Plumbing Final Proj

Plumbing Design for a 4-Storey Mixed-Used Office & Residential Bldg.
with Mezzanine & Roof Deck
Technological Institute of the Philippines

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
ENSE 505
Sanitary Science, Fire Protection, and Plumbing as Applied to Buildings
PLUMBING DESIGN FOR A 4-STOREY MIXED-USED OFFICE

& RESIDENTIAL BLDG. WITH MEZZANINE & ROOF DECK
Submitted by:
TEOXON, KRISSETTE C.
DELIGERO, NEIL IAN S.
DELA CRUZ, CHARLES KAVEN –
Submitted to:
ENGR. JUN GONZALES
October 18, 2018
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Plumbing Design for a 4-Storey Mixed-Used Office & Residential Bldg. with Mezzanine & Roof Deck
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Project Background: ........................................................................................... 1

1.2. Glossary Terms .................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Project Standards............................................................................................... 6
1.3.1. Sanitary Engineers and Wastewater Disposal Systems (Sanitary
Engineering Law- R.A. 1364 of 1955) ....................................................................... 6
1.3.2. Sewage Disposal and Drainage Provisions (Sanitation Code - P.D. 856 of
1975) 6
1.3.3. Sanitation and Drainage Provisions (Local Government Code - R.A. 7160 of
1991) 9
1.3.4. Wastewater Provisions (National Plumbing Code 1993-1994 Revision) ... 11
1.3.5. Clean Water Act (RA -9275 of 2004) ......................................................... 12
1.4. Potable Water Distribution System ................................................................... 14
1.5. Sewage Disposal System ................................................................................ 16
1.6. Storm Drain System ......................................................................................... 27
1.7. Fire Protection in Building ................................................................................ 29
II. DESIGN CRITERIA ................................................................................................ 31
2.1. Fixture Units ..................................................................................................... 31

2.2. Septic Tank ...................................................................................................... 32
2.3. Storm Drain ...................................................................................................... 33
2.4. Maximum Demand of Water............................................................................. 34
III. PLUMBING PLANS ............................................................................................ 35
3.1. General Notes and Legend .............................................................................. 36

3.2. Ground Floor Plan DWV & Water Supply Layout ............................................. 38
3.3. 2nd To 3rd Floor Plan DWV & Water Supply Layout .......................................... 39
3.4. 4th Floor Plan DWV & Water Supply Layout ..................................................... 40
3.5. Roof Deck Plan Storm Water Drain Layout ...................................................... 41
3.6. Ground Floor DWV & WS Isometric Layout ..................................................... 42
3.7. 2nd To 3rd Floor DWV & WS Isometric Layout ................................................. 43
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3.8. 4th Floor DWV & WS Isometric Layout ............................................................ 44

3.9. DWV & Water Supply Elevation Layout Plan .................................................. 45
3.10. Fire Protection System Layout Plan ................................................................ 46
IV. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND MATERIALS ........................................................ 47
4.1. Materials for Soil Pipe and Waste Pipe ............................................................ 47

4.2. Materials for Vent Pipes ................................................................................... 47
4.3. Materials for Cold Water Supply....................................................................... 47
4.4. Fixtures and Accessories ................................................................................. 48
V. RELATED STUDIES AND ARTICLES ............................................................... 50
5.1. Brief History of Plumbing in the Philippines ...................................................... 50

5.2. The Basic Principles Governing the National Plumbing Code .......................... 51
5.3. Plumbing Inventions ......................................................................................... 54
5.3.1. Innovations at Kohler Co. .......................................................................... 54
5.3.2. Moen’s Single-Handle Mixing Faucet ........................................................ 55
5.3.3. Sloan Valve Co.’s Flush Valve ................................................................... 56
5.3.4. Brass-Craft’s Flexible Plumbing ................................................................. 57
5.3.5. Eljer’s Vitreous China Water Cistern ......................................................... 58
5.3.6. Delta’s Single-Handle Ball Valve ............................................................... 58
5.3.7. Whitlam’s Ready-Made Pipe Thread Sealant ............................................ 59
VI. REFLECTIONS ................................................................................................... 60
VII. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 61
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List of Tables
Table 1 – Fixture Demand ............................................................................................. 15

Table 2 – Factors of Simultaneous Use ........................................................................ 16
Table 3 – Sanitary Waste and Drain Piping................................................................... 17
Table 4 – Slope of Horizontal Drainage Pipe ................................................................ 18
Table 5 – Drainage Fixture Unit Values......................................................................... 19
Table 6 – Maximum Loads for Horizontal Drains .......................................................... 21
Table 7 – Maximum Load for Soil and Waste Stacks .................................................... 22
Table 8 – Minimum Slope for Sewer Pipe ..................................................................... 27
Table 9 - Size of Horizontal Building Storm Drains ....................................................... 28
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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Background:
This paper shall cover the

plumbing design of a 4-storey
mixed-used building. The project
site of an approximately 300
square meters is within Dian
Street, Barangay San Isidro,
Makati City, Metro Manila. The 4-
storey building will be used for
commercial and residential
purposes.
The building includes lobby,

parking spaces, garden, five (5)
public bathrooms, office spaces,
commercial spaces, five (5)
residential units, and a roof deck.
The site shall be developed to accommodate the standard requirements of a 4-storey

structure as prescribed by the National Building Code of the Philippines and other
generally-accepted design standards for such facility.
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1.2. Glossary Terms
1.2.1. ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. A black plastic pipe and its fittings that are
commonly used in drainage, sewer, waste, and vents. ABS does not crack, chip,
or peel.
1.2.2. Access Chamber. An opening into the ground from which drains can be inspected
and rodded or cleaned out, both towards and away from a building, also acting as
a junction into which the drainage from other plumbing fixtures may discharge into
the horizontal drain.
1.2.3. Aerator: A screen that is screwed onto a faucet outlet to mix air with the flowing
water and reduce splashing.
1.2.4. Air Gap: The vertical distance between a water pipe’s outlet and its flood level rim.
1.2.5. Backflow. The reversing of the normal flow of water or other substances into the
drinking-water distribution system from any unintended source.
1.2.6. Backpressure. The reversing of normal flow resulting from a pressure
downstream that is higher than the supply pressure in the distribution piping of a
drinking-water supply system.
1.2.7. Backsiphonage. The reversing of normal flow resulting from negative or sub-
atmospheric pressures in the distribution piping of a drinking-water supply system.
1.2.8. Black Water. Combined domestic effluent including liquid and solid human body
waste and the water discharged from toilet usage.
1.2.9. Building Drain. The lowest part of a building drainage system where the drainage
pipes meet and convey the discharge from within the walls or footings of any
building to the building sewer. Also called house drain.
1.2.10. Building Sewer. That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system that
extends from the end of the building drain and that receives the discharge of the
building drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, private sewage
disposal system or other point of disposal. Also called house sewer.
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1.2.11. Check Valve. A valve that allows the flow of a liquid in only one direction
but closes when the normal direction of flow is reversed.
1.2.12. Cistern. A vessel open at the top to the atmosphere used to hold a supply
of cold drinking-water.
1.2.13. Corrosion. A surface reaction causing a gradual erosion of the material
affected.
1.2.14. Downpipe or Downspout. A vertical drainage pipe for conveying storm
water from the roof or gutter drains.
1.2.15. Drain. Any pipe that carries waterborne waste in a building drainage
system.
1.2.16. Drain Cock. A valve, usually installed in the lowest portion of a piping
system or vessel, that controls the flow of liquid from the system or vessel. Also
called drain valve.
1.2.17. Dual System. A situation in which a second plumbing system is installed
alongside the system for provision of drinking-water. An example is a potable
drinking-water system and a greywater system in the same facility.
1.2.18. Fixture Unit. An arbitrarily chosen scale or quantity that represents the load
of a fixture on a drainage system. One fixture unit was originally established as 7.5
imperial (UK) gallons = 9 US gallons = 34 litres per minute discharge by gravity
through a fixture.
1.2.19. Float Valve. A valve that operates by means of a bulb or ball floating on the
surface of a liquid in a tank or container. The rise and fall action operates a lever,
which opens and closes the valve.
1.2.20. Flushometer Valve. A device activated by direct water pressure to
discharge a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing purposes.
1.2.21. Grease Interceptor. A device, usually outside a building, that retains
grease and prevents it passing into the sewerage system.
1.2.22. Grease Trap. A grease interceptor installed inside a facility, usually near
the grease-producing fixtures.
1.2.23. Greywater. Water that has already been used for bathing, washing, laundry
or dishwashing, but does not contain excreta.
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1.2.24. Indirect Connections. Waste piping that discharges into a receptor or

