Journal of Advanced Research (2016) 7, 923–929

Cairo University

Journal of Advanced Research

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

General expressions for downlink signal to

interference and noise ratio in homogeneous and
heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks
Nora A. Ali a,*, Hebat-Allah M. Mourad a, Hany M. ElSayed a,
Magdy El-Soudani a, Hassanein H. Amer b, Ramez M. Daoud c

a
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
b
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
c
KAMA Trading, Engineering Office, Cairo, Egypt

G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: The interference is the most important problem in LTE or LTE-Advanced networks. In this
Received 7 June 2016 paper, the interference was investigated in terms of the downlink signal to interference and noise
Received in revised form 5 September ratio (SINR). In order to compare the different frequency reuse methods that were developed to
2016 enhance the SINR, it would be helpful to have a generalized expression to study the

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 2 25261986.

E-mail address: engn_ahmed@yahoo.com (N.A. Ali).
Peer review under responsibility of Cairo University.

Production and hosting by Elsevier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2016.09.003
2090-1232 Ó 2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
924 N.A. Ali et al.

Accepted 6 September 2016
Available online 12 September 2016
Keywords:
LTE-Advanced
Signal to interference and noise ratio
(SINR)
Fractional frequency reuse (FFR)
Soft frequency reuse (SFR)
Heterogeneous network
performance of the different methods. Therefore, this paper introduces general expressions for
the SINR in homogeneous and in heterogeneous networks. In homogeneous networks, the
expression was applied for the most common types of frequency reuse techniques: soft fre-
quency reuse (SFR) and fractional frequency reuse (FFR). The expression was examined by
comparing it with previously developed ones in the literature and the comparison showed that
the expression is valid for any type of frequency reuse scheme and any network topology. Fur-
thermore, the expression was extended to include the heterogeneous network; the expression
includes the problem of co-tier and cross-tier interference in heterogeneous networks (HetNet)
and it was examined by the same method of the homogeneous one.
Ó 2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
4.0/).

Introduction inner regions use the same frequency (reuse factor = 1), but
the outer regions use different frequencies (reuse factor > 1)
Frequency reuse schemes are the most suited interference man- as shown in Fig. 1 [5–7]. In SFR, the whole system bandwidth
agement techniques for the OFDMA based cellular networks is used inside the cell. The cell is divided into inner and outer
wherein the cells are divided into separate regions with differ- regions with different frequencies and different transmission
ent frequencies [1,2]. The most famous technology using powers (Fig. 2) using power control to mitigate the interfer-
OFDMA is the Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE was devel- ence [5–7]. Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) is
oped by the third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to the most significant factor to measure the amount of ICI and
complement the 3G technology with high data rate, low to evaluate the performance of the proposed interference man-
latency and high spectral efficiency. To further improve the agement technique.
network and set the requirements of the International Mobile In NHFR, the cell is not divided into inner and outer
Telecommunication-Union (IMT-U), 3GPP developed LTE- regions. But, the centre frequencies of the neighbouring base
Advanced to be the 4G technology by using carrier aggrega- stations are changed to reduce the ICI as shown in Fig. 3 [3].
tion, higher order MIMO and implementing low power nodes Changing these centre frequencies causes some overlapping
with the macrocells. However, using OFDMA results in a big
problem which is the inter-cell interference (ICI) due to using
the same frequency for all cells [1,2]. This results in perfor-
mance degradation especially for the edge users. Fractional
frequency reuse (FFR), soft frequency reuse (SFR) and the
new hybrid frequency reuse (NHFR) are the most used inter-
ference management techniques that were generated to miti-
gate the ICI problem in LTE homogenous network [3,4].
In FFR, the whole system bandwidth is not used inside the
cell, where the cell is divided into inner and outer regions; the

Fig. 2 SFR scheme.

Fig. 1 FFR scheme. Fig. 3 NHFR scheme [3].

