SCIENCE REVIEWER

The term “volcano” refers to mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent in which lava, rock
fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
The Parts of a Volcano are:
⮚ Summit is the highest point or the apex of the volcano. At the summit, you have an opening called vent.
⮚ Slopes are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent.
⮚ Base is lower outer part of the volcano.

 Magma Chamber is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock or magma is deposited or
stored before eruption.
 Main Vent is the main opening or outlet on the surface of a volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other
volcanic materials.
 Conduit is an underground central tube-like or pipe-like structure of a volcano that connects the magma
chamber to the crater through which the magma travels.
 Side Vent is a smaller outlet through which magma escapes.
 Crater is the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl- shaped hollow at the top of the vent
from where magma, ash and gas comes out.
 Lava is a molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.
 Ash and Gas Cloud is a of mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and gases expelled or pushed out of the
volcano during volcanic eruption.

Types of Volcanoes Based on Structure

Cinder Cone Volcano- are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of solidified lava
ejected from a single vent.
An example of this type in the Philippines are Taal Volcano in Batangas, Smith Volcano found in Babuyan
Group of Islands, Mount Mayabobo found in Quezon Province, and Mount Musuan in Bukidnon.
Composite Volcano – or stratovolcanoes are large, typically steep- sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension
formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic materials.
Some famous composite volcanoes in the Philippines are Mount Mayon in Albay, Mount Arayat in Pampanga,
Mount Kanlaon in Negros Island, and Mount Apo in Davao Region.
Shield Volcano - are large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields from above – hence the name.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the government agency tasked with
monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the country.

Types of Volcanoes Based on Activity

 Active volcanoes are those volcanoes that have had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years.
 Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are those that have not erupted for the last 10,000 years and is not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.
 Potentially active volcanoes are those that have no records of volcanic activity but are morphologically
young-looking.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

 Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water.
 Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.
 Strombolian a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu
Volcano in Costa Rica.
 Vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash
fall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
 Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials, like in Pinatubo Volcano in
Zambales.

Magma is the molten rock which lies underneath volcanoes.

Viscosity The magma’s silica content affects its viscosity, the resistance of the fluid to flow. Low viscosity
magma has low silica content and is composed mostly of basalt. While magma with rhyolite is viscous or high
in viscosity due to its high silica content.
Magma with high temperatures have low viscosity while magma with low temperatures have high viscosity.

Geothermal Energy - The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the Earth’s interior
is a source of energy called geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth warms up water which is trapped in rock
formations beneath its surface.

In geothermal power plants, the heat from deep inside the Earth is used to produce steam to generate electricity.
In comparison with geothermal heat pumps, it uses the heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat
water or provide heat for buildings.

A VOLCANO is an opening in the Earth’s crust in which molten rock and fragments came out.

Changes in the atmospheric condition over a brief period of time such as a day or a week are weather.
These changes are part of a larger pattern of atmospheric conditions called climate.

Different Factors that Affect Climate

Latitude. Latitude is the main factor affecting global climate. The further we go from the equator; the
temperature drops and the cooler it gets. This means earth gets hotter at equator and places near equator.
Altitude. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude
Ocean currents. Ocean currents are the continuous and directional movement of ocean created by the wind
friction, water density, earth’s rotation, solar energy, and gravity variation in different parts of the ocean.
Topography. The topography of earth's surface is one of the factors that affects weather system and climate.
The windward side of the mountain faces the wind and receives warm, and moist air.

The greenhouse effect is the natural warming process of the Earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap
heat from the earth that would otherwise escape into space.
The different greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per
fluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride, and water vapor. These gases can be naturally occurring, or man-
made.
Global warming is caused by several factors such as man-made, anthropogenic, or natural.
Burning fossil fuels is one of the man-made causes of global warming resulting to pollution.
Climate Change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns.
El Niño is a lengthy warming in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean.
El Niño will most likely bring severe drought. It is believed that it causes stronger thunderstorm disturbance and
massive storms. It also causes the decrease of the population of some species.

La Niña is the opposite climatic disturbance to El Niño.