OUTLINE

IN
SCIENCE
GR. 10 ST. LORENZO RUIZ

SUBMITTED TO: VENOC HOSMILLO

SUBMITTED BY: JILLIAN GARCIA

CHAPTER 1
PLATE TECTONICS

In the 1960s, a groundbreaking theory was introduced to

the world. Scientists came up with the plate tectonics to
explain many Earth features and events that seem
unrelated. In this Chapter, you will learn how theory can
explain the relationship among volcanism, earthquakes,
and mountain building.
LESSON 1
WHERE DO WE FIND THE WORLD’S ACTIVE
VOLCANOES?

In Lesson 1, you will discover that volcanoes

are not disturbed randomly across the
world. They are found only in certain
places.
 1.1 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

When the word “volcano” is mentioned, most people

imagine a mountain whose slopes rise steeply into the
air. A volcano is described as any opening in the
ground where magma or molten rocks comes out.
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through
which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.
When is a volcano considered active? According to the Philippines Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), a volcano is considered active if any of
the following is true:
➢ The volcano has erupted within historical times.
➢ Accounts of the eruptions were documented.
➢ The volcano has erupted at least once within the last 10,000 years.
The term “historical times” means different things in different countries. In the
Philippines, the term refers to the period within the last 600 years. It was roughly
600 years ago when the Spaniards came to our shores and began to keep extensive
records.
You may be wondering how scientists can tell if a volcano has erupted thousands
years ago. To find out, they collect rocks around the volcano and “date” them in the
laboratory. Dating refers to a method of determining the age of Earth materials.
The Philippines has more than 200 volcanoes, and 23 of them active. The most
active are Mayon in Albay, Taal in Batangas, and Kanlaon in Negros Oriental.
 1.2 LOCATIONS OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN
OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD

The long line of volcanoes around the Pacific

Ocean make up the famous Ring of Fire. But
these volcanoes on land are not the only
volcanoes on Earth. The chain of volcanoes at
the seafloor are called oceanic ridges.
 LESSON 2
WHERE IN THE WORLD EARTHQUAKE
OCCUR?
In lesson 2, you will discover the earthquakes do not
occur in random locations. They usually take place in
the certain areas.

2.1
ACTIVE FAULTS
Fault is a break in the ground along which movement has
taken place.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two
blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative
to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the
form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form
of creep. Faults may range in length from a few
millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults
produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault
suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault
surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary
angle in between.
 2.2
TRENCHES
Trenches are like deep canals on the seafloor.
Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor.
These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the
deepest natural spots on Earth. Ocean trenches are found in every
ocean basin on the planet, although the deepest ocean trenches
ring the Pacific as part of the so-called “Ring of Fire” that also
includes active volcanoes and earthquake zones.

Ocean trenches are a result of tectonic activity, which describes the

movement of the Earth’s lithosphere. In particular, ocean trenches
are a feature of convergent plate boundaries, where two or more
tectonic plates meet. At many convergent plate boundaries, dense
lithosphere melts or slides beneath less-dense lithosphere in a
process called subduction, creating a trench.

Ocean trenches occupy the deepest layer of the ocean, the

hadalpelagic zone. The intense pressure, lack of sunlight, and frigid
temperatures of the hadalpelagic zone make ocean trenches some
of the most unique habitats on Earth.
 LESSON 3
HOW DO WE EXPLAIN THE GLOBAL PATTERN OF
VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES?
In Lesson 3, you will take a peek into Earth’s layered
interior and learn how movement of the outermost
rigid layer leads to volcanism and earthquakes.

Inside of Earth
Crust the thin outer layer. Below the crust is the Mantle, and
the center of the earth’s ball shaped core. Because of that, the
two is considered as a unit together they are called the
lithosphere.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a portion of the
mantle that is “weak” and capable of flowing under certain
conditions.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
A divergent boundary is a place where two plates move away
from each other.

Divergent plate boundaries are locations where plates are moving

away from one another. This occurs above rising convection currents.
The rising current pushes up on the bottom of the lithosphere, lifting it
and flowing laterally beneath it. This lateral flow causes the plate
material above to be dragged along in the direction of flow. At the
crest of the uplift, the overlying plate is stretched thin, breaks and pulls
apart.
 CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

A convergent boundary is a place where two plates

move toward each other. An oceanic plate is a plate that
is carrying oceanic trust. A continental plate carries
continental crust.
A subduction zone is the biggest crash scene on Earth.
These boundaries mark the collision between two of the
planet's tectonic plates. The plates are pieces of crust
that slowly move across the planet's surface over millions
of years.
 TRANSFORM BOUNDARY

In a transform boundary, the plates are not oving away

or moving toward each other. The plates are simply
sliding past each other.
Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where
two plates slide past one another. The fracture zone
that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a
transform fault. Most transform faults are found in
the ocean basin and connect offsets in the mid-
ocean ridges. A smaller number connect mid-ocean
ridges and subduction zones.
 LESSON 4
WHAT MAKES THE PLATE MOVE?
In lesson 4, you will learn about the mechanism that
drives the plates in motion. Initially, scientists
thought that the driving force originated from the
mantle.

