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Shunt Capacitor Effect on Electrical Distribution System Reliability

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Reliability · April 1994

DOI: 10.1109/24.285133 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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170 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILXN, VOL. 43, NO. 1,1994 MARCH

Shunt Capacitor Effect on Electrical Distribution System Reliability

Abdelhay A. Sallam, Member IEEE
University of Suez Canal,Port Said
Mohamed Desouky
University of Suez Canal,Port Said
Hussien Desouky
University of Tanta, Tanta
Key WO& - Reliability improvement, Shunt capacitor,
Distribution system, State-space method
Reader Aids -
General purpose: Demonstrate a reliability-prediction model
Special math needed for explanation: Probability theory
Sj&al math needed to use r e s u h Same
Results useful to: Reliability & power analysts
Summary & Conclusions - To improve the security &
reliability of a distributionsystem, as much power as feasible must
go through a given transmission Line. This can be achievedby using
shunt capacitors as compensators.These shunt capacitive compen-
sators improve the load Carrying capability of the h e by controll-
ing the reactive power flow. Consequently, the capacitor existence
can not be ignored in evaluating system reliability. The paper a p
plies the state-space method to calculate the reliability indices for
compensated & uncompensated systems with different success
criteria. The importanceof using shunt capacitorsto improve the
level of distribution system reliability is illustrated in addition to
t h e i r ~ ~ a s r e a e t i v e p o w e r c o n t r o l l e r sO. u r p ” ,
based on a Markov process, is applied to a numerical example,
and indicates that system reliability is improved when using shunt
capacitors.
System security which involves the ability of the system to
respond suitably to disturbances arising within the system,
eg, generator or transformer failure. The redundancy of lines
is one of the methods to keep the security of the distribution
system at a specific level when line interruptions occur.+
The distribution network is usually compensated by either
series or shunt capacitors as an effective &-economic& tool.
Series capacitors increase the maximum power limit while shunt
capacitors have several effects:
reduce lagging component of circuit current,
increase voltage level at the load and power factor of source
generators,
improve voltage regulation if the capacitoi units are proper-
ly switched,
reduce direct & reactive power loss in the system,
decrease kVA loading on source generators and circuits to
relieve an over-loaded condition or release capacity for ad-
ditional load growth.
Additional kW loading may be placed on the generators, viz,
reduce demand kVA where power is purchased,
reduce investment in system facilities per kW of load sup-
plied. 4
Therefore, the transmission & distribution system at some
nodes or load points can be connected with shunt capacitors to
control the reactive power, aiming to:
reduce system losses,
restore the stability margin,
improve supply quality [6].

1. INTRODUCTION These capacitors can be used to increase the system security

level by increasing the loadability of uninterrupted lines. Shunt
The main function of a power system is to feed the loads capacitors, therefore, play the same role as redundant lines, viz,
with electrical energy as economically & reliably as feasible. both of them increase system security.
The power system satisfies t h i s function, subjected to opera- This paper evaluates the reliability of the distribution
tional constraints such as busbar voltage violation, power fac- system with shunt compensation, using the state-space method
tor change, and frequency variation. The power system can be [7], indicating the effective role of the shunt capacitors. This
divided into 3 subsystems: generation, transmission, and method uses & calculates state probabilities, state frequencies,
distribution. The distributionsystem is responsible for transfer and state durations. A numerical example demonstrates a con-
of electrical energy from nodes (substations) to load points. The siderable improvement in the reliability indices of the distribu-
analysis of distribution systems is very complex because of its tion network when using shunt capacitors.
dependance on the other two subsystems. So, the distribution
system is analyzed as a separate entity [l]. Notation
Distribution system reliability is defined as the ability to
probability of [success, failure]
provide adequate electrical energy to the loads, with an accep- ps, p~
ts, tF duration of [success, failure]
table continuity & quality [2,3]. System reliability can be sub-
pi, ti [probability, duration time] of state i
divided into two basic aspects [4,5]:
A, p [failure, repair] rate
System adequacy which relates to the presence of sufficient &, cleq equivalent [failure, repair] rate
facilities withiq the system to satisfy the customer load re- f system frequency
quirements for static system conditions. Ti tienumberi.

