Professional Documents
Culture Documents
San Francisco PDF
San Francisco PDF
San Francisco PDF
Abstract: In this paper, I am going to analyse the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge in terms of the
considerations of construction method, structure, aesthetics, loadings, serviceability, strength, the effect of
earthquake, wind, temperature, and creep, durability, intentional damage, possible future changes and
construction improvement. Adequate amount of calculations are involved in order to the feasibility of the
bridge.
Keywords: suspension bridge, parallel wire construction, suspended cantilever construction, deco design, Fritz
Leonhardt’s 10 rules, wind tunnel test, compressive membrane action, blast-resistant structural systems, seismic
retrofit
The design of the Golden Gate Bridge is unique. Length of one side span: = 343
There is not another bridge to use as a model. The now- Width of Bridge: = 27 m
familiar art deco design and International Red colour were
chosen. Width of roadway between curbs: = 19 m
Width of sidewalk: = 3 m 4.2 Proportions
Clearance above mean higher high water: = 67 m The Golden Gate Bridge conveys a decent
impression of balance between its mass and voids, and
Total weight of each anchorage: = 54,400,000 kg between light and shadow. Moreover, it’s geometric
Original combined weight of Bridge, anchorages, and balance between depths and spans, lengths and spans are
approaches: = 811,500,000 kg also excellent, it is shown in Fig. 4.1.
Ref. [8] The Bridge has two main cables which pass
over the tops of the two main towers and are secured at
either end in giant anchorages. These main cables rest on
top of the towers in huge steelcastings called saddles.
The quantities of concrete and steel used in the
Golden Gate Bridge are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
Concrete Quantities
Cu. m.
San Francisco Pier and Fender 99,400
Marin Pier 18,000 Figure 4.1
Anchorages, Pylons, and Cable Housing 139,160 4.3 Order
Approaches 21,800 The order in the lines and edges of the Golden Gate
Bridge are regarded as a good example of a suspension
Paving 19,115 bridge. There are no additional edges and struts to arouse
Structural Steel Quantities Kg. peoples’ mental disquiet. The appearance of the bridge
looks like a mirror image of two similar towers with
Main Towers 40,280,000 cables. It is a useful aesthetic trick to make a bridge in
Suspended Structure 21,772,000 good order.
There are five combinations of load: The Horizontal wind load, Pt in N, acting at the
centroid of the part of the bridge under consideration is
1. All permanent load + primary live loads (vertical given by Eq. (5.2):
traffic loads)
2. Combination 1 + wind, and if erection considered, Pt = qA1Cþ Equation 5.2
temporary erection loads.
3. Combination 1 + temperature, and if erection Table 5.5: calculation of Pt
considered, temporary loads q = 0.613Vc²
4. All permanent loads + secondary live loads and
A1 = solid horizontal projected area = 7.6*1280 =
associated primary live loads
9278m²
5. All permanent loads + loads due to friction at support.
Cþ = 1.3 (found from b/d ratio = 3.6) Using the results calculated in Chapter 5.2 and 5.3,
Pt (factored) = 9.6kN/m putting all these dead, superimposed dead and traffic load
on the span between two cable hangers (supports) on one
Moreover, an important action by wind is uplift or a side of the bridge, the reaction force calculated on the
vertical downward force. The nominal force is giving in hangers is 4200kN. The maximum bending moment takes
Eq. (5.3): place in the mid-span in this case. Using moment
equilibrium equation, the maximum bending moment on
Pv = qA3CL Equation 5.3 the bridge is found to be 18000kNm.
Then we calculate the maximum bending moment
Table 5.6: calculation of Pv that the Golden Gate Bridge can resist, which is
determined by the second moment of area ( I value ) of
q = 0.613Vc² the cross-section of the deck, the design strength of the
A3 = plan area = 27*1280 = 34560m² material ( σ), and the distance from neutral axis ( y ),
CL = 0.4 (found from b/d ratio = 3.6) which is giving in Eq (5.5):
Pv(factored) = 10.4kN/m
M= σI / y Equation 5.5
5.5 Temperature Effects
There are two temperature effects in bridge: Table 5.9: calculation of bending moment
In this chapter, I will focus on the terrorist attacks and 9.2 Suicides
people committing suicide on the Golden Gate Bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is a notorious site for
suicide. The official counted that the number of suicide
9.1.1 Terrorist Attacks between 1995 and 2003 approached one thousand, there
Recent terrorist attacks, such as the on the Alfred was an average of one suicide jump every two weeks.
P.Murrah Federal Building in 1995 and the World Trade Although suicides would not cause any damages to the
Centre in 2001, are clear examples of the fact that those bridge structurally, it affects the image of Golden Gate
civil engineering structure are drawn to the attention of Bridge.
terrorists, the destruction of these has become one of the Methods have been discussed to reduce the number
objectives of terrorist attacks. Although no attack has been of suicides. One idea introduced has been to close the
made on bridges up to now, terrorist treats received by the bridge to pedestrians at night. Cyclists are still permitted
state of California say that the Golden Gate Bridge is across at night, but they have to be buzzed in and out
definitely being considered as a potential targets by through the remotely controlled security gates.
terrorist organizations. It is important that if the Golden Ref. [13] The construction of suicide deterrent
Gate Bridge were to fail as a result of a terrorist attack and system is promoted on the bridge, although it has been
impede ship traffic into the San Francisco Bay, the effects thwarted by engineering difficulties, high costs, and
public opposition.
1. Strengthening the existing foundations
10 Potential weakness and improvement of the Golden 2. Total replacement of the four supporting steel towers
Gate Bridge and strengthening of Bent N11, shown in Fig. 10.1.
3. Replacement and addition of top and bottom lateral
10.1 Potential weakness
bracing and strengthening vertical truss members and
In 1989, the epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake truss connections
was too strong to damage the Golden Gate Bridge. The 4. The structural system has also been modified to
earthquake was a catalyst for the extensive seismic retrofit minimize effects of ground motions on the structure
the San Francisco landmark. Due to the bridge’s by the following:
outstanding design and the large amount of structural
improvements used, the bridge is estimated to have a long connecting five, simply-supported truss spans into a
life time. After the construction of the bridge was continuous truss, shown in Fig. 10.2
completed, the bridge has undergone installation of wind
bracing within the truss, replacement of the vertical installing seismic expansion joints at the north and
support cables, and replacement of the original concrete south ends of the viaduct truss,
deck with an orthotropic steel deck. After the earthquake,
a restrainer retrofit project was necessary in order to
increase its earthquake resistance, as scientific and installing isolator bearings Fig. 10.3 atop the
organizations say that there is a 62% probability of at least new steel support towers at the Pylon N2 support and
one magnitude 6.7 or greater quake capable of causing at Bent N11.
widespread damage, impacting the San Francisco Bay
region within the next 30 years. They also estimate it
could take less than 60 seconds to destroy if an
earthquake's epicenter hits close to the bridge. Even a
weaker earthquake could cause unrecoverable damage
that would close the bridge
To deal with this, the retrofit supercomputers are
being used to simulate an earthquake's effect on each part
of the bridge, and a comprehensive vulnerability study of
the bridge is needed. The north and south approaches
were determined to be vulnerable to collapse under a
major event because of the high support towers, which
result in great ‘rocking’ force. The signature span was also Figure 10.1: The North approach retrofit includes
exposed to the possibility of significant damage. The replacing the support towers
connections from the tower saddle to the main cable could
sever, large longitudinal displacements could result in
adjacent spans striking the towers, the Fort Point arch
could become unseated, and the comparatively
underreinforced south pylons flanking the arch span could
sustain extreme damage.