Goa University

P.O. Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403 206

Syllabus of M.Sc. (Zoology) Programme
Implemented from the Academic Year 2010-11

A brief description of the course:

Purpose :
1. To understand the importance of taxonomy and the biodiversity of fauna (non chordate
and chordate) and their conservation.
2. To study comparative structure and function of the different organ systems and their
physiological importance in relation to habit and habitat of the organism.
3. To have advanced knowledge on animal genetics, molecular biology and developmental
biology and their applications
4. To prepare the students for pursuing advance studies in various fields of animal sciences by
research.

Prerequisites : The Candidate must pass the Bachelor’s examination with a minimum of 40% marks in
the Zoology.

Credits: A student has to take minimum 60 credit course form the department out of which 40 credits
are compulsory courses and 20 credits are optional courses. Besides, to get Post -graduate
degree student has also to take another 20 credits optional courses either from the department or
and other department / institution.

Dissertation: Project work are treated as equivalent to 8 credits of optional course.

Number of Semester: Four.

In each semester a student has to take courses equivalent to 20 credits.

Field work: A compulsory component of practical knowledge for all semesters.

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 Framework of New Credit based syllabus (w.e.f. Academic year 2010-11)

SEMESTER I

Paper Code Title of the Paper Credits

ZOC 101 Animal Taxonomy & Diversity 4
ZOC 102 Comparative functional Anatomy of Non - Chordates & Chordates 4
ZOC 103 Advance Animal Physiology 4
ZOC 104 Advance Genetics 4
ZOC 105 Lab course based on paper ZOC 101 & ZOC102 2
ZOC 106 Lab course based on paper ZOC 103 & ZOC 104 2

SEMESTER II

Paper Code Title of the Paper Credits

ZOC 201 Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 4
ZOC 202 Wildlife Biology & Conservation 4
ZOC 203 Biological Chemistry & Intermediary Metabolism 4
ZOC 204 Agricultural Entomology 4
ZOC 205 Lab course based on paper ZOC 201 & ZOC 202 2
ZOC 206 Lab course based on paper ZOC 203 & ZOC 204 2

SEMESTER III

Paper Code Title of the Paper Credits

ZOO 301 Biology of Reproduction 4
ZOO 302 Cell & Molecular Biology 4
ZOO 303 Developmental Biology 4
ZOO 304 Marine Zoology 4
ZOO 305 Lab course based on paper ZOC 301 & ZOC 302 2
ZOO 306 Lab course based on paper ZOC 303 & ZOC 304 2

SEMESTER IV

Paper Code Title of the Paper Credits

ZOO 401 Avian Biology 4
ZOO 402 Human genetics 4
ZOO 403 Genetic Toxicology 4
ZOO 404 Environmental Physiology 4
ZOO 405 Neurophysiology 4
ZOO 406 Animal tissue Culture 4
ZOO 407 Parasitology 4

ALL THESE COURSES ARE WITH INBUILT LAB. COURSE OF 1 CREDIT.

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ZOO 408 Underwater Biology 2
ZOO 409 Nutritional Biochemistry 2
ZOO 410 Radiation Biology 2
ZOO 411 Evolutionary Biology 2
ZOO 412 Dissertation 8

STUDENTS HAVE TO CHOOSE COURSES OF TOTAL 20 CREDITS OR MORE IN THIS

SEMESTER. THEY CAN ALSO CHOOSE THE EQUIVALENT COURSES FROM OTHER
DEPARTMENTS.

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 SEMESTER I

ZOC 101 : Animal Taxonomy & Diversity

NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60
Module 1: Introduction to taxonomy, stages of taxonomy, importance of taxonomy, problems of
taxonomists. Rise of taxonomy, New trends in taxonomy Zoological classification concept
of speciation, Taxonomic collections, identification and description, Zoological
nomenclature .
Module 2: Diversity of life, Global faunal biodiversity, faunal diversity of India, Benefits of diversity,
Value of biodiversity, Causes of biodiversity loss, protection of biodiversity, Biodiversity
act in India Challenges in monitoring and preserving biodiversity, human dependence of
biological diversity, Diversity at risk: the global perspective, restoration of diversity,
Policies to protect diversity.
Module3: Molecular basis of animal diversity, Genetic polymorphism, electrophoretic variations,
amino acid sequencing for variety of proteins, DNA-DNA and DNA- RNA hybridization.
Module4: General Organization and systematic position of minor phyla Lopophorates, Phoronida,
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Pogonophora, Chaetognatha, Acanthocephala, Entoprocota and
Sipunculida Phyllogeny and general organization of Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata,
Helminths, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.

Reference Books:

Barnes R.D. “Invertebrate Zoology” ( Halt Saunders Intl.Edition)

Belsare, D.K.. “Introduction to biodiversity” ( APH Publishing Corp. New Delhi)
Ekambarnath Ayyar. “ Zoology Vol-I & II”( Pub: S. Vishwanath, Madras)
Groombridge B. (Ed). “Global biodiversity: Status of Earth’s living resources”. (Chapman and Hall Publ.
London)
Hymen L.H. “The invertebrates (all volumes)” ( McGraw Hill. Philedelphia USA)
Huston A. Michael, “Biological diversity” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
Kapoor, V.C. “Theory and Practice of animal taxonomy” (Oxford and IBH Publ. Delhi)
McNeely, J. A.” Economics and biological diversity” ( IUCN, Gland, Switzerland)
Prasad, S. N. “Life of Invertebrates”( Vikas Publ. New Delhi)

Wilson, E. O. (Ed), “Biodiversity”( National Academy Press, New York. BACK

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ZOC 102 : Comparative Functional Anatomy of Non Chordates &Chordates
NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM:

Skeletal system of Arthropods and Echinoderms. Evolution and basic plan of vertebra
construction. Tetrapod limbs and their modification.
MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION:
Structure of pseudopodia, flagella and cilia in protozoa and their theories of locomotion.
Locomotion in annelids . Types of vertebrate musculature. Appendicular musculature
tetrapodes. Flight muscles of insects and birds.

Module 2: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

Feeding apparatus of molluscs. Ciliary mode of feeding in lower chordates. Oral glands
and stomach in land vertebrates.
URINOGENITAL SYSTEM:
Excretory organs of helminthes, annelids and molluscs. Reproductive system in
arthropods. Testes and vasa deferentia in tetrapods. Ovary and oviduct of tetrapods.

Module 3: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

Respiratory organs of annelids and molluscs. Pharyngeal basket in lower chordates.
Accessory respiratory organs in fishes. Vertebrate lungs. Respiratory pigments in non-
chordates and chordates.
VASCULAR SYSTEM:
Vascular system in annelids, arthropods and molluscs. Evolution of portal system.
Lymphatic system in land vertebrates.

Module 4: NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Nervous system of annelids, arthropods and molluscs.
SENSORY SYSTEM:
Sensory system in cnidaria; Sensory Receptor organs of vertebrates & their function.

Reference Books:

1. Invertebrate structure and function by E.J.W Barrington

2. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution By Kenneth V. Kardong
3. Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy By Libbie Henrietta Hyman, Marvalee H. Wake
4. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates: an evolutionary perspective By Karel F. Liem, Warren Franklin
5. A functional anatomy of invertebrates By Vera Fretter, Alastair Graham
6. Functional chordate anatomy By Ronald G. Wolff BACK

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 ZOC 103 : Advanced Animal Physiology
NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY:

Physiology of excitable cells, membrane excitability, membrane channel; Thermodynamic
relations; Transport across the membranes;

Module 2: REGULATION OF MOVEMENT:

Neural control of movement; Properties of motor units; peripheral motor control: spinal
reflex, actions of muscles, units and cutaneous receptors; Functional organization of motor
neurons; Spinal and supra-spinal control of movement; Vestibular system; Motor functions
of cerebral cortex.