General expressions for downlink SINR in LTE-Advanced networks
bands between the neighbouring cells to keep the total system
bandwidth.
This paper considers homogeneous and heterogeneous net-
works. The homogeneous network is the network that consists
of one type of base stations. For example in LTE or LTE-
Advanced, the homogenous network is the network that con-
sists of macrocells only [1,6]. The heterogeneous network is
defined according to the 3GPP standard for LTE advanced
as the network of base stations of different transmission pow-
ers [8,9].
The objective of this paper was to derive general analytical
expressions for SINR in homogeneous and in heterogeneous
networks. The homogeneous SINR expression takes into
account all assumptions with respect to the frequency reuse
method, the network parameters, the network layout (number
of tiers) and the user location (centre or edge). The derived
expressions are applied to different scenarios with different
assumptions [4–7]. Comparison with previous research works
shows that the proposed expressions are more generic and all
cases can be considered as special cases.
The heterogeneous SINR expression takes into account the
two types of interference; the co-tier interference and the cross-
tier interference [10–12]. The co-tier interference is the interfer-
ence between the cells of the same type and the cross-tier inter-
ference is the interference between the cells of different types.
Different scenarios were examined and the expression was
applied for all of them.
The paper is organized as follows: the derived SINR expres-
sions for the homogenous and heterogeneous networks are
described in ‘Methodology’. The different scenarios where
the derived expressions have been validated with the contribu-
tion and the justification are described in ‘Results and discus-
sion’. Finally the paper is concluded in ‘Conclusion’.
Methodology
In this paper, the problem of interference is discussed in terms
of finding general expressions of SINR for the different inter-
ference management techniques. Firstly, the expression for
homogeneous network was derived to be used for the different
interference management techniques such as FFR, SFR and
also for the techniques that use different centre frequencies
with overlapping frequency band such as NHFR. Secondly,
the expression was extended to generate another expression
for the interference management techniques in heterogeneous
networks.
General analytical expression of SINR for homogenous network
As mentioned before, the interference in homogeneous net-
works comes from the neighbouring macrocells that use the
same frequency. The SINR for a desired user i depends on
the
P total interference from all neighbouring macrocells
ð M Im Þ. This interference can be divided into different parts
if the cell is divided into inner and outer regions or if the neigh-
bouring cells use different centre frequencies. The general
SINR expression for homogenous networks is as follows:
Pr;i Pr;i
SINRi ¼ PM ¼ 0 ð1Þ
I
m–i m þ N o d ðI in þ I out Þ þ dI þ No
925
where Pr,i represents the received power of the desired user, Im
represents the total interference from the neighbouring macro-
cell and M is the number of interfering macrocells. Iin repre-
sents the total interference coming from the inner region due
to using the same centre frequency and the same frequency
band. Iout represents the total interference coming from the
outer region due to using the same centre frequency and the
same frequency band. I represents a different quantity which
is the total interference from the neighbouring macrocells that
use different centre frequencies with overlapping frequency
band between the desired cell and the neighbouring ones. d
is the overlapping parameter and No represents the thermal
noise power. Hence by identifying these terms, they are as
follows:
Pr;i ¼ Pt;i hi Gi dn ð2Þ
i
X
Nin
Iin ¼ PT;c hj GJ dn
j ð3Þ
j¼1
j – i
X
Nout
Iout ¼ PT;e hk Gk dn
k ð4Þ
k¼1
k – i
X
M
I¼ cm Phm Gm dn
m ð5Þ
m¼1
m – i
where all the above parameters are defined in Table 1 and
according to the type of frequency reuse method and the loca-
tion of the desired user (edge/centre), the SINR expression can
take different forms as shown in Table 2.
In the NHFR method [3], the variable d equals one and the
variable cm was used to compute the amount of interference
due to this overlapping; it can take different values depending
on the percentage of overlapping band from the total band-
width. According to 3GPP TR 36.942 [13], the total transmit-
ted power is equally distributed over the number of
subcarriers. So, it can be assumed that, if the overlapping band
between the desired and the neighbouring cell represents 50%
of the total system bandwidth (the neighbouring cell uses 50%
of subcarriers of the desired cell), the neighbouring cell inter-
feres with 50% of its power (cm = 50%) on the desired cell.
Therefore, cm equals 100% for the cells that use the same cen-
tre frequency and are not divided into inner and outer regions.
In some special cases, the noise has negligible effect on the
performance and can be ignored and the interference becomes
the dominant factor. In these cases, ICI can be measured as a
function of the signal to interference ratio (SIR) as follows:
Pr;i
SIRi ¼ ð6Þ
d0 ðIinner þ Iouter Þ þ dI
In other cases, the macrocell is divided into sectors to
increase the spectral efficiency; in this case, a new summation
is added to the SINR expression as follows:
Pr;i
SINRi ¼ P PS ð7Þ
s¼1 Im;s þ No
M
where S is the number of sectors inside the macrocell and Im,s is
the interference from sector s in macrocell m.
926 N.A. Ali et al.