interceptor through an air break or air gap into the drainage system.
1.2.25. Mixing Valve. A valve or faucet that mixes liquids using automatic or
manual regulation.
1.2.26. Oil Trap. An interceptor used to retain oil and prevent it passing into sewers.
1.2.27. pH. The negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen concentration. On
the scale of 0 to 14, 7 is neutral, lower numbers are acidic, and higher numbers
are basic.
1.2.28. Plumbing Fixture. A general term applied to any plumbing receptacle,
device or appliance that can be temporarily or permanently fixed in place. It is
connected to the drinking-water supply or to the drainage system either by an
indirect or direct connection.
1.2.29. Pressure Reduction Valve. A device that regulates pressure in liquids or
gases by reducing a higher pressure to a definite lower pressure, maintaining the
liquids or gases at a constant pressure.
1.2.30. Pressure Relief Valve. A safety valve that is held closed by a spring or
other means and automatically relieves the pressure in excess of its setting.
1.2.31. Reclaimed Water. Water that has been treated so that its quality is suitable
for particular specified purposes, such as irrigation, toilet flushing or possibly
drinking. Also called recycled water
1.2.32. Roof Drainage. Conveyance of rainwater from a sloping roof by gutters and
downspouts, or from a vertical roof by pipe, to a surface water sewer or suitable
soakaway.
1.2.33. Potable Drinking-Water. Water that is intended for human consumption
and suitable for all usual domestic uses, complying with the requirements of the
WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality or appropriate national standards
established by the regulating authority.
1.2.34. Sanitary Sewer. A sewer intended to receive only domestic or industrial
waste, not storm water.
1.2.35. Sewage. Liquid waste and wastewater generated by residential and
commerical sources and carried in sewers.
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1.2.36. Sewer System. System including a building sewer, a private or public

sewer, and a private or public sewage disposal system.
1.2.37. Stop Valve. A key control valve capable of shutting off the whole plumbing
system that is under mains pressure.
1.2.38. Storm Drain. The part of the horizontal piping and its branches that directs
subsoil and surface drainage from areas, courts, roofs or yards to a building or
storm sewer.
1.2.39. Storm Water Drainage. Drainage of rainwater from roofs, courtyards and
paved areas and conveying it away from buildings to a place of disposal.
1.2.40. Temperature And Pressure Relief Valve. A device that controls both
temperature and pressure, releasing water to atmosphere at predetermined
settings.
1.2.41. Trap. A device or fitting that provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission
of sewer gases without materially retarding the flow of sewage or wastewater
through it.
1.2.42. Vent. Any pipe provided to ventilate a plumbing system in order to prevent
backpressure and trap siphonage, or to equalize the air pressure within the
drainage system.
1.2.43. Wastewater. The spent or used water of a community, including from
residences and commercial buildings, and any surface water or storm water that
contains dissolved or suspended matter.
1.2.44. Water Closet. A water-flushing device or fixture designed to receive human
waste directly from the user and discharge it to the drainage system.
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1.3. Project Standards
1.3.1. Sanitary Engineers and Wastewater Disposal Systems (Sanitary Engineering

Law- R.A. 1364 of 1955)
EXCERPTS FROM R.A. 1364 - SANITARY ENGINEERING LAW, (Approved, 18 June

1955)
Sec. 2. Definition of terms. - The practice of sanitary engineering within the meaning
and intent of this Act shall embrace the following activities:
(a) Sanitary surveys, reports, design, direction, management, consultation, and

investigation of:
(1) Water purification plants, water collection and distribution systems, reservoirs,
drainage and sewer systems, sewage treatment plants, malaria control structures,
sewage disposal tanks, and other structures for public health and welfare.
(b) Professional research and laboratory work supporting the activities listed in
subsection
1.3.2. Sewage Disposal and Drainage Provisions (Sanitation Code - P.D. 856 of
1975)
(EXCERPTS FROM THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

P.D. 856-Signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Manila, 23 December 1975)
CHAPTER XVII - SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,

EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE
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Sec. 71. Definition of Terms. As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean:
a. Public sewerage system - a system serving twenty-five (25) persons or more.
b. Septic tank - a water tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing
system or
part thereof, and is designed to accomplish the partial removal and digestion of the
suspended solid matter in the sewage through a period of detention. Its construction shall
be in accordance with specifications prescribed in this Chapter.
c. House sewer - the pipe line conveying sewage from the house or building to the septic
tank or to any point of discharge.
d. Septic tank absorption bed or drain field - an underground system of pipes leading from
the outlet of the septic tank, consisting of open-joined or perforated pipes so distributed
that the effluent from a septic tank is oxidized and absorbed by the soil.
e. Effective capacity of a septic tank - the actual liquid capacity of a septic tank as
contained below the liquid level line of the tank.
f. Effective depth of a septic tank - the actual liquid depth of a septic tank as measured
from the inside bottom of the septic tank to the liquid level line.
g. Freeboard or air space of a septic tank - the distance as measured from the liquid level
line to the inside top of the septic tank.
h. Distribution box - a small concrete receptacle between the septic tank and the drain
field from which lines of drain tile extends and which acts as surge tank to distribute the
flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tile.
i. Approved excreta disposal facilities shall mean any of the following:
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1. Flush toilets properly connected to a community sewer;