Module 3: GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY:

Neuronal and hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility; Transport and mixing of food in
the alimentary tract; Secretary functions: secretion of saliva, gastric secretion, pancreatic
secretion and intestinal secretion; Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats; formation of faces; physiology of gastrointestinal disorders.

Module 4 : PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION:

Intracellular electrical activity in heart; Cardiac Mechanics; Events of the cardiac cycle:
measurement of pressure, flow and volume; Arterial and venous system. Structural and
mechanical aspects of respiration; Respiratory gas exchange ratio, blood gas transport; ling
perfusion; pulmonary capillary gas equilibrium.
SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY:
The muscles and exercise; Respiration and cardiovascular system in exercise; Dope test; Drug
abuse.

Reference Books:

1. A G Giese “ Cell Physiology” (W B Saunders Co.)

2. H T Yost “ Cellular Physiology” ( Printince Hall)

3. Edwards & Hassal “ Biochemistry & Physiology of cells” ( Mc.Graw Hill)

4. A C Guyton “ Text Book of Medical Physiology” ( Saunclers Co)

5. Eckert and Randall “ Text book of Physiology”

6. W F Ganong “ Review of Medical Physiology” ( Lange Medical Publication)

7. Wilmore, Costill and Kenney “ Physiology of sport and exercise” (Amazon, UK) BACK

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 ZOC 104 : Advance Genetics

NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: Interallelic and Intergenic interactions; Totipotency; Pleiotrophy; Homeostasis Non-

Mendelian inheritance: Extranuclear inheritance; Yeast mitochondrial genome; Universality of the genetic
code; Maternal effects, Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions; Extra chromosomal inheritance, Hybrid digenesis
Human Mitochondrial genome; Diseases of mitochondrial DNA in man; Maternal inheritance of these
diseases; LHON & OXPHOS; Homoplasmy and heteroplasmy; Interaction between mitochondrial and
nuclear genome.

Module2: Drosophila Genetics: Biology and life cycle of Drosophila; Drosophila as “Cinderella of
genetics”; Chromosome constitution; Polytene chromosomes; puffs as regions of gene transcription;
Lozenge in Drosophila DNA Synthesis and Sequencing: Synthesis of DNA on a template; Synthesis of
DNA without a template; Nucleotide sequencing; Sequencing Human Genome; Chromosome walking;
Chromosome jumping; Chromosome landing; Peptide Nucleic acid; Universal nucleoside.

Module 3: DNA damage : Characteristics of mutations; classification of mutations; Environmental

Mutagenesis, Site directed mutagenesis, Atimutagens (Desmutagens and Bioantimutagens) DNA and Non-
DNA Repair: DNA repair systems / mechanisms in prokaryotes (direct repair, Excision repair, Strand
transfer repair, post replication repair); DNA repair systems / mechanisms in eukaryotes (Nucleotide
excision repair); Non-DNA Repair (Structure of the code, Suppression, Isolation of germ cells; lethality and
selection; Diploidy / polyploidy)

Module 4: Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP, RAPD and AFLP analysis; Molecular
systematic: Patterns of descent, Classification of organisms based on the molecular genetic information;
DNA Profiling & Bar coding Epigenetic: Definition; brief history; Epigenetic patterns; Mutations and
Epimutations; Cellular transformation; chromosome imprinting; Epigenetic defects and ageing.

Reference Books:

Alberts et al (2008) Molecular Biology of the cell, Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, New York,
USA

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Brown TA (1998) Genetics – A Molecular Approach, III Edition, Chapman & Hall Publishers, London

Brown TA (2002) Genomes, Viva Books Ltd.

Brown TA, Genomes 3, Garland Science Publishing, London, UK

David AC and Jenuwein T (2007) Epigenetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA.

De Robertis EDP & De Robertis EMF (1995) Cell and Molecular Biology VIIIth (Indian) edition

Griffiths AJF, Gelbart WM, Lewontin RC and Miller JH (2002) Modern Genetic Analysis: Integrating Genes
& Genomes, WH Freeman & Co. New York

Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suziki DH, Lewontin RC and Gelbart WM ( ) An Introduction to Genetic
Analysis, WH Freeman & Co. New York

Halla DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (1996) Molecular Systematics, Sinaner Associates Inc. Sunderlan,
Massaxheusetts, USA

Hartl DL and Jones EW (2001) Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, Vth Edition, Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, Boston

Lewin B, Genes IX, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York

Lodish et al (2007) Molecular Cell Biology, WH Freeman & Co. New York

Miglani GS (2002) Advanced Genetics, Narosa Publishing House

Primrose SB and Twyman RM (2006) Principle of Genome Analysis and Genomics, 7th Edn. Blackwell
Publishing Co. Malden, USA

Watson JD et al (2004) Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, Delhi

Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA & Weiner AM (1987) Molecular Biology of the Gene, Vol.
I & II, General Principles, IVth / Latest edition, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. Tokiyo

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 ZOC 105: Laboratory Course (based on ZOC101 & ZOC102)
NO. OF CREDITS: 2 CONTACT HOURS: 30

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: Study of taxonomic characters,

identification and classification of members of Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterate, Helminths, Annelids,

Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinodermates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammals and minor phyla.

Study of techniques of collection, preservation and mounting of Insects.

Module 2: Osteological preparation of chick and rat.

Study of vertebrae, limb bones and girdles.

Appendicular muscles of rat.

Flight muscles of birds

Digestive system of cockroach.

Mounting of Salivary glands.

Afferent and efferent branchial system of fishes;

Renal portal system of rat;

Aortic arches in rat and chick

Exposure of Swim bladder of fish,

trachea and spiracle of cockroach.

Nervous system of crab,

cranial nervous system of teleosts and rat.

Comparative anatomy of brain of fish, chick and rat.

Reproductive system of cockroach.

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ZOC 106 : Laboratory Course (based on ZOC103 & ZOC104)

NO. OF CREDITS: 2 CONTACT HOURS: 30

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1:

Electrophysiology of membrane of excitable cells

Effect of temperature on electrical activities of cells and nerves

Electrophysiology of heart with reference to resting membrane potential and action potential;

Effect of ions and ion channel blockers on the electrical activities /potential of heart /nerves

Transport of glucose and amino acids across the intestine of rat and factors affecting the transport

Finger muscle contraction and induction of fatigue with reference to mechanical load and exercise duration

Study of human lung volume during rest and exercise.

Module 2:

Isolation/Extraction of genomic DNA from tissue (liver of mouse/rat)

Extraction/isolation of genomic DNA from mammalian blood (man)

DNA separation by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Protein extraction and separation by PAGE

Culture and maintenance of Drosophila

Study of Life cycle and Mutant Phenotypes of Drosophila

Paper chromatographic separation of proteins (Drosophila eye pigments)

Study of transcriptional activity in polytene chromosomes

Induction of phenocopies in Drosophila

Demonstration of Green Fluorescence and Red Fluorescence protein for monitoring gene expression.

Observation of DNA fragmentation in Apoptotic cells

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 SEMESTER II

ZOC 201 : AQUATIC BIOLOGY & FISHERIES

NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: PHYSICAL FEATURES OF WATER BODIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

WATER: Lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons, coastal inlets and back waters. Physical
characteristics of inland water: Physical- Temperature- Thermal stratification, thermo cline and thermal
exchange. Light- Light penetration, photic/ aphotic zonation, Compensatory zone pH, suspended solids,
turbidity Chemical characteristics of inland water: Salinity; Dissolved gases-oxygen, carbon dioxide;
Phosphates, Nitrates, Silicates and Sulphates.

