AWS D1.1 / D1.

1M: 2015

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 AWS D1.1 / D1.1M: 2015

First FIVE year

revision cycle
instead of
TWO year
cycle.

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 History
• 1928 - The first edition of the “Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in
Building Construction” by AWS
• 1930 & 1937 - Revised in the same title. 23 times
• 1941 – Revised and designated as D1.0
revised in
88 years
• 1946, 1963, 1966, 1969 - Revised in the same title.
• 1972 – The Code was combined with D2.0 “ Specification for welding Highway &
Railway Bridges. Re-designated as D1.1
• 1972 to 1988 – 10 times revised.
• 1988 AWS D1.5 “Bridge Welding Code” was issued.
• 1988 AWS D1.1 – Changed references of Buildings to “Statically Loaded “
….and …..Bridges to “Dynamically Loaded” …Broader range of applications.
• 1990 to 2010 - Revised in every two years.
• 2010 - 22nd Edition
• 2015 - 23rd Edition , Supersedes 2010 (FIVE YEAR REVISION CYCLE)

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 Collective Wisdom

The AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code –Steel

is a consensus document that represents the
collective wisdom of

Designers, Fabricators, Inspectors, Educators &

Consultants,

acquired over decades of experience with

welded fabrication.
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 CONSENSUS

Consensus: An opinion or position reached by

a group as a whole

Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce

compliance with this standard, nor does it have
the power to do so.

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 Abstract

2015
Abstract

• This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded
structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy
constructional steels.
• Clauses 1 through 8 (9) constitute a body of rules for the
regulation of welding in steel construction.
• There are nine normative and twelve informative annexes in this
code.
• A Commentary of the code is included with the document.

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 The contents
1. General

2. Design

3. Prequalification of WPS

4. Qualification

5. Fabrication

6. Inspection

7. Stud welding

8. Strengthening & Repairing

9. Tubular Structures

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 Appendices

• 9 Normative (A to J….no “C”)

• 12 Informative ( K to V)
• Commentary
A better understanding of Code with
answers to Why? How? etc

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 Pre Qualification

PREQUALIFICATION
One of the main reasons for the popularity of the D1.1 Code
is that it provides a fabricator or erector the opportunity to
prepare written prequalified welding procedure
specifications utilizing prequalified joint details, prequalified
steels and filler metals, and welding techniques covering the
common arc welding processes for a very wide range of
applications. Followed precisely, these prequalified details and
procedures preclude the need for testing, making the Code as
indispensable to the fabricator/ contractor as a comprehensive
cookbook is to a chef.

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 1.1 Scope

Fabrication

Requirement
of
Welded Steel
Structure

Erection

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 1.2 Limitations

• Carbon steels
1 • Low Alloy steels

• 3 mm or thicker
2

• SMYS 100 KSI or lesser

3

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 1.3 Definitions

AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

Annex K

Definitions within Para 1.3

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 1.6 Welding Symbols

AWS A2.4 - Symbols for Welding, Brazing, & NDE

Special conditions shall be fully explained by added

notes or details.

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 Few Important terms

• CJP (complete joint penetration)

• PJP Joint penetration that is intentionally less than
complete.
• Throat of a fillet weld. The shortest distance
between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld.
• Leg of a Fillet weld. The distance from the joint root
to the toe of the fillet weld.
• Tubular. Tubular products is a generic term for a
family of hollow section products of various cross-
sectional configuration.
• LAST. Lowest Anticipated Service Temperature

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 1.9 Reference Documents

list of all documents

referenced in this code.

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 2.0 Design

Part A Common Requirements for Design of Welded Connections (Non

tubular and Tubular Members)

Part B Specific Requirements for Design of Non tubular Connections

(Statically or Cyclically Loaded). The requirements shall apply in
addition to the requirements of Part A.

Part C Specific Requirements for Design of Non tubular Connections

(Cyclically Loaded). When applicable, the requirements shall apply
in addition to the requirements of Parts A and B.

Part D Specific Requirements for Design of Tubular Structures (Statically

and Cyclically Loaded). When applicable, the requirements shall
apply in addition to the requirements of Part A.

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 3.0 Pre Qualified WPS

• Prequalification of WPSs (Welding Procedure

Specifications) shall be defined as exempt from the
WPS qualification testing required in Clause 4
• written WPS addressing the following code sub
clauses (Provisions)
Clause No. of sub clauses
1 (General) 1 (Limitations)
2 (Design) 4 (Weld size, slot end, skewed T etc)
3 (Pre Qualification) 9 (Main Variables)
4 (Qualification) 1 (PQR Variables)
5 (Fabrication) 14 (Main Variables)
7 (Stud welding) 2 (PQR Variables)

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 Welding Terms

Why terms to be defined specific?