2. Flush toilets properly connected to a septic tank constructed in accordance with
this Chapter;
3. Any approved type pit privy built in accordance with this Chapter; and
4. Any disposal device approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized
representative.
j. Privy - a structure which is not connected to a sewerage system and is used for the
reception, disposition and storage of fees or other excreta from the human body.
k. Septic privy - where the fecal matter is placed in a septic tank containing water and
connected to a drain field but which is not served by a water supply under pressure.
l. Box and can privy - a privy where fecal matter is deposited in can bucket which is
removed for emptying and cleaning.
m. Concrete vault privy - a pit privy with a pit lined with concrete in such manner as to
make it water tight.
n. Chemical privy - a privy where fecal matter is deposited into a tank containing a caustic
chemical solution to prevent septic action while the organic matter is decomposed.
Sec. 75. Septic Tanks. Where a public sewerage system is not available, sewer outfalls
from residences, schools, and other buildings shall be discharged into a septic tank to be
constructed in accordance with the following minimum requirements:
a. It shall be generally rectangular in shape. When a number of compartments are used,
the first compartment shall have a capacity from one-half to two-thirds of the total volume
of the tank.
b. It shall be built of concrete, whether precast or poured in place. Brick, concrete blocks
or adobe may be used.
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c. It shall not be constructed under any building and within 25 meters from any source of
water supply.
Sec. 76. Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent. The effluent from septic tank shall be
discharged into a subsurface soil, absorption field where applicable or shall be treated
with some type of a purification device. The treated effluent may be discharged into a
stream or body of water if it conforms to the quality standards prescribed by the National
Water and Air Pollution Control Commission.
Sec. 77. Determination of Septic Tank Capacity. The septic tank capacity may be
determined from the estimated unit flow contained in Table 1 "Quantities of Sewage
Flow", based on adequate detention time interval resulting in efficient sedimentation.
Daily flow from mattered results, may be used as estimated flow when available. For
edifices with occupants, the number of persons to be served shall be computed on the
number of rooms with each room considered as occupied by two persons or on the basis
of the actual number of persons served by the tank, whichever is greater.
1.3.3. Sanitation and Drainage Provisions (Local Government Code - R.A. 7160 of
1991)
EXCERPTS FROM THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE, R..A. 7160 - AN ACT

PROVIDING FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991 (Approved by President
Corazon Aquino, October 10, 1991)
BOOK I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Title One
BASIC PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 2. General Powers and Attributes of Local Government Units
9
SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities.
(a) Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall continue exercising
the powers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them. They
shall also discharge the functions and responsibilities of national agencies and offices
devolved to them pursuant to this Code. Local government units shall likewise exercise
such other powers and discharge other functions and responsibilities as are necessary ,
appropriate or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the basic services and
facilities enumerated herein.
(b) Such basic services and facilities include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) For a Barangay:
(iii) Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation,
beautification, and solid waste collection;
(2) For a Municipality:
(vi). … services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation;
…
(viii). Infrastructure facilities intended primarily to service the needs of the
residents of the municipality and which are funded out of municipal funds ,
including, but not
limited to, … drainage, and sewerage and flood control;…
(3) For a Province:

…
(vii). Infrastructure facilities intended to service the needs of the residents
of the
province and which are funded out of provincial funds including, but not
limited
to … drainage and sewerage, flood control,….
(4) For a City:
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All the services and facilities of the municipality and province, ….
1.3.4. Wastewater Provisions (National Plumbing Code 1993-1994 Revision)
(EXCERPTS FROM THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE (1993-1994 REVISION)
CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL REGULATIONS, INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
ARTICLE I - DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTE

P-1. It shall be unlawful for any person to cause, suffer or permit the disposal of sewage,
human excrement or other liquid wastes, in any place or manner except through and by
means of an approved plumbing and drainage system, installed and maintained in
accordance with the provisions of this Code.
ARTICLE II - CONNECTIONS TO PLUMBING SYSTEMS REQUIRED

P-1. All plumbing fixtures, drains, appurtenances and appliances used to receive or
discharge liquid wastes or sewage shall be connected properly to the drainage system of
the building or premises.
ARTICLE III - SEWER REQUIRED

P-1. Every building in which plumbing fixtures are installed has a connection to a public
or private sewer except as provided in this Code.
P-2. When a public sewer is not available for use, drainage piping from buildings and
premises shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system.
P-3. In provinces, cities and/or municipalities where the installation of building is under
the jurisdiction of a department other than the provincial, city or municipal Plumbing
Official, the provisions of this Code relating to building sewers need not apply.
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1.3.5. Clean Water Act (RA -9275 of 2004)
R.A. 9275 - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY

MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES (Approved by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo on 2 March 2004)
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
Declaration of Principles and Policies
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004.”
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - The State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in
a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our
fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable
development shall be pursued. As such, it shall be the policy of the State:
a) To streamline processes and procedures in the prevention, control and abatement of

pollution of the country’s water resources;
b) To promote environmental strategies, use of appropriate economic instruments and of

control mechanisms for the protection of water resources;
c) To formulate a holistic national program of water quality management that recognizes

that water quality management issues cannot be separated from concerns about water
sources and ecological protection, water supply, public health and quality of life;
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d) To formulate an integrated water quality management framework through proper

delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities;
e) To promote commercial and industrial processes and products that are environment
friendly and energy efficient;
f) To encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through

the application of incentives and market-based instruments and to promote the role of
private industrial enterprises in shaping its regulatory profile within the acceptable
boundaries of public health and environment;
g) To provide for a comprehensive management program for water pollution focusing on

pollution prevention;
h) To promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an