Module 2: INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES: Fishing gear- Hook and line, Long line; Cast net, Scoop
net, Gill net, Trawl net, Rampan net, Purse seine Fishing craft: Catamaran, Dingy, Dugout canoe,
Outrigger canoe, Mechanized boat. Shoal fish fishery: Mackerel fishery and Sardine fishery ; Shell fish
fishery: Mussels, Oysters and Clams ;North Indian plains with those of Southern peninsula; Dams,
Impoundment and their impact on the riverine fishery.

Module 3: CULTURE FISHERIES: Freshwater Fish Culture: Aquatic weeds and their control; Aquatic
pests in the fish farm and their control; Site selection for a fish farm; Types of ponds in a self sustainable
fish farm; Bunds, inlets, outlets and monks; 2Management of fish farm ponds: manuring, liming, stocking,
supplementary feeding and harvesting; Composite culture systems of India, China, Israel and Europe.
Culture systems- Monoculture, Monosex culture, Cage culture, Pen culture, Integrated culture.

Module 4: PLANKTON AND FISHERY :Plankton as the preliminary link between abiotic and biotic
world in the aquatic ecosystem. Relation between phyto- and zooplankton; Different classifications of
plankton; methods of collection, analysis and quantification; implications of quality and quantity of
plankton on fisheries.

AQUATIC POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT: Sources: sewage, industrial effluents, excess fertilizers
and pesticidal residues. Processes within the system- dispersion, mixing, resistance time. Transport,
accumulation and magnification.

References Books:

1. Bal, D. “Marine Fisheries of India” (Tata McGraw Hill Publ.)

2. Battish S. “Freshwater Zooplankton of India” ( Oxford and I B H Publishing Co.).

3. Dumont H. “Tropical Zooplankton” ( W. junk Publishers),

4. Jayram K. “The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri lanka” )( A hand book.
Zoological Survey of India)

5. Jingran VG “Fish and fisheries of India”( Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.)

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6. Hutchinson, G. “A treatise on limnology Vol. I, II and III” (John Wiley and Sons.)

7. Kurian, C. “Prawn and prawn Fisheries of India”. (Hindustan Publishing Corp. Delhi.)

8. Merett N R.” Deep Sea Demersal Fish and Fisheries” (Chapman and Hall, New York. )

9. Munshi, D. J. “ Natural History of Fishes and Systematics of Freshwater Fishes of India” (Narendra
Publishing House, Delhi).

10. Munshi, D. J. “Fundamentals of Freshwater Biology”. (Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.)

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 ZOC 202: Wildlife Biology & Conservation

NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: Definition of Wildlife; Introduction to Wildlife with its scope and importance; Habitat diversity
of Indian wildlife, Endemic species. Wildlife values : economic, cultural, ecological, ethical, scientific and
aesthetic. Important Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in India and Goa: Bird sanctuaries, national
parks, projects and associated flora and fauna, protected areas and zoos. Important Indian fauna and their
distribution: Asiatic Lion, Indian Tiger, Indian one horned Rhinoceros, Indian Elephant, Golden Langur,
Lion-tailed Macaque, Red Panda, Brow Antler Deer, Indian Wild Buffalo, Crocodile, Great Indian Bustard,
Dolphin.

Module 2: Capturing and marking techniques – entrapping, darting, tagging and banding Population
enumeration – line transect, capture – recapture, pellet count, pug mark, call track count; radio telemetry;
Still and Video photography, aerial photography, Diseases of wildlife (microbial, parasitic, pathogenic) and
their control; Foot and mouth disease.

Module 3: Major threats and Loss of wildlife: Human interaction, habitat destruction, fragmentation,
degradation, exotic species introduction overexploitation. IUCN Red List criterion and categories:
indeterminate, rare, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and extinct. Their status in Western
Ghats, Goa and Southern India (Olive Ridley turtles, crocodiles, birds, bottle nosed dolphins, Gaurs).

Module 4: Conservation and management: Identification of priority areas in conservation research; Habitat
management and establishment of wildlife corridors. In-situ conservation: Establishment of protected areas /
PAN, Biosphere reserves, Critical wildlife habitats (CWH). Ex-situ conservation: Captive breeding and
repopulation programme, Role of Zoos, Parks, Oceanorium. Regional, National and global Conservation
efforts and legal aspects: National and international conventions – CITES,

TRAFFIC; Forest laws and wildife laws in wildlife conservation; Wildlife (Protection) Act - 1972, Project
tiger, project elephant, Gir lion project, crocodile breeding projects, Project Hangul(1972) etc.

Reference Books:

Wildlife Biology – Dasmann RF, John & Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982

Wildlife Conservation and Evaluation - Usher MB, Chapman & Hall, London

Wildlife Ecology: An analytical approach – Noen AN, 1973, WM Freeman & Co.

India’s Wildlife – Krishnan M, Bombay Natural History Society, 1972

Ecology and Biogeography of India – Mani MS, Junk Publ., The Hague, 1974

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Wildlife Management and Techniques – Giles RF, Prepared by Wildlife

Techniques Manual Committee, Wildlife Soc., Washington, DC,1971

Wildlife in India : Conservation and Control – Stracey PD, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, 1963

The Wildlife of India- Gee EP, Collins, London, 1964

The Fauna of India, Ellermann JR, Manager of Publications, New Deli, 1961

Endangered animals of India - Mukherjee AK, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

Forests and Forestry, Sagreiya KP, National Book Trust, India, 1967

Endangered animals of India, Nair SM, National Book Trust, India, 1992

Wildlife Management Techniques, Giles RH, Wildlife Society, Washington, DC, 1971

The Book of Indian Animals – Prater SH, BNHS, 1971

Introduction to Wildlife Management, Shah JH, McGraw Hill, New York, 1975

Essentials of Conservatiojn Biology, Primack RB, Sunderland,, Bostan University, Massichersettes, USA

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 ZOC 203 : Biological Chemistry & Intermediary metabolism
NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module1: Chemical bonds; Buffer and pH; Enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition; Catalytic strategies;
Regulatory strategies. Concept of metabolism; Concept of free energy; Coupled reaction; Electron
transport system; Oxidative phosphorylation.

Module 2: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis; TCA cycle; Pentose phosphate pathway; Glycogenolysis and
Glycogenesis; Biosynthesis of fatty acid; Oxidation of fatty acid; Biosynthesis of Phospholipid and Tri-
acylglycerol; Cholesterol synthesis.

Module 3: Protein turn over; amino acid catabolism; Nitrogen excretion pathways; Oxidation of amino
acid; Biosynthesis of amino acid. Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine and Purine; Disruptions in nucleotide
metabolism.

Module 4: Integration of metabolism; Caloric Homeostasis; Prostaglandins and leukotriene; Biochemical

Signals Transduction pathways: G protein, IP3,Tyrosine kinase, Protein kinase, Role of Ca++ and
Calmodulin in metabolism.

Reference Books:

1. Albert Lehninger “Principles of Biochemistry” (CBS Publisher and Distributor).

2. J. Berg, J Tymoczko and L Stryer “Biochemistry” (W H Freeman and Company)

3. Murray, Granner, Mayes and Rodwell “Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry” : ( LANGE medical

Book)

4. D L Nelson and M M Cox “Principles of Biochemistry” ( Freeman and Co)

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 ZOC 204 : Agricultural Entomology
NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS: 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: Role of insects in agriculture, insect population and crop losses, organs of support and
movement in insects, segmentation and body regions, segmental appendages, musculature, ingestion and
digestion of food, control and coordination, reproduction, development and growth in insects, insect and its
environment.

Module2: Insect pests of cereals, millets, pulse crops, sub tropical and tropical fruits, vegetables,
ornamental plants, fibre crops, oil seeds, sugarcane, plantation crops, spices, house hold pests, insects of
veterinary importance.