0018-9529/94/$4.00 01994 IEEE

SALLAM ET AL: SHUNT CAPACITOR EFFECT ON ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
Other, standard notation is given in "Information for Readers
& Authors" at the rear of each issue.
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Reliability indices are calculated for a distribution system
with and without shunt capacitors, viz, compensated and un-
compensated systems. Figure 1 shows the ties representing
the s-independent paths which connect the supply with one of
many electric distribution load points. These ties have, in
general, different loading conditions, and each tie contains a
shunt capacitor. The size of these capacitors is determined
originally in the system subjected to minimizing the reactive
power flow or increasing the line capability. When an inter-
ruption occurs at any tie, the shunt capacitors for the uninter-
rupted ties are switched on. So, the interrupted kVA can be com-
pensated partially or completely. These capacitors increase the
loadability of the uninterrupted ties, as shown in figure 2.
Figure 1. Distribution System with Shunt Capacitors
[compensatedsystem]
-I-
I -
i
m b. won .auno upJCit
L m d b .iur adding axpcitars
hl&b
Figure 2. Effect of Shunt Capacitor on Tie Loadability
171
Figure 2 illustrates the effects of shunt capacitors on
the loadability. oa represents the load kVA at power factor
f. Angle f is decreased to to improve the power factor
at constant load kVA, ob = oa. This improvement can
be obtained by inserting shunt capacitors feeding the system
with reactive power cb kVAR. This increases transmitted
active power by ef kW while load carrying capability is
increased by ac kVA. If the power factor is improved to
unity (f=O), the maximum increase in both active power
(eg kw) and load rating (ad kVA) is obtained. This maximum
increase of tie loadability requires adding shunt capacitors
providing the system with the total required reactive power
dg kVAR.
For an integrated power system, the loadability increase
can be computed by load-flow techniques. Accordingly, the
system reliability is assessed by calculating:
probability of success,
probability of failure,
durations of success & failure.
3. SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
The problem is modeled as a Markov process. System
reliability is evaluated by describing the states and transitions
between them. A system state represents a particular condition.
.tat. 3
3.1 Example 1
A system with 2 ties and 2 components is described
by the state-space diagram in figure 3. The system can be
in 1 of 4 states:
0: working with 2 ties in-service
3: failed with 2 ties out-service
1,2: 1 tie in-service.
This is a homogeneous Markov process. The transition inten-
sity matrix [A] is:
172 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY, VOL. 43, NO. 1, 1994 MARCH

[AI = fi = A2Pl(~I+&)/D
From To state
state 0 1 2 3 h = AlA2(Pl+P2)/D
0 -(A,+A2) A1 A2 0
If the system contained 4 ties, it would be described by 16 states.
1 P1 +2+Pl> 0 A2 The states can be defined as success or failure according to the
(1) failure criterion.
2 P2 0 -(A,+&) A1 To simplify the calculations, the state-space diagram is
3 reduced to an equivalentlcombined success state S and an
0 P2 P1 --(PI+&)
equivalentlcombined failure state F; see figure 4.
Multiplying [A] by the vector of state probabilities:

lpl = [Po + P1 + P2 + P31 (2)

gives: 9 b
Figure 4. State-Space Diagram with 2 Equivalent/Combined
-(A,+A2)Po + PlP1 + P2P2 + 0 = 0 (3) States

Alp0 - (A2+1(1)Pl + 0 + PSP3 =0

The transition intensity matrix is [8]:
A2P2+ - (A,+ P2)p2 + PlP3 = 0
S F
0 + bpi+ hp2 - ( P I + P ~ ) P ~= 0
[AI =
These 4 equations are independent; one can be omittdand is
replaced by:

Po + P1 + P2 + P3 = 1 (4) 3.2 General Solution Steps

1. Define the criteria for system success
The solution is: 2. Define all system states for each criterion
3. Based on the above criteria, derive the anticipated system
PO = ( P ~ P ~ ) / D (5) states; analyze the success criteria; and calculate the loadabili-
ty increase of each tie when inserting the compensators. Classify
the states as success or failure. The state-space is partitioned
into success S and failure F domains as in figure 5 .