informed and active public in water quality management and monitoring;
i) To formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse
environmental impact of a project, program or activity; and
j) To encourage civil society and other sectors, particularly labor, the academe and
business undertaking environment-related activities in their efforts to organize, educate
and motivate the people in addressing pertinent environmental issues and problems at
the local and national levels.
SEC. 3. Coverage of the Act. – This Act shall apply to water quality management in all
water bodies:
Provided, That it shall primarily apply to the abatement and control of pollution from
land based sources:
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Provided, further, That the water quality standards and regulations and the civil
liability and penal provisions under this Act shall be enforced irrespective of
sources of pollution.
1.4. Potable Water Distribution System
Some factors that affect the size of the water service in a plumbing system are the types
of flush device used on the fixtures, the pressure of the water supply in pounds per square
inch (psi), the length of the pipe in the building, the number and kind of fixtures installed,
and the number of fixtures used at any given time. The stream of water in a pipe is made
up of a series of layers moving at different speeds with the center layer moving the fastest.
The resistance to flow is called pipe friction also known as friction loss and causes a
drop in pressure of the water flowing through the pipe. Friction loss may be overcome by
supplying water at greater pressure than would normally be required or by increasing the
size of the pipe.
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The two most important things to consider are the maximum fixture demand and the factor
of simultaneous fixture use. The maximum fixture demand in gallons is the total amount
of water that would be needed to supply all fixtures if they were being used at the same
time for 1 minute. Because it is very unlikely that all fixtures would be turned on at the
same time, a probable percentage of the fixtures in use at any given time must be found.
This is the factor of simultaneous use. The more fixtures in a building, the smaller the
possibility that all will be used at the same time. Therefore, simultaneous use factors
decrease as the number of fixtures increases.
To estimate the maximum fixture demand in gallons, the number and type of all fixtures
in the completed plumbing system must be known. The table is used to obtain the
maximum fixture demand.
Table 1 – Fixture Demand
The factor of simultaneous use, also called the probable demand, is only an estimate.
Table 1 gives data for making an estimate of probable demand. Using this table, we took
the actual number of fixtures installed, not the fixture unit value. For example, five fixtures
would have a probable demand of about 50 percent, while 45 fixtures would have a
probable demand of about 25 percent. When a table showing the factors of simultaneous
15
use is not available, a practical way of figuring the probable demand is 30 percent of the
maximum fixture demand in gallons.
Table 2 – Factors of Simultaneous Use
Many factors affect the flow of water through pipes, resulting in a loss of water pressure.
Difficult calculations are required to consider all the factors involved that may cause a
loss of water pressure. These calculations are beyond the range of this manual. For
simple systems, approximate figures are acceptable for most plumbing installations. The
minimum practical size for a water-service line is 3/4 inch. This size should be used even
when calculations show that a smaller size could be used.
The computations of maximum fixture demand can be seen in the part II of this paper:
design criteria.
1.5. Sewage Disposal System
Various types of pipe and fittings are used for sanitary waste and drainage. However, the
location of the installation determines the type of material you must use. Threaded pipe
that is underground requires coal tar protection. Install underground sanitary waste and
drainage lines in a separate trench from the water-service line. The underground water
service and the building drain or sewer should not be less than 6 feet apart horizontally
and placed on undisturbed or compacted earth. When separate systems of sanitary
drainage and storm building drains are placed in one trench, they should be placed side
by side. A building sewer or building drain installed in fill dirt or unstable ground should
be made of cast-iron soil pipe, except that nonmetallic drains may be used when laid on
16
an approved continuous supporting system. Table 3 depicts code requirements for pipe
usage.
Table 3 – Sanitary Waste and Drain Piping
Sanitary drainage piping shall be on a uniform slope. This slope, pitch, grade, or drop per
foot decides the flow velocity of liquid within the pipe. Piping with a diameter of 3 inches
or less requires a slope of not less than 1/4 inch per foot. Pipe 4 inches or larger slopes
no less than 1/8 inch per foot. This allows a velocity of not less than 2 feet per second
and provides the scouring action necessary to keep a pipe free from fouling. Sewer mains
may have slopes of less than 1/8 inch per foot, as long as there is a cleaning velocity of
2 feet per second or greater.
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Table 4 – Slope of Horizontal Drainage Pipe
Higher velocities, or greater drop per foot, will increase the carrying capacity of a drain.
In designing fixture branches, a slope/drop of more than 1/4 inch per foot may cause
siphonage of the trap seal.
The building drain in a sanitary system must be of sufficient size to carry off all the water
and waste materials that may be discharged into it at any one time. The minimum
allowable size is 3 inches, but sound practice prescribes a 4-inch pipe, and most plumbing
codes or ordinances require 4-inch pipe as a minimum. Increasing the size beyond that
computed as required (the minimum of 3 inches still applies) does not increase the
efficiency of the drain. The passage of liquid and solid waste through a horizontal pipe
creates a natural scouring action, which is partially lost when the size of the drain is
increased above the necessary size. The flow in too large of a pipe is shallow and slow,
and solids tend to settle to the bottom. The solids may accumulate to such an extent that
they cause stoppages in the line. The optimum size of pipe should flow half full under
normal use. This will create an efficient, natural scouring action and still allow capacity for
peak loads. The standard method used in determining the size of a building drain is the
Unit System. Drainage fixture unit system values for standard plumbing fixtures have
been established and some of the most common are shown in Table 5.
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Table 5 – Drainage Fixture Unit Values
19
To select the correct size of pipe for a horizontal sanitary drainage system, we calculated
the total volume of liquid waste by multiplying the number and type of fixtures by the unit
value that will be expressed in drainage fixture units that the system will be subjected.
Number and Type of Fixtures x Unit Values = Total Discharge in DFU.
After calculating the total discharge and determining the slope of the piping, and the
velocity of flow, we shall select the correct size of pipe by using Table 6. Assume that the
cast iron house drain to be installed will have a slope of 1/4 inch per foot.
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Table 6 – Maximum Loads for Horizontal Drains
Table 6 is for cast-iron soil pipe or galvanized steel pipe house drains, house sewers, and
waste and soil branches. When copper tubing is used, it may be one size smaller than
shown in the table. Note that the size of building drainage lines must never decrease in
the direction of flow. When provision is made for the future installation of fixtures, those
provided for must be considered in determining the required sizes of drainpipes.
Construction to provide for such future installation should have a plugged fitting or fittings
at the stack to eliminate any dead ends.
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The term stack is used for the vertical line of soil or waste piping into which the soil or
waste branches carry the discharge from fixtures to the house drain. A waste stack
carries liquid wastes that do not contain human excrement; a soil stack carries liquid
wastes that do. Most buildings do not have separate soil and waste stacks. A single stack,
known as the soil and waste stack, or simply the soil stack, serves to carry both soil and
waste material. Soil stacks are usually made of cast-iron pipe with caulked joints. They
may, however, be made of other materials, such as galvanized steel or copper tubing.
Branches are usually either threaded, galvanized steel pipe with drainage (recessed)
fittings or copper tubing.
Table 7 – Maximum Load for Soil and Waste Stacks
22
The stack is sized in the same way as the building sewer. The maximum discharge of the
plumbing installation is calculated in drainage fixture units. This figure is applied to Table
7 to obtain the proper stack size.
An offset above the highest horizontal branch is an offset in the stack vent and should be
considered only as it affects the developed length of the vent. An offset in a vertical stack
with a change in direction of 45 degrees or less from the vertical piping may be sized as
a straight vertical stack. In piping where a horizontal branch connects to the stack within
2 feet above or below the offset, a relief vent should be installed.
A stack with an offset of more than 45 degrees from the vertical should be sized as
follows:
1. The portion of the stack above the offset should be sized for a regular stack,
based on the total number of drainage fixture units above the offset.