Table 1 Parameters of SINR expression in homogenous network.

Parameter Definition
Pt;i Transmit power of the desired enodeB (eNB), it differs according to the user location (centre/edge)
PT;c Transmit power of the eNB in the inner region
PT;e Transmit power of the eNB in the outer region
Pm Transmit power of the eNB, if the cell is not divided into inner and outer regions
Gi Antenna gain of the desired eNB
Gj ; Gk; Gm Antenna gain of the interfering eNBs
hi Fading channel gain between the desired user and the desired eNB
hj ; hk ; hm Fading channel gain between the desired eNB and the neighbouring ones
di The normalized distance between the desired user and its serving eNB (distance divided by the cell radius RC)
dj ; dk ; dt The normalized distances between the desired user and the interfering eNBs
n Path loss exponent factor
Nin Number of macrocells that cause interference from its inner region
Nout Number of macrocells that cause interference from its outer region
d Overlapping parameter, it equals zero in case of using the same centre frequency for all cells and equals one in case of
using different centre frequencies with overlapping band, d0 is the complement
cm Overlapping interference parameter representing the amount of interference from the neighbouring cells that use
different centre frequencies, but with overlapping band with the desired cell

Table 2 Different forms of SINR in homogenous network.

The used scheme User location SINR expression
Pr;i
FFR Edge user Iout þNo
Pr;i
FFR Centre user Iin þNo
Pr;i
SFR Edge or centre user Iin þIout þNo
Pr;i
NHFR Any point inside the cell IþNo

General analytical expression of SINR for heterogeneous

network

As mentioned before, 3GPP developed LTE-Advanced which is
the 4G technology to improve the network and set the require-
ments of the International Mobile Telecommunication-Union
(IMT-U). The most significant improvement in the 4G technol-
ogy is the ability of implementing heterogeneous networks to
improve the spectral efficiency per unit area [9]. As mentioned
above, the heterogeneous network is the network of base sta-
tions of different transmission powers. In other words, the
heterogeneous network is the network that consists of macro-
cells with low power nodes such as pico and/or femto cells as
shown in Fig. 4 [10,11]. The main difference between the macro-
cells and the low power nodes is the amount of transmission
power of the base station (enodeB). Deploying these low power
nodes with the macrocells became more essential due to differ-
ent reasons. Firstly, it can offload some traffic from the macro-
cell to improve its capacity. Secondly, it can overcome the
problem of dead holes and improve the overall coverage of
the macrocell and also improves the spectral efficiency at the cell
edge. However, the interference becomes the predominant
problem in heterogeneous network due to using the same fre-
quency band for macrocell and low power nodes. It can be
divided into two different types. Firstly, the interference
between the neighbouring macrocells and this type is called
co-tier interference; it is similar to the ICI in homogeneous net-
works. Secondly, the interference is between the macrocells and
the low power nodes or between different types of low power
Fig. 4 Example of heterogeneous network.
nodes; this type is called cross-tier interference. SINR is an
important factor to measure these types of interference. There-
fore, the paper introduces a general SINR expression for the
heterogeneous network including the co-tier and the cross-tier
interference as follows:
Pr;i
SINRi ¼ PM PM P P Z ð8Þ
I
m–i m þ l m–i Lp z¼1 Pr;z;m þ No
where
Pr;z;m ¼ Pt;z hz;m Gz dn
z;m ð9Þ
The expression in (8) is the generic expression for the
heterogeneous network using the parameters in Table 3. The
first term in the denominator is the same as the first term of
the denominator of (1); it represents the co-tier interference
or the ICI between the macrocells. But, the second term
belongs to heterogeneous networks only; it represents the
interference due to the low power nodes (cross-tier interfer-
ence). The above equation is the general one and it includes
the homogeneous network by using the new parameter l. It
equals zero in case of homogeneous networks, in which there
are no low power nodes. It equals one in case of heterogeneous
network where the interference comes from the neighbouring
macrocells and the neighbouring low power nodes. Therefore,
General expressions for downlink SINR in LTE-Advanced networks 927