Figure 5. Partition of the State-Space into Success, S, and

t3 = 1/(Pl+P2) Failure, F, Domains

The frequencies are:

4. Solve the state-space model for steady-state state prob-
(8) abilities pi ( i E F) and pj 0' E S).
5 . Reduce the dimension of the state-transition matrix by
combining all the states in the subset S, and the states in the
 ~

SALLAM ET AL: SHUNT CAPACITOR EFFECT ON ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY 173

subset F. The probability of system failure p~ is the probability TABLE 1

of state F: Reliability Data [9]

A r
PF = Pi (9) Component (failurelyear) (hourslfailure)
iEF
13.8 kV circuit breakers 0.0036 2.1
6. System failure frequency, f F , is the frequency of F: cable terminations at 13.8 kV 0.0018 25.0
disconnected switches 0.0061 3.6
transformers 0.0030 130.0

iEF j€S
switchgear bus:
(connected to 2 CBs) 0.0068 26.8
7. The mean duration of system failure, tp* (connected to 4 CBs) 0.0136 26.8
3-phase cablekm 0.1283 1.09
fUSeS 0.0023 1.1
manual switches o.Ooo1 2.0
supply 0.005 12.0
The main steps of the problem solution for B specific distribution transformer 0.004 1.85
one kVAR capacitor 0.00162 3.6
criterion are illustrated by the flow chart in figure 6.

Given distribution system data 2. The reliability indices for the ties feeding the load point

1 in figure 1 are in table 2.

Choose the load point, i TABLE 2

Reliability Indices for Ties Feeding the Load
1 Tie No. System A c1 r
Deduce the possible ties for the ~

chosen distribution point r Compensated 0.5153 0.1819 5.496

Uncompensated 0.4554 0.1636 6.112
1 2 Compensated
Uncompensated
0.5785
0.4872
0.1829
0.1585
5.467
6.311
Calculate the loadability of each tie,
for uncompensated and compensated systems 3 Compensated 0.5624 0.2164 4.622
Uncompensated 0.4295 0.1801 5.551
1 4 Compensated
Uncompensated
0.6111
0.4523
0.2072
0.1726
4.8126
5.793
Apply state-space method and follbw the
general procedure to get the reliability
indices ps, p ~ ts
, t~
I 3. Let the full load at the load point be 500 kVA delivered
through its ties with loading conditions:

Tie no. kVA p.f. (lag) kW

Figure 6. Flow chart of General Solution 1 50 0.80 40
2 100 0.85 85
3 150 0.88 132
4. TEST SYSTEM' 4 200 0.90 180

The technique is applied to the reliability indices for the
electrical distribution network in figure 1. The number of ties
n = 4. The steps of the solution according to figure 6 are:
1. The reliability data for the system are in table 1.
'The number of signifcant figures is not intended to imply any ac-
curacy in the estimates, but to illustrate the arithmetic.
The power diagram is illustrated in figure 2, the increase in
loadability of ties TI, T2, T3, T4against the compensator size
can be evaluated as in table 3.
4. The following 3 criteria for success are to be examined.
The power (X of full load) delivered to the load point must be:
a. 100, b. 70, c. 50.
5 . The state-space method is implemented as follows:
174 EEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY, VOL. 43, NO. 1, 1994 MARCH

