Volcano

Glossary of terms
active volcano– a volcano that has erupted within the last 600 years and are documented by
man or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on analyses of datable materials
inactive volcano- a volcano that has no record of eruption.
caldera - a volcanic crater that is formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses
following an explosive eruption
cinder – loose fragments of solidified lava
cinder cone – characterized by narrow base and steep slope
crater - a funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive
volcano.
composite cone – formed from alternate solidification of lava and cinders characterized by
large and symmetrical slope.
geothermal – heat coming from inside the Earth
inactive volcano– a volcano that has no record of eruption
lava – magma that has been ejected out of a volcano.
magma – molten rock inside the Earth
shield cone - formed by accumulation of lava resulting into a broad, slightly domed structure
that resembles a warrior’s shield
power plant – are built in an area where it is particularly hot just below the surface such as
near a group of gerysers, hot spring or volcanic activity.
silica – a compound of silicon (SiO2)
viscosity - the property of materials resistance to flow.
Volcano - a natural opening in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke , gases , and
ashes are ejected.
Types of Volcanic Eruption
Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with
water. It is short-lived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset for of a larger
eruption.
Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a
result, a large column of very fine ash and high speed and sideway emission.
Strombolian- A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain, lava, just like the
Irazu volcano in Costa Rica.
Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
Plinian – excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like our Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.
# Active volcano are Mayon in Albay , Taal in Batangas, Kanlaon in Negros.
# Shape is the characteristics of volcano that depends on its magma emission.
# Volcanic ash is associated with huge volcanic eruption may cause the decrease in the earth
average temperature for a few years.
# The Earth is believed to be extremely hot within. This heat from the Earth’s interior is a
source of energy called geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is generated in two ways the
geothermal power plant and heat pumps.
CLIMATE
Altitude - the height above sea level.
Climate - the overall condition of an area over a long period of time.
climate change - a long term shifting of global weather pattern
El Niño- brought about by the current of the ocean bringing warm air to a landmass in the
Pacific region.
fauna – composed of living animals
gyre - the circular patterns formed by surface currents.
Latitude - an imaginary line that is parallel to the equator.
Leeward - the side of the mountain that receives less amount of precipitation.
Longitude - an imaginary line that extends from north pole to south pole.
mitigation – a manner of modifying something to become useful.
Precipitation - forms when water vapor condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, hail
or sleet.
Topography - the surface features of an area.
Temperature - refers to the hotness or coldness
Windward - the side of the mountain that receives most of the precipitation
CONCEPTS
Climate is the overall atmospheric condition of a place for a period of 30 years or more.
Climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, distance from bodies of water, ocean currents, and
topography.
The closer the place is to the equator, the warmer the climate; the farther the place is from the
equator the colder the climate.
Air temperature decreases when altitude increases.
Bodies of water help regulate the climate of a certain area.
Mountain ranges affect the formation of precipitation.
Ocean currents will either cool or warm the air above them.
Cold current brings cold water while warm current brings warm water.
CORIOLIS EFFECT defects the ocean currents
Climate change brings drastic effect to some people and animals.
EL NIŇO happen when the temperature in the Eastern Pacific rises above the normal.
- Air pressure in the eastern pacific decreases.
- Upwelling of cold water is blocked
LA NIŇA happen when the temperature in the Eastern Pacific is below the normal.
Tropics – earth’s climate zone receives more heat from the sun
Temperate Region –earth’s climate zone that has four seasons.
Ocean Currents
 Ocean currents have also an important role in changing the climate of a certain area.
 They affect the temperature of the nearby land mass.
 Warm currents move from the equator towards poles carry warm water.
 On the other hand, cold currents travel from the poles towards the equator carry cold
water.
 When ocean current carries cold water, the air above it becomes colder. When this ocean
current moves toward the coastal region, the temperature of that area becomes lower.
 The south western parts of Singapore and Indonesia have lower temperature because of
the cold air brought by West Australian Current.
 On the other hand, the ocean current that carries warm water makes the air warmer.
When this current goes toward a land mass, the temperature of that place becomes
higher.
 The warm Kuroshio Current that comes from the north-eastern part of the Philippines
brings warm water. This raises the temperature of places in the south-eastern part of
Japan.
 Therefore, ocean currents that bring along cold water to inland make the climate cold.
 On the other hand, ocean currents that take along warm water to coastal areas make the
climate warm.
Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
- Greenhouse gases absorb heat, preventing them from flowing out of the earth.
Naturally, greenhouse gases play an important role in keeping the earth warm. The Earth
would be very cold if there were no greenhouse gases that absorb heat.
- Global temperature increases when the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
increases. Increase in CO2 increases in temperature and increases greenhouse effect.
Effect of the global warming
- rising of sea level , climate change , diseases, EL niño, La Niňa.
- Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), and
nitrous oxide (N2O), oxygen gases
- Greenhouse effect happens when there there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.