SCIENCE

Volcano
 Is an opening in a planet or moons crust through which molten rocks, hot gases, and
other materials erupt.
Classification of Volcanoes
Active Volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption within the last 600 years or 10,000
years.
Inactive Volcanoes are those that have not erupted for the last 10,000 years.
Structure of a Volcano
 Refers to mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent in which lava,
rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.
 Any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the surface is
called volcanism.
The Parts of a Volcano
Summit is the highest point or the apex of the volcano. At the summit, you have an opening
(vent), which may either be a crater or a caldera.
 A crater is a funnel shaped opening at the top of a volcano.
 A caldera is formed when a part of the wall collapse following an explosive eruption.
Slopes are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent.
Base is the lower outer part of the volcano.
Types of Volcanic cones

Sheild volcanoes are formed by the accumulation of lava that oozes out from the volcano.
Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a broad, slightly doomed structure that resembles a
warrior’s shield is formed. (Ex. Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii).
Cinder cones are built from ejected lava fragments. Steep slope, wider crater and are the
most abundant of the three major volcano types. (Ex. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico)
Composite cones or stratovolcanoes are large, nearly perfect sloped structure formed from
alternate solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits. (Ex. Mayon Volcano)
Viscosity
- is the property of the material’s resistance to flow.
- described as the liquid’s thickness and stickiness.
Viscosity of Magma in different conditions
 Lava with less silica content has low viscosity that it can travel a great distance,
forming thin sheets.
 Lava with high silica content is too viscous to travel far and tends to break up as it
flows.
 Lava with low amount gas and high silica content is very viscous and does not flow
out at all as it rises,
 forming a columnar plug in the vent,
 Lava with low amount of gas as it rises has high viscosity that it piles up at a vent
resulting in a dome.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
- Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the
magma’s water content. Volcanoes are described according to the style of eruption as follows:
a. Phreatic or hydrothermal is a steam-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact
with water. Characterized by ash columns but maybe onset of a larger eruption. (Ex. Taal
Volcano in Batangas).
b. Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to contact between water and magma. As a
result, a large column of a very fine ash and high-speed emission of pyroclastic called based
surges are observed. (Ex. Mayon Volcano).
c. Strombolian is a periodic weak to violent reaction characterized by fountain lava. (Ex.
Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica).
d. Vulcanian characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra. (Ex. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico).
e. Plinian excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic (Ex. Pinatubo
Volcano).
Energy from the Volcano
- According to the Department of Energy, 14.4% of the county’s total power generation is
produced from geothermal energy.
- The production of electricity from geothermal energy is cheaper than the electricity
production using natural gas, coal, and hydropower.
Geothermal energy
- it’s the heat from the Earth’s interior is a source of energy.
- the heat of Earth warms up water which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.
- generated in two ways: geothermal power plants and geothermal heat pumps.
Geothermal power plants, the heat from inside the Earth is used to produce steam to
generate electricity.

Ex. Tiwi (Albay), Kidapawan (North Cotabato), Calaca (Laguna), Tongonan (Leyte), Bago
City (Negros Occidental), Valencia (Negros Oriental), and Bacon (Sorsogon).
Power plants are built in area where it is particularly hot just below surface such as near a
group of geysers, hot springs, or volcanic activity.
Steps to generate electricity in a geothermal power plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the water to turn into
steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water.
5. The cooled down water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again.
Geothermal heat pumps use heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water or
provide heat for buildings.
How Volcanic Eruptions affect society:
Negative Effects
- Loss of lives and properties.