2. The offset should be sized as for the building drain.
3. The portion of the stack below the offset should be sized as for the offset, or
based on the total number of drainage fixture units of the entire stack, whichever
is larger. A relief vent should be installed for the offset. Never connect a horizontal
branch or fixture to the stack within 2 feet above or below the offset.
The water closet, strictly speaking, have no waste. It is usually connected, by the use of
a closet bend, directly into the stack on a separate branch of its own that is as short as
possible. The closet bend is 3 or 4 inches in diameter if made of cast iron, steel or PVC
and 3 inches if made of copper.
Because lavatories are used for washing hair, loose hair is often carried down into the
waste pipe, causing a stoppage. Lavatory drainage is improved by using a minimum
number of fittings and by eliminating long horizontal runs. The minimum pipe size for
lavatory wastes is 1 ¼ inches, but 1 ½ inches is more satisfactory.
23
Urinals present a particular problem because cigarette butts, cigar stubs, chewing gum,
matches, and so forth are often discarded in them. These materials can easily cause a
stoppage. For this reason, urinals should be equipped with an effective strainer. Size of
waste pipe should be at least 1 ½ inches for wall-mounted urinals and 3 inches for the
pedestal siphon jet urinal.
Shower wastes seldom cause trouble because they have a relatively clear water waste
flowing through them. The usual diameter of the waste pipe for a single shower is 2 inches
if made of cast iron or steel, and 1 ½ inches if made of copper.
A domestic kitchen sink requires a 1½ inch cast-iron, steel or PVC waste pipe. When a
sink is equipped with a garbage disposal unit, a minimum of 2 inches is required.
There are two styles of service sinks (slop sinks): the trap-to-wall and the trap-to-floor.
They are used for disposal of wash water, filling swab buckets, and washing out swabs.
The trap-to-wall type requires a 2-inch or 3-inch waste pipe; the trap-to-floor, a 3-inch
waste pipe. For both types, if copper tubing is used, a one size reduction is allowed.
Scullery sinks are large sheet metal sinks used for washing large pots and pans and for
general scouring purposes. The large amount of grease that usually passes through a
scullery sink makes a 2-inch waste pipe necessary.
Drinking fountains carry only clear water wastes and a 1 ¼ inch waste pipe is suitable.
An indirect drain (covered later in this chapter) should be used.
The design and sizing of collecting sewers, the sub trunks, and the main trunk lines are
provided by engineers. However, the UT should understand the factors that contribute to
the design and the requirements that must be met.
While the unit system is used to size the building sanitary piping and the building drain,
the sewage quantities used in sewer design normally are computed on a contributing
24
population basis. The population to be used in design depends upon the type of area that
the sewer is to serve. If the area is strictly residential, the design population is based on
full occupancy of all quarters served. If the area is industrial, the design population is the
greatest number employed in the area at any time. There are exceptions to the general
rule that sewers must be designed on a population basis. Among these exceptions are
laundry sewers and industrial-waste sewers. The per capita contribution for sewer design
varies. Typical values are 100 gallons per person per day for permanent residents and
30 gallons per person in the industrial area per 8-hour period.
The sizing of the sewer includes the average rate and the extreme (peak) rate of flow
(which occurs occasionally). The ratio of the peak rate of flow to the average rate of flow
may vary with the area served because the larger the area or the greater the number of
persons served, the greater the tendency for flow to average out. Typical peak flows might
range from 6 for small areas down to 1.5 for larger areas.
An allowance for infiltration of subsurface water is added to the peak flow to obtain the
design flow. A typical infiltration allowance is 500 gallons per inch of pipe diameter, per
mile of sewer per day.
Additional capacity to provide for population increase is usually included for areas that
are likely to continue to develop. Provision of approximately 25 percent additional capacity
over the initial requirements is advisable.
Each length of pipe from one manhole to the next is sized to carry the design flow.
However, to help prevent clogging and to facilitate maintenance, a minimum size is
usually specified that may be larger than is necessary to carry the design flow at the upper
ends of the system. Typical minimum sizes are 6-inch pipe for house and industrial-waste
sewers, and 8 inch pipe for all other sewers.
It is sometimes the practice to select a pipe size that will carry the design flow when the
pipe is half full, thus allowing for expansion. More often, however, sufficient safety factors
25
in the future population estimate and the peak flow factor are included so the pipe may
be designed to carry the design flow when flowing full.
The formulas or tables used in sizing the pipe are based on experiments and experience.
One of the factors taken into account is the roughness of the pipe. Asbestos-cement pipe,
for example, is smoother than concrete pipe. Because there is less friction on the inside
of the asbestos-cement pipe, it will carry a greater flow than concrete pipe of the same
size.
Another factor is the slope at which the pipe will be laid. The slope will generally be
determined by the fall available on the natural ground area through which the sewer runs.
The plans for collecting sewer systems generally show slope (or grade) in terms of fall
per hundred feet. Slope is sometimes expressed as a percent rather than in inches per
foot. A 1 percent slope means 1 foot of fall in a 100-foot length of pipe, or about 1/8 inch
per foot. A 0.5 percent slope (6 inches in 100 feet) is about 1/16 inch per foot.
Table 8 gives the minimum slope for some of the most commonly used pipe sizes. The
slope should remain constant in the section between each manhole. Each section
between successive manholes should be analyzed and the slope for that particular
section determined. If the fall is relatively steep, the velocity of the flow is faster and a
smaller pipe size may be used. If the slope is relatively flat, the velocity is slower and a
larger pipe size may be used. In the larger pipe, the depth of flow may decrease to such
extent that the velocity might be no greater than a smaller pipe on the same grade.
Therefore, an increase in pipe size to obtain the desired flow velocity is limited by the rate
of flow. Typical minimum flow velocities are 2 feet per second when the design flow fills
the pipe, and 1.6 feet per second at the average rate of flow. Maximum velocities must
also be considered; too high of a velocity will erode the pipe. A typical maximum velocity
is 15 feet per second for concrete pipe. Because of the differences in available slopes,
smaller pipe may be used in some sections than is required in an upper section of the
same sewer. The pipe size should be reduced whenever better flow conditions would
result.
26
Table 8 – Minimum Slope for Sewer Pipe
Manholes provide access to sewers for inspection and cleaning. They are placed where
there is a change in grade, a change in pipe size, a junction of two or more sewer lines,
or a change in direction. Otherwise, they are placed at intervals of 300 or 500 feet of
sewer line. The manholes should be built so there is no decrease in velocity and a
minimum of water disturbance. The channel should be deep enough to prevent sewage
from spreading over the manhole bottom. The covers should be of a weight strong enough
to support the expected traffic. Perforated covers should not be used for sanitary sewer
manholes because openings in the sewer manhole would permit the entrance of sand,
grit, and surface water. The sewers are ventilated by the stacks of the building plumbing
systems.
1.6. Storm Drain System
Storm drainage systems are designed to drain all surface and sometimes subsurface
water that may cause damage to facilities, property, or adjoining land. They consist of
pipe, inlets, catch basins, and other drainage structures to carry the surface runoff and
subsurface water to a point of disposal.
Storm drainage systems should be separate from sanitary sewage systems wherever
possible. Some locations may have combination systems still in use. However, storm
water should never be drained into sewers intended for sanitary sewage only.
27
The UT is generally concerned with only the pipe work itself. This involves laying storm
drain lines both inside and outside buildings and other structures. This pipe material may
be the same as that used for the sanitary system. Storm sewer systems, however, may
include pipe of much larger sizes than are needed for sanitary sewers. Plain or reinforced
concrete pipe (rather than clay, cast iron, or asbestos cement) is generally used for the
larger lines. Also, it is not so important that the joints be watertight in storm sewer
systems. In fact, the mortar is sometimes omitted from a portion of the joint and washed
gravel is placed next to the opening; the storm drain thus serves also as an under drain
to pick up subsurface water.
To determine the size of building storm drains, a number of factors must be considered,
such as rainfall intensity, roof size, and pitch of roof. Tables have been made for use in
estimating the size of pipe to select. One example is Table 8, which shows storm drain
sizes. This table is to be used only as a guide when estimating for storm drainage, as
different areas have different intensities of rainstorms.
Table 9 - Size of Horizontal Building Storm Drains
28
1.7. Fire Protection in Building
The protection of building structures from the hazards of fire is one