Table 3 Parameters of SINR expression in heterogeneous network.

Parameter Definition
Lp Number of different types of low power nodes, it equals one in case of existing femto- or picocells only and equals two
in case of existing femto and picocells together
Z Number of low power nodes
Pt,z Transmit power of low power node. It equals Pt,p for picocell and Pt,f for femtocell
hz,m The fading channel gain between the desired macrocell and the low power node in another macrocell m, it equals hp,m
for picocell and hf,m for femtocell
Gz The antenna gain of low power node
dz,m The distance between the desired cell and the low power node in macrocell m

the expression in (8) can be considered as a general one for

both homogenous and heterogeneous networks and the Table 4 Different forms of SINR expression in heterogeneous
homogenous expression in (1) is a special case. network.
According to the different assumptions, the network type The network type SINR expression
and the type of interference, the SINR takes different forms Homogenous P Pr;i
I þNo
and the expressions in Table 4 include these forms. The expres- M m

sions in Table 4 include the co-tier and cross-tier interference HetNet with pico or femto cells PM PMPr;iP Z
I þ
m–i m m–i z¼1
Pr;z;m þNo
because they contain the interference from the macrocells Pr;i
HetNet with pico and femto cells PM PM P PZ
I þ Pr;z;m þNo
and from the low power nodes. For example, if the desired user m–i m m–i Lp z¼1

is a macro user, the interference from the macrocells is co-tier

interference and from the low power nodes is cross-tier inter-
ference. In contrast, if the user is a pico or femto user, the
interference from macrocells is cross-tier interference and from
the same pico or femtocells is co-tier interference. Also, the
first expression in the table is the same expression in case of
the homogeneous network; this guarantees that the homoge-
neous expression is a special case from the heterogeneous one.

Results and discussion

The derived expressions of SINR for the homogenous and

heterogeneous networks were examined to guarantee that they
are valid for all interference mitigation methods. This valida-
tion was carried out by applying the expressions for the differ-
ent methods in the literature.

Homogeneous SINR expression validation

Fig. 5 Example of two tiers network [4].

The proposed generic expression in (1) was validated by com-
paring it with previously developed ones [4–7]. A network of
two tiers (7 cells in the first tier and 12 cells in the second tier)
was used as shown in Fig. 5 [4]. The transmitted power equals
PT,c or PT,e depending on the region (inner or outer) and the
antenna gain was ignored [4]. The paper used the FFR and
SFR methods; therefore, the parameter d equals zero. By keep-
ing the notations of the proposed expression in (1), using the
expression of FFR for a centre user in Table 2 with Nin equals
18 (6 in the first tier and 12 in the second tier as shown in
Fig. 5), the SINR expression becomes the same expression
for a centre user using FFR [4] as follows:
PT;c hi dn
SINRFFR;centre;i ¼ P18 i