Module 3: Principles of pest control, selection methods for pest control, cultural, mechanical, legislative,
chemical control, pesticide residues and their monitoring, bio-ecological practices, Biological control,
Microbial pesticides, Integrated pest management, Pesticide application equipments.

Module 4: Pests of stored products and their control: Introduction, types of produce and pests, types of
damage, storage structures insect pest types, pest spectra for stored products, stored products pest control.

Reference Books:

Atwal AS. “Agricultural pests of South East Asia” (Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi)

Atwal AS and GS Dhaliwal. “Agricultural pests of South Asia and their management.” (Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi)

Apple JL and RF Smith.” Integrated Pest Management.” ( Plenum Press, New York)

Kumar A. and M. Nigam. “Economic and Applied Entomology” (Emkay Publications, New Delhi

Evans JW.” Insect pests and their control.” (Sameer Book Centre, Delhi)

Fryer JCF.” Insect pests of fruit crops,”( Biotech Books, Delhi)

Hill DS. “Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Hill DS. “Pests of stored products and their control.” ( CBS Publishers, Delhi )

Huffaker CB. (Ed) “Biological control “ ( Plenum Publ. New York.)

Mani, MS. “General entomology “ (Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi)

Nair MRGK. “Insects and mites of crops in India.” ( ICAR, New Delhi)

Pradhan S.” Insect pests of crop” ( National Book Trust of India, New Delhi)

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ZOC 205 : Laboratory Course (based on ZOC 201 and ZOC 202)
NO. OF CREDITS: 2 CONTACT HOURS: 30

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1 :

• Estimation of turbidity in the water sample by Nephalometeric method.

• Estimation of primary productivity by light and dark bottle method of Gaarder & Graan.

• Collection, preservation and identification of plankton from estuaries and freshwater bodies.

• Morphometry including fin formulae of fin fishes.

• Identification of commercially important fin and shell fishes from the west coast region.

• Identification of fin fishes belonging to 10 different families up to species level by using identification
keys.

• Working out of the growth curve of fish by length-weight ratio by using suitable fish.

• Working out the GSI in a suitable fin fish species.

• Aalysis of gut content and feeding habits of fishes.

• Visit to fish farm in action.

Module 2 :

• Identification of wild fauna associated with Mangroves.

• Field visits to nature spot of wildlife importance: Breeding sites, nesting sites and observations at water
holes
• Visit to in-situ conservation areas
• Visit to ex-situ conservation areas
• Use of indirect evidence for actual population estimation using Plaster of Paris pug marks etc (eg. Tiger
or leopard)
• Estimating actual population size of wild fauna using dung i. using defecation rates, ii. Using
proportional methods
• Identification of prey species using carnivore scat analysis
• Light microscopic investigations of hair/fur samples of different captive wild animals
• Study of pug marks of wild animals
• Hypothetical population pyramid
• Comparative study (Gross & Microscopic) of fecal pellets of different captive ungulates.
• To prepare “Pug mark tracing” from a track of wild animal

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ZOC 206 : Laboratory Course (based on ZOC 203 and ZOC 204)

NO. OF CREDITS: 2 CONTACT HOURS: 30

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1:
Isolation and purification of bio-molecules (carbohydrate, fat, nucleic acid and protein) from a given
tissues;
Quantification of bio-molecules (carbohydrate, fat, nucleic acid and protein) in tissue ;
Kinetic- characteristic of Enzyme :PH optima, temperature optima, determination of Km and Vmax
Effect of pesticides on the enzyme kinetics of amylase enzyme;
Electrophoresis of serum protein;
Thin Layer Chromatography of lipid;

Module 2:
Collection, preservation and identification of agriculturally important insects
Study of insect body parts (antennae, wings, appendages etc.,)
Study of insect pests of Paddy
Study of insect pests of cereals
Study of insect pests of sugarcane/ coconut
Detection of insect pest infestation in agriculture
Appliances of insect pest control
Study of pests of household
Study of insect pests of storage
Study of pests of Live stock
Study of pheromone traps in Palm weevil
Visit to place of agricultural studies/importance

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 SEMESTER III

ZOO-301: Biology of Reproduction

No. of credits: 4 contact hrs: 60

Module 1:Reproduction on overview, Biosynthesis pathway of steroid hormones , Genetic basis of sex
differentiation of gonads and gonadal ducts: Biogenesis of of gonadal Hormones. Role of hormones in sex
differentiation : Spontaneous and experimental sexual transformations in nonmammalian vertebrates,
Pathology of sex differentiation and development. Reproductive cycles in non-mammalian Indian
vertebrates-Teleosts, Amphibians ,Reptiles and Birds, Regulation of the reproductive cycles by proximate
and ultimate factors .

Module 2: Male Reproduction :Anatomy of male Reproductive System;

Histoarchitecture of testis, Spermatogonia, Stem cells, Spermatogenesis, Biology of spermatozoa ,

Seminiferous epithelial cycle, Lablond and Clermont Concept of wave and cycle, Stem cell renewal,
Hormonial control of spermatogenesis, Physiological roles of androgens, Functional morphology and
hormonal regulations of accessory male reproductive organs- epididymis , Vas deferens ,prostate glands
seminal vesicle , coagulating gland Cowper’s gland Biochemistry of semen. Semen analysis and its utility
in medicolegal cases .

Module 3: Female Reproduction :

Reproductive cycles in mammals and their hormonal regulation: Ovulation Implantation , types of
implementation , sequence of events during implantation , decidual cell raction , delayed implantation and
hormonal regulation Placenta - Structure types, placenta as an endocrine organ; placental gonadotrophins-
HCG, PMSG, placental lactogens and other placental hormones, steroidogenesis in foetoplacental unit.

Pregnancy; Corpus Luteum, luteotrophic complex in different animals endocrine control of pregnancy ,
pregnancy tests;

Parturition ;Activation and stimulus of uterus, hormonalmediation ,

Prostaglandms, oxytocin, corticosteroids and other factors

Lactation;morphological and functional development of mammary glands ;

Preparation for lactation, effect of hormones, initiation and maintenance of lactation, milk ejection,
Menopause

Module 4:Reproductive Technologies:

Amniocentesis, Male and female sterility and treatment; ART-Ovulation induction, In- Vitro fertilization ,
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer and other modifications, Surrogate pregnancy-gestational carrier, Fertility
control in male and female-natural methods, Intra Uterine Devices, oral contraceptives, Non-oral
contraceptives ( injectibles, implants), Vaginal rings, post-coital contraception ,male female sterilization ,
medical pregnancy termination, vaccine for fertility control.

19
Reference books:

Bentley PJ. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology, Cambridge Uni Press.

Degroot LJ and Neil JD (Ed.). Endocrinology Vol. I-III, Saunders Company.

Hadley Mc E. Endocrinology, IV Ed. Prentice Hall Inc.

Knobil E and Neil J.D. (Eds.) Physiology of Reproduction II Ed. Vol. I and II. Raven Press Ltd.

Mandal A. A handbook of neuroendocrinology, Emkay Publication.

Nelson R.J. An introduction to behavioral endocrinology. Sinaeur associates, Inc.

Pablo De, Scanes CG and Weintraub B.D. Handbook of Endocrine Research Techniques, Academic Press
Inc.

Saidapur SK (Ed.) Reproductive cycles of Indian Vertebrates. Allied Publishers Ltd. New Delhi.

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 ZOO- 302: Cell & Molecular Biology
(Theory)
4 Credits (= 4 Modules) (15 h X 4 Modules = 60 clock hours)

MODULE- 1 15 Clock hours

Introduction: Cell theory,' organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Viruses: Structure and classification of animal viruses - reverse transcription; Bacterial viruses
structure lysogenic and lytic life cycle, transformation experiment, DNA as the genetic material

Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, spliceosomes.

MODULE-2 15 Clock hours

Fluorescence and electron (SEM, TEM & STEM) microscopy - principle, methods and
applications.