utmost concern of the government. Hence, for a continued citizens
awareness of damages brought by fire to life and property, the month of
March was declared as fire prevention month.
The National Fire Protection Association maintained a comprehensive set of standard

rules in planning to minimize fire hazard. The guidelines include the equipment design for
fire fighting which is mandatory.
The Fire Code on the other hand, considers the building density in the locality and the
flammability of the structures and its contents. It also imposes the following requirements:
1. Fire resistance of the building and its contents

2. Limitation of volume to adjacent vulnerable buildings
3. Exits and fire tower stairs
4. Protection against defective electrical system
5. Lighting protection
6. Detection and alarm systems
7. Automatic sprinkler systems
8. Standpipe and hose systems
9. Automatic smoke and heat venting
10. Smoke and heat shafts
11. Control of air conditioning ducts
12. Communication in high rise buildings
13. Elevator control
14. Fire command station in tall buildings
29
The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or disposal
system, but primarily, for use as water conveyance in case of fire.
The fire hose is always located near the stairs for use by firemen in case of fire. It is
incased in glass cabinets with the following label: Break Glass in Case of Fire
The automatic sprinkler system consists of horizontal pattern of pipes placed near the
ceiling of industrial and commercial buildings, warehouses, stores, theaters, and other
structures where fire hazard require their use.
These pipes are provided with outlet and sprinkler heads that open automatically at
temperatures of 135 to 165 degrees Fahrenheit to and emit a series of fine water sprays.
The sprinkler system includes wet and dry pipes. The wet pipe refers to the piping
installations wherein both the mains and the distribution pipes are constantly filled with
water. Whereas the dry pipe refers to the piping installations where there is no water
standing in the distribution pipe, except during the occurrence of fire. This is generally
confined to unheated buildings.
30
II. DESIGN CRITERIA
2.1. Fixture Units
Ground Floor Fixture Units:

1 – Urinal x 5 Units = 5 Units
1 – Water Closet x 6 Units = 6 Units
1 – Lavatory x 1 Unit = 1 Units
2 – Floor Drain x 1 Unit = 2 Units
Total Fixture Units: 14 Units
2nd Floor Fixture Units:

3rd Floor Fixture Units:

4th Floor Fixture Units:

31
5 – Kitchen Sink x 2 Units = 10 Units

Total Drainage Fixture Units in the Building: 159 Units.
Waste Pipe and Vent Stack Diameter: 100 mm or 4” Diameter PVC Pipe
Soil Pipe Diameter: 75 mm or 3” Diameter PVC Pipe
Vent Pipe Diameter: 50mm or 2” Diameter Pipe
2.2. Septic Tank
Numbers of persons: 100

Width: W = 2.00 m
Depth: d = 1.5 + 0.3 (Clearance) = 1.8m
Computations:
a) Compute for volume:
For schools, commercial and industrial establishments, the volume of the septic tank
should not e less than 0.057 cu. m/person nor 0.086 cu. m/person
Use 0.086 cu. m/person
100 persons x 0.086 cu. m/person = 8.6 cu. m
b) Compute for length of Septic Tank:
LxWxd=V
8.6
L=
2 x1.8
L = 2.388 meters
c) Compute for total length and leaching wall:
32
L
LengthTotal  L
2
2.388
=  2.388 m
2
LengthTotal = 3.582 m
Septic Tank Dimensions: L x W x d = 2.39m x 2.0m x 1.8m
2.3. Storm Drain
ROOF LEADER
1) Find the area of roof - A
7.4x 22 = 162.8 sq. m.
2) Under column 1, the 132 sq. m. roof area is within the limit of 76 - 165. Thus
specify 90 mm diameter downspout.
3) Find the area of roof - B
4.6 x 22 = 101.1 sq. m.
4) Under column 1, the 132 sq. m. roof area is within the limit of 76 - 165. Thus
specify 90 mm diameter downspout.
5) Therefore, specify 100 mm pipe diameter.
ROOF TERMINAL
33
1) The 90 mm or 3.54” diameter as found has a cross sectional area of:
Area of circle = 0.7854 x d2

Area = 0.7854 x 3.542
= 9.84 sq. in.
2) Divide into two terminals = 4.92 sq. in.
3) Therefore, specify 2 pcs. of 100 mm or 4” diameter pipe.
2.4. Maximum Demand of Water
1) 159 fixture units x 7.5 gallons = 1192.5 gallons

say = 1193 gallons
2) The 1193 gallons of water maximum demand is likely to consumed in one minute.
Thus, it may be reduced by 25% to 50% to get the probable demand.
3) Assume 30% reduction of 1193 gallons = 357.9 gallons

say = 358 gallons
4) Subtract from maximum demand of 1193 gallons
1193 - 358 = 835 gallons
Potable Water Supply Pipe Diameter: 3/4” Diameter PVC Pipe for main,
½” Diameter PVC Pipe for branch
34
III. PLUMBING PLAN
35
3.1. General Notes and Legend
1. PIPE PASSING THROUGH WALL, FLOOR OR ROOF SHALL BE PROTECTED

WITH SLEEVES
2. PIPE SIZES & DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE
MENTIONED.
3. SIZE OF FLOOR DRAIN UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED SHALL BE SAME AS
THE SIZE OF OUTLET DRAIN PIPE.
4. WHEREVER FLOOR DRAIN/TRAP IS SHOWN, SLOPE FLOOR TOWARDS
DRAIN/TRAP.
5. EXTENSION OF VENT PIPES THROUGH A ROOF SHALL BE TERMINATED AT
LEAST 6 INCHES ABOVE FINISHED ROOF LEVEL. EACH VENT TERMINAL
SHALL BE MADE WATER TIGHT WITH THE ROOF BY PROPER FLASHING.
6. THE VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM THE FIXTURE OUTLET TO THE TRAP WEIR
SHALL PREFERABLY BE NOT MORE THAN 12 INCHES.
7. WHERE THE CHANGE OF DIRECTION IS 45 DEGREES OR LESS, IT IS NOT
NECESSARY TO PROVIDE CLEAN OUT. BUT WHEN THE CHANGE OF
DIRECTION IS MORE THAN 45 DEGREES, A CLEAN OUT SHALL BE
REQUIRED.
8. ALL TRAPS AND FLOOR DRAINS SHALL HAVE A WATER SEAL NOT LESS
THAN 2 INCHES.
36
9. NO “T” FITTING IS ALLOWED IN SANITARY DRAINAGE LAYOUT. USE ONLY

“Y” FITTINGS.
ABBREV. DESCRIPTION
Ø DIAMETER OF PIPE
CW COLD WATER PIPE
RWP RAIN WATER PIPE
SP SOIL PIPE
WP WASTE PIPE
VP VENT PIPE
VS VENT STACK
T/A TO ABOVE
U/G UNDERGROUND
U/F UNDER FLOOR
MH MANHOLE
LEGEND:
SYMBOL DESCRIPTION
COLD WATER PIPE
WASTE/SOIL PIPE
VENT PIPE
STORM WATER PIPE
WC, UR, FD, LAV,… FIXTURES
DIRECTION OF FLOW
GATE VALVE
WATER METER
CATCH BASIN
37
3.2. GROUND FLOOR

PLAN DWV & WATER
SUPPLY LAYOUT
38
3.3. 2ND TO 3RD FLOOR

PLAN DWV & WATER
SUPPLY LAYOUT
39
3.4. 4th FLOOR PLAN DWV

& WATER SUPPLY
LAYOUT
40
3.5. ROOF DECK PLAN

STORM WATER DRAIN
LAYOUT
41
3.6. GROUND FLOOR DWV

& WS ISOMETRIC LAYOUT
42
3.7. 2nd to 3rd FLOOR DWV

& WS ISOMETRIC LAYOUT
43
3.8. 4th FLOOR DWV & WS

ISOMETRIC LAYOUT
44
3.9. DWV ELEVATION

LAYOUT PLAN
45
3.10. FIRE PROTECTION

SYSTEM LAYOUT PLAN
46
IV. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND MATERIALS
4.1. Materials for Soil Pipe and Waste Pipe
10 - 4” x 3 meters PVC Soil Pipe