expression of FFR for an edge user in Table 2 and using the PT;c hj dn
j¼1
j þ No
j – i
layout in Fig. 5, the SINR of an edge user is as follows:  Ri n
 Ri n ¼   n Rc 
ð11Þ
PT;e hi dn  n
SINRFFR;edge;i ¼ P6 i
¼   Rc
 n 6 hh1i DRc1 þ 12 hh2i DRc2 þ PT;c
No
hi
n
k¼1 PT;e hk d
k – i k þ No 6 hh2i DRc2 þ bPNT;co hi
The noise was ignored and the performance was measured
ð10Þ as a function of SIR with the following assumptions [5,6]. Two
where b equals PT,e/PT,c. tiers network (19 cells), the transmitted powers of the inner
The above equation is the same equation for an edge user and outer regions were the same in case of FFR and different
using FFR and reuse factor 3 [4], where h2 and D2 denote in case of SFR, the fading channels had unity gain and the
the second tier, but with different notations. Also, by applying antenna gain was ignored. These two papers used FFR and
the same assumptions to the expression in (1) and using the SFR; therefore, the parameter d equals zero and the expression
928 N.A. Ali et al.

in (1) with the special cases in Table 2 was used to calculate the Pr;i
SINRi ¼ P6 ð16Þ
SIR. By keeping these assumptions and using the notations in m¼1
m – i
Im þ N o
(1), the SIR of an edge user using SFR and FFR (reuse factor 2nd tier

3) is as follows: In the SFR method [14], it is the same as the SFR that was
dn previously discussed in this paper and is shown in Fig. 2. The
SIRSFR;edge;i ¼ P12 n P6 i
ð12Þ SINR expression was applied for SFR and is shown in Table 2
b j¼1 dj þ k ¼ 1 dn
k
j – i for both centre and edge users. In the PFR method [14], it is
k–i the same as FFR that is shown in Fig. 1 and also the SINR
expression was shown in Table 2 for both centre and edge
dn users.
SIRFFR;edge;i ¼ P6 i n ð13Þ
k¼1 d
k – i k
Heterogeneous SINR expression validation
The above two equations are the same equations for an edge
user using SFR and FFR [5,6], but with a different notation.
Also, the proposed expression was examined by comparing The correctness of the SINR expression for the heterogeneous
it with another expression, where the transmitted powers of the network was investigated by comparison with different devel-
inner and outer regions were equal for FFR and different for oped ones in the literature [10–12]. The heterogeneous network
SFR [7]. The antenna gain was ignored and the fading channel with the following assumptions was considered [10]. Each
gain was unity. By keeping the notations in (1) and using the macrocell was divided into three sectors and each sector was
expression of SFR for edge user in Table 2, the SINR equation provided with a number of picocells; the antenna gain for all
becomes the same equation for an edge user using SFR [7], but enodeBs (eNBs) was ignored and also the distances. By keep-
with different notations as follows: ing these assumptions and by substituting in the second expres-
sion in Table 4, the SINR of the macro user is as follows:
PT;e dn
SINRSFR;edge;i ¼ PNin P i out ð14Þ Pr;i
j¼1 PT;c dn þ Nk¼1 PT;e dn
k þ No
SINRmacro;i ¼ P PZ n
M Im þ z¼1 Pt;z hz Gz dz þ No
j
j – i k – i