Flow cytometry;Southern, Northern and Western blotting techniques; DNA fingerprinting; Fluoresence
In-situ Hybridization (FISH) and Chromosome painting; DNA sequencing,
Autoadiography

PCR, RT PCR, Nested PCR, RAPD, PCR based RAPD

MODULE-3 15 Clock hours

Molecular composition and models of membrane architecture, artificial cell
membranes, cell-cell adhesions, 'cell junctions

Transport across cell membrane - Diffusion, active transport, ion pumps, uniports,
symports and ansports, membrane potential

Cell-cell signaling, cell surface receptors, second messenger system, Signalling from plasma membrane to
nucleus, signal transduction

Mitochondria: structure, origin and evolutionary significance; Mitochondrial genetic system.

MODULE-4 15 Clock hours

Structure and biogenesis of ribosome; Structural organization of nucleus, nucleolus, chromatin and
nucleosome

Morphology and functional elements of eukaryotic chromosomes - centromeretelomere, and nucleolar

organizers

Cell cycle and, cell division: Phases of cell cycle, cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases; Apoptosis.

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 ZOC 303: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

NO. OF CREDITS: 4 CONTACT HOURS : 60

ALL MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEITAGE

Module 1: Recognition of sperm and egg during fertilization; Prevention of Polyspermy;

Activation of egg metabolism; Regulation of Cleavage; Mechanism of cell cellular
differentiation; Paracrine factors and signal transduction cascade.

Module 2: Developmental dynamics of cell speciation; Establishment of fate map in Sea

Urchin embryo and nematodes. Localisation of insect germ cell determinants in cytoplasm;
Genetics of axes specification in insect.

Module 3: Morphogenetic determination of tunicate embryo; Axes formation in fish

embryos; Determination of amphibian axes; Axes formation in Avian embryos; Axes
formation in mammalian embryo.

Module 4: Induction and Competence; Regional specificity of induction; Pattern formation

in vertebrate limbs, Formation of limb bud; generation of the proximal distal axes of the
limb; Regeneration of vertebrate limb; Molecular mechanism of limb regeneration.

Reference books:
1. Developmental Biology, SF Gilbert (7th and 8th edition), Sinauer Associates Inc., SDunderland,
USA.
2. Principles of Developmental Genetics, SA Moody (2007), Academic Press.
3. Pattern’s Foundation of embryology, BM Carlson (6th edition), Mc Graw Hill Inc.

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 ZOO-304: MARINE ZOOLOGY

4 Credit Course -

Module 1: Marine Habitat -

a) Types of Marine habitats & their characteristics
b) Chemical Environmental factors: 02, C02, C03, H2S, ,pH, anions/salts, organic matters

c) Natural association of organisms, Nutritional relationship, Sea Floor, sediments on the sea floor
d) Ecological subdivisions of marine environment

Module 2: Marine Zones -

a) Littoral, Pelagic & Benthic

b) Floral, and Faunal distribution and limiting factors
c) Benthic Zone - flora and fauna
d) Pelagic Zone - flora and fauna

Module 3: Bio-fouling & Bio-deterioration -

a) Fouling organisms
b) Boring organisms - rock borers, coral reef borers
c) Wood borers, lamellibranchs
d) Structural adaptations
e) Antifouling agents

Module 4: I
a) Origin of estuaries
b) Classification of estuaries
c) Structure of estuaries
d) Estuarine food web

II
a) Primary Production
b) Food cycle/marine food chains
c) Marine resources
d) Marine pollution

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Reference Books:

1. A text book of marine ecology- N.B.Nair & D.M.Thampy Publisher- Macmillan Company
India Ltd. 1980, 1990.
2. Advances in Marine Biology- Southward, Young & Fuiman, Publisher Elsevier, 2000.
3. Introduction to Marine Biology—G. Karleskint, R. Turner, J, Small, Publisher: Brooks Cole,
2002.
4. Introduction to biology of Marine Life- J.L.Sumich, J.F.Marissey, Publisher Jones & Bartlett,
2002.
5. Biological Oceanography—Carol Lalli, Timothy Parsons. Publisher: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2002.

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 ZOO 305 : Laboratory Course (based on ZOO 301 and ZOO 302)

Module1:

1. Dissection of male and female urinogenital systems in fishes, poultry bird and albino rat for
comparative analysis.
2. Study of permanent slides of adrenal glands, ovary an testis of fishes, amphibian reptilian and bird for
comparative histological studies.
3. Preliminary appraisal appraisal as to the live animal care and maintenance with respect to laboratory
animal the albino rat.
4. Determination of durations of phases and length of estrous cycle in albino rat by vaginal lavage
method.
5. Training in Surggical procedures to carry out bilateral

a) Orchidectomry

b) Ovariectomy and

c) Adrenalectomy and necessary post operative care.

6. Experiment to study the effect of hemispaying on contra towards

Module 2:

1. Study of mitotic metaphase chromosomes of Swiss albino mice/ Rat/Man.

2. Study of different stages of mitosis (Fish fin, Bone marrow).

3. Study of different stages of meiosis (grasshopper testes, mice testes).

4. Isolation/Extraction of genomic DNA from tissue (liver of mouse/ rat, bacteria).

5. Isolation/Extraction of genomic DNA from mammalian blood (man/mice/rat)

6. DNA profile/ separation by Agarose gel electrophoresis.

7. Restriction digestion of lambda DNA with EcoRI and Hind III restriction enzymes.

8. UV spectrophotometric analysis of purity of DNA.

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9. Protein extraction and profile/separation by PAGE.

10. Southern blotting.

11. Isolation of cell organelle (mitochondria and nuclei) by differential centrifugation/ subcellular
fraction.

12. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

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 ZOO 306 : Laboratory Course (based on ZOO 303 and ZOO 304)

No. of credit: 2 contact hrs:30

Module 1:
1. Identification of developmental stages of chick embryo/ amphibian embryo
2. Chick embryo culture, in vitro
3. Changes in biochemical profiles (RNA/DNA/FAA/Protein/TG/CH/PL) of developing chick embryo.
4. Effect of thyroxin in developing chick embryo
5. Organogenesis, preparation of slides and studies of 96 hrs. chick embryo
6. Effect of retinoic acid and essential amino acids in the development of chick embryo
7. Effect of colchicines in the somite proliferation in chick embryo.

Module 2:
1. Study of physical parameters of sea water/ estuarine water
2. Analysis of chemical factors- O2, CO2,carbonates, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, salinity
3. Assay of marine diversity- floral and faunal studies in the field.
4. Study of ecological adaptations of inertidal organisms
5. Collection of marine planktons and their identification.
6. Study of bio fouling in marine habitat through field experiments
7. Study of primary production
8. Study of marine pollutants in the marine habitat through field studies/ assays.

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 SEMESTER IV

ZOO 401: Avian Biology.

Credits: 4 (3 Theory + 1 practical)

Module 1: An over view of bird evolution, morphology, anatomy and physiology: Bird, as a
glorified reptile and a flying machine; Bird fossils-Archeopteryx and Archeornis; Integument, Types
of feathers; Skeletal system, Musculature; Digestive system, food and feeding habits; Circulatory
system; Nervous system- Brain and Sense organs; Urinogenital system, Salt glands and
osmoregulation.

Module 2: Bird identification, Systematics and Census: Avian systematics, Principal orders
and families of Class Aves with salient features; Morphology and morphometrv; Methods of
identification; Bird diversity, Bird identification on field; Field guides.
Bird Census: Counting techniques; Sampling techniques, Sampling bias, Estimation of breeding
population, mapping. Environmental impact assessment.and conservation.