9 - 4” x 3 meters PVC Soil Stack
10 - 4” x 4” WYE
5 - 4” x 2” Cross Tee Pipe
6 - 4” Long Sweep Elbow
15 - 3” Long Sweep Elbow
15 - 3” x 4” Reducer
6 - 4” for Cleanout
5 - 4” x 4” Tee Pipe
15 - 4” ¼ Bend Elbow
10 - 4” 1/8 Bend Elbow
6 - 4” Cleanout Cover
4.2. Materials for Vent Pipes
20 - 2” Tee Pipe
10 - 2” ¼ Bend Elbow
7 - 2” x 3 meters PVC Pipe
4.3. Materials for Cold Water Supply
10 - ¾” x 3 meters PVC Pipe
47
10 - ½” x 3 meters PVC Pipe

5 - ¾” Gate Valve
18 - ½” Tee Pipe
10 - ¾” x ½” Elbow Reducer
20 - ½” 1/4 Bend Elbow Plain
15 - ½” 1/4 Bend Elbow One End Threaded
15 - ½” Tee Plain
5 - ½” Tee One End Threaded
10 - Neltex PVC Pipe Cement
15 - Rolls Teflon Tape
4.4. Fixtures and Accessories
10 - ½” Control Valve and Supply Pipe

15 - Sets of Water Closets with Tank and Accessories
15 - Lavatories with P-Trap and Faucets
6 - Kitchen Sink with P-Trap and Strainers
6 - Shower Head
6 - Shower Drain
48
49
V. RELATED STUDIES AND ARTICLES
5.1. Brief History of Plumbing in the Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly

recognized by the government in the City of
Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became
the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code
based on the Plumbing Code of the United
States was incorporated into the Building Code
for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers

Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was
formally organized.
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and
placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became
R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon
Magsaysay.
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by
NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.
50
Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building
Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as
referral code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of
1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section
4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
5.2. The Basic Principles Governing the National Plumbing Code
1. All premises intended for human use or

habitation shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither
connected to unsafe water supply nor
subject to backflow or backsiphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and

appurtenances shall be supplied with water
in sufficient volume and pressure adequate
to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and

adjusted to use the minimum quantity of
water consistent with proper performance
and cleaning.
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent
dangers from explosion through overheating.
51
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect
its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a
lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from

concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard

against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that
the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective

workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-
sealed trap.
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation
of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
52
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or
their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile
goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device
or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the
disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal,
such as a septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master

Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through
fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface
or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway,
unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
53
5.3. Plumbing Inventions
5.3.1. Innovations at Kohler Co.
1911: Kohler Co. introduced the industry’s first one-piece recess bath with an integral
apron. Before this time, built-in baths were cast in two separate sections-the tub proper
and the apron. The apron and the tub were then either fitted together by the plumber
when the tub was installed, or the two pieces were welded together at the factory before
the fixture was enameled. The new one-piece tub, void of crevices, joins and seams, was
much more sanitary and attractive than the two-piece forerunner.
1926: One of the most advanced products to come

out of the 1920s was the Kohler electric sink. It was a
combination of a conventional kitchen sink and the
electric dishwasher almost as we know it today. The
sink was an enameled iron fixture, massive and
expensive, half sink and half dishwasher. Invented by
Kohler employee Frank Brotz, its only drawback was
that it was a generation or two ahead of its time.
1927: Kohler’s introduction of bathroom sets (bathtub, toilet and lavatory) in matching
colors made fixtures much more than functional. Now instead of stark and sterile white,
consumers could choose spring green, lavender, autumn brown, old ivory or horizon blue.
For the first time, there was a concern for the aesthetics when planning a bath. However,
54
beyond aesthetic considerations, the color concept was a revolutionary technological

achievement in the plumbing industry of the time. The manufacturing of enameled cast
iron fixtures and vitreous china fixtures required vastly different raw materials, processes
and techniques, so matching color was difficult.
5.3.2. Moen’s Single-Handle Mixing Faucet
Few people are as synonymous with

inventions and innovations as Al Moen.
He holds more than 75 patents, but his
most revolutionary is the one issued in
1942 for the single-handle mixing
faucet he invented in 1937. As the
cliche says, Moen’s invention rose from
necessity. While an engineering
student at the University of Washington,
Moen worked evenings in a garage to
pay his tuition. One day he burned his
hands while washing them, using a
conventional two-handle faucet. From
that experience, he resolved to create a faucet that would give the user water at the
desired temperature. His first design was for a double-valve faucet with a cam to control
the two valves. Moen showed his designs to a major fixture manufacturer, who showed
him why the double-valve was the wrong approach. He then went to a cylindrical design
with a piston action. Between 1940 and 1945 he designed several faucets, finally selling
the first single-handle mixing faucet in San Francisco in late 1947. Since then, single-
handle faucets have become so popular that today they can be found in over 40 percent
of American homes.
55
However, Moen’s contributions don’t stop with the faucet. His innovative mind also
produced the replaceable cartridge, a push-button diverter, back-to-back installation, and
the swivel spray. For all his achievements, Moen’s been nominated for the Inventers Hall
of Fame sponsored by the U.S. Patent Office. In addition, this year he was named to the
National Kitchen & Bath Hall of Fame for his achievements.
5.3.3. Sloan Valve Co.’s Flush Valve
William E. Sloan applied for a patent on his

Royal Flush Valve June 13, 1906, and on Dec.
6, 1910, he was issued Patent Number
977,562. With a flush valve installation, water
flows under pressure from the supply piping
directly to the fixture. Because of this
connection to the water supply they stand
ready for repeated operations. Also, because
the water passes through the flush valve under
pressure, the fixture is flushed with a scouring
action to ensure proper cleansing. These two
features, among others, are responsible for the popularity of flush valves in commercial
buildings.
The first flush valves produced by Sloan Co. were designed for manual operation. Today,
state of the art is flush valves are sensor-operated to make flushing automatic.
Through the 85 years that Sloan Valve Co. has manufactured the Royal flush valve, about
120 different companies have been in the same business at one time or another. Today
only a few remain.
56
5.3.4. Brass-Craft’s Flexible Plumbing
Robert Zell created flexible plumbing

supplies from brass bar stock and copper
tubing in the basement of his home in Royal
Oak, Mich., in 1939. However, because of
wartime material shortages, the product
wasn’t in production until Brass-Craft Mfg.
Co. was founded in 1945.
Zell’s flexible supplies were on the leading edge of the industry’s transition from rigid,
galvanized iron pipe to flexible copper plumbing. These supply lines connected stub-out
plumbing from the wall to plumbing
fixtures such as faucets and toilets. Flexible copper supplies made it possible for the
plumber to design an easily-installed supply stop beneath a sink and toilet. Before this,
most homeowners had to turn off all the water to the house to service one leaking faucet.
57
5.3.5. Eljer’s Vitreous China Water Cistern
Invented by one of the original founders of Eljer in 1903,

the vitreous china water closet cistern replaced the wall-
hung wooden or copper-lined wooden cisterns used to
flush a water closet. The vitreous china model received a
great deal of resistance from the trade and the public. The
strength of the product was doubted so acceptance was
slow. To prove just how sturdy china really was, Eljer
hosted a demonstration. The cistern was laid on its back
on a steel rail, a plank was placed on top of it and 27 men
stood on it.
The round cistern was used by Eljer for approximately

seven years. In 1908 the company introduced the first rectangular cistern that was cast
in a mold—the method used in the plumbing industry today.
5.3.6. Delta’s Single-Handle Ball Valve
In designing the first ball valve in 1945, Landis H.