Finally, a survey of the different interference avoidance Pr;i

¼ PM PZ ð17Þ
techniques was introduced [14], and the research discussed P h
m–i m m þ z¼1 Pt;p hz þ No
the different frequency reuse methods: the conventional fre-
quency reuse such as Reuse-1 and Reuse-3 and the fractional The above equation is the same equation for a macro user but
frequency reuse such as SFR and partial frequency reuse with different notations [10]. Also by applying the same
(PFR). In this paper, the proposed SINR expression was assumptions to get the SINR of a pico user, it was found that
applied for all these methods in order to guarantee its valida- the resulting equation is the same equation for a pico user [10],
tion for the various techniques. In Reuse-1, the total band- but with different notations as follows:
width is reused in all neighbouring cells in order to increase Pr;i
SINRpico;i ¼ P PZ n
the system capacity and therefore, the interference on any user
M Im þ z¼1 Pt;z hz Gz dz þ No
in any cell comes from all neighbouring cells [14]. By applying Pr;i
these assumptions to the general formula in (1), the SINR ¼ PM PZ ð18Þ
expression is as follows: m–i P m hm þ z ¼ 1 Pt;p hz þ No
Pr;i z–i
SINRi ¼ PM ð15Þ
A heterogeneous network of macro and femto cells was
m–i Im þ No
investigated with the following assumptions [11]. The system
In Reuse-3 method, the total bandwidth is divided into model consists of seven macrocells, each one is divided into
three parts as shown in Fig. 6 [14]. This prevents the interfer- three sectors and a number of femtocells are distributed ran-
ence among the cells in the same tier and the interference domly inside each cell. By applying these assumptions and sub-
comes only from other different tiers. Therefore, the SINR stituting in the second expression in Table 4, the SINR of a
expression for any user in the first tier using two tiers network macro and femto user in terms of received power is as follows:
as shown in Fig. 6 is as follows:
Pr;i
SINRmacro;i ¼ PM PS PZ ð19Þ
m–i s¼1 Pr;m;s þ z¼1 Pr;z þ No

Pr;i
SINRfemto;i ¼ PM PS PZ ð20Þ
m–i s¼1 Pr;m;s þ z ¼ 1 Pr;z þ No
z–i
The above two equations are the same equations for macro
and femto users [11], but with different notations.
Finally, one macrocell with N femtocells distributed ran-
domly inside it to construct a heterogeneous network was used
[12]. The antenna gain and the distances were ignored. By
keeping these assumptions and substituting in the second
expression in Table 4, the SINR expressions for macro and
Fig. 6 Reuse-3 technique [14]. femto user are as follows:
General expressions for downlink SINR in LTE-Advanced networks
Pt;i hi
SINRmacro;i ¼ P Z ð21Þ
z¼1 Pt;z hz þ No
Pt;i hi
SINRfemto;i ¼ PZ ð22Þ
z¼1 Pt;z hz þ Pm hm þ No
z – i
The above two equations are the same equations for macro
and femto users [12], but with different notations. All the pre-
vious results show that the proposed analytical SINR expres-
sions that were derived in this paper for the homogenous
and heterogeneous networks are general expressions. These
expressions are valid for any network topology with any
parameters and are valid for the different interference manage-
ment techniques developed in the literature and for any user
location. Also, the results show that the heterogeneous expres-
sion is the general one and all other cases, including the homo-
geneous case, are special cases from it. This is because the
expression contains all parameters that can be used in homo-
geneous or heterogeneous networks and it does not ignore
any parameter whether it is effective or not. Furthermore,
the expressions can be used to find generic expressions for
the probability of coverage and capacity and to investigate
the performance of different fading environments.
Conclusions
In this paper, generic analytical expressions for the downlink
SINR in both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks were
derived. In homogeneous networks, the expression was inves-
tigated for different scenarios including different frequency
reuse techniques, different network parameters and different
user locations (edge/centre). In heterogeneous network, the
expression was investigated for different types of low power
nodes such as pico and femto cells and it was derived for
macro and low power node users. Validation of the expres-
sions for both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks
was examined by comparing with previously developed expres-
sions and the comparison proved the correctness of both
expressions. These expressions are very important and essen-
tial to study or to analyse any cellular network that uses
OFDMA technique with any network parameters and any net-
work layout.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
929
Compliance with Ethics Requirements
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal
subjects.
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