫ sin (x) dx = − cos(1)
Þ at x = 0.5, ∫ sin (x) dx = − cos(0.5)
Þ − cos (1) − (−cos(0.5))
Þ − 0.5 − (− 0.9) = − 0.5 + 0.9 = 0.4

Exercise 5
1. Integrate the following definite integrals:
9 2
i) ∫? 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (x)𝑑𝑥 iii) ∫r 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (x)𝑑𝑥