Perry had a specific objective: "To provide a
combined volume and blending control valve having
relatively simple and yet effective means for sealing
the valve element." Beyond that, Perry also sought
to create a design that could be repaired with "a
minimum of difficulty."
A patent was issued for Perry’s ball valve in 1952.

Shortly thereafter, Alex Manoogian purchased the rights to the patent and introduced the
58
first Delta faucet in 1954. Manoogian, the founder of the plumbing industry giant Masco
Corp., immigrated to the United States in 1920 to escape the genocide of the Armenian
Christian minority by Moslem Turkey. His driving ambition was to make enough money to
send for his family who had fled to Greece in 1922 to escape the mounting pogroms.
The Delta single-handle faucet was the first to use a ball-valve design and it proved very
successful. By 1958, just four years after the product was unveiled, Delta’s sales topped
$1 million.
5.3.7. Whitlam’s Ready-Made Pipe Thread Sealant
J. C. Whitlam II was the first to formulate and

market a ready-to-use thread sealant in
1900. While working for a paint manufacturer
in the late 1890s, Whitlam watched plumbers
buy red or white lead pigments and linseed
oil to mix together and use as a paste thread
sealant. Whitlam began experimenting in his
kitchen on a nonpoisonous, ready-made
product. By 1900 he had perfected a gray
paste he called Tyte-Unyte that did the job better, at less cost and was safe to use.
Whitlam set up a small manufacturing facility in Cleveland, but demand soon exceeded
his production capabilities. In 1912 he moved to Wadsworth, Ohio, and built a factory to
market Tyte-Unyte throughout the world.
59
VI. REFLECTIONS
Dela Cruz, Charles Kaven –
I have learned about the complexity of plumbing and fire protection systems design
through this course. Through the various assignments, I have mastered the use of
AutoCAD as never before. I have learned to calculate fixture units and I have been aware
of the piping materials and estimating. In addition, I learned to design septic tank and
water supply systems. What was particularly interesting for me was to use AutoCAD
software for isometric plumbing. It was there that I learned how to layout pipes in a very
complex way. These activities allowed me to participate by interacting with my class and
instructor—in what I now define as a learning community.
Prior to this class, I had never thought of plumbing as an easy course. I now believe that
learning should be a voluntary act, and that teaching should be a response to that act—
not a burden, not a one-person show. Many times throughout the past semesters, I had
work-related problems and could not participate every day at a certain time. I participated,
but when it was convenient for me to do so. Some of the time my learning took place on
my own and then at other times with the class. In fact, I noticed that all of the elements
that are crucial in accomplishing work-related goals are also present in this learning
environment. For example, collaboration was necessary at certain times during the
course, just as it is in the workplace.
In closing, I would like to add that I have really enjoyed the experience of this class. It has
been good for me to learn first-hand what plumbing is all about. I thank our professor,
Engr. Jun Gonzales, for his help and patience.
60
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Fajardo, Max B. Jr. (2001). Plumbing Design and Estimate. 5138 Merchandising:
Diliman, Quezon City, PH.
[2] The National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
[3] https://www.scribd.com/doc/239877171/History-of-Plumbing-Practice-of-the-
Philippines
[4] https://www.pmmag.com/articles/91715-greatest-plumbing-heating-inventions
[5] Google images
61

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Plumbing Design for a 4-Storey Mixed-Used Office & Residential Bldg.

with Mezzanine & Roof Deck

Technological Institute of the Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture

PLUMBING DESIGN FOR A 4-STOREY MIXED-USED OFFICE

October 18, 2018

1.1. Project Background: ........................................................................................... 1

2.1. Fixture Units ..................................................................................................... 31

3.1. General Notes and Legend .............................................................................. 36

3.8. 4th Floor DWV & WS Isometric Layout ............................................................ 44

4.1. Materials for Soil Pipe and Waste Pipe ............................................................ 47

5.1. Brief History of Plumbing in the Philippines ...................................................... 50

VII. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 61

Table 1 – Fixture Demand ............................................................................................. 15

1.1. Project Background:

This paper shall cover the

The building includes lobby,

The site shall be developed to accommodate the standard requirements of a 4-storey

1.2. Glossary Terms

1.2.24. Indirect Connections. Waste piping that discharges into a receptor or

1.2.36. Sewer System. System including a building sewer, a private or public

1.3. Project Standards

1.3.1. Sanitary Engineers and Wastewater Disposal Systems (Sanitary Engineering

EXCERPTS FROM R.A. 1364 - SANITARY ENGINEERING LAW, (Approved, 18 June

(a) Sanitary surveys, reports, design, direction, management, consultation, and

(EXCERPTS FROM THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER XVII - SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,

a. Public sewerage system - a system serving twenty-five (25) persons or more.

i. Approved excreta disposal facilities shall mean any of the following:

1. Flush toilets properly connected to a community sewer;

EXCERPTS FROM THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE, R..A. 7160 - AN ACT

SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities.

(3) For a Province:

All the services and facilities of the municipality and province, ….

1.3.4. Wastewater Provisions (National Plumbing Code 1993-1994 Revision)

(EXCERPTS FROM THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE (1993-1994 REVISION)

CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL REGULATIONS, INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

ARTICLE I - DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTE

ARTICLE II - CONNECTIONS TO PLUMBING SYSTEMS REQUIRED

ARTICLE III - SEWER REQUIRED

1.3.5. Clean Water Act (RA -9275 of 2004)

R.A. 9275 - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY

a) To streamline processes and procedures in the prevention, control and abatement of

b) To promote environmental strategies, use of appropriate economic instruments and of

c) To formulate a holistic national program of water quality management that recognizes

d) To formulate an integrated water quality management framework through proper

f) To encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through

g) To provide for a comprehensive management program for water pollution focusing on

h) To promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an

1.4. Potable Water Distribution System

Table 1 – Fixture Demand

Table 2 – Factors of Simultaneous Use

1.5. Sewage Disposal System

Table 3 – Sanitary Waste and Drain Piping

Table 4 – Slope of Horizontal Drainage Pipe

Table 5 – Drainage Fixture Unit Values

Number and Type of Fixtures x Unit Values = Total Discharge in DFU.

Table 6 – Maximum Loads for Horizontal Drains

Table 7 – Maximum Load for Soil and Waste Stacks

Table 8 – Minimum Slope for Sewer Pipe

1.6. Storm Drain System

Table 9 - Size of Horizontal Building Storm Drains