TABLE 3 So we can decide that this state is a failure for success-

Loadability Increase of Ties vs Compensator Size criteriodl and a success for the other two success-criteria.4
Similarly, the other states can be evaluated and tabulated;
Loadability see tables 4 & 5 for uncompensated and compensated systems,
increase respectively.
Compeytor size AkVAIUkVA
Tie No. p.f. (AkVAR) (AkW) (AkVA)
TABLE 4
4 2 2.5 a Success & Failure States vs Success Criteria
10 4 5.0 20 [for the uncompensated system]
1 0.8 15 6 7.5 30
23 8 10.0 46
~~~~~~~~~~~

37 10 12.5 74 Success criterion

stage State %Continuity
6 2 2.35 6 no. probability (%cont.) 100% 70% 50%
12 5 5.88 12
2 0.85 18 7 8.24 18 1 Po 100 S S S
22 8 9.41 22
62 15 17.65 62 2 P1 90.84 F S S
pz 80.55 F S S
6 4 4.55 4 P3 69.79 F F S
20 8 9.1 13.3 P4 58.81 F F S
3 0.88 28 12 13.6 18.6
3 Pl2 71.40 F S S
40 16 18.2 26.6
82 18 20.5 54.6 P31 49.65 F F F
P14 60.94 F F S
14 4 4.44 7.O P23 50.34 F F S
28 8 8.89 14.0 P24 39.40 F F F
4 0.90 42 12 13.33 21.0 P34 28.60 F F F
60 16 17.78 30.0
98 20 22.22 4 PlU 41.18 F F F
49.0
P234 9.153 F F F
P341 19.45 F F F
P412 30.2 1 F F F
i. The continuity of load (%cont),represents the fractional 5 P1234 0.0 F F F
increase in the power delivered to the load point due to shunt S = success state; F = failure state
capacitor insertion. It is calculated by (12).
TABLE 5
96cont = 1 - Success & Failure States vs Success Criteria
i=l,i#j [for the compensated system]

Success criterion
Stage State %Continuity
Notation no. probability (%cont.) 100% 70% 50%
i tie number 1 Po 100 S S S
j interrupted tie number
2 P1 100 S S S
kWi tie load 'z 90.43 F S S
P2
AkW, increase in kWi due to shunt capacitor insertion P3 79.10 F S S
AkWi,- maximum AkWi at unity power factor. P4 67.67 F F S

3 Pl2 79.23 F S S
Example P31 67.34 F S S
PI4 56.45 F F S
Let j = 2 , Akwi = 0.9 AkWi,-. Then - P23 56.52 F F S
P24 45.13 F F F
AkW1 = 0.9 AkWi,- = 0.9.10 = 9.0 kW P34 33.75 F F F
4 P123 45.31 F F F
AkW3 = 0.9 AkW3,- = 0.9.18 = 16.2 kW P234 11.21 F F F
P341 22.54 F F F
P412 33.91 F F F
AkW4 = 0.9 AkW4,- = 0.9.20 = 18.0 kW.
5 Pl234 0.0 F F F
The fraction of continuity for these conditions is:
ii. Using tables 4 & 5, the failure & success states can be
%cont = (437 - 85.0 + 43.2)/437 = 90.43% of full load defined in the state diagram:
SALLAM ET AL: SHUNT CAPACITOR EFFECT ON ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
figure 7, for the success criterion {b (70%)}, without & with
compensation, figures 8 & 9, respectively. From which, the
success states for the uncompensated system are:
Pot P1, P2l Pl2;
and for the compensated system are:
PO, P1, P2t P39 P123 P31.
The other states are failure states.
Figure 7. States of the Load Suppliedfrom Independent Ties,
Tl, T2, Tsl T4
st.0. I
' L - ,-
Figure 8. Partition of States into Success & Failure Domains
[Uncompensated; Success criterion = 70%]
iii. The [A] derived from figure 7 consists of 16x16
elements; thus 16 equations are solved to get the probabilities
of all individual states. To reduce the dimension of [A], some
states can be combined. Figure 10 is the reduced state-space
graph-
-
175
Figure 9. Partition of States into Success & Failure Domains
[Compensated; Success criterion = 70%]
Figure 10. Reduced State-Diagram with 2 Success & Failure
' States
[ X , * 2x2 + 2x3 + 6b;peq 2 ~ +22 ~ +36~41
The state transition matrix is:
From To state
state S F
The equations become:
Omit (15) and replace it by the solution of (13) & (14). The
result for case b (compensated; success criterion = 70%)is:
PF = 0.7142, p s = 0.2857
t~ = 0.5838, ts = 0.2835
Similarly, the reliability indices for all cases (uncompensated