SLAB PULL
In recent times, scientists are becoming convinced
that the plates are driven into motion mostly by a
mechanism.
 CHAPTER 2
WATER: AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
LESSON 5
THE WATER CYCLE

Earth's water is always in movement, and the natural water cycle,

also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
Water is always changing states between liquid, vapor, and ice,
with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over
millions of years.

The water exists in three states:

➢ Solid ( in polar iceps, glaciers, and icebergs),
 ➢ Liquid (in oceans, seas, lakes, rvivers), and
➢ Gas ( in the atmosphere).
So the waters of Earth cycles constantly change from one to the
other as it goes around in cycle:
➢ Evaporation- when water from oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes
change into water vapor due to the heat of the sun.
➢ Transpiration – when water vapor is released from the leaves
of plants also due to the heat of the sun.
➢ Condensation- when water vapor turns into tiny droplets high
up in the cool portion of the atmosphere, forming clouds.
➢ Precipitation- when clouds get heavy with too much water
droplets that the cloud could no longer hold together, water
falls in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail, filling up bodies
water.
➢ Melting- when Ice and snow change into liquid form due to
heat from the sun, they flow into lakes, rivers, and oceans as
well.

WATER STORAGE
Aquifer is the storage of the water. Watershed is the region or
area whose runoff drains into a river, stream, lake, channel,
reservoir, or ocean, or runs down through the soil. A watershed
is also known as drainage basin.
Its basic components are the ff:
➢ Headwater of the body of water,
➢ Watershed divide, like a boundary or hills and mountains,
➢ Tributaries, which are smaller bodies of water, and
➢ A low point, like a lake, stream, or river. Watersheds
come in all shapes and sizes, and cut across national
boundaries

LESSON 6
POTENTIAL WATER CONTAMINANTS
Contaminants are substances in water that could
potentially put the health of people at risk.
 MAJOR GROUPS OF CONTAMINANTS
➢ Microbial Pathogens
These contaminants include disease-producing
microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
➢ Organics or Organic Chemicals
Contaminant organic chemicals, which include
pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides),
among others, can cause illness like caner, disorders of
the central nervous system and reproductive system,
liver and kidney damage, and possible birth defects.
➢ Inorganics or Inorganic Chemicals
Contaminant inorganic chemical include toxic metals
like lead, mercury, silver, barium, chromium, and
arsenic.

➢ Radioactive Elements
When uranium in soils and rocks “decays,” it produces
radon, a radioactive contaminant. Radon in air associated
with lung cancer.
 THE WATER PEOPLE
Stage 1
• It starts with predicting or measuring the properties of the
water. Climatologist is a scientist who studies about the
long-term trends or pattern and history of climates of the
earth. Hydrology includes the study of water occurrence,
distribution, movement and properties. A Hydrologist
strives to understand the water system of the earth.
Hydrogeology deals with groundwater science. A
Hydrogelogist research on groundwater systems to
determine where and how big underground water
reservoirs are. A Limnologist studies bodies of freshwater
like ponds, streams, lakes, or marsh.

Stage 2
• Water is then treated.

Stage 3
• Treated water is the transported to a storage tank, where
it remains until it needs to be distributed to homes.

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

❖ Coagulation
This process removes dirt suspended in water.
❖ Sedimentation
In this process, the heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom of a
settling basin of still water.
❖ Filtration
In this process, water passes through filters of sand, gravel, and
charcoal to remove smaller particles.
❖ Disinfection
This process uses chemical disinfectants like chlorine to kill bacteria
or other microorganisms in the water.
❖ Storage
In this last step, water is placed in a reservoir or in a closed tank for
storage and so that disinfection can continue to take place before
releasing it through pipes to the community.

MAKING OUR OWN DRINKING WATER

SAFE
Sterilizing Water with Sunlight
Collecting Rainwater
Filtering
Boiling
Water Purification Table

(A WATER PURIFIER FOR USE IN DISASTERS)