Module 3: Avian Ecology, Field Biology and Bird Photography: Habitats: Niche preferences;
Niche adaptations, foraging behaviour: Feeding territory, resource partitioning. Colonial
behaviour: Cooperation, Competition and conflicts.
Bird migration and Navigation: Types of migration, Migratory routes, Bird banding.
Field studies and photography: Field requirements - equipments, field clothing; Types of
photographic equipment, use of hides; use and care of photographic equipments.
Breeding Biology: Nesting territories, Communal nesting, Bird songs, courtship, mating systems;
Type of nests ; Nest building; Nest defense, Clutch size;. Brood parasitism, Incubation and parental
care.

Practicals:
1.Study of a general anatomy of a bird and, types of feathers
2.Study of skeletal system of birds.
3.Study of topography of bird and systematic approach to bird identification.
4.Study of scrubland birds in the field with the help of field guides.
5.Study of wetland birds in the field.
6.Bird photography along with the use and the care of equipment.
7.Bird census.

References:
1. Ali S. The Book of Indian Birds. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University
Press, India.
2. Bibby C.J., Burgess N.D. and Hill A. Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press: UK.
3. Faborg J. and Chaplin S.B. Ornithology: an ecological approach. Prentice Hall Inc.
N.Jersey.
4. Goodfellow P: Birds as builders. New York Arco Publishing Co.
5. Giles R.H. (1971) Wildlife management Techniques, Wildlife Society Washington.

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 ZOO 402: Human Genetics

No. of Credits: 3 Theory + 1 Practical

Section A: Theory 45 clock hrs.

Module 1: Introduction: Basic principles of genetics, growth of human genetics, human

genetic make-up, genes as submicroscopic factors controlling human traits,
packing of DNA/chromatin into chromosomes, nuleosomes and histones.

Human chromosome structure, chromosomal heteromorphism (X &Y

chromosomes), Sex determination, Sex chromatin, Lyon hypothesis.

Human karyotype, Banding techniques, Chromosome identification and nomenclature

(ISCN).

Module 2: Basic principles of inheritance (autosomal/ sex linked/ dominant/ recessive) with human
examples, human pedigree analysis.

Human genetic disorders, chromosomal (structural and numerical; autosomal or X-linked)

and biochemical (inborn errors of metabolism) with examples.

Eugenics and genetic counseling.

Module 3: Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders, cytogenetic, biochemical and ultrasound methods,
amniocentensis, chorionic villus sampling, cordocentesis.

Biochemical markers for prenatal diagnosis, triple test for Down ‘s syndrome

Dermatoglyphics and its application in the diagnosis of human genetic disorders.

Principles of FISH, RFLP & DNA finger printing and their uses in human genetics.

Section B: Practicals

Module 4: 45 clock hrs.

1. Sterilization techniques for leucocyte culture

2. Inoculation and Culture of human leucocytes

3. Preparation of metaphase plates and their staining and analysis

4. G- banding of metaphase plates and their analysis

5. Human karyotyping

6. Sex chromatin (Barr body) studies

7. Micrometry

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 8. Camera-lucida drawing

9. Working out genetic problems

10. Dermatoglyphics

11. Microphotography

Reference Books:

1. Essentials of Human Genetics; M.L. Kothari, L.A. Mehta & S.S. Roychoudhury,

University Press.

2. Human Genetics; M. L. Cummings, CENGAGE Learning

3. Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics; P. Turnpenny & S. Ellard; Elsevier

4. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine; R.L. Nussbaum, R.R. McInnes &

H.F.Willard; Saunders.

5. The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics; S.L.Gersen & M.B. Keagle; Humana Press, Totowa,

New Jersey.

6. Principles of Genetics, D.P.Snustad & M. J. Simmons, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

7. Principles of Genetics, E. J. Gardner, M. J. Simmons, & D.P.Snustad, John Wiley & Sons; Inc.

8. Genes VIII, Benjamin Lewin, Oxford University Press

9. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations, A. R. Hoelzel, Oxford University Press.

10. Medical Biotechnology, S. N. Joganad, Himalaya Publishing Press

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 ZOO 403 : Genetic Toxicology
Credits: 4 (3 Theory + 1 practical)
Theory3 Credits (= 3 Modules)

MODULE-I 15 clock hrs

Introduction:, Definitions of relevant term (Genetic toxicology, mutagens, clastogens,

rnutagenicity, teratogenesis and mutagenesis); scope and significance; biological significance of.
mutagenesis

Mutation types with examples: spontaneous/induced: somatic/germinal: biochemical/spurious:

forward/reverse; autosomal/sex-linked; gametic/zygotic; -harmful/beneficial

Nature of –mutations; Molecular/gene/point mutations - deletion, insertion, substitution,

inversion, chromosomal mutations / aberrations - structural (deletion, duplication, inversion,
reciprocal translocation, position effects), numerical (Heteroploidy / genomatic mutations)

Mechanisms, of gene-mutations base-substitution, frameshift; Mechanisms of induction of

chromosomal alterations and sister chromatid exchanges

DNA damage and DNA repair, different repair systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Methods for
assaying repair efficiency of the cell.

MODULE-2 15 Clock hours

Microbial Assays for genotoxicity studies: Bacterial mutation assays (Salmonella/Histidine

Reversion Assay; E. coli WP2 assay); Yeast mutation assays (forward mutation, Reverse
mutation, Mitotic recombination, aneuploidy)

Mammalian Assays for genotoxicity studies: In-vitro mammalian cell mutation assays; In-
vitro,chromosome aberration assays; Sister-Chromatid-Exchanges; In-vivo cytogenetic
assays (erythrocyte micronucleus test, sperm morphology assay, spermatogonial
chromosome aberration assay, skin micronucleus assays); Unscheduled DNA synthesis-UDA);
Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay)

MODULE-3

Kinds of mutagens: physical, chemical and biological mutagens.

Chemical mutagens - metabolized to DNA-binding species, activated to DNA-binding species by

exposure to light, damage DNA indirectly, Intercalating agents.

Physical mutagens- Electromagnetic radiation, particulate radiation, Ionizing radiation, non

ionizing radiation.
Biological mutagens - viruses, mobile genetic elements, retrotransposons, Alu transposons

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Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, antimutagenesis

Mutagenic agents in human environment; Applications of genetic toxicology to human and

environmental monitoring, Screening chemicals for properties, Screening tests, hazard
assessment, Risk analysis tests

Practicals: I Credit (= I Modules)

MODULE-4 45 Clock hours

Practicals:

1. Genotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide on the mitotic chromosomes of Swiss albino

mice

2. Induction of micronuclei by cyclophosphamide in the bone marrow cells of Swiss

albino Mice.

3. Alteration of PCE/NCE ratio by cyclophosphamide in Swiss albino mice

4. Induction of micronuclei by cyclophosphamide in human peripheral blood cells cultured
in vitro.

5. Reduction of mitotic index by cyclophosphamide on the bone marrow cells of

Swiss albino mice.
6. Single cell gel electrophoresis studies of blood cells Swiss albino mice treated
with cyclophosphamide
7. Single cell gel electrophoresis of gill/liver cells of fishes irradiated with
gamma rays
8. Sperm abnormalities induced by cyclophosphamide in Swiss albino mice
9. Micronuclei induced in the gill/ liver cells of fishes by gamma irradiation
10. Cyclophosphamide induced chromosomal aberrations in human leucocytes
11. Sister-chromatid Exchanges induced in mammalian cells by mutagens.

Reference books:

1. Genetic toxicology; Albert P. Li & R.H. Heflich; CRC Press.

2. Principles of Genetic toxicology; David Brusick; Plenum press.
3. Basic mutagenicity test; David J. Kirkland; Cambridge University Press.
4. Mutagenecity Testing: A Practical Approach; S. Venit & J.M.Parry; IRL Press.
5. Handbook of Mutagenicity test procedure; B.J.Kilbey; Elsevier.
6. Chemical Mutagens; F.J. De Serres & Allexander Hollander; Environmental Mutagen
Society.
7. Chemical Mutagenesis in Mammals and Man; Friedrich Vogel & G.Rahrborn.