Positive Effects
- caused a decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature for almost 2 years (eruption of
Pinatubo in 1991).
- created a spectacular scenery in its wake (eruption of Pinatubo in 1991).
- produced very rich soils for farming years (eruption of Musuan Volcano in 1867).
- people became creative by making earthenware out of the ashfall from the Pinatubo Volcano
eruption.
Weather
 Mix of events or conditions that happens in our atmosphere over a period of hours or
days.
Climate
 refers to the average weather conditions in a place over many years.
 Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall or Precipitation
Rainy Season Dry Season → Cool Dry Season (December-February)
June-November December-May → Hot Dry Season (March-May)
 Climate of a place varies from one area to another.
1. Latitude
– the specific North to South grid positions on earth ranging from 0˚at the equator to 90˚ at
the poles.
↑Latitude
↓Temperature
2. Altitude
- the height of an area above sea level.
↑Area
↓Temperature
- Altitude of a place affects the air temperature.
- Less dense area cannot absorb much heat, making air temperature decrease.
↓Air Temp
↓Air Pressure
3. Topography
- refers to the natural features or arrangements of an area like land.
- one of the topographic features of an area is a
mountain.
Windward Side
 Windblows
 Low Temp
 Cloud Formation
 Precipitation
Leeward Side
 No cloud formation
 High Temp
 Less Precipitation
 Rain Shadow
4. Distance to oceans or large bodies of water
- Areas that are close to oceans and other large bodies of water tend to have more moderate
climate changes between seasons.
- Oceans heat up, and cool down much more slowly than land.
- Coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at
the same latitude and altitude.
5. Ocean Currents
- caused by wind, earthquakes, and gravity
- some currents are warm, and some currents are cold
- clockwise and counterclockwise movements are caused by the Coriolis effect.
 Ocean currents that flow away from the equator carry warm water.
 Ocean currents that flow away from the pole carry cold water.
 Ocean currents that bring along cold water inland make the climate cold.
 Ocean currents that bring along warm water inland make the climate warm.

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by
substances known as the greenhouse gases.
 More greenhouse gases in the atmosphere means that the equilibrium temperature will
be higher as these gases absorb more heat. This will result in the increase of global
temperature.
 Less greenhouse gases will mean lower temperature.
Climate Change brings drastic effects to some people and animals.
Human activities may speed up the rising of the global temperature.
El Niño is an abnormal and lengthy warming in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean.
 happens when the temperature in eastern Pacific rises above normal.
  Starts at the end of the year or during the Christmas season.
 El Niño refers to the “Christ the child”.
La Niña – this event is triggered by the cooling of the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean that is
why it is sometimes called “cold Pacific”.
 Occurs when the temperature in eastern Pacific decreases below normal.
Effects of La Niña
 Catastrophe floods
 Coral bleaching

Star is a large, hot ball of gases held together by gravity that gives off its own light.
 there are approximately 400 billion stars in our galaxy.
 170 billion galaxies
The star’s brightness as seen from the Earth is its apparent brightness. A star’s absolute
brightness is the brightness the star would have if all stars were the same standard distance
as the Earth.
Star Color Surface Temperature in Celsius
Sun Yellow 5,700
Proxima Red 2,300
Centuari
Epsilon Iridani Orange 4,600
Vega White 9,900
Sirius White 10,000
 Alnilam Blue 27,000
Constellation
 Is a group of stars that appear to form a pattern.
 Stars appear to move from East to West in the sky.
 Early people use the constellation for religious, determining when to saw or harvest
for formers and other us it for navigations.
Orion
- means hunter and is prominent in the night sky all over the world during winter.
- large constellation
Polaris, commonly known as the North star, brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor
(Little Dipper).
 Polaris stands almost motionless in the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky
appear to rotate around it.
While the rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the apparent nightly movement of the stars
across the sky, the revolution is responsible for the fact that we can see different parts of the
sky at different parts of the year.
The Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the bright light of the sun
in the previous months will appear in the night sky.

Local Name Month of Appearance Related Agricultural Activity Western Equivalent

Baha December-February Clearing of forest Taurus

Pandarawa January Start of planning what kind of Pleiades
crops to plant and how wide the
area for planting should be
Balatik February Start planting and setting of Orion’s Belt
traps to protect the crops from
animals
Malihe March Planting of rice, corn, or
vegetables
Gibbang April-May End of planting season; Gemini
signifies rich harvest
Malara May Stop planting Canis Minor
Lepu Late may Time to clean or clear the fields Aquila
while waiting for harvest time
Buwaya June Start of the rainy season