& compensated) can be calculated. The results are in table 6.
Table 6 indicates the improvement of reliability indices due
to capacitor insertion (capacitor effectiveness). For example,
at 50% success criterion the success probability is increased by
0.011, and the failure probability is decreased by the same
amount.
 176 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY,VOL. 43, NO. 1, 1994 MARCH

REFERENCES Awelhrg. spllrm (M’82)was born in ElmchallaElkubra, Egypt in 1946.

[l] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, ReliabilityA t o f h g e Electric Power
System, 1988; Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[2] R. Billinton, “Reliabdity assessment of electric power systems”, First
Symp. Electric Power Systems in Dcvcloping cowrrrics, 1987 Mar, pp
1-7; Riad, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
[3] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, Reliability Evaluation of Engineering System,
1984; Longman.
[4] J. Oteng-Adjei, R. Billinton, “Evaluation of interrupted energy assess-
ment rates in composite systems”, ZEEE Power Sjstem, PWRS-5, 1990
NOV,p~ 1317-1323.
[5] L. Salvaderi, R. Billinton, “A comparison between two fuedamentally
different approaches to composite system reliabfity evaluation”, IEEE
Power Appamn*r/sLsrems,vol 12, 1985 Dec, pp 3486-3492.
[6] T.J.E.Miller, Reactive Power Connol in Electnc Systems, 1982; John
Wiley & Sons.
[7] J. Endrenyi, Reliability Motieiing in Electric Power Systems, 1978; John
Wdey & Sons.
[8] M.L.schooman, probabilislic Reliability:An Engineering Apjmxch, 1968;
McGraw-Hill.
[9] C.R. Heising, “Examples of reliability and availability analysis of com-
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AUTHORS
Prof. Abdelhay Sallam; Dept. of Electrical Engineering; Univ. of Suez Canal;
Port-Said, EGYPT.
He received the BS (1%7), MS (1972). and PhD (1976) from Cairo Universi-
ty, Egypt. He has been employed with the Ministry of Industry. and the El-
m s Dying
~ and Finishing Co., Dept. of Electrical Substations, Elmehalla
Elkubra, Egypt. In 1979 hepincd thc Dep.of ElectricalEngkwhg, Univhty
of Suw Canal as a Lecturer. From 1981-1983 he was a visiting member of
staff in the Dept.of Electrical & Electronics Eng., University of New Castle
UponTyne,UK. Si1983heisworkingintheDept.ofElccbical~,
University of Suez Canal where. his now a Professor. He is amaabaof IEEE.
Dr. Mohamed Dcooulry; Dept.of Electrical Engineering; Univ. of Suez Canal;
Port-Said, EGYPT.
Mohpwd DeswLy was born in Ismailia, Egypt in 1946. He received
the BS (1969) Assuit University, Egypt; MS (1975) Cairo University, Egypt;
and PhD (1982) College of Enghcaing, Zittau, Gcrmany. In 1970, he joined
the Dcpt. of Elactrical Engineering, University of Maasoura, Egypt as a
Demonstrator, then as an Ass’t Lecturer (1975) and as a Ledum(1982). Since
1984 he joined the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Suez Canal
where he is now an Ass’t Professor.
Dr.HusStin Desoulry; Dept. of E b d a l Engineaing;Univ. of Tan@ EGYPT.
Hussehr DesouLy was born in Elmchalla Elkubra, Egypt in 1948. He
received the BS (1972) Alexandria University, Egypt; MS (1979) Mansoura
University, Egypt; and PhD (1990) University of Suez Canal, Egypt. He was
employed with the Electrical Authority. Gharbia. Egypt during 1973-1990. He
was with ESACO in Saudi Arabia in 1981-1985 as an Electrical Engineer. In
1991 Aug. he joined thc Dept.of Electrical Engineering,University of Tanta
where he is a Lecturer.
Manuscript TR91-199 received 1991 November 12; revised 1992 July 21.
IEEE Log Number 10636 4TRb

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