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8. General and Applied Toxicology; Bryan Ballantyne, Timothy C.Marrs & T.M.
Syverswen
9. Principles & Methods of Toxicology; Andrew Wallace Hayes; Taylor & Francis.
10. Molecular & Biochemical Toxicology; Robert C. Smart; Ernest Hodgson.

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 ZOO 404: Environmental Physiology
No. of Credits: 4
All Modules Carry Equal weightage

Module 1:Nature and levels of adaptation; Mechanism of adaptation; Cellular metabolism,

regulation and homeostasis; physiological regulation of gene expression.
Biochemical and physiological effects of temperature; regulation of heat gain and
heat loss, Role of nervous system and endocrine system in thermal biology;
homeoviscous adaptation.

Module 2: Regulation and movements of water and solute; Osmoregulatory organs

and their excretory products; cost and energy of regulation of water and ions;
Atmosphere, Solubility of gases in water and air; Respiration in water and air;
Hypoxia and anoxia; problems of diving, high altitude adaptation.

Module 3: Strategies in physiological adaptation with reference to marine, estuarine,

freshwater, terrestrial & parasitic life.

Module 4 (Practical): Effect of low temperature in the rates of nitrogenous excretion and
respiration of aquatic animals; Determination of Q10; Pattern of
thermal acclimation; Effect of temperature on the kinetics of
Acetylcholine esterase; Effect of salinity in the transportation of Na+/K+
ions. Role of transporter proteins in salinity adaptation.

Reference Books:
1. Environmental Physiology. of animals:- Wilimer, Stone and Johston ; 2nd edition, 2004
(Wiley Blackwell)
2. Biochemical Adaptation, Hochachka and Somero 2002 (Oxford University press)
3. Animal Physiology:, adaptation and Environment: S Nielsen ; 1997 (Cambridge
University press)

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 ZOO 405: Neurophysiology
No. of Credits: Theory 3 & Practical 1)

Theory:
Module 1: Introduction to neurophysiology; Recording from neurons; Electrical principles of
neuronal function; Structure of biological membranes ion Channels; Patch-clamp
recording techniques; ionic basis of resting potential.

Module 2: Model of neuron and current-voltage relations; Na/K pump; Action potential
properties; Voltage clamp techniques; Ion currents responsible for action
potentials; ionic basis of action potential properties; Single-channel basis of
action potential currents; Other types of ion channels.

Module 3: Cable properties of neuritis; Action potential propagation; Introduction to

synapses, electrical synapses; Synaptic responses at the neuromuscular
junction; Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function; Fast excitatory
neurotransmission; Fast inhibitory neurotransmission, summation.

Practicals: 1 Credit
1 Recording electrical activities of a neuron & theII interpretations.
2 Recording of electrical/conducting activities of a nerve & interpretation of the data
3 Using a patch clamp on a neuron/nerve
4 Recording the Inward Na Currents of a neuron/nerve
5 Recording of K currents of a neuron/nerve
6 Recording action potential of a nerve
7 Effect of neurotransmitters(Ach, Nor epinephrine/nephrine) on electrical activities
of a neuron/nerve
8 Excitatory neurotransmission of a neuron/nerve
9 Inhibitory neurotransmission of a neuron/nerve

Reference Books:
1.Barry Wyke Butterworth- Principles of general neurophysiology relating to anaesthesia
and surgery, 1960 - Medical - 136 pages.
2. Carlos Eyzaguirre, Salvatore 7. FidonePhysiology of the nervous system: an
introductory textYear Bool: Medical Publishers, 1975 - Medical - 418 pages
3. M. A, Corner, Progress in brain research, 1976. Nederlands Centraal
Instituut voor Hersenonderzoelc.

4. Erik Stalberg, Hand Book of Clinical Neurophysiology. Series Editors. JaspeR. Daube, and Francios
Mauguiere Elsevier Health Sciences, 2003 Medical - 675 pages

5. Misra "iJk Et A1- Clinical Neurophysiology (2nd Edition) Elsevier India, 2006

6. Jasper R. Daubc, Devon I Rubin. Clinical neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2009 -
Medical -• 886 pages BACK

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 ZOO 406—Animal Tissue Culture

MODULE1: Introduction, Advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture, Definitions, Initiation of

culture, Evolution of cell lines, Functional Environment, Design and Layout of laboratory:

Sterile handling area, Laminar flow, Incubation, Hot room, Air circulation service bench,

Preparation wash-up, storage.

MODULE 2: Equipping the laboratory: Essential equipment – Incubator, Sterilizer, Refrigerator,

Freezers, Microscope, Washing up equipment, Drying Oven, Water purification, Centrifuge

cell freezing, Beneficial equipment- Laminar flow, Cell counter, Vacuum pump, CO2

incubator, Pipette aid and automatic pipette , glassware washing machine, closed circuit TV,

Colony counter, cell sizing time lapse cinematography, Centrifugal elutriator, cell sorter.

MODULE 3: Aseptic techniques: Objectives, Work surface, Personal hygiene, Pipetting, Sterile

handling, Standard procedure, Outlines, Materials, Protocols: Protocol for epithelial cell

culture, Protocol for neuronal culture, Protocol for fibroblast culture, Protocol for

organotype cultures.

MODULE 4: Laboratory safety and biohazards: General safety, Chemical toxicity, Gases, Liquid

nitrogen, Radiation biohazard, Control procedures and level of protection.

Culture environment: The substrate- artificial substrate, Alternative, Treated surfaces,

Non-adhesive substrates, Liquid gel, Liquid-liquid interfaces, Culture vessels, Venting and

sampling analysis, Gas phase, Oxygen and carbon dioxide, Incubation temperature, culture

media.

PRACTICALS:

1. Epithelial cell culture of mantle and gills of bivalve.

2. Culture of hepatopancreatic cells of crab.
3. Neuronal culture using chick embryo.
4. Fibroblast cell culture using chick embryo.
5. Organotype culture from chick embryo- kidney, muscle.

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 6. Culture of bone marrow cells of rat/mice.
7. Stem cell culture from bone marrow of rat/mouse.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Freshney. Culture of animal cells. Wiley Liss New York.

2. Freshney. Culture of epithelial cells. Wiley Liss New York
3. Shahar. A. De Vellis, Vernadakis A and Haber B. A dissection and tissue culture manual of
nervous system. Allan Liss. Newyork.
4. Conn. PM. Cell culture. Academic Press. Sandeigo. USA.
5. Allan Boulton, Glenbaker, Wolfgong Walz. Practical cell culture techniques. Human Press.
Lowa. New Jersy.

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 ZOO- 407: Parasitology

Time: 60 Hrs Credits: 4

Theory (3 credits)

Module 1:

Introduction to Parasitology: Host Parasitic interactions in health and diseases, Signs and symptoms of
parasitic diseases, Intestinal & Urogenital Protozoa (Parasitic Protozoa: General characters & classification
of Flagellates (Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis) Ciliates (Balantidium coli, Isospora belli,
Cryptosporidium parvum), Hemosomatic Protozoa (Free living Amoeba phase, Trypanosomes'
monomorphic / Polymorphic, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii)'.