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 Groove weld position - Plate

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 Fillet weld position - Plate

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 Grove weld position - Pipe

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 Parts of Weld

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 Dilution, Throat

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 Incomplete Fusion

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 Classification

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 Pre Heat

1) Drives off excess surface moisture;

2) Retards the cooling rate in both weld metal and base metal, thereby
lowering hardenability, and making the weldment less susceptible to
cracking;
3) Provides more time at elevated temperatures for hydrogen diffusion,
which lowers the tendency toward cracking;
4) Reduces the differential temperature so residual stresses are less.
5) The fifth reason is less often considered: the act of adding preheat,
raising the temperature of the steel from room temperature to just a
modest 125 or 150 degree F, can temporarily improve the toughness of
even poor toughness steels (such as A36 or A572 Grade 50) enough to
prevent brittle fracture during the stresses and strains of normal
fabrication.

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 4. Qualification

• Part A - General Requirements. Requirements of both WPS

and welding personnel performance

• Part B - Welding Procedure Specification . WPS that is not

classified as prequalified (Clause 3)

• Part C - Performance Qualification. Performance qualification

tests

• Part D - Requirements for CVN Testing. Requirements and

procedures for CVN testing when specified by contract document

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 Welding Procedures

• Qualified – By testing

• Pre Qualified – Exemption for Tests (exclusive to D1.1)

• Standard - Exemption for Tests (General)

• Qualified to other standards – ASME, API etc

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 PQR

Review results
Test the (If Passed –Follow
coupon upon the procedure.
requirements (If failed revise
parameters &
reweld..retest)

Assume
parameters &
weld a coupon

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 The approach

4.6
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
etc…

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 PQR Essential Variables

No
supplementary
variables

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 Table 4.5 …
Table 4.5
PQR Essential Variable Changes Requiring WPS Requalification for
SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, and GTAW (see 4.7.1)
Process
Essential Variable Changes to PQR Requiring
Requalification SMAW SAW GMAW FCAW GTAW

Filler Metal

1) Increase in filler metal classification strength X X X

2) Change from low-hydrogen to nonlow-hydrogen

X X X X X
SMAW electrode

3) Change from one electrode or flux-electrode

X
classification to any other flux-electrode classificationa

AWS AWS AWS AWS AWS

4) Change to an electrode or flux-electrode
A5.1 or A5.17 or A5.18 or A5.20 or A5.18 or
classificatione not covered in:
A5.5 A5.23 A5.28 A5.29 A5.28
5) Addition or deletion of filler metal X X X X X
6) Change from cold wire feed to hot wire feed or vice
X
versa

7) Addition or deletion of supplemental powdered or

X
granular filler metal or cut wire

8) Increase in the amount of supplemental powdered

X
or granular filler metal or cut wire

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 Testing & Examination

Table 4.2 CJP

Table 4.3 PJP

Table 4.4 Fillet

• Visual inspection (4.9.1)

• NDT (4.9.2)
• Face, root and side bend (4.9.3.1)
• Reduced Section Tension (4.9.3.4)
• All-Weld-Metal Tension (4.9.3.6)
• Macroetch (4.9.4)

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 Group, Class & Category
(base Metals)

Group I, II, III, IV, V Strength

Class A, B, C, D Toughness (CVN)

Category A, B, C, D Weldability, Hydrogen

(Pre Heat & Inter Pass)

Class & Category (A,B,C,D) are not equal or equivalent ; They

are independent

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 Testing

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 WPS Preparation

Forms have
been revised
in 2015
Edition
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 WPQ

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 Retest & Renewal

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 Inquiry Example
Subject: Procedure Qualification — Material and Position
Code edition: D1.1:2002
Code provision: Clause 4
AWS Log: D1.1-02-I07

Inquiry 1: Is it the intent of AWS D1.1, 1990 and later editions, that a prequalified
welding procedure may be used with a foreign material specification (e.g., JIS or DIN)
provided that the foreign material specification is determined to be of equivalent in
chemical composition and mechanical properties to an ASTM material permitted in AWS
D1.1 for use with prequalified welding procedures?

Response: No, see Clause 3.3.

Inquiry 2: Is the intent of AWS D1.1, 1990 and later editions, that a procedure previously
qualified in accordance with ASME Section IX, is acceptable for use in AWS D1.1
applications without respect to the position in which the welding procedure was qualified
(since ASME Section IX imposes position restrictions only on welder qualifications, and not
on welding procedure qualifications)?

Response: No, but may be permitted by Sub clause 4.1.1.2.

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