Module II:

Trematodes: General Characters, systematics and pathogenecity of Liverfluke (Fasciolla hepatica), Intestinal
Fluke (Fasciolopsis buski), Lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani), Blood flukes (Schistosomes), Cestodes
(General characters and classifications. Intestinal Tape worms (Taenia solium, Dipylidium caninum), Extra-
Intestinal Larval Cestodes (Diphyllobothrium spp. Echinococcus spp).,

Module III:

Nematodes: General Characters & Classifications, Intestinal Nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoids, Trichinella
spiralis, Hook worms), Blood and tissue nematodes (Wuchereria bancrofti, Dracunculus medinensis),
Partasites of insect origin (Flies & bugs, Fleas and lice) Arachnids (ticks and mites), Crustaceans (Cyclops)

Module IV: (PRACTICALS) (1 Credit)

Study of life cycle stages of Urogenital protozoa, Ameoba spp.

Study of life cycle of Balantidium / Trypanosoma

Study of life cycle of Leishmania / Malarial parasite

Study of liver fluke/ intestinal fluke / lung fluke

Study of Blood fluke/ tape worm/ Diphyllobothrium / Echinococcus

Study of Intestinal nematodes (eg: Ascaris / Trichinella / Hook worm)

Study of blood tissue nematodes (Eg: Filariasis / Medina worm)

Study of parasites of insect origin (Flea / bug / lice)

Study of arachnid parasites (Ticks / mites)

Study of crustacean parasites (Cyclops)

38
References:

Alan H. Linton (1982) Microbes, Man and Animals. John Wiley & Sons, New York

Anand N. Shukla and Rajiv Tyagi (2002) Protozoan diseases, Anmolo publication

New Delhi.

Burton J. Bogitsh (1998) Human Parasitology, Academic press. New York.

Leslie Collier., Albert Balows and Max Sussman (1998) Topley amd Wilson’s

Microbiology and microbial infections: Vol 5: Parasitology, Arnolds publ. New York,

Rathnaswamy GK (1974) A hand book of medical entomology and elementary

parasitology, Publ: S.Vishwanath Pvt.Ltd.,

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 ZOO- 408: UNDERWATER BIOLOGY
CREDITS - 2

Module 1: Theory: Scuba Diving Techniques and apparatus:-

Submerging in water - Feet first submerge, Head first submerge- a) Facing the water
b) Back first c) Descend from the side stairs d) Entry over the deck/ or shore e) under
water breathing. Under water performance- Swallowing, Chewing, Blowing,
Breathing,Use of O2 cylinder, Manometer-reading & care,.Use of exhaust valve. Over
view of zonation of the ocean, physical & chemical properties of sea water, Light,
temperature and ocean heat, Physics of waves & currents, major current systems,
Upwelling, water masses, density & pressure, under water flora & fauna, sea floor.

Module 2:

Practicals: Swimming pool session for under water dives, holding breath, breathing exercises

Open sea dives at Grande Island, underwater performances, submerging in water.

Introduction to exploration of the flora and fauna, Underwater photography, use of

camera for still pictures and videography.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Marine Biology by Peter -Castro-and Michael Huber (Oct 6, 2009)

2. Essentials of Oceanography {9th Edition) by Alan P. Trujillo and Harold V. Thurman
(Feb 1, 2007)
3. Introduction to Marine Biology: by, George Karleskint, Richard Turner and.]ames Small
(Jan 7, 2009).
4. Marine. Biology: An Ecological Approach (6th Edition) by James W. Nybakken and
Mark D. Bertness (Oct 18, 2004).
5. Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest: A Photographic Encyclopedia of invertebrates, Seaweeds
and selected Fishes by Andy Lamb and Bernard Hanby (Oct 1, 2005)
6. Introductory Oceanography (10th Edition) by Harold V. Thurman and Alan P (Dec 22, 2003)

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 ZOO 409: Nutritional Biochemistry
No, of Credits: 2

ALL-MODULES CARRY EQUAL WEIGHT AGE

MODULE 1: Basic concepts of energy and energy expenditure. basal metabolic rate
dietary requirements of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids- natural source of
carbohydrates, protein and lipids; importance of dietary fibers; protein
requirement at different stages of development; PUFA & lipid per-oxidation.

MODULE 2: Electrolyte concentrations of body fluids; concept of acidosis and alkalosis

Nutritional significance of Minerals, Biochemical functions of vitamin and specific

deficiency diseases Nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation.

"Reference Books :

1.Nutritional, Biochemistry- Tom Brody (1999 /20091 Academic Press

2.Text Book of.Medical Biochemistry- M.N.Chattejea and R.Shindea,Jaypee pub.
3 Nutritional Biochemistry-M S Swaminathan, 1995 (T R Publication)

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 ZOO 410: Radiation Biology
2 Credits (= 2 Modules)
MODULE-1 15 Clock hours

Introduction: Definition, scope and significance of radiation biology; General

classification of radiation

Ionizing radiation: Sources of ionizing radiation; types of ionizing radiation;

particulate radiations; Linear energy transfer; radiation dose and units; principles of
radiation dosimetry; direct and indirect effects

Molecular radiobiology: Radiation lesions in DNA; major types of DNA repair;

damage recognition and signaling; consequence of unrepaired DNA damage
(chromosome damage)

MODULE-2 15 clock hrs

Cellular radiobiology: Radiobiological definitions of cell death; survival curves and

models; cell cycle effects; relative biological effectieness (RBE); cellular repair
exemplified in survival curves; cellular hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) and induced repair
(IRR); Other molecular targets bystander (epigenetic) effects; radiation sensitizers
and protectors

Radiobiological basis of radiation protection: Health consequences after total

body irradiation from radiation accidents; long term radiation risks from low
radiation doses; radiation-induced cancer in the atomic bomb survivors;
epidemiological studies in other radiation exposed populations; mechanisms of
radiation induced cancer; radiation effects in the developing embryo and fetus;
radiation induced heritable diseases.

References:

1. Radiation Biology: A handbook for teachers and students; International Atomic

Energy Agency (IAEA) Training Course Series 42, Vienna, 2010.

2. Genetic Toxicology; Albert P. Li & R.H. Heflich; 1991; CRC Press.

3. International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) Publication 60:

1990, Recommendation of the ICRP 21: issue 1-3: 1-201 (1991).

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 ZOO-411: Evolutionary Biology
Credits: 2 Contact hrs:30

Module 1:

Evolutionary theories and evidences: Contributions of Lamarckism, Darwin-Wallace postulates, Overview

of evidences- -Paleontological, Embryological, -Comparative morphological, Anatomical,
Genetics and Cytological, Molecular Biological evidences, limitations of Darwinism, Neo
Darwinism.

Evolutionary forces that affect the allelic frequencies: Mutation, Migration,

Selection - Stabilizing selection, Directional selection, disruptive selection,
Balancing selection, Frequency dependent selection, Density dependent
selection, Group and kin selection, Selection coefficient, Selective value,
Selection in natural Populations, Genetic drift, Nonrandom mating.

Module 2:
Concept of species and models of speciation based on distribution-
sympatric, allopatric, stasipatric, based on genetic drift-genetic revolution,
genetic transilience, Founder-flush theory, hybridization and speciation,
phylogenetic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, chromosomal phylogeny,
molecular phylogeny, neutral theory, molecular clock, isolating mechanisms, Creation and
evolution models.

Reference:
Andrew Ferguson (1980) Biochemical systematics and evolution, Blackie Publ., London
Dobzhansky, T. (1976) Genetics and Origin of species, Columbia University, USA
Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L and J.W. Valantine (1976) Evolution, Surjeet Publ.
New Delhi
Douglas J. Futuyma,(1998) Evolutionary Biology (3rd Edition), Sinauer Associates, New
York.
Douglas J. Futuyma (2005) Evolution, Sinauer Associates, New York
Mark Ridley, (2003) Evolution (3rd edition), Blackwell Publishers, New York Michael R. Rose and
Laurence D. Mueller, (2005) Evolution and Ecology of the Organism, Prentice Hall, New York
Moore, JR. (1979) ideas in modern biology, Nati. History Press,

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